Programming Concepts
Instructor: Ms. Zainab Iftikhar
Arrays
• Write a C++ program to find minimum value from an array of 5
members.
• Syntax:
int a[5];
Solution
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int input[4], i, min;
for(i = 0; i <= 4; i++){
cin >> input[i];
}
min = input[0];
for(i = 0; i <= 4; i++){
if(input[i] < min){
min = input[i];
}
}
cout << "Minimum Element\n"
<< min;
}
Dry Run 2d Array
Output
Using a Pointer Variable
x;
2000
x = 12;
12
int
x
int* ptr;
ptr = &x;
3000
2000
ptr
NOTE: Because ptr holds the address of x, we say that ptr
“points to” x
5
Types of Functions
Functions
• Write a C++ program to write a function named sum. Pass two integer
type values from main to function and return the sum of numbers in
main
• Function Declaration
• Function Definition
• Function Call
Solution
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int sum(int a, int b);
int main()
{
int x,y,z;
cout<<"Enter value for x: ";
cin>>x;
cout<<"Enter value for y: ";
cin>>y;
z = sum(x,y);
cout<<"Sum "<<z<<endl;
}
int sum(int a,int b)
{
int c;
c= a+b;
return c;
}
Object Oriented Programming Techniques
Programming Paradigm
Procedural Programming
• Structured/Modular Programming
Object Oriented Programming
History
Difficult to code using Machine Language
After the invention of the microprocessor, assembly
languages flourished
• Importance to functions rather than data
• Functions and Modules
•
•
•
•
Functions
Used for medium-sized applications
Data is global
Security issues
History
• These programming constructs were developed in the late
1970s and 1980s
• Issues with well structured programs
• Over generalization
• Correlation problem
• Not suitable for real time applications
Solution:
Object Oriented Approach
Object Oriented Approach
• Revolution in the programming methodology field
• Generalization
• Real-time objects creation
• Results in more organized, reusable, and maintainable code
• Languages:
• C++ (C with Classes)
• Java
• Python
• C#
Object Oriented Programming
• OOP is centered around the object, which packages together both the
data and the functions that operate on the data
• Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming language
model organized around objects rather than "actions" and data rather
than logic
OOP Terminology
• In OOP, an object’s member variables are often called its attributes
and its member functions are sometimes referred to as its behaviors
or methods