CHAPTER 5
TISSUES
OVERVIEW
This chapter deals with the simplest level of organization of cells—tissues. It explains the types of tissue that occur in the human body, the
general functions of each of these types of tissue, and the organs in which the various types of tissue and membranes occur (learning
outcomes 5.1-1 through 5.6-1).
The characteristics of a tissue remain the same regardless of where it occurs in the body. Knowledge of these characteristics is basic to
understanding how a specific tissue contributes to the function of an organ.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to:
5.1
Introduction
1.
List the four major tissue types and indicate a function of each type.
5.2
Epithelial Tissues
1. Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissue.
2. Name the types of epithelium and identify an organ in which each is found.
3. Explain how glands are classified.
5.3
Connective Tissues
1. Compare and contrast the ground substance, cells, and fibers in different types of connective tissue.
2. Describe the major functions of each type of connective tissue.
3.
5.4
Types of Membranes
1.
5.5
Distinguish among the four major types of membranes.
Muscle Tissues
1.
5.6
Identify where each type of connective tissue is found.
Distinguish among the three types of muscle tissues.
Nervous Tissues
1. Describe the general characteristics and functions of nervous tissues.
FOCUS QUESTION
How does each tissue contribute to the organization of the body?
MASTERY TEST
Now take the mastery test. Do not guess. As soon as you complete the test, correct it. Note your successes and failures so that you can read
the chapter to meet your learning needs.
1.
List the four major types of tissue found in the human body.
2.
Cells within a tissue are (similar, dissimilar).
3.
The function of epithelial tissue is to
a. support body parts.
b. cover body surfaces.
c. bind body parts together.
d. form the framework of organs.
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4.
Which of the following statements about epithelial tissue is (are) true?
a. Epithelial tissue has no blood vessels.
c. Epithelial cells are nourished by substances diffusing
from connective tissue.
b. Epithelial cells reproduce slowly.
d. Injuries to epithelial tissue heal rapidly as new cells
replace damaged cells.
5.
The underside of epithelial tissue is formed of nonliving tissue called the
.
6.
Match the following types of epithelial cells with their correct location.
a. simple squamous epithelium
1. lining of the ducts of salivary glands
b. simple cuboidal epithelium
2. lining of respiratory passages
c. simple columnar epithelium
3. epidermis of the skin
d. pseudostratified columnar epithelium
4. air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries
e. stratified squamous epithelium
5. lining of digestive tract
7.
The inner lining of the urinary bladder and the passageways of the urinary tract are composed of
8.
A gland that secretes its products into ducts opening into an external or internal surface is called
a(n)
gland.
9.
A merocrine gland secretes its product by
10.
The function of connective tissue is
a. support.
b. contraction.
.
.
c. fill spaces.
d. fat storage.
11.
Fibroblasts and mast cells found in connective tissue are (fixed, wandering) cells.
12.
The connective tissue cells that produce fibers are
a. mast cells.
b. macrophages.
c. fibroblasts.
d. keratinocytes.
13.
The major structural protein of the body and of white connective tissue is
14.
Yellow connective tissue that can be stretched and returned to its original shape is
.
15.
The most common cells of loose connective tissue are
16.
Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding adipose tissue?
a. It is a specialized form of loose
c. It serves as a conserver of body heat.
connective tissue.
.
.
b. It occurs around the kidneys, behind the
eyeballs, and around various joints.
d. It serves as a storehouse of energy for the body.
17.
The cartilage found in the tip of the nose is
cartilage.
18.
The type of cartilage in the intervertebral discs is
.
19.
Because of the nature of its blood supply, injured cartilage heals (quickly, slowly).
20.
The most rigid connective tissue is
21.
The extracellular material found in blood is
22.
The three types of muscle tissue are
23.
Coordination and regulation of body functions is the function of
24.
List the four major types of membranes.
.
.
,
, and
.
tissue.
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25.
Serous membranes are located
a. around the structures of the dorsal cavity.
b. in body cavities that are completely
closed to the outside of the body.
26.
Mucous membranes are located
a. around the organs of the respiratory system.
c. wherever two bones come together.
d. within structures that have ventricles.
c. in areas where two surfaces meet.
b. in the lining of cavities and tubes that have
openings to the outside of the body.
STUDY ACTIVITIES
Aids to Understanding Words
Define the following word parts.
adipchondr-cyt
epi-glia
inter-
macrospseudsquamstrat-
5.1 Introduction
A.
What are tissues?
B.
List the major tissue types and their functions.
5.2 Epithelial Tissues
A.
List four functions of epithelial tissue.
B.
What is the function of the basement membrane?
C.
Answer these questions concerning simple squamous epithelium.
D.
1.
Describe the structures or features of simple squamous epithelium.
2.
Where is simple squamous epithelium found? What are the functions of this tissue?
Answer these questions concerning simple cuboidal epithelium.
1. Describe the structures or features of simple cuboidal epithelium.
2.
Where is this type of tissue found? What are the functions of this tissue?
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E.
F.
G.
Answer these questions concerning simple columnar epithelium.
1.
Describe the structures or features of simple columnar epithelium.
2.
Where is this tissue located? What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?
Answer these questions concerning pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
1.
Microscopic, hair-like projections called
are a characteristic of this columnar epithelium.
2.
Where is this tissue found? What other cells are usually found in this tissue?
Answer these questions concerning stratified squamous epithelium.
1.
Describe the structures or features of stratified squamous epithelium.
2.
Where is this tissue found?
H.
What is the special characteristic of transitional epithelium?
I.
Describe glandular epithelium.
J.
Fill in the following table regarding the different types of glands.
Type of gland
Description of secretion
Examples
Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
5.3 Connective Tissues
A.
What are the functions and general features of connective tissue?
B.
What are the functions of fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells?
C.
How do collagenous fibers and elastic fibers differ in their function and materials?
D.
Where would you find loose areolar tissue and what does it look like?
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E.
Where is adipose connective tissue found, and what is its function?
F.
Fill in the following table regarding the different types of cartilage.
Type
Location
Function
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
G.
H.
Answer these questions concerning bone.
1.
What are the characteristics of bone?
2.
Bone injuries heal relatively rapidly. Why is this true?
Answer these questions concerning blood (vascular connective tissue).
1.
What is the extracellular matrix of vascular connective tissue?
2.
What cells are found in this tissue?
3.
Describe the functions of the connective tissue matrix.
5.4 Types of Membranes
A.
List the three types of epithelial membranes.
B.
Where is each membrane found?
5.5 Muscle Tissues
A.
What are the characteristics of muscle tissue?
B.
Fill in the following table regarding the different types of muscle.
Type of Muscle
Structure
Control
Location
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
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5.6 Nervous Tissues
A.
What is the basic cell of nervous tissue called? What does it look like?
B.
What is the function of neuroglial cells in nervous tissue? What does the term glia mean?
C.
What is the function of nervous tissue?
Clinical Focus Question
The chapter begins with a vignette on tissue engineering. The tissues we have achieved success with are some of our simpler o rgans like
the urinary bladder. Can you outline some of the problems we will face in engineering more complicated structures like the intestines, heart,
and brain?
When you have finished the study activities to your satisfaction, retake the mastery test and compare your results with your initial attempt.
If you are not satisfied with your performance, repeat the appropriate study activities.
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