A&P FINAL, WCC 2024/2025 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH FULLY SOLVED ANSWERS. 1) What are the 4 main types of tissue found in the body -- Answer ✔✔ Connective Epithelial Muscle Nervous _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2) Outer most layer of skin, protects body from harm, keeps body hydrated, produces new skin cells and contains melanin -- Answer ✔✔ epidermis _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3) Supports and protects the skin and deeper layer assist in thermoregulation, and aid in sensation -- Answer ✔✔ dermis _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4) Inner most layer of the skin, insulating your body, protecting body from harm, strong energy and connecting your skin to your muscles and bones -- Answer ✔✔ Hypodermis _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5) Order layers of skin from most surface to deepest -- Answer ✔✔ epidermis Dermis Hypodermis _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6) How does the skin regulate body temperature? -- Answer ✔✔ The blood vessels of the dermis provide nutrient to the skin and help regulate body temp _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7) The role of bone in calcium homeostasis -- Answer ✔✔ The bones act as a storage site for calcium _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8) Identify the structures of the long bone -- Answer ✔✔ Epiphyses Diaphysis _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Periosteum Endosteum _ 9) Name the structure: Where the bone grows -- Answer ✔✔ Epiphyses _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10) Name the structure: Shaft of the long bone, and main/ midsection of the long bone -- Answer ✔✔ Diaphysis _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11) Name the structure: CT layer covering the long bone and is connected to the bone via fibers called sharpeys fibers -- Answer ✔✔ Periosteum _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12) Name the structure: The inner osteogenic layer of the wall of compact bone where bone grows to get thicker and where repair and remolding of bone occurs -- Answer ✔✔ Endosteum _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13) Define: ossification -- Answer ✔✔ formation of bone _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14) The process by the embryonic cartilaginous model of most bone contributes to longitudinal growth and is gradually replaced by bone -- Answer ✔✔ endochondral ossification _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15) Ossification in which the flat bones the skull and flat bones are formed -- Answer ✔✔ intramembranous ossification _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16) Explain the difference between yellow and red bone marrow -- Answer ✔✔ Red bone marrow: contains blood stems cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Yellow bone marrow: made of mostly fat and contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat or bone cells _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17) How are bone tissue organized in the bones -- Answer ✔✔ compact tissue (on the outside, harder layer) Cancellous (inner, spongy, contains red marrow _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18) What is the following: Provide a home for the cells it contains while also keeping them alive and functional -- Answer ✔✔ lacunae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19) What is the following: Allows the diffusion f substances through the bone -- Answer ✔✔ canaliculi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20) What is the following: This function forms structural and functional units of cortical bone -- Answer ✔✔ osteons _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21) What makes up the axial skeleton? -- Answer ✔✔ head, neck, back and chest _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22) What makes up the appendicular skeleton? -- Answer ✔✔ pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23) What is the function of connective tissue -- Answer ✔✔ tissue that supports, protects and give structure to other tissue and organisms in the body _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24) What is the function of bone tissue -- Answer ✔✔ gives strength and structure to the bones _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25) Name all the major vertebral column in order superior to inferior -- Answer ✔✔ Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26) How many vertebrae in cervical column -- Answer ✔✔ 7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27) How many vertebrae in the thoracic column -- Answer ✔✔ 12 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28) How many vertebrae in the lumbar column -- Answer ✔✔ 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29) How many vertebrae in the sacral column -- Answer ✔✔ 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30) What are the 3 types ribs of the thoracic cage -- Answer ✔✔ True ribs: connected to the sternum 1-7 False ribs: indirectly connect to the sternum 8-10 Floating ribs: don't connect to the sternum 11-12 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31) Strong fibrous, elastic tissues that hold together infant skull bones -- Answer ✔✔ sutures _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32) Space between bones that remain open in babies and young babes -- Answer ✔✔ frontelles _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33) Name the main functions of the skeletal system -- Answer ✔✔ supports the body Facilitates movement Protects internal organs Produces blood cells Stores minerals and fat _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34) What is the general structure of connective tissue -- Answer ✔✔ composed primarily of an extracellular matrix and a limited number of cells _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 35) Explain synarthrotic joints -- Answer ✔✔ immobile or nearly immobile joint _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36) Explain diarthrotic (synovial) joints -- Answer ✔✔ free moving joints _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 37) Explain amphiarthrotic joints -- Answer ✔✔ joint with limited mobility _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38) What is the following: Contains synovial fluid secreted by the synovial membrane (synovium) which lines the articular joint -- Answer ✔✔ Joint cavity _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39) What is the following: Seals the joint space, provides passive stability by limiting movements -- Answer ✔✔ joint capsule _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 40) What is the following: A layer of connective tissue that lines the cavities of joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae -- Answer ✔✔ synovial membrane _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 41) What is the following: Crescent shaped wedges of fibrocartilage that provide increased stability to the femorotibial articulation -- Answer ✔✔ menisci _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 42) What is the following: Fluid filled sacs between the tendons and bones -- Answer ✔✔ bursae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 43) What is the following: Highly specialized thin layer connective tissue of diarthrodial joints. With a function to provide a smooth, lubricated surface to facilitate the transmission of load -- Answer ✔✔ articular cartilage _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 44) What is the difference between tendons and ligaments -- Answer ✔✔ tendon: Bone to muscle Ligament: bone to bone _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 45) What is the function of a spinal disc -- Answer ✔✔ buffer for impact shock, protecting spine and spinal cord As well as providing space between vertebrae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46) Name and explain the two different forms of arthritis -- Answer ✔✔ Osteoarthritis: more common, cause of wear and tear of joints Rheumatoid: autoimmune and inflammatory disease _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47) Define hinge joint -- Answer ✔✔ type of joint that allows motion in primary one plane _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 48) Define ball and socket joint -- Answer ✔✔ allows movement in a circular motion, as a bone is captivated into the hollow space off a another bone _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 49) Define gliding/plane joints -- Answer ✔✔ allows for back and forth as well as twisting, nearly flat Example: wrist _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 50) Define saddle joints -- Answer ✔✔ free moving joints, concave fits into a shallow bone _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 51) Define pivot joints -- Answer ✔✔ cylinder surface rotates in ring _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 52) Define condyloid joint -- Answer ✔✔ movement of flexion and extension _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 53) Explain the characteristics of skeletal muscle Size and shape: Striation(sarcomeres): Gap junctions: Speed of contraction: -- Answer ✔✔ long and slender shape Striations No gap junctions Fast to slow speed of contraction _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 54) Explain the characteristics of cardiac muscle Size and shape: Striation(sarcomeres): Gap junctions: Speed of contraction: -- Answer ✔✔ short binucleate shape Striations All gap junction Slow speed of contraction _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 55) Explain the characteristics of smooth muscle tissue Size and shape: Striation(sarcomeres): Gap junctions: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Speed of contraction: -- Answer ✔✔ Small uninucleate No striations Some gap junction Very slow speed of contraction _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 56) Describe the levels of muscle organization -- Answer ✔✔ Muscle Fascicles Muscle fibers (cells) Myofibrils Thick and thin filament _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 57) What is the following: A protein the forms thin filaments that provide cells w mechanical support and driving forces for movement -- Answer ✔✔ actin _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 58) What is the following: A protein that forms thick filaments that provide cells w mechanical support and driving forces for movement -- Answer ✔✔ myosin _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 59) How can we move bones even though muscles only pull? -- Answer ✔✔ they work in pairs of flexors and extensors _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 60) What effect does length have on the force developed by a skeletal muscle? -Answer ✔✔ as a muscle contracts, it becomes shorter in length and generates more force than when a muscle is at rest _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 61) What is a motor unit? -- Answer ✔✔ the basic functional units of skeletal muscles _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 62) How do we use motor units to control muscle force? -- Answer ✔✔ when a motor unit is stimulated, all fibers associated with the motor unit are activated to produce force _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 63) Define rigor mortis -- Answer ✔✔ hardening of muscles and stiffening of body beginning 3 to 4 hours after death Cause: breakdown of fibers _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 64) Major functions of muscle system -- Answer ✔✔ movement, body form, protection, and heat generation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 65) Explain the difference between the CNS and PNS -- Answer ✔✔ The CNS is the brain and the spinal cord. The PNS is all of the parts of the nervous system except the brain and the spinal cord. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 66) Explain a neuron vs a nerve -- Answer ✔✔ neuron is a unit that transmit info throughout the body A nerve is a bundle of fibers in the body that are made up of neuron cells _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 67) What is the neurilemma -- Answer ✔✔ the thin sheath around a nerve axon _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 68) What are Schwann cells? -- Answer ✔✔ cells that serve as the myelinating cell of the PNS and support cells of peripheral neurons _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 69) What is the myelin sheath? -- Answer ✔✔ an insulating layer that forms around nerves, of the brain and spinal cord _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 70) What is the following: Tube like structure that carries neural signals away from the cell body via axon terminals -- Answer ✔✔ axon _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 71) What is the following: Junction between the cell body and axon -- Answer ✔✔ axon hillock _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _