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Swachh bharat vac unit 1 and 2
VAC Swachh Bharat (University of Delhi)
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UNIT 1 : INTRODUCTION TO SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAAN
Introduction
India, or better we call it as Bharat is an ancient civilization. It is considered to be a pious nation,
its people are very religious. India consists of people of various faiths; Hindus, Muslims,
Christians, Shikhs, Parsis, Jains etc, and they follow their faiths very devotedly. But it is a sad
reality of our country that all the cleanliness and piousness is only confined to religious
activities or kitchen. We Indians are not concerned about the filth all around us; anywhere one
looks, large mounds of dirt will be found.
It’s not in our behavior to keep our surrounding clean and sanitized. At the most we keep our
own houses clean and it is of no concern of ours to be careful about streets, lanes, parks or
other public places. Even after 71 years of Independence, it is really shameful that Indians are
famous for their unhygienic behavior.
Whichever government comes into the power, one of its main priority is to make India clean.
And for the same objective, the government had launched a scheme with the name ‘Swachh
Bharat Abhiyan’. The government had associated the ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’ with the ‘Father
of the Nation’, Mahatma Gandhi, as he was a great supporter of the cleanliness cause in the
country and throughout his life was involved in activities related to sanitation and hygiene.
What is Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
Swachh Bharat Campaign:
The Abhiyan was launched by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 2nd of October, 2014 at
Rajghat, New Delhi with an aim to make India clean. Aim was to provide sanitation facilities to
every family, including toilets, solid and liquid waste disposal systems, village cleanliness, and
safe and adequate drinking water supply by 2nd October, 2019.
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It will be a befitting tribute to the Father of the Nation on his 150th birth anniversary. It is
significant that the PM himself is taking very proactive role in making the campaign a success;
at Rajghat he started the campaign by cleaning the street by himself.
However, it has been clearly declared that the campaign is not only the duty of the government
but each and every citizen of the country is equally responsible to keep the nation clean or
swachh.
History of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
The campaign of clean India movement is the biggest step taken ever as a cleanliness drive till
date. On the day of the launch of campaign around 3 million government employees including
students from schools and colleges had participated in the event to make it popularize globally
and make common public aware about it. This event was organized at Rashtrapati Bhawan on
2nd of October in 2014 in the presence of 1500 people. This event was flagged off by the
Former President, Mr. Pranab Mukherjee.
Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, had nominated the name of nine famous personalities from
business industries, sports and Bollywood to drive the clean India campaign. He also had
requested from all the nine personalities to invite another nine personalities individually and
requested them to continue the chain of nine people and take this campaign to every Indian
living in any corner of the country.
Narendra Modi also said that this campaign should be taken as a big challenge and should pass
the request to invite other nine people individually (just like branching of tree) so that this vision
of cleanliness may be completed till 2019 and India can become a clean country forever in the
history.
Cleanliness Drives in India and Neighboring Countries
By getting inspired from this Indian campaign, the Indo-Nepal Doctors Association has launched
a campaign called ‘Swachh Bharat Nepal – Swasth Bharat Nepal Abhiyan’ on 3rd of January in
2015. It was started from the Indo-Nepal Border Region, Sunauli–Belihiya (near birth place of
Lord Buddha, holy city of Lumbini, Nepal).
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Other programme of the cleanliness in India such as Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP)
was started in 1986 all over the country which had focused to construct the individual sanitary
latrines for the personal use of the people living below the poverty line. It had focused to convert
the dry latrines to the low cost sanitary latrines, to construct latrines especially for rural women
with other facilities of hand pump, bathing room, sanitation, washing hands, etc.
It was targeted that all the provided facilities should be properly maintained by the village
Panchayats. Proper sanitation of the village such as drain systems, soakage pits, disposal of
solid and liquid wastes, awareness of health education, awareness for social, personal,
household and environmental sanitation etc.
Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) of cleanliness in India was started in 1999 by the Government
of India in order to restructure the Rural Sanitation Programme. Nirmal Gram Puraskar was
started in the month of June in 2003 as a sanitation programme to boost the Total Sanitation
Campaign. It was an incentive scheme launched by the Government of India in 2003 to award
people for total sanitation coverage, maintaining clean environment as well as making villages
‘Open Defecation-Free’ villages by the Panchayats, Blocks and Districts.
Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) was started in 2012 and then Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in 2014 on
2nd of October. However, all the sanitation and cleanliness programmes run by the Indian
government earlier were not as effective as the current Swachh Bharat Abhiyan of 2014.
Gandhi Ji’s and His Role on Sanitation:
Mahatma Gandhi was a great supporter of cleanliness. He was very much concerned about the
dirty roads, streets, temples and specially ‘Harijan Bastis’ of the country. Just after returning
from South Africa he noticed very bad state of affairs in India regarding sanitation and
cleanliness. He took upon himself to motivate and personally commit towards making the
country filth free.
At the Inauguration of BHU:
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As early as 4th February 1916, while addressing a gathering at the inauguration function of
Banaras Hindu University, Gandhi Ji spoke about the importance of cleanliness and expressed
his pain and anguish about the dirt and filth all around. He gave example of his visit to
Vishwanath Temple and spoke about the dirty state of affairs in and around the temple. He said:
“Is not this great temple a reflection of our own character?” Sharing his pain he questioned
whether the temple would be dirt and filth free after the Britishers had left the country. Thus for
him cleanliness was equally important as the freedom of the nation.
Gandhi Ji always had the view that everyone should first be the change he/she wishes to see in
the world. Thus, whenever and wherever Gandhi Ji would get the opportunity, he himself would
start cleaning the places. Also, as part of constructive programmes and visits all over the
country, apart from preparing people for mass struggle against the Britishers, he also lectured
them about the importance of cleanliness and proper sanitation.
At Gandhi Seva Ashram:
In D.G. Tendulkar’s ‘Mahatma’, Volume Three, there is a reference to Mahatma Gandhi leaving
Patna in 1934, as part of his Harijan tour for Orissa. At Champapurhat, he found that there was a
dispensary on the grounds of the Gandhi Seva Ashram, and he used that occasion to give a
lecture on the need to rely not only on medicines for a cure, but to prevent diseases.
Gandhi Ji always emphasized the need to educate villagers on good hygiene and sanitation.
According to him, the true function of the Ashram was to educate people how they could avoid
disease. Gandhi Ji and his volunteers would conduct a mass contact programme with the
villagers; they would talk about the necessity of sanitation, about keeping their places clean, and
about personal hygiene.
Gandhi Ji’s Scavenging Work in Villages:
When the villagers near Gandhi’s ashram refused to cover excreta with soil believing it to be a
bhangi’s work and sinful, Gandhi personally supervised the scavenging work in villages. To set
an example, he, himself used to go to the villages with a bucket and a broom and would clean
the places.
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All scavenging work in Gandhi Ji’s ashram was done by its inmates. No dirt or filth could be
found anywhere on the ashram ground. There were pits in which all rubbish was buried. In a
separate manure pit, peelings from vegetables and left-over food were dumped. Waste water
was used for gardening purposes.
Gandhi Ji regularly wrote about the importance of hygiene in his newspaper Harijan. Thus, the
Father of our Nation fought not only against the bondages of the British rule but also against the
bad practices of our people regarding sanitation and hygiene. Throughout his life he inspired
and motivated people to maintain personal as well as public hygiene.
Therefore, it is a great gesture and an apt tribute to the Mahatma that the government has
launched the ‘Swachh Bharat Campaign’ on his birth day i.e. on 2nd of October.
Objectives of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
The campaign of Swachh Bharat launched by the government of India is aimed to accomplish
various goals and fulfill the vision and mission of “Clean India” by 2nd of October 2019 which is
150th birth anniversary of great Mahatma Gandhi. It has been expected that the investment to
cost would be over 62000 crore of Indian rupee (means US$ of 9.7 billion). It has been declared
by the government that this campaign is taken as “beyond politics” and “inspired by patriotism”.
Following are the some important objectives of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan:
• To eradicate the system of open defecation in India.
• To convert the insanitary toilets into pour flush toilets.
• To remove the system of manual scavenging.
• To make people aware of healthy sanitation practices by bringing behavioral changes in
people.
• To link people with the programmes of sanitation and public health in order to generate public
awareness.
• To build up the urban local bodies strong in order to design, execute and operate all systems
related to cleanliness.
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• To completely start the scientific processing, disposals reuse and recycling the Municipal Solid
Waste.
• To provide required environment for the private sectors to get participated in the Capital
Expenditure for all the operations and maintenance costs related to the clean campaign.
Different phases of Swach Bharat Abhiyan
Phase 1 of the Swachh Bharat Mission lasted till October 2019.
Phase 2 is being implemented between 2020–21 and 2024–25 to help cement the work of
Phase 1.
Initiated by the Government of India, the mission aimed to achieve an "open-defecation free"
(ODF) India by 2 October 2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi through
construction of toilets. An estimated 89.9 million toilets were built in the period. The objectives
of the first phase of the mission also included eradication of manual scavenging, generating
awareness and bringing about a behavior change regarding sanitation practices, and
augmentation of capacity at the local level.
The second phase of the mission aims to sustain the open defecation free status and improve
the management of solid and liquid waste, while also working to improve the lives of sanitation
workers. The mission is aimed at progressing towards target 6.2 of the Sustainable
Development Goals Number 6 established by the United Nations in 2015.
The campaign's official name is in Hindi. In English, it translates to "Clean India Mission". The
campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi by Prime Minister
Narendra Modi. It is India's largest cleanliness drive to date with three million government
employees and students from all parts of India participating in 4,043 cities, towns, and rural
communities.
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At a rally in Champaran, the Prime Minister called the campaign Satyagrah se Swatchhagrah in
reference to Gandhi's Champaran Satyagraha launched on 10 April 1916.
The mission was split into two: rural and urban. In rural areas "SBM - Gramin" was financed and
monitored through the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (since converted to the
Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation under the Ministry of Jal Shakti) whereas "SBM urban" was overseen by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
Swacchagrahis: The frontline workers of India's largest sanitation program
As part of the campaign, volunteers, known as Swatchhagrahis, or "Ambassadors of
cleanliness", promoted the construction of toilets using a popular method called CommunityLed Total Sanitation at the village level. Other activities included national real-time monitoring
and updates from non-governmental organizations such as The Ugly Indian, Waste Warriors,
and SWACH Pune (Solid Waste Collection and Handling).
Some critical activities performed by the swacchagrahis are:
• Facilitate community triggering sessions in assigned villages using Community-Led Total
Sanitation (CLTS) approach.
• Participate in and support the Gram Panchayat (GP) in the preparation of a timebound villagelevel action plan to eliminate open defecation.
• Conduct household visits to generate demand for toilet construction and use and raise
awareness about safe sanitation and hygiene.
• Mobilise and support the community for the construction of household toilets of good quality.
• Provide information on appropriate toilet technologies and support in supply chain
management. Monitor the quality of construction of toilets and support in training and
coordinating with masons.
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The role of swachhagrahis remains critical even after the country is declared ODF, as they play a
crucial role in sustaining the ODF status of their villages. The sustained engagement with the
swachhagrahis, by recognising and further enhancing their skills, are also crucial for the
sustainability of the Swachh Bharat Mission.
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Unit : 2 SWACHH BHARAT RURAL AND URBAN FACTS
Swachh Bharat Mission for Urban Areas
The programme includes elimination of open defecation, conversion of unsanitary toilets to
pour flush toilets, eradication of manual scavenging, municipal solid waste management and
bringing about a behavioural change in people regarding healthy sanitation practices.
The mission aims to cover 1.04 crore households, provide 2.5 lakh community toilets, 2.6 lakh
public toilets, and a solid waste management facility in each town. Under the programme,
community toilets will be built in residential areas where it is difficult to construct individual
household toilets. Public toilets will also be constructed in designated locations such as tourist
places, markets, bus stations, railway stations, etc. The programme will be implemented over a
five-year period in 4,401 towns.
The total assistance available for construction of an individual toilet is Rs 4000/- from the
Central Government and an amount of Rs 1333/- at least from the State Government. However
in the case of the North East States, the states are required to contribute only Rs 400/- per
individual toilet. However, there is no bar on releasing any extra funds at any stage by the
ULB/State Government through additional resources.
The expected assistance for construction of community toilets - Central Government will
contribute upto 40% of the cost of construction of community toilet as a VGF/ outright grant. As
per SBM guidelines, the States/UTs shall provide an additional 13.33% for the said component.
The NE and special category states shall be required to contribute 4% only. The balance shall
have to be arranged through innovative mechanisms by the urban local body. The approximate
cost per seat for a community toilet is Rs 65,000/-.
Rs 62,009 crore is likely to be spent on the programme. Of this, the Centre will pitch in Rs 14,623
crore. Of the Centre’s share of Rs 14,623 crore, Rs 7,366 crore will be spent on solid waste
management, Rs 4,165 crore on individual household toilets, Rs 1,828 crore on public
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awareness and Rs 655 crore on community toilets.
Swachh Bharat Mission for Urban Areas 2.0
SBM-U 2.0 envisions to make all cities ‘Garbage Free’ and ensure grey and black water
management in all cities other than those covered under AMRUT, make all urban local bodies as
ODF+ and those with a population of less than 1 lakh as ODF++, thereby achieving the vision of
safe sanitation in urban areas. The Mission will focus on source segregation of solid waste,
utilizing the principles of 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle), scientific processing of all types of
municipal solid waste and remediation of legacy dumpsites for effective solid waste
management. The outlay of SBM-U 2.0 is around ₹1.41 lakh crore for the period 2021-22 to
2025-26.
This will be a continuation of the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban), with the following
components for funding and implementation across all statutory towns, viz.
• Sustainable sanitation (construction of
toilets)
• Wastewater treatment, including fecal sludge management in all ULBs with less than 1 lakh
population (this is a new component added to SBM-U 2.0)
• Solid Waste Management
• Information, Education and Communication, and
• Capacity building.
At the end of the Mission, the following outcomes are expected to be achieved:
• All statutory towns will become ODF+ certified
• All statutory towns with less than 1 lakh population will become ODF++ certified ,
• 50% of all statutory towns with less than 1 lakh population will become Water+ certified
• All statutory towns will be at least 3-star Garbage Free rated as per MoHUA’s Star Rating
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Protocol for Garbage Free cities
• Bio-remediation of all legacy dumpsites.
Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin)
Phase I
The Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan has been restructured into the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin). The
SBM(G) was launched on 2nd October 2014 to ensure cleanliness in India and make it Open
Defecation Free (ODF) in Five Years. It seeks to improve the levels of cleanliness in rural areas
through Solid and Liquid Waste Management activities and making Gram Panchayats Open
Defecation Free (ODF), clean and sanitised.
Incentive as provided under the Mission for the construction of Individual Household Latrines
(IHHL) was available for all Below Poverty Line (BPL) Households and Above Poverty Line (APL)
households restricted to SCs/STs, small and marginal farmers, landless labourers with
homestead, physically handicapped and women headed households. The Incentive amount
provided under SBM(G) to Below Poverty Line (BPL) /identified APLs households was up to
Rs.12,000 for construction of one unit of IHHL and provide for water availability, including for
storing for hand-washing and cleaning of the toilet. Central Share of this Incentive for IHHLs
was Rs.9,000/- (75%) from Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin). The State share was Rs.3,000/(25%). For North Eastern State, and Special category States, the Central share was Rs. 10,800/and the State share Rs.1,200/- (90% : 10%). The beneficiary was encouraged to additionally
contribute in the construction of his/her IHHL to promote ownership.
Said to be the world’s largest behaviour change programme, it achieved the seemingly
impossible task by generating a people’s movement at the grassroots. All stakeholders worked
together from 2014 to 2019 and in a time bound manner ensured that, as on 2nd October 2019
all districts across India, declared themselves as ODF.
Phase II
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Having achieved the milestone of an ODF India in a time bound manner in the last five years
from 2014 to 2019, the work on sanitation and the behaviour change campaign has to continue
to sustain the gains made under the programme and also to ensure no one is left behind and
the overall cleanliness
(Sampoorn Swachhata) in villages as well.
In February 2020, the Phase-II of the SBM(G) with a total outlay of Rs. 1,40,881 crores was
approved with a focus on the sustainability of ODF status and Solid and Liquid Waste
Management (SLWM). SBM(G) Phase-II is planned to be a novel model of convergence between
different verticals of financing
and various schemes of Central and State Governments. The programme will be implemented in
mission mode from 2020-21 to 2024-25.
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