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Classical conditioning is a type of learned response in which a neutral object comes to
elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces a response.
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Pavlov observed that dogs began to salivate as soon as they saw bowls of food.
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Pavlov's experiments reveal the four steps in classical conditioning:
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Step 1: Presenting food causes salivary reflex. Unconditioned stimulus and
Unconditioned response.
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Step 2: Clicking metronome is a neutral stimulus. A neutral stimulus is anything seen or
heard.
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Step 3: The start of learning, the neutral stimulus is presented along with the
unconditioned stimulus that reliably produces the unconditioned response.
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Step 4: Association learned, (CS) without food, makes dogs salivate.
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Conditioned Response is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
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Unconditioned Response is an automatic response to a stimulus.
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Conditioned Stimulus is a stimulus that can trigger a conditioned response.
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Unconditioned Stimulus is a stimulus that leads to an automatic response.
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Acquisition is the formality of an association between condition and unconditioned
stimuli.
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Extinction is the process in which the conditioned response is repeated without the
unconditioned stimulus.
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Spontaneous recovery is a process in which a previously extinguished response
reemerges after the conditioned stimulus is presented again.
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Stimulus generalization is learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not
identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response.
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Stimulus discrimination is a differentiation between two stimuli when only one of them is
consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
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Phobia is an acquired fear that is very strong in comparison to the threat of an object or
of a situation.
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Watson showed Little Albert only white objects, which showed no emotional responses,
(neutral stimuli).
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Paired rat (CS) and loud clanging noise (US) until rat alone produced fear.
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Counter conditioning is exposing the subject to phobia during an enjoyable task.
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Systematic desensitization is the type of counterconditioning involving exposure to
feared stimulus while relaxing.
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Operant conditioning is a process in which the consequences of an action determine the
likelihood that the action will be performed in the future.
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Thorndrike’s experiments reveal the effects of action.
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Trap door would open if the animal performed a specific action.
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Reinforcers are stimuli that occur after response and increase likelihood of response
occurring.
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Reinforcers can be conditioned.
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Reinforcement: behavior more likely to be repeated.
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Punishment: behavior is not likely to be repeated.