TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
1338 ARLEGUI ST., QUIAPO, MANILA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING
CE 319 – CE31S14
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
MANUSCRIPT
“Optimizing Flow Measurement: A Comparative Analysis of Venturi Meters and
Orifice Flow Meters for Accurate Hydraulic Flow Monitoring”
SUBMITTED BY:
Bonus, Juliana H.
Buerano, Rod Cedric A.
Caratao, Andrei E.
Combinido, Jan Chian Y.
Factor, Emmanuel
SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Gabriel Galvez
DECEMBER 2023
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................ 3
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Background of the study ................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Statement of the Problem .................................................................................................................. 5
1.3 Objectives .......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Significance of the Study .................................................................................................................. 5
1.5
Scope and Limitations .................................................................................................................. 6
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .............................................................................................. 6
2.1&2 Reynolds Number and Differential Producer Discharge Coefficient ........................................... 6
2.3 Innovative Flow Measurement Techniques using a Venturi and an Integrated Artificial Neural
Network (ANN)....................................................................................................................................... 7
2.4 Addressed numerical challenges in hydraulic orifice flow modeling ............................................... 7
3.
METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................................. 8
3.1 Overall Methodology Framework ..................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Materials/Equipment Used ................................................................................................................ 9
3.3 Experiment Procedures ................................................................................................................... 10
3.4 Statistical Treatments ...................................................................................................................... 12
4.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................ 12
4.1 Preparation of Figures and Tables ................................................................................................... 12
5.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................. 17
6.
References ...............……………………………………………………………………………. 17
7.
Appendices ……………………………………………………………………………………... 18
OPTIMIZING FLOW MEASUREMENT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
OF VENTURI METERS AND ORIFICE FLOW METERS
FOR ACCURATE HYDRAULIC FLOW MONITORING
ABSTRACT
The research presented here gives a thorough comparison of Venturi meters and orifice flow meters
with the goal of optimizing flow measurement in hydraulic systems. The research conducts a thorough
examination of the accuracy, dependability, and practical factors connected with these commonly used
flow measurement devices under variable operation instances. According to data from orifice meters, there
is reportedly not much energy loss when flow rates rise at the orifice's plate. Nonetheless, a sizable amount
of the excess energy is lost when the flow accelerates and decelerates, suggesting possible constraints in
sustaining energy efficiency for the duration of the orifice meter's flow path. The coefficient of discharge
of the orifice meter indicates how well it enables fluid to travel through, which is an important factor to
take into account. Inversely, the venturi meter exhibits a better result, with the measured values nearly
matching the actual. The venturi meter's efficient structure and its bending and spreading sections, which
lessen boundary-layer separation, increase its efficiency. The diverging part of the meter makes it easier
to recover some of the pressure loss that occurred in the converging area. This illustrates the venturi meter's
advantageous coefficient of discharge in addition to its overall energy efficiency. The study analyzes the
advantages and restrictions of each instrument. Venturi meters, with their improved energy efficiency and
precision, are chosen in scenarios demanding accurate flow measurement; orifice meters are used in
applications that support quick installation and dependability. The intent of this research is to provide
industry professionals with the necessary knowledge to choose and apply flow measurement instruments
with assurance, due to comprehensive comparisons and strong results from three trials. It addresses factors
including cost-effectiveness and convenience of installation, as well as providing advice to help engineers,
taking into account the particular needs of their hydraulic systems.
Keywords: Flow Rates, Venturi meter, Orifice Flow meters, Coefficient of Discharge, Hydraulic System
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Hydraulic flow meters are known as gauges, indicators, and liquid meters depending on where
they are being used and the industry. They are normally made from resilient material with the ability to
withstand the stress and pressure associated with liquid pressure. The common types of metals utilized
are brass, aluminum, or stainless steel. A hydraulic flow meter can be positioned in any part of a
hydraulic line to identify the flow rate. Since not every hydraulic system is the same, there are flow
meters with varying port sizes to fit different systems. The meter itself has three main parts, which are
the device, a transducer, and transmitter.
Orifice meters and venturi meters are devices used for measuring liquid flow, each with its own
approach. Orifice meters create constriction by directing liquid through a small opening, resulting in a
higher pressure drop. In contrast, venturi meters use a specialized Venturi tube with a unique shape,
causing less pressure drop and offering improved accuracy. Despite their simplicity and widespread use,
orifice meters may lead to higher pressure drop, while venturi meters are favored for applications
requiring minimized pressure loss and precise flow measurements.
Comparing orifice meters and venturi meters for liquid flow measurement offers valuable insights.
Orifice meters, though simpler, may result in higher pressure drops, suitable for specific applications. In
contrast, venturi meters provide lower pressure drops, improving energy efficiency and accuracy,
making them ideal for precise measurements with minimal pressure loss. This comparison informs
decision-making for engineers and practitioners, refining methodologies for flow measurement in
diverse industries. The study envisions a future where informed selection of flow measurement methods
enhances precision and sustainability in hydraulic systems.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to compare the hydraulic flow between Venturi Meters and Orifice Flow Meters.
The following questions should be answered as the researchers conduct the experimentations and
analyses of the proposed topic.
The following are the questions answered in this study:
1. How does the Venturi Meters and Orifice Flow Meters differ in terms of these variables:
1.1. Discharge Coefficient
1.2. Flow Rate
2. Which hydraulic flow monitoring device is more efficient: Venturi Meters or Orifice
Flow Meters?
1.3 Objectives
This study aimed to compare the hydraulic flow between Venturi Meters and Orifice Flow Meters.
In particular, the investigation intends to achieve the following:
1.
To determine the difference between Venturi Meters and Orifice Flow Meters in terms
of these variables:
1.1. Discharge Coefficient
1.2. Flow Rate
2.
To identify the efficient hydraulic flow monitoring device between Venturi Meters and
Orifice Flow Meters.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The result of this study will be beneficial to the following:
The Researchers: The proven result of the study would greatly benefit the researchers to
have a comparative analysis about the hydraulic flow monitoring devices.
Future Researchers: A great basis of relative research can help strengthen the work of
future researchers, and in the development of ideas about accurate hydraulic flow
monitoring devices.
Hydraulics Students: This study will serve as a help for the students in choosing an
accurate hydraulic flow monitoring device in their laboratory experiment.
1.5 Scope and Limitations
The study focused on the comparative analyses between Venturi Meters and Orifice Flow Meters.
The researchers aimed to discover the most efficient and accurate hydraulic flow monitoring device.
Researchers were able to gather data and compare the results among the two devices with the use of a
hydraulic bench.
The researchers are limited to these variables: Discharge Coefficient and Flow Rate. The trials will
be limited to three (3) trials only.
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1&2 Reynolds Number and Differential Producer Discharge Coefficient
Hollingshead et al. (2011) investigated the relationship between Reynolds number and differential
producer discharge coefficient by solving steady, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. Both
numerical solutions and experimental data were employed to validate the findings. The primary focus
was on low Reynolds numbers typical in the transportation of viscous fluids through pipelines, though
high Reynolds numbers were also considered. The study revealed that at low Reynolds numbers, Venturi,
V-cone, and wedge flow meters exhibited a rapid decrease in discharge coefficients with declining
Reynolds numbers. In contrast, the orifice plate meter displayed an unconventional trend, with the
discharge coefficient initially increasing to a maximum before sharply declining as Reynolds numbers
decreased further. These results enhance comprehension of differential flow meters operating at low
Reynolds numbers and underscore the predictive capability of computational fluid dynamics in
estimating discharge coefficient trends, particularly at very low Reynolds numbers.
The study emphasized the behavior of several flow meters, highlighting low Reynolds numbers
that are common in pipeline transportation of viscous fluids. Aichouni et al. (2001) used solutions to the
stable, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations to investigate the relationship between Reynolds
number and differential producer discharge coefficient. The results were validated using both
experimental data and numerical simulations. While the orifice plate meter showed an unusual tendency
of first increasing its discharge coefficient to a maximum and then drastically decreasing at further
decreased Reynolds numbers, the venturi, V-cone, and wedge flow meters showed a noticeable decrease
in discharge coefficients at low Reynolds numbers. These results highlight the predictive power of
computational fluid dynamics in forecasting discharge coefficient trends, especially at very low
Reynolds numbers, and they help to clarify differential flow meters, especially at low Reynolds numbers.
2.3 Innovative Flow Measurement Techniques using a Venturi and an Integrated Artificial
Neural Network (ANN)
Santhosh et al. (2012) have developed an intelligent flow measuring instrument that utilizes a
venturi to measure flow, converting the output to voltage through a data conversion unit. An artificial
neural network (ANN) is integrated into the system, contributing to overall linearization and
independence from factors like venturi-to-pipe diameter ratio, liquid density, and temperature. This
design eliminates the need for repeated calibration when changing liquids or parameters. Flow control
is crucial in industries, influencing parameters such as temperature and pressure. The commonly used
Venturi, known for its sensitivity and ruggedness, faces challenges such as offset and non-linear
responses. To overcome these issues, the proposed instrument incorporates an ANN, training the system
to extend linearity and produce outputs independent of critical factors like diameter ratio, liquid density,
and temperature. This smart flow measurement technique offers a solution to the challenges associated
with traditional venturi-based flow measurement, providing accuracy, reliability, and adaptability in
various industrial applications.
2.4 Addressed numerical challenges in hydraulic orifice flow modeling
W. Borutzky et al. (2002) described the flow through hydraulic orifices is known to pose numerical
challenges due to the derivative of flow with respect to pressure drop approaching infinity as the pressure
drop nears zero. The paper addresses this issue by starting with an approximation of the discharge
coefficient's characteristic, as proposed by Merritt, and introduces a single empirical flow formula. This
formula establishes a linear relationship for small pressure differences and reverts to the conventional
square root law under turbulent conditions, ensuring a smooth transition from laminar to turbulent
regions. The avoidance of numerical difficulties is facilitated by the finite slope of the characteristic at
zero pressure difference. The formula incorporates physically meaningful terms and utilizes parameters
with clear physical interpretations. Implemented successfully in a bond graph model of a hydraulic
sample circuit, the proposed orifice model demonstrates accurate simulation results.
3. METHODOLOGY
This part contains different methodologies both scientific and descriptive which include data
gathering, qualitative and quantitative approach, experimental, observational, and statistical treatment.
Methods already published should be indicated by a reference; only relevant methods should be
included.
3.1 Overall Methodology Framework
Create a flowchart showing the methodology to be implemented in this study. Make sure that the
texts are readable in the flowchart and use colors and shapes purposively.
Source Sampling
Sample Processing
Lab Experimentation
Data interpretation
Source Sampling
All the required materials will be obtained during the first phase. It entails acquiring the need
Hydraulic bench’s (HM 150), nozzle with different size (channel 12mm, cone 12mm, rounded 12mm) and
Orifice Discharge Apparatus (HM 150.12)
Sample Processing
The procedure involves preparing the acquired resources for a laboratory experiment. Various
nozzles with different specifications, such as a Channel 12mm, Inlet Cone 12mm, and Inlet Rounded
12mm, are utilized. These nozzles are employed to determine the orifice discharge, and the same ones are
used in a venturi meter. Additionally, a grammar checker is employed to ensure linguistic accuracy in the
experimental documentation.
Laboratory Experimentation
The objective of this comparative analysis is to assess the performance, accuracy, and efficiency
of the two distinct flow measurement devices. in the current phase relies on the unconfined compression
test. This test is pivotal as the data needed for analysis is derived directly from its results, making it a
crucial component of the experiment.
Data interpretation
This occurrence can be explained by the heightened flow rate at the orifice plate's aperture, leading
to minimal energy dissipation. Nonetheless, as the fluid progresses through the orifice and slows down, a
substantial amount of surplus energy is dispersed.
3.2 Materials/Equipment Used
1. Venturi meter
•
The Venturi meter is a vital tool for calculating the flow rate by comparing the
pressure difference between two points in a constricted pipe.
2. Orifice Flow Meter
•
An orifice flow meter measures fluid flow through a pipe by creating a
restriction and measuring pressure difference across the plate, correlated with
flow rate, making it a cost-effective and simple tool.
3. Hydraulic bench's
•
The hydraulic bench, equipped with flow meters, is a crucial tool in fluid
mechanics laboratories, enabling researchers to study fluid behavior and
hydraulic concepts in a controlled environment.
4. Different types of nozzles
•
Channel 12mm
A hydraulic channel, a specific component of a hydraulic system, is a narrow
conduit or tubing with a diameter or width of 12mm, crucial for controlling
fluid flow rates and pressures.
•
Inlet cone 12mm
The size of an inlet cone, typically a cone-shaped inlet with a diameter of
12mm, is crucial in hydraulic systems for controlling fluid intake, ensuring
proper flow rates, and optimizing performance.
•
Inlet rounded 12mm
An "inlet rounded 12mm" is a rounded or circular inlet with a diameter of
12mm, used in hydraulic systems for smooth, controlled fluid entry, minimizing
turbulence and pressure losses, and impacting flow rate and efficiency.
3.3 Experiment Procedures
The intent of this experimental study is to compare Venturi meters and Orifice flow meters for
accurate hydraulic flow monitoring. To determine which flow measurement instrument is the most
efficient to utilize. The following procedures are for determining the comparison concepts of the two flow
measurements.
I. Venturi Meter
Velocity from Measured Energy Head
1. Connect Bernoulli's Demonstrator (HM 150.07) from the hydraulic bench using the hose.
2. Assure that the setup is leveled, then open the inlet and outlet valves of Bernoulli's
Demonstrator (HM 150.07).
3. Turn on the hydraulic bench's pump, then gradually open the control valve.
4. Turn on the water pressure gauge's vent valves.
5. Once there is no reading on the 6-fold water pressure gauge, adjust the input and output.
6. Take a reading at each of the six tubes' measuring points for the pressure head (hp) and write
it down on the sheet.
7. To determine their total heads, adjust the probe at each measuring point.
8. Calculate the pressure, dynamic, and total heads and plot them compared to the venturi
nozzle section's length.
Velocity Computed from Discharge
9. Calculate the volumetric discharge (Q) by timing how long it takes to fill ten liters of water
(t). the HM 150's volumetric tank. Determine Q's value in m3/s.
10. Divide the discharge by the area at the measurement points (provided in Table 1) to find
the velocity at each point. The computed velocity will be this:
11. At each measurement point, plot the results of the computed and measured velocities.
II. Orifice Flow Meter
1. In the tank's base, place the chosen nozzle and sealing ring.
2. For the water supply to drain and the overflow to be transmitted to the hydraulic bench's
outlet, the hose needs to be attached to it.
3. Close the hydraulic bench's main valve after opening the drain.
4. Upon activating the pump, cautiously open the main valve and control the discharge. There
should be less water than overflow.
5. In order to prevent the inflow's applied force effect, adjust the input basket so that it is not
submerged in water.
6. Record the pressure reading obtained from the left pressure gauge in your data sheet. The
theoretical head will be this.
7. Using the appropriate pressure gauge, take a reading while positioning the pitot tube in the
center of the jet. The actual head will be this.
8. Determine the velocity's theoretical and actual values by applying Torricelli's equation.
9. When the spindle tip comes into contact with the jet flow, adjust it. Take note of the
measurement on the micrometer. Next, use the following formula to determine the jet's radius:
The results are expressed in millimeters.
10. After closing the drain, measure the time it takes to go from the initial volume to the final
volume by assigning two values for the water volume.
11. Using the following formula, determine the contraction and velocity coefficients.
12. Compute the discharge coefficient following the determination of the two coefficients.
3.4 Statistical Treatments
The obtained data from the testing procedures were analyzed with the use of one-way ANOVA
treatment. The researchers utilized one-way ANOVA treatment to interpret significant differences of the
discharge coefficient and flow rate between the measuring devices. The measuring devices underwent
three (3) trials for the validity of the gathered output variables and were compared.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The intent of this study was to analyze the efficiency of orifice and venturi flow meters, with an
emphasis on important variables including energy efficiency, flow rates, and coefficient of discharge
(Cd). The outcomes showed notable variations between the two meters, offering insightful information
about how to use them in engineering settings.
4.1 Preparation of Figures and Tables
The concept of operation for this orifice flow meter is that a pressure drop in proportion to the
square of the flow rate is caused by a carefully drilled hole, or orifice, within a thin plate. Its main job
is to measure fluid flow rates in pipes accurately. A vital component of process control, the orifice flow
meter helps businesses run their operations more safely and efficiently. The apparatus plays a crucial
role in water treatment plants by regulating fluid distribution and guaranteeing the equilibrium required
for efficient water treatment procedures.
Table 1: Velocity Coefficient in Orifice flow meter
VELOCITY
COEEFICIENT
THEORETICAL
TRIAL
ENERGY
NO.
HEAD (mm)
1
9
2
10.2
3
16
THEORETICAL
VELOCITY
(mm/s)
13.288
14.147
17.718
ACTUAL
ENERGY
HEAD (mm)
5
4.8
15.4
ACTUAL
VELOCITY
(mm/s)
9.904544
9.704432
17.3824
VELOCITY
COEEFICIENT
0.74536
0.68599
0.98107
This study places a great deal of weight on the orifice velocity coefficient (Cv). As a reflection of
the orifice's capacity to transform potential energy into kinetic energy, the orifice velocity coefficient is
inextricably related to its form and design. Performance optimization of the system is aided by the
prediction and control of fluid flow characteristics through orifices made possible by an understanding
of CV.
Table 2: Contraction Coefficient in Orifice flow meter
CONTRACTION
COEEFICIENT
RDG ON
TRIAL
MICROMETER
NO.
(mm)
1
4.072
2
4.073
3
4.074
Rjet
(mm)
8.928
8.927
8.926
DIAMETER
JET (mm)
18.856
18.858
18.852
INLET
DIAMETER
12
12
12
CONTRACTION
COEEFICIENT
2.46909
2.46961
2.46804
A key tool in the study of fluid flow is the coefficient of contraction, which measures how much a
fluid stream's cross-sectional area shrinks when it approaches a constriction. It is essential for correctly
estimating and comprehending fluid behavior in a variety of settings, such as flow measurements
through nozzles and orifices.
Table 3: Relationship of the coefficients.
CONTRACTION COEFICIENT
TRIAL
CONTRACTION
NO.
COEFICIENT
1
2.469088444
2
2.46961225
3
2.468041
VELOCITY
COEFICIENT
0.7454
0.686
0.9811
DISCHARGE
COEFFICIENT
1.84035
1.69414
2.42132
The experimental trial data on the orifice flow meter provides a baseline dataset for a later
comparison with data from Venturi meters. The purpose of this comparative study is to evaluate these
two different flow measurement devices in terms of performance, accuracy, and efficiency. For assessing
the usefulness and accuracy of flow measurements, the data from orifice flow meters, which includes
volumetric flow rates, pressure differentials, and related hydraulic coefficients, is an essential point of
reference.
Table 4: Flow Rate in Venturi meter
TIME(s)
42.71
START
VOLUME(L)
0
END
VOLUME(L)
10
DISCHARGE
(L/S)
0.234137204
DISCHARGE
(𝑚3 /𝑠)
0.000234137
The venturi meter showed a clear benefit in terms of flow rate characteristics: it consistently
demonstrated greater flow rates. A smoother and more effective flow was produced by the venturi tube's
slow change in fluid velocity, which reduced turbulence. Given its practical consequences, the venturi
meter is a better choice in situations requiring precision and low energy loss because it is not only more
accurate but also more energy efficient.
Table 5: Calibration of the Venturi meter
POINT
AREA
𝑚2
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.000338
0.000233
0.0000846
0.00017
0.000255
0.000338
PRESSURE
HEAD(hp)
m
0.262
0.215
0.025
0.142
0.156
0.16
VELOCITY
HEAD(hv)
m
0.024457297
0.051467137
0.390392197
0.096681641
0.042969618
0.024457297
TOTAL
HEAD(ht)
m
0.286457297
0.266467137
0.415392197
0.238681641
0.198969618
0.184457297
COMPUTED
VELOCITY
m/s
0.692713622
1.004880706
2.767579248
1.377277673
0.918185115
0.692713622
The fluid in a venturi meter experiences pressure variations as it moves through the converging
and diverging parts of the venturi tube. According to Bernoulli's principle, the fluid velocity first
increases in the converging part, which causes the pressure to decrease. The venturi's throat is where the
pressure loss is least significant. The fluid subsequently enters the diverging portion, where its velocity
drops and pressure rise as a result. As a whole, energy losses are reduced and there is some pressure
recovery. The venturi meter's reputation for greater energy recovery and efficiency is largely due to its
effective pressure fluctuation.
Figure 1: Variation of heads along Venturi Meter
Variation of heads along Venturi
Meter
0.5
Head(m)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
PIEZOMETER TUBE NO.
Pressure Head
Velocity Head
Total Head
A venturi meter’s CD usually exceeds 0.95, which means it is highly efficient and loses minimal
energy. If there are no appreciable disruptions or pressure losses, a high CD indicates that the venturi
meter is successfully catching the fluid flow. The internal surface condition of the meter, the fluid flow's
Reynolds number, and the venturi tube's form and design are all factors that affect the meter's coefficient
of discharge. A carefully constructed venturi tube and sleek, smooth interior surfaces add to the greater
Cd.
Table 6: Finding the Coefficient of discharge in Venturi meter
START
END
PRESSURE THROAT
VOLUME(L) VOLUME(L) TIME(s) HEAD(hp)
(Head)
0
10
42.71
0.262
0.025
0
10
76.28
0.198
0.057
0
10
84.09
0.185
0.089
√ℎ𝑝 − ℎ
0.486826458
0.375499667
0.309838668
C-AVERAGE
𝐶=
𝑄
𝛽√ℎ𝑝 − ℎ
1.285496405
0.933156252
1.025875462
1.081509373
DISCHARGE
0.000234137
0.000131096
0.00011892
2𝑔
𝛽 = 𝑎𝑡√
𝑎𝑡
1 − 𝑎𝑖
0.000374132
(hp-h)
0.237
0.141
0.096
An important part of the study involves comparing the Venturi and orifice flow meters in order to
identify the unique performance features of each of these two flows measuring devices. Using information
from extensive experimental trials, the study gives priority to important factors like accuracy, flow
condition sensitivity, energy efficiency, practical consequences, reliability, and cost-effectiveness.
Figure 2: Coefficient of discharge of the flow meter
4
3.5
3
2.5
COEFFICIENT
DISCHARGE
2
VENTURI METER
1.5
ORIFICE METER
1
0.5
0
1
2
3
TRIAL NO.
In a study comparing Venturi and Orifice flow meters for hydraulic flow monitoring, the Venturi
meter showed better flexibility right out of the gate and had the potential to achieve high discharge
coefficients. Because of the steady increase in fluid velocity that minimizes turbulence and guarantees
smoother flow, the Venturi meter continuously demonstrated higher flow rates. Because of its design, the
Venturi meter is better suited for applications that need accuracy and little energy loss. However, the orifice
meter, which had a sudden constriction, displayed a lower coefficient of discharge, which was a sign of
higher turbulence and a noticeable pressure drop. The initial energy loss was negligible as the flow rate
increased at the orifice plate opening, but the large loss of extra energy upon deceleration suggests that
there may be constraints in energy efficiency along the entire flow path. The study focused on the
accommodations that must be made when choosing between the two meters: the orifice meter offered a
more affordable option but made compromises in accuracy and energy efficiency, while the Venturi meter
excelled in both areas. All things considered, the results help make well-informed decisions when
choosing the right flow meter depending on the demands and priorities of a given application.
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
In this experiment, we utilized two types of differential flow meters, namely the orifice
meter and the venturi meter. The measuring technique involved assessing the operation and
characteristics of these meters by comparing the pressure drop, which is indicative of the fluid
velocity in the pipe and calculating the coefficient of discharge.
The data analysis revealed that for the orifice meter, a high-pressure drop was observed
and remained unrecovered. This phenomenon can be attributed to the increased flow rate at the
orifice plate's opening, resulting in minimal energy loss. However, as the fluid continues through
the orifice and decelerates, a significant portion of excess energy is dissipated.
In contrast, the venturi meter exhibited values that were closely aligned with the actual
measurements. This accuracy can be attributed to the streamlined shape of the venturi meter, which
minimizes pressure drop by almost eliminating boundary-layer separation and assuming negligible
form drag. The venturi meter comprises converging and diverging sections, with some pressure
loss occurring in the converging part, but a well-designed venturi meter can recover a percentage
of this pressure loss in the diverging section. Overall, the venturi meter proved to be more accurate
than the orifice meter, offering advantages such as high-pressure tolerance and energy recovery.
Recommendations
There are a couple of recommendations that may be used in this experiment to obtain better
data and findings, allowing the experiment to be done properly and systematically. To obtain
reliable results, the experiment must be done at least twice, and the average computed. We must
also check that there are no air bubbles for improved accuracy and to avoid reading errors. We can
depress the staddle valve on the upper right side of the manometer board with a pen. Allow liquids
and trapped air to escape by softly depressing the staddle valve. enable enough time for bleeding
to enable all bubbles to escape. We must also keep an eye on the water level in the manometer
board. If the water level in the manometer board rises to the point where it is no longer visible,
we must adjust it using the staddle valve. Keep the maximum manometer values with the maximum
measurable flow rate.
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https://www.iaeng.org/publication/IMECS2012/IMECS2012_pp902907.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1J6B_Nx_cBDv78MUN80Hps3jtGfCyDd4HQK-3i6RVjXugo7ypiLKabNB4
Shaaban, S. (2014). Chemical Engineering Research and Design. Optimization of orifice meter's energy
consumption.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0263876213003511?via%3Dihub
W., B. (2002). Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory. An orifice flow model for laminar and turbulent
conditions.
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aYf0pVWM1hFkifJqIWJeKwZRmeC3qdw2qT4D34713uQuYqXOY
Appendices
Orifice Flow Meter
Picture 1: Setting up the orifice flow meter.
Picture 2: Undergoing experimentation on orifice flow meter.
Picture 3: Data recording of the experiment on orifice flow meter.
Venturi Meter
Picture 4: Setting up the venturi meter.
Picture 5: Undergoing experimentation on venturi meter.
Picture 6: Data recording of the experiment on venturi meter.
RUBRICS FOR PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS
SO (6): Develop and conduct appropriate experimentation, analyze, and interpret data, and use engineering judgment to draw conclusions.
Criteria
1
2
3
4
5
6
Develop
The students are
The students are
The students are
The students are
The students are able
The students are able to
Appropriate
unable to develop a
able to partially
able to develop
able to develop a
to develop
develop a lab
Experimentation
basic component of
develop
component of a
basic component of
components of
experiment/activity
a laboratory
components of
laboratory
a laboratory
laboratory experiment
appropriate to the
experiment
laboratory
experiment but has
experiment
appropriate to the
chosen topic and
experiment
no presentations of
appropriate to the
chosen topic and
aligned to the
analysis of data yet
chosen topic
aligned to engineering
engineering principles
has presented
principles learned in
learned in the previous
conclusion or
the previous
experiments.
recommendation
Experiments
Conduct
The students are
The students
The students
The students
The students are able
The students are able to
Appropriate
unable to conduct a
inappropriately
conduct some
conduct laboratory
to conduct appropriate
conduct a precise
Experimentation
laboratory
conduct the
laboratory
experiment/activity
laboratory
laboratory experiment/
experiment /
laboratory
experiments /
with correct
experiment/activity
activity with excellent
activity
experiment /
activities but did not
methods/procedures
with sufficient results
results and conclusions.
activity
arrive at the correct
but insufficient
and able draw a valid
results
results to draw
conclusion
conclusion
Score
Ability to
The students are
The students
The students
The students use
The students use
The students use
Analyze and
unable to provide
provide irrelevant
provide limited
appropriate data
adequate data analysis
multiple data analysis
Interpret Data
analysis and
and inaccurate
analysis of data
analysis techniques.
techniques
techniques appropriate
interpretation of
analysis and
with no
Data analysis
appropriate for data
for data collected,
data
interpretation of
interpretation
is reported with
collected,
informative with
insufficient
informative with
respect to the
interpretation
respect to the
experimentation /
experimentation/
activity being
activity being
conducted. Data
conducted.
analysis is reported
data
with comprehensive
interpretation
Use Engineering
The student failed
The student was
The student was
The student was
The student was able
The student was able to
Judgment to
to use engineering
able to use
able to use
able to
to use Engineering
use engineering
Draw
judgement to draw
engineering
Engineering
use engineering
judgement more than
judgement more than
Conclusions
conclusions
judgement but
judgement
judgement
sufficient to draw
sufficient to draw
inappropriate for
but insufficient to
sufficient to
correct conclusions
correct conclusions and
the topic and failed
draw correct
draw correct
was able to provide
to draw correct
conclusions
conclusions
new insights
conclusions
Comments/Observations:
Total Score: