International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport
ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rpan20
Correlation between gluteus muscle activity and
dynamic control of the knee joint in a single-leg
landing task in badminton
Zhe Hu, Youngsuk Kim, Tengfei Dong, Xiangwei Meng, Maolin Dong &
Sukwon Kim
To cite this article: Zhe Hu, Youngsuk Kim, Tengfei Dong, Xiangwei Meng, Maolin Dong &
Sukwon Kim (2023): Correlation between gluteus muscle activity and dynamic control of the
knee joint in a single-leg landing task in badminton, International Journal of Performance
Analysis in Sport, DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2249760
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2023.2249760
Published online: 24 Aug 2023.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS IN SPORT
https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2023.2249760
Correlation between gluteus muscle activity and dynamic
control of the knee joint in a single-leg landing task in
badminton
Zhe Hua, Youngsuk Kimb, Tengfei Dongb, Xiangwei Mengb, Maolin Dongb
and Sukwon Kim b
a
School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; bDepartment of Physical
Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
ABSTRACT
ARTICLE HISTORY
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between
gluteal muscle activity patterns and dynamic control of the knee
joint during a high-risk single-leg landing task in badminton. Thirtyfour badminton players perform a single-leg landing test after
a backhand side overhead stroke. This test collected lower limb
kinematics, ground reaction force, and gluteus muscle activity data
using a marker-based motion capture system, force plates, and
electromyography(EMG). The relationship between gluteus
maximus(GMAX), gluteus medius(GMED), and knee flexion angle,
valgus angle, extension moment, valgus moment, and tibial ante­
rior shear force was analysed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
The results show that Peak knee valgus was strongly and moder­
ately positively correlated with the activity of the gluteus maximus­
(GMAX) and gluteus medius(GMED) muscles. Peak proximal tibial
shear force was moderately positively correlated with gluteus max­
imus and gluteus medius activation. Our findings suggest
a correlation between the gluteus muscles and the dynamic control
of the knee joint during the impact phase of the single-leg landing
task in badminton. Optimising neuromuscular control of the glutes
may be beneficial in reducing the risk of Anterior Cruciate
Ligament(ACL) injury in badminton players during single-leg land­
ing tasks.
Received 6 March 2023
Accepted 12 August 2023
KEYWORDS
Badminton; single-leg
landing; ACL; gluteal muscle;
knee force
1. Introduction
Badminton is one of the most popular racket sports in the world. There are approxi­
mately 200 million badminton players in more than 150 national associations around the
world (Herbaut & Delannoy, 2020). Badminton is a fast-paced sport and is the fastest
racket sport. This sport requires adjusting one’s body position by constantly braking,
accelerating, decelerating, and changing direction according to the position of badmin­
ton (Faude et al., 2007). Non-contact ACL injuries are a concern in badminton, An
epidemiological result showed that a single leg landing after an overhead stroke is the
highest ACL injury movement for badminton players (Kimura et al., 2010). A study
CONTACT Sukwon Kim
rockwall@jbnu.ac.kr
Jeollabukdo, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
© 2023 Cardiff Metropolitan University
Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University,
2
Z. HU ET AL.
found that overhead stroke single-leg landings accounted for approximately 21.1% of the
entire badminton event movements, with approximately half of the overhead stroke
single-leg landings on the backcourt backhand side (Sasaki et al., 2018). Poor knee
dynamic control has been suggested as a cause of ACL injury in badminton players
(Kimura et al., 2012; Sasaki et al., 2018; Tseng et al., 2021; Zhao & Gu, 2019), and studies
on badminton landing tasks have shown that poor knee dynamic control such as small
knee angles, large valgus angles, and large knee loads may be risk factors for ACL injury.
As the muscle forces regulated by neural and reflex feedback control are the only positive
regulators of knee loading, it is crucial to investigate the relationship between neuro­
muscular activation and knee biomechanics in the background of ACL injury.
Past research has shown that the gluteal muscles play an important role in the dynamic
control of the knee joint in a variety of functions. The gluteal muscles prevent excessive
knee valgus by controlling the position of the pelvis and femur, preventing pelvic descent
and excessive internal rotation of the femur (Barton et al., 2013). Several studies have
assessed the relationship between gluteal muscle activity and dynamic knee valgus. Most
studies found a clear correlation, but this correlation varied from study to study (Hogg
et al., 2021; Hollman et al., 2013; Homan et al., 2013; Llurda-Almuzara et al., 2021;
Neamatallah et al., 2020). For example, Llurda-Almuzara et al. found a positive correla­
tion between the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius muscles and peak frontal plane
angle in the single leg drop jump task (SLDJ) (Llurda-Almuzara et al., 2021). Similarly,
Neamatallah et al. (2020) and Hogg et al. (2021) found a positive correlation between
gluteus maximus activity and knee valgus angle in a female-forward landing (FL) study
and a strong positive correlation between gluteus medius activity and knee valgus angle
in a male single-leg deep squat (SLS) task (Neamatallah et al., 2020). Unusually, Hollman
et al. found a negative correlation between gluteus medius muscle activity and knee
valgus angle in their study of jump landings and single-leg deep squats (Hollman et al.,
2013; Homan et al., 2013). However, other studies have shown no correlation between
gluteus activity and knee valgus angle (Cesar et al., 2011; Palmieri-Smith et al., 2008).
A study by Ueno et al. showed that a reduction in gluteus medius strength was associated
with a large knee valgus moment (Ueno et al., 2020), and another study in a double-leg to
single-leg stance task showed that muscle activity of the gluteus medius was negatively
correlated with knee valgus moment (Kim et al., 2016). The gluteus maximus may
influence knee flexion and extension movements by influencing the anterior-posterior
movement of the femur, and Walsh et al. showed that activation of the large gluteus
maximus was associated with small knee flexion angles (Walsh et al., 2012). The gluteus
maximus muscles contribute to shock absorption during weight-bearing activities. They
help absorb and dissipate forces generated during activities such as running or jumping
through a centrifugal contraction. A study by Maniar et al. used a neuromusculoskeletal
model and electromyographic information to calculate the relationship between lower
limb muscle strength and anterior shear forces during a single-leg landing task (Maniar
et al., 2020). The results showed that large gluteal activity was associated with an increase
in anterior shear force.
Based on the above, we know that the influence of the gluteal muscles on the control of
the knee joint can be different for different tasks. Considering that ACL injuries in
badminton often occur during single-leg landings after non-dominant overhead strokes,
the relationship between hip muscle activity and knee dynamic control during this task is
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS IN SPORT
3
unclear. Investigation of the relationship between hip muscle activity and poor knee
dynamic control may be critical in the development of an ACL injury prevention
programme. We hypothesise that increased hip muscle activity will be associated with
greater knee loading, anterior shear forces, a reduction in knee flexion angle, and an
increase in knee valgus angle.
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
A total of 34 participants participated in this study, 18 males and 16 females. Females
were 20.67 (±2.47) years old, 1.69 (±0.05) m in height, and 63.13 (±7.05) kg in mass, while
males were 21.26 (±1.92) years old, 1.79 (±0.02) m height and 71.26 (±16.78) kg in mass.
The number of participants was pre-calculated from the experimental work using G*
Power 3 software to provide α = 0.05, 80% statistical power, and an effect size of 0.40.
All participants recruited by Jeonbuk University (Jeonbuk) met the following criteria:
(1) no significant motor limitations or muscle weakness by observation and brief assess­
ment by an experienced physiotherapist; (2) no lower limb pain before testing; and (3)
participants had to attend organised training at least four times a week. For standardised
testing, badminton players with the right hand as their dominant hand were selected to
participate in the study. The study had approval from the ethics committee of Jeonbuk
University (JBNU2022-01-004-002). Before participating in the study, all participants
were informed about the study procedures. They read and signed an informed consent
form.
2.2. Preparation for testing
We used 13 infrared cameras (OptiTrack, LEYARD, Buffalo Grove, IL, U.S.A.) to collect
trial data to capture kinematic data from each participant. These cameras had a sampling
rate of 120 Hz. Whole-body kinematic data were tracked using 57 marker points
throughout the body, with the reflex markers located at anatomical locations as shown
in Figure 1 (Leardini et al., 2007; Portinaro et al., 2014).
The ground reaction force data were collected at 1200 Hz using an OR6-6-2000 force
platform (AMTI Inc., Newton, Maryland, U.S.A.). The maximum delay time was 6 ms.
We used EMG data acquisition equipment (Trigno Avanti Sensor, Delsys, U.S.A.) to
acquire EMG signals at 1200 hz. kinematics, force plate data, and EMG data were
synchronised using recording software (OptiTrack, LEYARD, U.S.A.).
The surface electrodes were selected for the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius, and
the reference standard for all EMGs was chosen according to Marco Barbero (Barbero
et al., 2012), with the following locations: lateral 80% of the line between the midpoint of
the sacrum and the greater trochanter (gluteus maximus) and 20% of the line between the
greater trochanter and the highest point of the iliac spine (gluteus medius). The skin
surface was scraped and cleaned with alcohol before applying the electrodes, and emg
electrodes were applied after the skin was dry, while motion tape was used to fix the
electrodes and reduce motion artefacts (de Britto et al., 2014). A maximum voluntary
isometric contraction (MVC) test was performed on each muscle for 5 s in the following
4
Z. HU ET AL.
Figure 1. Anatomical position of the reflex marker (N=57). L” and ”R” represent the left and right sides.
manner: prone with the knee flexed at 90 degrees for hip extension (Gmax) (LlurdaAlmuzara et al., 2021)and side-lying for hip abduction (Gmed) (Llurda-Almuzara et al.,
2021). Badminton was served to the designated area in the same state(Same parameters
for speed, height, and force settings)using the SPT6000 (SPTLOOKER.China), which was
developed by Fengcai. Participants wore uniform material shorts, individual socks, and
shoes, and used a uniform racket.
2.3. Test procedure
The design of the laboratory, concerning our previous research (Hu et al., 2023), is shown
in Figure 2.
The participants engaged in a 10-minute warm-up exercise, which included slow
jogging and swinging the racket. Subsequently, they underwent a single-leg landing test
after performing a backhand overhead stroke. A badminton coach with approximately
10 years of competitive experience demonstrated the footwork and technique of the
overhead smash to each participant. Starting from the initial position, the participants
simulated a backward step towards the left rear of the court, followed by the overhead
stroke. They landed on their left leg on a force plate and quickly returned to the starting
position. The participants hit the shuttlecock to the rear side of the opposing court in
a conventional manner. They were allowed to practice several times before proceeding
with three to five consecutive trials.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS IN SPORT
5
Figure 2. The laboratory set-up. Force plate (FP) and badminton serve machine location. The
badminton serving machine launches shuttlecocks from area ① to area ②, which measures 50 ×
50 cm. The participants begin by stepping back from the starting point, then jumps and execute an
overhead strike. After striking the shuttlecock, the participants perform a single-legged landing on the
force plate, then quickly return to the starting position. Area ③ represents the drop point of the
shuttlecock after it is hit.
2.4. Data processing and analysis
The ACL injury occurs mainly in the early post-landing phase, generally considered to be
within 100 ms of the initial touchdown, so we processed and analysed data from this
phase.
Knee joint injury generally occurs in the early impact deceleration process. This stage
is dominated by reflex muscle activity. Most researchers define it as the initial impact (IC)
to within 100mms after landing (Russell et al., 2007). We define it as the impact phase.
Kinematics and dynamics data were processed by Visual 3d (C-Motion, Inc. U.S.A.). The
pelvis is defined relative to a global (lab) coordinate system and assigned six (three
translational and three rotational) degrees of freedom. where the positive y-axis of the left
leg is defined as anterior, the positive x-axis points medial, and the positive z-axis points
up. Knee angular position is defined as the shank relative to the thigh and using
X (flexion/extension), Y (adduction/abduction), and Z (Internal/external rotation), the
direction of the positive angle is determined concerning the segment coordinate system
of the reference segment; using the Right-Hand Rule. By setting the sign, the direction is
unified as positive for flexion, negative for extension, positive for adduction, negative for
abduction, positive for internal rotation, and negative for external rotation. The joint
torque is calculated by the inverse dynamics method by combining force plate data with
kinematic data and inertial parameters.
EMG activity data were analysed by a companion software of the EMG collection
system (trigno Avanti sensor, Delsys, U.S.A.) with a band-pass filter of 10–400 Hz, and
EMG signals were corrected and smoothed by the root mean square (RMS) of a 20 ms
window. During the impact phase after landing, the root mean square (RMS) amplitude
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Z. HU ET AL.
Table 1. The mean and standard deviation of normalised peak
gluteal muscle activity (MVIC%) and knee dynamic control
parameters.
Variable
Gluteus maximus (% of MVIC)
Gluteus medius (% of MVIC)
Peak knee flexion angle(degree)
Peak knee valgus angle(degree)
Peak knee extension moment (Nm/kg/m)
Peak knee valgus moment (Nm/kg/m)
Peak proximal tibia anterior shear force (N/kg)
Mean±SD
33.15 ± 18.70
43.29 ± 17.67
47.87 ± 9.39
6.57 ± 3.07
0.87 ± 0.60
0.16 ± 0.12
2.05 ± 0.86
is calculated for each muscle and the RMS amplitude is normalised by the maximum
voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). The mean value of each relevant biomechanical
variable was calculated in the badminton landing task, and the kinetic variables force was
normalised to participants’ weight (× kg−1) and torque to participants’ weight × height
(× kg−1×m−1). Data analysis was performed using GraphPad PRISM 8.0 (GraphPad
Corporation, California, U.S.A.). First, use the Shapiro-Wilk test to check whether the
data are normally distributed (parametric or nonparametric). Then, to explore the
relationship between muscle activities such as GMAX, GMED, and knee biomechanical
variables during the landing impact phase, measuring the degree of correlation between
two quantitative variables. The 95% confidence interval (CI) was used for quantitative
description. For the degree of correlation, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used
for the parametric test, and the Spearman rank correlation (r) was used for the nonpara­
metric test. In addition, the coefficient of determination (R2) is used in parametric data to
represent the amount of variation in a screening test. As described by Ziyad Neamatallah,
Luis Llurda-Almuzara, Hopkins et al. the correlation intensity was classified as (0–0.3)
small, (0.3–0.5) moderate, (0.5–0.7) strong and (0.7–1) very strong (Hopkins et al., 2009;
Llurda-Almuzara et al., 2021; Neamatallah et al., 2020).
3. Result
The mean and standard deviation of the gluteus EMG and knee dynamic control
parameters during the landing impact phase of the single-leg landing task after
a backhand side overhead stroke in badminton are shown in Table 1.
Peak knee valgus was strongly and moderately positively correlated with the activity of
the gluteus maximus (GMAX) and gluteus medius (GMED) muscles (r = 0.56, p = 0.0006,
R2 = 0.31,95% CI:0.27 to 0.75 and r = 0.37, p = 0.0306, R2 = 0.14,95% CI:0.04 to 0.63).
Peak proximal tibial shear force was moderately positively correlated with gluteus
maximus and gluteus medius activation (r = 0.46, p = 0.0060, R2 = 0.21,95% CI:0.15 to
0.69 and r = 0.47, p = 0.0051, R2 = 0.22,95% CI:0.16 to 0.70). Please refer to Figure 3.
4. Discussion
Our findings show a significant correlation between gluteus maximus activity and
dynamic control of the knee joint during the impact phase of a high-risk landing task
in badminton. These findings partially support our hypothesis. Specifically, our main
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS IN SPORT
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
7
Figure 3. Correlation of gluteus maximus with peak knee valgus angle (a) and peak proximal tibial
anterior shear force (b), and correlation of gluteus medius with peak knee valgus angle (c) and peak
proximal tibial anterior shear force (d).
findings were as follows: 1) There was a positive correlation between gluteus maximus
and gluteus medius activity and peak knee valgus angle. 2) Gluteus maximus and gluteus
medius activity were positively correlated with peak proximal tibial shear force.
Knee valgus is a movement pattern in the lower extremity that can occur when the
femur internally rotates, the tibia externally rotates, and the ankle turns inward. In this
pattern, the knee joint moves towards the midline of the thigh and foot, resulting in what
is known as knee valgus or an internal knee buckle (Larwa et al., 2021; Teng et al., 2017).
Studies utilising video analysis and cadaveric research have consistently found that ACL
injuries often happen when the knee is in a valgus position. Consequently, excessive knee
valgus indicates poor dynamic control of the knee joint and carries a high risk of ACL
injury (Ellenberger et al., 2021; Matsumoto et al., 2001). In our study, we discovered
a positive correlation between muscle activity in the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius
and the maximum knee valgus angle during the badminton landing task. A study con­
ducted by Llurda-Almuzara et al. in a single-legged drop jump task produced similar
results, demonstrating a significant positive correlation (r = 0.46–0.60) between gluteus
8
Z. HU ET AL.
maximus, gluteus medius, and knee valgus angle when examining the relationship
between the lower limb muscles of the dominant and non-dominant legs in the frontal
plane (Llurda-Almuzara et al., 2021). Partially in line with our findings, Neamatallah et al.
observed a positive correlation between gluteus maximus muscle activity and knee valgus
angle in a study on Forward Land (FL) in females, as well as a strong positive correlation
between gluteus medius muscle activity and knee valgus angle in a study on Single-leg
Squat (SLS) task in males (Neamatallah et al., 2020). These correlations may be attributed
to variations in tasks and participants. Furthermore, they explored the relationship
between muscle activity, knee dynamic control, and hip muscle strength, noting
a negative correlation between knee valgus angle and hip abduction muscle strength
during landing tasks in females (Neamatallah et al., 2020). Similar findings have been
replicated in numerous studies (McCurdy et al., 2014; Stickler et al., 2015; Suzuki et al.,
2015). These results suggest that individuals with lower hip strength may exhibit heigh­
tened neural drive mechanisms to enhance muscle fibre recruitment and improve motion
control (Homan et al., 2013; Wilczynski et al., 2020). Contrary to our findings, a study by
Hollman et al. on single-leg squat tests and another study on a Jump-Landing Task
demonstrated a correlation between reduced activation of the gluteus maximus and
increased knee valgus (Hollman et al., 2013, 2014). These differences may be influenced
by the gender and characteristics of their participants, as well as variations in testing tasks.
Neamatallah et al. discovered a correlation between hip muscles and the valgus moment
in their study on the Side land with the force platform from outside of the knee (SLL) task in
males (Neamatallah et al., 2020), which differed from our findings. They concluded that hip
muscle activity has varying effects on the biomechanical factors of the knee joint depending
on the specific squat or landing task. It is worth highlighting another important finding
from our study, which showed a positive correlation between activation of the gluteus
maximus and gluteus medius and proximal tibial anterior shear force in the knee joint.
Previous research has indicated that increased anterior shear force is associated with higher
ACL loading (Maniar et al., 2020). This is primarily due to the ACL’s function of providing
horizontal posterior resistance to prevent forward movement of the tibia, as it originates
from the medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle and ends anterior to the intercondylar
tibial eminence (Duthon et al., 2006). If the tensile force exerted on the ACL exceeds its
loading capacity, it can lead to ACL damage. Our findings align with those of Maniar et al.,
who utilised an EMG-informed neuromusculoskeletal modelling approach to assess the
contribution of lower extremity muscles to anterior knee shear forces in a single-leg drop
task (Maniar et al., 2020). Their data suggested that not only muscles crossing the knee joint
but also those not crossing the knee joint (e.g. gluteus maximus) contribute to anterior knee
shear. They proposed that the contractile forces of the gluteus maximus may transmit
directly to the tibia through its connection to the iliotibial bundle. This was demonstrated in
a study involving non-weight-bearing tasks, where applying loads to the iliotibial bundle
resulted in greater tibial anterior translation and tibial valgus with increasing load magni­
tude (Gadikota et al., 2013). The findings of this study imply that increased gluteal muscle
activity may be associated with increased ACL loading, thereby increasing the risk of ACL
injury. Conversely, another study examining unanticipated sidestep-cutting tasks indicated
that the gluteus is the primary muscle counteracting the knee valgus moment, which is
beneficial in reducing ACL loading and preventing ACL injury (Maniar et al., 2018).
However, it is important to note that their study primarily involved eight healthy men
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS IN SPORT
9
and differed significantly from our study in terms of task design. Therefore, their findings
may not be directly applicable to our experimental groups and test conditions.
In summary, our study demonstrates a correlation between gluteal muscles and dynamic
control of the knee joint during a single-leg landing task in badminton. However, it is
important to acknowledge several limitations. Firstly, there are limitations in both the
acquisition processes of EMG and 3D motion analysis data (Ball & Scurr, 2010; Fonseca
et al., 2020; Lu & O’Connor, 1999; Rota et al., 2013). Secondly, our study focused on the
high-risk task of ACL injury in badminton players within a controlled laboratory setting,
which may not fully replicate the risk of ACL injury in actual competitive and practice
matches. However, controlled environments provide valuable insights and allow for isolating
the effects of specific factors. Thirdly, it is important to note that our findings may not be
universally applicable to all badminton practitioners, but they can provide useful informa­
tion, particularly for high-level badminton players. Fourthly, our study design does not allow
for causal inference. While we analysed the correlation between variables through correlation
analysis, it does not imply a causal relationship. The association between increased gluteus
maximus recruitment and increased knee valgus and anterior tibial shear should not be
interpreted as evidence that increased gluteus maximus recruitment directly leads to these
outcomes in badminton single-leg landing scenarios. Despite these limitations, we strongly
believe that our study can be valuable for coaches and rehabilitators when developing
programmes to prevent ACL injuries in badminton players. Further research on the
badminton single-leg landing task could include the following directions, first, gender
differences in dynamic control of hip muscles and knee joints. Second, the correlation
study between hip kinematics and its coupling with the knee ankle joint and dynamic
control of the knee joint. Third, the study of the correlation between muscle synergy and
dynamic control of the knee joint, pre-activation of lower limb muscles before landing, etc.
5. Conclusion
Our findings suggest a correlation between the hip muscles and the dynamic control of
the knee joint during the impact phase of the single-leg drop task in badminton.
Optimising gluteal neuromuscular control may be beneficial for avoiding the risk of
ACL injury.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
ORCID
Sukwon Kim
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1393-100X
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