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A&P Exam Questions & Answers

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A&P FINAL, WCC 2024/2025 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
FULLY SOLVED ANSWERS.
1) What are the 4 main types of tissue found in the body -- Answer ✔✔ Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous
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2) Outer most layer of skin, protects body from harm, keeps body hydrated, produces
new skin cells and contains melanin -- Answer ✔✔ epidermis
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3) Supports and protects the skin and deeper layer assist in thermoregulation, and aid
in sensation -- Answer ✔✔ dermis
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4) Inner most layer of the skin, insulating your body, protecting body from harm,
strong energy and connecting your skin to your muscles and bones -- Answer ✔✔
Hypodermis
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5) Order layers of skin from most surface to deepest -- Answer ✔✔ epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
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6) How does the skin regulate body temperature? -- Answer ✔✔ The blood vessels of
the dermis provide nutrient to the skin and help regulate body temp
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7) The role of bone in calcium homeostasis -- Answer ✔✔ The bones act as a storage
site for calcium
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8) Identify the structures of the long bone -- Answer ✔✔ Epiphyses
Diaphysis
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Periosteum
Endosteum
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9) Name the structure:
Where the bone grows -- Answer ✔✔ Epiphyses
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10) Name the structure:
Shaft of the long bone, and main/ midsection of the long bone -- Answer ✔✔
Diaphysis
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11) Name the structure:
CT layer covering the long bone and is connected to the bone via fibers called
sharpeys fibers -- Answer ✔✔ Periosteum
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12) Name the structure:
The inner osteogenic layer of the wall of compact bone where bone grows to get
thicker and where repair and remolding of bone occurs -- Answer ✔✔
Endosteum
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13) Define: ossification -- Answer ✔✔ formation of bone
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14) The process by the embryonic cartilaginous model of most bone contributes to
longitudinal growth and is gradually replaced by bone -- Answer ✔✔ endochondral
ossification
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15) Ossification in which the flat bones the skull and flat bones are formed -- Answer
✔✔ intramembranous ossification
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16) Explain the difference between yellow and red bone marrow -- Answer ✔✔ Red
bone marrow: contains blood stems cells that can become red blood cells, white
blood cells or platelets
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Yellow bone marrow: made of mostly fat and contains stem cells that can become
cartilage, fat or bone cells
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17) How are bone tissue organized in the bones -- Answer ✔✔ compact tissue (on the
outside, harder layer)
Cancellous (inner, spongy, contains red marrow
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18) What is the following:
Provide a home for the cells it contains while also keeping them alive and
functional -- Answer ✔✔ lacunae
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19) What is the following:
Allows the diffusion f substances through the bone -- Answer ✔✔ canaliculi
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20) What is the following:
This function forms structural and functional units of cortical bone -- Answer ✔✔
osteons
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21) What makes up the axial skeleton? -- Answer ✔✔ head, neck, back and chest
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22) What makes up the appendicular skeleton? -- Answer ✔✔ pectoral girdle, upper
limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs
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23) What is the function of connective tissue -- Answer ✔✔ tissue that supports,
protects and give structure to other tissue and organisms in the body
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24) What is the function of bone tissue -- Answer ✔✔ gives strength and structure to
the bones
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25) Name all the major vertebral column in order superior to inferior -- Answer ✔✔
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
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26) How many vertebrae in cervical column -- Answer ✔✔ 7
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27) How many vertebrae in the thoracic column -- Answer ✔✔ 12
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28) How many vertebrae in the lumbar column -- Answer ✔✔ 5
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29) How many vertebrae in the sacral column -- Answer ✔✔ 5
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30) What are the 3 types ribs of the thoracic cage -- Answer ✔✔ True ribs: connected
to the sternum 1-7
False ribs: indirectly connect to the sternum 8-10
Floating ribs: don't connect to the sternum 11-12
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31) Strong fibrous, elastic tissues that hold together infant skull bones -- Answer ✔✔
sutures
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32) Space between bones that remain open in babies and young babes -- Answer ✔✔
frontelles
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33) Name the main functions of the skeletal system -- Answer ✔✔ supports the body
Facilitates movement
Protects internal organs
Produces blood cells
Stores minerals and fat
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34) What is the general structure of connective tissue -- Answer ✔✔ composed
primarily of an extracellular matrix and a limited number of cells
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35) Explain synarthrotic joints -- Answer ✔✔ immobile or nearly immobile joint
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36) Explain diarthrotic (synovial) joints -- Answer ✔✔ free moving joints
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37) Explain amphiarthrotic joints -- Answer ✔✔ joint with limited mobility
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38) What is the following:
Contains synovial fluid secreted by the synovial membrane (synovium) which lines
the articular joint -- Answer ✔✔ Joint cavity
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39) What is the following:
Seals the joint space, provides passive stability by limiting movements -- Answer
✔✔ joint capsule
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40) What is the following:
A layer of connective tissue that lines the cavities of joints, tendon sheaths, and
bursae -- Answer ✔✔ synovial membrane
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41) What is the following:
Crescent shaped wedges of fibrocartilage that provide increased stability to the
femorotibial articulation -- Answer ✔✔ menisci
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42) What is the following:
Fluid filled sacs between the tendons and bones -- Answer ✔✔ bursae
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43) What is the following:
Highly specialized thin layer connective tissue of diarthrodial joints. With a
function to provide a smooth, lubricated surface to facilitate the transmission of
load -- Answer ✔✔ articular cartilage
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44) What is the difference between tendons and ligaments -- Answer ✔✔ tendon: Bone
to muscle
Ligament: bone to bone
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45) What is the function of a spinal disc -- Answer ✔✔ buffer for impact shock,
protecting spine and spinal cord
As well as providing space between vertebrae
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46) Name and explain the two different forms of arthritis -- Answer ✔✔ Osteoarthritis:
more common, cause of wear and tear of joints
Rheumatoid: autoimmune and inflammatory disease
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47) Define hinge joint -- Answer ✔✔ type of joint that allows motion in primary one
plane
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48) Define ball and socket joint -- Answer ✔✔ allows movement in a circular motion, as
a bone is captivated into the hollow space off a another bone
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49) Define gliding/plane joints -- Answer ✔✔ allows for back and forth as well as
twisting, nearly flat
Example: wrist
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50) Define saddle joints -- Answer ✔✔ free moving joints, concave fits into a shallow
bone
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51) Define pivot joints -- Answer ✔✔ cylinder surface rotates in ring
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52) Define condyloid joint -- Answer ✔✔ movement of flexion and extension
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53) Explain the characteristics of skeletal muscle
Size and shape:
Striation(sarcomeres):
Gap junctions:
Speed of contraction: -- Answer ✔✔ long and slender shape
Striations
No gap junctions
Fast to slow speed of contraction
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54) Explain the characteristics of cardiac muscle
Size and shape:
Striation(sarcomeres):
Gap junctions:
Speed of contraction: -- Answer ✔✔ short binucleate shape
Striations
All gap junction
Slow speed of contraction
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55) Explain the characteristics of smooth muscle tissue
Size and shape:
Striation(sarcomeres):
Gap junctions:
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Speed of contraction: -- Answer ✔✔ Small uninucleate
No striations
Some gap junction
Very slow speed of contraction
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56) Describe the levels of muscle organization -- Answer ✔✔ Muscle
Fascicles
Muscle fibers (cells)
Myofibrils
Thick and thin filament
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57) What is the following:
A protein the forms thin filaments that provide cells w mechanical support and
driving forces for movement -- Answer ✔✔ actin
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58) What is the following:
A protein that forms thick filaments that provide cells w mechanical support and
driving forces for movement -- Answer ✔✔ myosin
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59) How can we move bones even though muscles only pull? -- Answer ✔✔ they work
in pairs of flexors and extensors
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60) What effect does length have on the force developed by a skeletal muscle? -Answer ✔✔ as a muscle contracts, it becomes shorter in length and generates more
force than when a muscle is at rest
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61) What is a motor unit? -- Answer ✔✔ the basic functional units of skeletal muscles
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62) How do we use motor units to control muscle force? -- Answer ✔✔ when a motor
unit is stimulated, all fibers associated with the motor unit are activated to produce
force
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63) Define rigor mortis -- Answer ✔✔ hardening of muscles and stiffening of body
beginning 3 to 4 hours after death
Cause: breakdown of fibers
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64) Major functions of muscle system -- Answer ✔✔ movement, body form, protection,
and heat generation
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65) Explain the difference between the CNS and PNS -- Answer ✔✔ The CNS is the
brain and the spinal cord.
The PNS is all of the parts of the nervous system except the brain and the spinal
cord.
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66) Explain a neuron vs a nerve -- Answer ✔✔ neuron is a unit that transmit info
throughout the body
A nerve is a bundle of fibers in the body that are made up of neuron cells
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67) What is the neurilemma -- Answer ✔✔ the thin sheath around a nerve axon
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68) What are Schwann cells? -- Answer ✔✔ cells that serve as the myelinating cell of
the PNS and support cells of peripheral neurons
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69) What is the myelin sheath? -- Answer ✔✔ an insulating layer that forms around
nerves, of the brain and spinal cord
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70) What is the following:
Tube like structure that carries neural signals away from the cell body via axon
terminals -- Answer ✔✔ axon
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71) What is the following:
Junction between the cell body and axon -- Answer ✔✔ axon hillock
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