Education of Jose Rizal
Doña Teodora
Doña Teodora was the
mother, and the first teacher of
Jose Rizal.
3 years old: Alphabet
8 years old, Rizal wrote:
“Sa Aking mga Kabata”
At 5 years old:
Write, read, arts, literature
1st Tutor
Maestro Celestino
Continued Rizal’s learning and
education that was started by his
mother.
2nd Tutor
Maestro Lucas Padua
Focused on mathematics and
arithmetic lessons
3rd tutor
Leon Monroy
Former classmate of Rizal’s father
Died 5 months after he started
teaching Rizal
Focused on teaching Rizal Spanish
and Latin.
Private School in Biñan
 Rizal’s education after
private tutors (Biñan,
Laguna)
They decided to send Rizal to a
private school after Leon Monroy
Passed away
Biñan, Laguna
 left for Biñan at the age of
8 (1869)
 traveled to Biñan via a
carromata accompanied
by his brother, Paciano, via
Kalesa
 They lived in their Aunt’s
lounge; Rizal was very
homesick
He was the best among his
classmates in all the academic
lessons. Mathematics, Latin,
Spanish, etc.
Though because of this, his
classmates were jealous of him,
getting him into trouble a lot of
times.
In Biñan, Jose Rizal was the best.
Returned to Calamba by
December 17, 1870
Rizal’s college education
Ateneo Municipal de Manila
 1872 when he was 11
years old.
 discriminated since he was
in a class of Spaniards,
Mestizos, and Filipinos
 Fr. Jose Bech
 Bachelor of Arts
 obtained his Bachelor of
Arts degree in 1877 at the
age of 16
 graduated sobresaliente
 achieved the title
“Emperor”
 member of the Academy
of Spanish Literature and
the Academy of Natural
Sciences
 Wrote a lot of literature,
including Mi Primera
Inspiracion, Through
Education our Motherland
Receives Light, and The
Intimate Alliance Between
Religion and Good
Education
 After graduation, he
pursued another degree in
Land Surveying
University of Sto. Tomas
April 1877 (16 years old)
 Philosophy and Letters
Influenced by his father’s
choice
doesn’t know what career
to pursue yet
1878
 Shifted to Ophthalmology
due to:
mother going blind
advice of Fr. Pablo Ramon
 Was allowed to take
Ampliacion among 28 men
1882 - 4th year
 4-year practical medicine
training in Hospital de San
Juan de Dios (Intramuros)
He only studied until 4th year.
Why?
 Hostile Dominican
professors
 Discrimination against
Filipinos
 Obsolete and repressive
teaching style
 2nd best among the 7 who
passed (out of 24)
Spain (May 1882)
 Left for Spain alone and
stealthily
 Better education
 Kept secret from Spanish
Authorities, friars, and
parents
 Used “Jose Rizal“
Universidad Central de Madrid
 Philosophy and Letters,
and Medicine
 Joined the Masonic Lodge
called Acasia in Madrid in
order to secure the
Freemasonry’s help in his
fight against the friars in
the Philippines
 June 1884, he conferred
the degree of Licentiate in
Medicine
 Degree of Licentiate in
Philosophy and Letters on
June 19, 1885 with the
rating of excellent
Ophthalmology
 He went to Paris and
Germany for his
specialization
 He worked as an
apprentice of Dr. Louis de
Weckert
Pursuits in Heidelberg and Berlin
University Eye Hospital
 Dr. Otto Becker and
Professor Wilhelm
Kuehne.
 On November 1886, he
was in Berlin and worked
in the clinic of Dr. Karl
Ernest Schweigger
 On 1887, he completed his
eye specialization under
Professor Becker in
Heidelberg
 March 1887, Noli Me
Tangere published in Berlin
Exile in Dapitan
Reasons why Rizal was expiled in
Dapitan
 published books and
articles abroad which
showed disloyalty to Spain
and which were "frankly
anti-Catholic" and
"imprudently anti-friar".
 found in one of his
packages a bundle of
handbills entitled “Pobres
Frailes” in which the
patient and humble
generosity of Filipino is
satirized, and which
accusation is published
against the customs of
religious orders".
 His novel El Filibusterismo
was dedicated to the
memory of three "traitors"
(Burgos, Gomez, and
Zamora), and on the title
page he wrote that in view
of the vices and errors of
the Spanish
administration, "the only
salvation for the
Philippines was separation
from the mother country".
 "The end he pursues in his
efforts and writings is to
tear from the loyal Filipino
breasts the treasures of
our Catholic Faith".
Beginning of Exile in Dapitan
 Rizal was brought under a
maximum security to the
steamer S.S. Cebu headed
by Capt. Delgras on the
15th of July, 1892, which
sailed to Dapitan.
 Rizal carried a letter from
Father Pablo Pastells to
Father Antonio Obach,
both Jesuit figures. The
letter outlined conditions
for Rizal to reside at the
Dapitan convent.
1. "That Rizal publicity
retract his errors
concerning religion,
and make statements
that were pro-Spanish
and against the
revolution".
2. "That he perform the
church rites and make
a general confession
of his past life".
3. "That henceforth he
conduct himself in an
exemplary manner as
a Spanish subject and
a man of religion".
HE DID NOT AGREE
Instead
 He lived in the house of
the commandant, Captain
Carnicero.
 Wins in Manila Lottery
 Rizal-Pastells Debate on
Religion
 Rizal Challenges a
Frenchman to a Duel
Rizal's idyllic life in Dapitan
 built a house by the
seashore of Talisay
surrounded by fruit trees,
a school for boys, and a
hospital for his patients. In
early November 1893,
Friar’s Spy
 a friar spy, using the alias
"Pablo Mercado," visited
him on the night of
November 3, 1893,
claiming friendship and
kinship by presenting a
photo of Rizal and buttons
with the initials "P.M."
“My Retreat”
 Dona Teodora requested
Rizal to write poetry. As a
response, Rizal wrote "Mi
Retiro" relating his serene
life as an exile in Dapitan.
Rizal’s Love
 The death of Leonor
Rivera, 1st lover
 Josephine Bracken
Irish girl
born in Hong Kong.
James Bracken and
Elizabeth Jane MacBride Josephine's parents who
are both Irish in
citizenship.
Was adopted by Mr,
George Taufer
 Manuela Orlac,
accompanied Josephine
Bracken to Dapitan.
 Rizal and Josephine
Bracken chose to marry,
but Father Obach declined
to officiate the marriage
without the permission of
the Bishop of Cebu.
The Song of the Traveler
 offer to go to Europe then
to Cuba to help the
patients suffering yellow
fever, he wrote a poem "El
Canto del Viajero".
España – steamer Manila from
Dapitan. The town brass of
Dapitan played the dolorous
Funeral March of Chopin. He
stayed in Dapitan for 4 years, 13
days and a few hours.
Trial and Execution of
Rizal
BEFORE THE TRIAL
 imprisonment in
Barcelona, Rizal received
orders from General
Eulogio Despujol to return
to Manila aboard the
transport ship Colon.
 While aboard, he learned
from fellow passengers
about the attributing
Philippine revolution to
him.
 When friends of Rizal
heard about his situation,
they took action. They
sent telegrams to a lawyer
in Singapore, asking him to
use a legal procedure
called "habeas corpus" to
try to get Rizal released
from prison.
Unfortunately, their efforts
were unsuccessful, and
Rizal remained detained
on the Spanish steamer
and Rizal was transferred
to Fort Santiago.
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
 November 20, 1896.
During the five-day
investigation, Rizal was
informed of the charges
against him before Judge
Advocate Colonel
Francisco Olive,
 Two kinds of evidence
were presented
documentary and
testimonial.
 fifteen exhibits for the
documentary evidence.
 evidence included letters
that allegedly implicate
Rizal in the Propaganda
movement, several
transcripts of
speech wherein his name
was used by the
Katipunan, as well as
several of his poems which
were highly nationalistic in
nature.
After the preliminary
investigation, Judge
Advocate General
Don Nicolas de la Pena
recommended that:
1. Rizal must be
immediately sent to
trial.
2. He must be held in
prison under
necessary security.
3. His properties must
be issued with the
order of attachment,
and as indemnity,
Rizal had to pay one
million pesos.
4. Instead of a civilian
lawyer, only an army
officer is allowed to
defend Rizal.
TRIAL
While imprisoned, Rizal wrote a
manifesto urging Filipinos to stop
the violence and pursue freedom
through education and hard work.
Trial details:
Date: December 26, 1896
Where: Cuartel de España
Defense Lawyer: Lt. Luis
Taviel de Andrade
Charges: Being the leader
of the revolution
Charges: Rizal faced accusations of
rebellion (highest penalty: death),
sedition, and illegal association.
Defense: Rizal didn't contest the
charges but pleaded not guilty to
rebellion.
Outcome: Despite his arguments,
the military court found him guilty
of rebellion and sentenced him to
death.
Execution: Governor-General
Polavieja approved the sentence.
Rizal was executed by firing squad
at 7:00 am on December 30, 1896,
at Bagumbayan Field.
EXECUTION
 He spent time reading
religious texts and wrote
his final poem, "Mi Ultimo
Adiós," which he hid.
 He met with family, asking
forgiveness from his
mother and writing letters.
In one letter, he declared
his innocence of rebellion.
 On December 30, 1896, at
35 years old, he was shot
by a firing squad.
 He faced his executioners
with a final declaration,
"Consummatum est" (It is
finished). Notably, he was
initially shot in the back.
Retraction
History books tell most people
that the first draft of the retraction
was sent by Archbishop
Bernardino Nozaleda to Rizal's cell
in Fort Santiago the night before
his execution in Bagumbayan. But
Rizal was said to have rejected the
draft because it was lengthy.
According to a testimony by Father
Vicente Balaguer, a Jesuit
missionary who befriended the
hero during his exile in Dapitan,
Rizal accepted a shorter retraction
document prepared by the
superior of the Jesuit Society in
the Philippines, Father Pio Pi.
Publication details:
1. The first one appeared in
Philippine newspapers on
the day of his execution
(1896).
2. Spain a month later,
written by an anonymous
author (later revealed as
Fr. Balaguer. February 14,
1897.
3. The "original" text was
supposedly found in May
18, 1935 after being
missing for 39 years.
Further controversy: Josephine
Bracken's alleged autobiography,
claiming their marriage, is also
suspected to be a forgery due to
handwriting inconsistencies.
The Rise of Filipino
Nationalism
The Spanish Conquest of
the Philippines
 March 17, 1521 Ferdinand
Magellan’s came across
the Philippine Archipelago
 April 27, 1521 Magellan
got caught in a local
dispute and was killed.
 1565 Majority of the
islands were conquered by
Miguel Lopez de Legaspi
Liberal Reform
 December 14, 1762 Silang
Revolt- Diego Silang
revolted against Spanish
rule in the Philippines due
to two main reasons. First,
he was angry about the
unfair taxes and harsh
treatment Filipinos faced
under Spanish control.
Second, he believed
Filipinos, should govern
themselves and the
Catholic Church in the
Ilocos region.
 January 24, 1744 - 1829,
Dagohoy Revolt (Francisco
Dagohoy). The Dagohoy
Rebellion wasn't about
religion. Unlike other
revolts, it focused on
common issues like forced
labor, unfair taxes, and
excessive tributes imposed
by the Spanish. Considered
as the longest rebellion in
Philippine history.
 1869 influence of new
liberal ideas has spread.
New liberalism promotes
speak about common
good and not only the
individuals.
Governor de la Torre’s Reforms
 Relaxed Media Censorship
 Established the Guardia
Civil
 Began Secularization"nationalizing" the
Catholic Church by
replacing the friars with
native secular priests.
Cavite Mutiny
 April 4, 1871 Governor de
la Torre was replaced by
Rafael Izquierdo.
 January 20, 1872
Fernando La Madrid led
around 200 soldiers in
capturing Fort San Felipe,
killing the Spanish officers
inside.
After-effects of the Cavite Mutiny
 February 17, 1872
execution of GOMBURZA
Propaganda Movement
 1891 release of El
Filibusterismo dedicated
to GOMBURZA
 December 30, 1896
execution of Dr. Jose P.
Rizal.
The Philippine Revolution of 1896
 July 7, 1892 Establishment
of The Katipunan
 December 30, 1896
Execution of Dr. Jose P.
Rizal.
 December 10, 1898
The Treaty of Paris was
signed.
The Philippine - American War
(1899-1902)
 Emilio Aguinaldo led
Filipino nationalists to
fight against American
colonial rule.
 Jones Act (1916) known as
Philippine Autonomy Act.
 Commonwealth (1935)
U.S Congress passed the
Tydings-McDuffie Act.
 World War II (1939 - 1945)
 Japanese occupation
(1942 - 1945)
Filipino Nationalism in Present
Times
Filipino Nationalism is a reflection
of the country’s complex history,
socio-economic challenges, and
aspirations for a better future.
1. Spanish Colonization left a
lasting legacy that shaped
Filipino identity and
nationalism.
2. Filipino nationalism
continues to evolve in
response to contemporary
challenges.
3. Filipino nationalism finds
expression in cultural
endeavors.
To the Young Women of
Malolos
During the Spanish Colonial Era
 Women were meant to be
subservient to men
 Women were meant to
stay at home
 Education was a privilege,
not a right
 Men should be the
providers
 Learning Spanish was
essential if you want to be
engaged in politics or
society in general
 Spanish was limited to
make sure Filipinos cannot
access liberal literary
works
The Young Women of Malolos
 a group of 20 women who
wished to have access to
Spanish Language
Education under Teodoro
Sandiko.
 December 12, 1888
- The date when the
women started a petition
to gain access to Spanish
education
Father Felipe Garcia
- rejected the request of the
women for a night school for
Spanish
Senorita Guadalupe Reyes
- the teacher allocated to the
young Women of Malolos
Points in Rizal’s letter
 Reject the Spiritual
authority of the friars
 Qualities that a Filipino
Mother should possess
 Present servitude
to our compatriots
 Listen to the
truthfulness of
their hearts
 Elevate and guide
their children to
be the best
version of
themselves
 Duties and responsibilities
a Filipino mother has
towards her children
 Duties and responsibilities
a wife has towards her
husband
 Activity and
Industry
 Noble Behavior
 Worthy
Sentiments
 Rizal’s counsel to young
women on their choice of
partner
Rizal’s Wishes for the Filipinos
 To see that gender does
not hinder education
 Emphasis on maintaining
independence of the mind
and reason
 Stresses that women
should not be complacent
and passive with the
injustices of a patriarchal
society
The Philippine a Century
Hence
Rizal wrote “Filipinas dentro
de Cien Años” in the late 19th
century, around 1889-1890
while he was in Barcelona,
Spain. It was originally
published in the Filipino
newspaper "La Solidaridad"
under the pen name "Laong
Laan."
 Published in Spanish
 Part of his efforts to
advocate for reforms
and to raise awareness
about the situation
in the Philippines
 Exposed the Spanish
and predicted the
future of the
Philippines
Overview of predictions made by
Rizal:
 Philippines to remain as a
Spanish colony
 Filipinos would inevitably
revolt against Spain should
abuse insist.
 After Spain, the
Philippines may be
conquered by another
country.
Chapter 1
 recalling the Past of the
Philippines, particularly
the period of Spanish
colonization.

describes how the
Filipinos gradually lost
their identity under
Spanish rule, leading to a
sense of disgust towards
their own race.
 elaborates on the
suppression of Filipino
literature, music, poetry,
and ethics by the Spanish
colonizers.
 Despite the efforts to strip
them of their identity and
reduce them to nothing,
Filipinos endured and
survived.
 Hacknowledges that while
few hearts were awakened
to their plight during those
centuries, he believes this
awakening will spread in
the future.
Chapter 2
 delves into the decay of
Filipino identity and the
emergence of Filipino
consciousness.
 over the centuries, the
oppression faced by
Filipinos under Spanish
rule has intensified,
leading to a loss of ethics,
spirit, and customs among
the people.
 Despite the worsening
conditions, Spanish
authority has
strengthened, while many
Filipinos remain dazzled by
promised rewards and
positions of prominence
within the colonial system.
 priests who were once
aligned with the welfare of
the natives became
exploiters & oppressors,
leading to a loss of
confidence.

Rising taxes, limited
privileges, and ineffective
laws further exacerbate
Filipino discontent, leading
many to see little value in
their lives compared to a
glorious death.
 predicts inevitable unrest
if conditions persist, with
the shared struggle of the
oppressed uniting them
against their subjugation.
 He argues that inflicting
poverty on the subjugated
only destabilizes society
further, potentially leading
to unrest and revolution.
 Rizal acknowledges the
resilience of the Filipino
people, whose population
has increased significantly
despite wars and
epidemics.
 He foresees a unified
Filipino movement across
islands for new leadership
and social order but
suggests peaceful
evolution rather than a
disruptive rupture.
Chapter 3
 Rizal advocates for
fundamental reforms if
the Philippines remains
under Spanish control: the
establishment of a free
press and Filipino
representation in the
Cortes (parliament).
 Rizal argues that a free
press would benefit both
Spain and the Philippines
because:
1. Spain gains direct
observation and
understanding of
ground situations,
aiding effective
governance.
2. Suppressing the press
risks increased
discontent and unrest,
undermining
government stability.
3. Addressing abuses
publicly garners
respect, contrasting
with concealment
tactics.
 Regarding representation
in the Cortes, Rizal sees
political struggles within
parliament as preferable
to armed conflict.
 He believes representation
would provide a peaceful
outlet for expressing
grievances and concerns.
 While acknowledging
potential challenges, Rizal
insists that granting
Filipino representation is
necessary for addressing
discontent and improving
governance.
 Rizal refutes objections
based on the perceived
unsuitability of Filipinos
for representation, arguing
that if they're deemed
intelligent enough to pay
taxes, they're intelligent
enough to choose
representatives to protect
their interests.
 He highlights the
importance of
empowering Filipinos to
participate in governance
to prevent abuse and
ensure their voices are
heard.
Chapter 4
 Rizal predicts eventual
Philippine independence if
Spain fails to meet certain
conditions.

He warns of deep-seated
animosity between ruling
authority and the
governed, leading to
conflicts and bloodshed.
 He examines the attitudes
of other colonial powers
such as England, Germany,
France, and Holland,
towards the Philippines
independence, suggesting
they may not intervene
due to other strategic
interests.
 Rizal speculates about the
potential interest of the
United States in acquiring
Pacific territories but
notes historical constraints
on American overseas
colonialism.
 Despite uncertainties,
Rizal believes in the
Filipino people's
determination to
strengthen their nation
and reclaim their heritage.
 He advocates for a policy
of freely granting rights
and liberties to foster
goodwill and avoid
resentment.
“Spain, we have spent our youth in
serving thy interests in the
interests of our country;
we have looked to thee, we have
expended the whole light of our
intellects, all the fervor and
enthusiasm of our hearts in
working for the good of what was
thine, to draw from thee a glance
of love, a liberal policy that would
assure us the peace of our native
land and thy sway over loyal but
unfortunate islands! Spain, thou
hast remained deaf, and, wrapped
up in thy pride, hast pursued thy
fatal course and accused us of
being traitors, merely because we
love our country, because we tell
thee the truth and hate all kinds of
injustice. What dost thou wish us
to tell our wretched country, when
it asks about the result of us
efforts? Must we say to it that,
since for it we have lost
everything—youth, future, hope,
peace, family; since in its service
we have exhausted all the
resources of hope, all the
disillusions of desire, it also takes
the residue which we cannot use,
the blood from our veins and the
strength left in our arms? Spain,
must we someday tell Filipinas
that thou hast no ear for her woes
and that if she wishes to be saved,
she must redeem herself?”
CONCLUSION AND
SIGNIFICANCE
 Showcases Rizal’s
unwavering commitment
and burning passion for
his motherland, the
Philippines.
 Rizal sought to awaken the
Filipino people to their
true identity, history, and
potential.
 Rizal's works continue to
inspire generations of
Filipinos to strive for a
better future, grounded in
the values of patriotism,
integrity, and social justice
that he exemplified.
 Jose Rizal's analysis of the
Philippine situation under
Spanish colonization.
The Indolence of the
Filipinos
published in La Solidaridad in
1890
Filipinos were hardworking,
but the arrival of the Spaniards
led to a decline in economic
activities
Chapter 1: Existence of
Indolence
 result of historical
circumstances, not
inherent laziness.
 a byproduct of the
country's
backwardness and
troubles, not its cause.
 elaborates on the
causes and
circumstances that led
to this misconception.
Chapter 2: Indolence of Chronic
Illness
Argument 1
 Rizal likens indolence to an
illness that worsens with
wrong treatment.
Argument 2
 Early Filipinos engaged in
trade even before the
Spaniards arrived,
disproving the notion of
inherent laziness.
Chapter 3: Wars, Insurrections,
Expeditions, and Invasion
Argument 1
 Frequent wars,
insurrections, and
invasions have led to
cultural and economic
decadence.
Argument 2
 Abuse from invaders
forced natives to abandon
farms, leading to neglect.
Chapter 4: Decline of Trade
 Spanish government's lack
of support for labor and
trade led to its decline.
 Pirate attacks, government
restrictions, and
corruption further
hindered trade and
farming, causing many to
abandon fields.
Chapter 5: Training and Education
 Limited education and
segregation from
Spaniards deprived
Filipinos of opportunities.
 Lack of national unity and
inferiority complex
contribute to adopting
foreign culture.
 Rizal proposes education
and liberty as solutions to
combat indolence.
Conclusion
José Rizal wrote the essay criticize
the idea that Filipinos were lazy
during the time when Spain ruled
the Philippines. He wasn't trying
to insult his fellow Filipinos but to
defend and challenge the
stereotype of laziness that the
Spanish had spread. Rizal believed
that indolence existed but thought
it was caused by many things such
as history, the environment, and
culture.
Mi Ultimo Adios







December 29, 1896 in Fort
Santiago
He told Trinidad about
something hidden in the
"small alcohol stove"
(cocinilla).
Unsigned, untitled,
undated
14 five-line stanza
Written in Spanish
Early 1897: Printed in
Hong Kong by Mariano
Ponce, titled "Mí último
Pensamiento" (My Last
Thought)
September 25, 1898:
Published in La
Independencia titled
"Ultimo Adios" (My Last
Farewell) by Fr. Mariano
Dacanay.