PEDIATRICS
100 ESSENTIAL
ONE LINERS
Must know for NEET PG 2023
Dr Meenakshi Bothra Gupta
0
1
Most common cause of short stature
during childhood is
constitutional delay in growth & puberty
Bone
age
C
Chr
age
score
2
macrocephaly
Microcephaly
is head circumference < - 3 z score of
expected according to age and sex
some
synd
carpenter
pfeiffer sojourn
3
Craniosynostosis
port
leads to abnormal head shape due to
premature fusion of cranial sutures
4
In Achondroplasia
there is large head with short limbs,
trident hand & champagne glass pelvis
US
IS
ratio
Increases
Hypophosghetfisprex
5
Rett syndrome
is a X linked dominant disorder with
acquired microcephaly, delayed
development and stereotypic hand
wringing movements
6
6
6
7
13 m
E
E
Delayed dentition is when no teeth erupts by
13 months age
Emitting
7
First sign of puberty in females is
Thelarche
& First sign of puberty in males is
Testicular Enlargement
8
In any sick child with medical emergency,
ABCDE steps are performed.
A- Airway
B- Breathing
C- Circulation
DAVP U
E- Eighty
9
Severe acute malnutrition in a child (6m – 5yr) is
defined as presence of 1 or more of:
weight for height < 70% or < -3 z score of
expected,
mid upper arm circumference < 11.5 cm or
symmetric bipedal edema of nutritional origin.
E
10
83
I
i
11
Earliest symptom of vitamin A deficiency is
Night blindness while
earliest sign is Conjunctival xerosis
L
12
Zinc deficiency can lead to
growth failure, diarrhea,
hypogonadism, alopecia, poor wound healing
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
13
Calculation of maintenance fluid requirement in
children (per day):
For 1st 10 kg: 100 ml/kg
F
Beyond 20 kg: 20 ml/kg
14
For next 10 kg: 50 ml/kg
past
10
100
1000
4
Imitation
50
Efme
24hr
14
Intravenous fluids in neonates
Daily fluid requirements during 1st wk of life (ml/kg/day)
Birth wt
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Day 5
Day 6
≥D 7
<1500g
80
95
110
120
130
140
O
150
≥1500g
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
• Initial fluids: 10% Dextrose with no electrolytes
• Maintain glucose infusion rate 4-6 mg/kg/min
• Na & K should be added to IV fluid after 48 hours
15
Breat milk contains more lactose &
lesser protein as compared to cow’s milk &
Breast milk contains adequate amounts of all
vitamins except vitamin D, vitamin K (&
vitamin B12 in strictly vegan mothers).
15
16
For how long can expressed breast milk be stored?
• At room temp → 8-10 hours
• Refrigerator → 24-48 hours
• Deep freezer (-20oC) → 3 months
E
16
17
In dominant disorders
at least 1 of the parents is usually affected
&
father to son transmission
rules out X linked inheritance
18
Fragile X syndrome
is due to > 200 CGG repeats;
Loss of function mutation of
FMR1 gene is seen
In
o
Ig
DID
19
Confirm
Fetal karyotype
Biochemical marker used for
Antenatal screening of Down Syndrome
during 1st trimester: PAPP-A, HCG
2nd T
s
Triple
AFP
Quadruple test
Triple test
UE
Init
20
Multiple fractures in antenatal USG →
Most likely diagnosis:
Osteogenesis imperfecta
BY
SNH
21
Most common chromosomal abnormality in
children is Down syndrome,
which is most commonly caused by
maternal meiotic non-disjunction
22
Most common Glycogen storage disease in
children is Von Gierke disease (type I GSD)
Breastfeeding
23
al
Most common enzyme deficient in
Galactosemia is
GALT (Galactose 1 phosphate uridyl
transferase)
É
Galactokinese
Epimerase
24
In phenylketonuria, FeCl3 test with urine
gives green colour;
while In MSUD, FeCl3 test with urine gives
blue color and
Darkening of urine on standing is seen in
Alkaptonuria
25
A child with seizures and lethargy with
metabolic acidosis along with skin rashes
and / or alopecia → think of
Biotinidase deficiency or
Multiple Carboxylase deficiency
É
26
Metabolic diseases in which
Cherry red spot is seen:
GM1 gangliosidosis,
Niemann Pick disease,
Tay Sach disease
27
Enzyme replacement therapy
is available for:
Gaucher Disease
Hurler disease
Pompe disease
Fabry disease
Niemann Pick DIsease
t
28
Palpable purpura in a child
with presence of one or more of
arthritis/arthralgia,
abdominal pain,
renal involvement or
any biopsy showing IgA deposition is
diagnostic of Henoch Schonlein Purpura
F
29
Congenital CMV
is the most common non-genetic cause of
sensorineural deafness in children
30
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
classically presents with
cataract,
cit sensorineural deafness and
congenital heart diseases
Y
PDA
31
Hypoplasia of limbs and scarring is
caused due to
congenital varicella
32
Hutchinson’s triad
a
consists of
Interstitial Keratitis,
Sensorineural deafness and
Hutchinson’s teeth
w
33
Pleomorphic skin rashes are suggestive of
Varicella infection while
erythematous maculopapular rash with
conjunctivitis and coryza is suggestive of
Measles
34
Most common Complication of Measles is
Otitis media, but
Most common cause of Death in Measles is
Pneumonia.
35
Both f-IPV and PCV
are recommended at
6 weeks, 14 weeks and 9 months in the
National Immunisation Schedule
36
If the first dose of measles vaccine was
given at 7 months, when should we
schedule the next dose?
1st dose at 9 months and
next at 16-24 months
photos
37
Open vial policy
i
allows re-use of partially
used multidose
vials of vaccines like Pentavalent vaccine,
OPV, IPV, upto 28 days, provided
expiry date of vaccine has not passed,
cold chain is properly maintained,
aseptic precautions have been taken and
the vaccine vial septum is not leaking.
38
Serious Adverse effects of DPT include
persistent crying, fever > 40.5°C, seizures,
hypotonic hyporesponsive episodes (HHEs),
and encephalopathy &
DPT is contraindicated in h/o anaphylaxis or
encephalopathy within 7 days of previous DPT
& progressive neurological diseases
39
Causes of delayed passage of meconium in
a neonate include
Hirschsprung disease & Cystic Fibrosis
40
Cold stress → 36– 36.4oC
Moderate hypothermia → 32– 35.9oC
Severe hypothermia → < 32oC
nytimes. a
214.02
41
If a neonate is found to have a heart rate of
< 100/minute at birth, positive pressure
ventilation is recommended,
but if the heart rate becomes < 60/minute,
chest compressions are also recommended
along with positive pressure ventilation
using 100% oxygen
FEE
42
In neonatal resuscitation,
chest compression : positive pressure
ventilation is given at 3:1
a
43
Absolute contra-indication of
bag and mask ventilation is
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
44
Causes of Asymmetric Moro’s reflex:
Fracture clavicle
Shoulder joint dislocation
Congenital Hemiplegia
Erb’s palsy
É
45
Most common type of seizures in
neonates: Subtle
N Sz
for
phenobarbital
DOC
46
Neonate is Hyperalert in Stage I HIE &
Moro’s reflex is exaggerated;
Seizures are a feature of stage 2 HIE while
Baby is severely hypotonic in stage 3 HIE &
Moro’s reflex is absent
F
47
EE
48
Cephalhematoma takes 24-48 hours to
appear completely & 5-7 weeks to
disappear & it does not cross sutures while
Caput succedaneum is
present at birth in its maximum size and it
disappears in 48-72 hours.
49
Advantages of Kangaroo Mother care
include lesser chances of neonatal
hypothermia and nosocomial sepsis,
lesser duration of hospital stay and
higher exclusive breastfeeding rates.
ginny
Most common congenital abnormality in
specs
most
50
Infant of Diabetic mother (IDM) is
Congenital heart disease (Most common
CHD is VSD, while most specific CHD is TGA)
51
Brongpogomor
Most important mechanism by which
phototherapy acts is
structural isomerisation
needed
go
to
52
Most important risk factor for NEC is
Prematurity
53
Most common type of
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia is
Bochdalek (posterolateral) variety.
54
Most common cause of Neonatal Sepsis in
India: Acinetobacter (Latest update) >
Klebsiella
PDA
55
Continuous
TOF
ESM
in
machinery
palm once
mum
Most common congenital heart disease,
affected by Infective endocarditis is
Ventricular septal defect
ASD
wide fixed split of S2
56
Most common heart disease in
Down syndrome is
AV septal defect or
Endocardial cushion defect
Ff
tumer
Noonan s
Williams
PS
Suparah AS
57
Most common congenital heart disease
causing mortality in 1st week of life is
Hypoplastic left7heart syndrome
58
Condition which worsens with
prolonged infusion of Prostaglandin E:
Obstructed TAPVC
Close Ductus arteriosus in Preterm N
Indomethecin
Ibuprofen
59
In fetus maximum oxygen saturation is
found in umbilical vein followed by
Inferior vena cava; while
minimum oxygen concentration is found in
Umbilical artery
60
If a child with VSD or PDA or ASD
develops Cyanosis & Clubbing,
think of Eisenmenger syndrome
F
61
Most common cause of cyanosis in a child is
Tetralogy of Fallot,
while in a neonate, it is
Transposition of great vessels
62
Atrial septal defect is
not a component of Tetralogy of Fallot
but it is a component of Trilogy of Fallot and
Pentalogy of Fallot
63
Egg on side appearance is seen in
Transposition of great arteries,
boot shaped heart in Tetralogy of Fallot,
snowman appearance in Total Anomalous
Pulmonary venous connection &
Box shaped heart in Ebstein Anomaly.
64
Most common primary intraocular Tumor in
children is Retinoblastoma &
Most common presentation of
Retinoblastoma is leukocoria (white pupil)
65
Drugs used for Iron chelation in a child with
Thalassemia (started when
serum ferritin >1000 ng/ml) are:
Desferrioxamine,
Deferiprone &
Deferasirox
66
Most common viral agent causing
diarrhea in children is Rotavirus
67
Most common extraintestinal manifestation
of celiac disease is
refractory iron deficiency anemia
68
Most common cause of portal hypertension
in children in India is
Extrahepatic portal vein obstruction.
69
Most common cause of stridor in neonate
and young infant is Laryngomalacia
70
Most common cause of Common cold
is Rhinovirus
71
Most common cause of Croup is
Parainfluenza virus while most common
cause of Acute Epiglottitis is Streptococcus
7
72
Treatment of mild Croup includes single
dose Dexamethasone while
moderate to severe croup also requires
Nebulised Epinephrine, inhaled oxygen
along with intravenous fluids
E
73
Most common cause of Bronchiolitis is
Respiratory syncytial virus
74
Most common cause of idiopathic
nephrotic syndrome in children is
minimal change disease
75
Schwartz formula for calculation of
estimated GFR in children:
eGFR = k x length (cm)
Serum Cr
ingldl
40
0.47100where, k is 0.413
Ny
Schistose
76
Hemolytic uremic syndrome is a triad of
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia,
Thrombocytopenia & Renal insufficiency
Eculizumet
77
Staging of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
Stage
Serum Cr
1
>0.3 mg/dl increase or 1.5-1.9 < 0.5 ml/kg/hr for 6-12
times baseline
hrs
2
2-2.9 times baseline
3
> 3 times baseline or serum
Cr > 4 mg/dl or need of RRT
En
Urine output
I
< 0.5 ml/kg/hr for > 12
hours
< 0.3 ml/kg/hr for > 24
hr or Anuria for > 12 hr
78
Most common cause of hydronephrosis in a
newborn : Ureteropelvic Pelvi-ureteric
junction obstruction
79
Most common cause of urinary obstruction
in boys : posterior urethral valves
80
Most common cause of pyelonephritis and
recurrent urinary tract infection in children
is Vesicoureteric Reflux (VUR)
81
Esan
3Mt
Most common cause of gross hematuria in
1
children 1-2 days after
upper respiratory infection is
IgA nephropathy
82
Most common cause of congenital
hypothyroidism is Thyroid dysgenesis while
most common cause of congenital
hypothyroidism in a child with goitre is
Thyroid dyshormonogenesis
83
Most common cause of
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is
21 hydroxylase deficiency
at
MMFF
84
Most common cause of Cushing syndrome
is prolonged exogenous administration of
glucocorticoids
85
Most common cause of seizure in children
< 5 years is
Febrile seizures
86
Most common location of
Meningomyelocele is
Lumbosacral region
87
Dose of Folic acid to
prevent Neural tube defects is
400 ug per day to
all women of childbearing age and
4000 ug/day to high risk women, starting at
least 1 month before conception
Ya
88
Treatment of choice for infantile
spasms: ACTH
worth
89
Most common cause of an elevated CSF
opening pressure is an agitated child
90
Most common neurobehavioral disorder of
childhood is
Attention Deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD)
91
Nusinersin
spindrift
In a floppy child with normal social and
cognitive milestones with tongue
fasciculations, think of SMA;
Floppy child with hypertophic
cardiomyopathy and hepatomegaly → think
of Pompe’s disease
E
x
92
Corticosteroids
A male child with progressively increasing
weakness of proximal muscles with Gower
sign and valley sign positive and
pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles and
highly elevated CPK values, think of DMD
It
93
Most common surgical cause of
non-bilious vomiting in infants is
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
94
Most common abdominal emergency
of early childhood is Intussusception
1
dangled
spring
95
Marsh
grading
Best screening tests for Celiac disease is a
combination of anti ttG IgA and total IgA
anti
CRI
Endo
te
I 0 X U LN
96
Most common cause of
intestinal obstruction
between 3 months to 6 years of age:
Intussusception
97
Treatment of acute Diarrhea includes
prevention &/or treatment of dehydration,
zinc therapy and continuing normal diet
98
Rickets leads to cupping, fraying and
splaying of ends of long bones
É
99
Scurvy leads to gum bleeding,
prominent costochondral junctions and
painful pseudoparalysis of limbs
100
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
is Arthritis of one or more joints, lasting
atleast 6 weeks in a child <16 yrs age.
Nothing is Impossible to a
willing heart!