Understanding the Self
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*I utilized a variety of sources of
materials related to the
topic.
However, it is still mainly based on
the material sent previously in our
group chat.
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The Self from
Perspective
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the
Philosophical
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Philosophy
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is often labelled the “mother of
all science,” and rightly so as
modern-day disciplines such as
physics and psychology originate
from it.
It can be etymologically defined as
“the love of wisdom” the Greek
phila meaning love and sophia
meaning wisdom. Thus, a philosopher
is a “lover of wisdom”.
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The work of a philosopher is a work of
speculation.
Socrates and Plato: The self is a
soul
Socrates (470-399 BCE)
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“Father of Western philosophy”
One of the first known thinkers to
reflect on the concept of the self.
He lived in Athens, Greece around
the 5th Century BCE.
His philosophy was grounded on the
Delphic oracle’s command to “Know
Thyself”.
He pointed out that human choice
was motivated by the desire for
happiness – for him, man’s goal is
to obtain happiness.
Happiness motivates us to act
towards or avoid things that could
have negative effects in our lives.
Thus, by fulling knowing oneself,
a person will be able to achieve
happiness.
He also advanced the idea that
knowledge is a virtue and that
people do evil things because of
ignorance.
(Possession
of
knowledge is a VIRTUE, ignorance is
DEPRAVITY).
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“The unexamined life is not worth
living”.
A person’s acceptance of ignorance
is the beginning of acquisition of
knowledge.
Knowing our self, lies in our
abilities and wisdom.
Understanding
ourselves
through
INTERNAL
QUESTIONING
OR
INTROSPECTION.
SOCRATIC METHOD – a method of
inquiry by answering a question
with
a
question
to
stimulate
critical thinking and to draw out
ideas and underlying presumptions.
Socrates believed that reality
consists of two different realms:
(Dichotomous Realms)
▪
Physical Realm – Comprises
all that we can perceive with
our senses. All aspects of
this realm are continually
changing.
▪
Ideal Realm – An unchanging
and
perfect
real
where
universal essences (called
Forms or Ideas) such as truth
and
beauty
reside.
This,
according to Socrates, is the
realm of the soul, which is
the
divine
and
immortal
element in each person.
To Socrates and his followers over
the centuries, the soul which is
superior to the body and which
finds its ultimate fulfillment in
union
with
the
eternal
and
transcendent
realm
through
intellectual enlightenment is the
person’s real self.
Plato (428-347 BCE)
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Was Socrates’ leading student. In
fact, it was through the writings
of Plato that we know of his
teacher’s thoughts today.
In
the
Phaedrus,
Plato,
with
Socrates as his main character,
writes the soul as having three
parts; reason, physical appetite
and spirit or passion. (Tripartite
Soul)
▪
▪
3) Inquiry
into
the
forms
by
intellectual
conversation
(Socratic method).
Appetitive Soul – the part of
the person that is driven by
desire and need to satisfy
oneself – physical needs,
pleasures
(food,
drink,
sleep, sexual needs, etc.)
Spirited Soul – Courageous
part of the person. One who
wants to do something or to
right the wrongs that they
observe.
This
is
very
competitive
and
is
very
active. Enable us to feel
basic emotions such of love
and anger.
(St.) Augustine: The self seeks for
God
St. Augustine of Hippo (354-430)
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▪
Rational Soul – the divine
essence,
enables
us
to
reflect on and understanding
eternal truths or essences.
The part that thinks and
plans.
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These three are in a dynamic
relationship with one another,
sometimes in cooperation and at
other times in quarrel.
Plato believes that it is reason’s
duty (rational soul) to sort things
out and exert control over the
other parts of the soul in order to
restore harmony within the person.
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➢ In relation to their idea on the
self, Socrates and Plato maintained
that, in this life we are able to
contemplate the Forms because we
ourselves have had experience of
these Ideas before out birth in
this world of appearances (physical
realm). Therefore, we know them
already, only that this knowledge
became more ‘latent’ in the soul.
➢ However, a recover or recollection
of our innate knowledge of these
Forms may be attained in three
ways:
1) Perception
of
things
that
resemble the Forms.
2) Teaching by another person.
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A Christian bishop and one of the
early doctors of both the Western
and Eastern Churches.
His philosophy is based on Socrates
and Plato’s views (e.g., that the
mortal body is inferior to the
immortal soul) but with a religious
twist.
For him, Platonism and Christianity
were partners.
He identified Socrates’ and Plato’s
perfect realm of universal essences
to be the Christian God with whom
the soul can achieve union through
faith and reason.
He notes that the self is a
mystery, a known-unknown. This
paradox is the source of our
restlessness which sets us seeking.
His idea of a man and how to
understand who we are as a person
is related to our understanding of
who we are and how we question
ourselves – the more one doubts and
questions his life means that the
person is actually living.
To him, God and the soul are
inevitably linked such that one’s
search for the self is ultimately
connected to that person’s search
for
God
who,
in
Augustinian
terminology,
is
called,
“the
Selfsame”.
Follows
the
idea
that
God
encompasses us all, that everything
will be better if we are with God.
Man is of bifurcated nature, part
of
man
dwells
in
the
world
(imperfect) and yearns to be with
the Divine, the other part is
capable of reaching immortality.
▪
Body – dies on earth
▪
Soul – lives eternally
spiritual bliss with God
in
Rene Descartes:
thinking thing
The
self
is
a
John
Locke:
consciousness
The
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
John Locke (1632-1704)
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A French intellectual.
A distinguished figure in the
fields of mathematics, science and
philosophy.
Father of Modern Philosophy – both
for
breaking
away
with
the
Scholastic-Aristotelian tradition
of
the
middle-ages,
and
for
providing
a
philosophical
groundwork for the possibility of
the sciences.
Earlier philosophers were mostly
concerned
with
the
nature
of
reality, how we ought to behave,
the existence of God, and the
nature of the soul. Descartes was
more concerned with the thinking
process
used
to
address
such
questions.
Believed in modern dualism or the
existence of body and mind; human
person = body + mind.
Known to be the proponent of
METHODICAL DOUBT – there is so much
that we should doubt – continuous
process of questioning – perceiving
and
accepting
the
facts
that
doubting and asking questions are
part of one’s existence.
▪
▪
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Mind – thinks and questions
or doubts what the body has
experienced.
Body – perceives
different sense.
from
the
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However, BODY and its perceptions
cannot fully be trusted or cab
easily be deceived. We should focus
on the mind in order to perceive as
who we are or the essence of our
existence because we cannot always
trust our senses.
“I think therefore I am.” “Cogito
Ergo Sum.”
“I am a thinking thing… A thing
that doubts, understands, affirms,
denies, wills, refuses, imagines,
perceives.”
is
An English thinker and physician
who explored issues deal with by
Descartes, such as the nature of
the self.
An empiricist, he believed that
sense experience is the primary
source of a person’s knowledge
while, on the other hand, reason
plays a secondary role of arriving
at intelligent conclusions.
His work on the self is most
represented by the concept, TABULA
RASA, blank slate/ clean slate.
Self is a product of what we
acquire through our experience of
the world.
Locke
identifies
two
defining
features of a person, namely SELFCONSCIOUSSNESS and the idea of
PERSISTING OVER A PERIOD OF TIME.
Stated that the person is born with
knowing
nothing
and
that
is
susceptible to stimulation and
accumulation
of
learning
from
experiences, failures, references
and observations of the person.
Experiences WRITES knowledge and
understanding as the individual
matures. Experiences are important
in the establishment of who that
person can become.
David Hume: There is no self
David Hume (1711-1776)
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self
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A Scottish historian, essayist and
one
of
the
most
important
philosophers
to
write
in
the
English language.
According to Hume, if we truly
examine the contents of our mind,
what we would find are only two
classes of things:
▪
Impressions
–
are
vivid
perceptions
like
pain,
pleasure or the color red.
▪
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Ideas
–
are
copies
of
impressions in the memory or
fictions in the imagination.
“The self is nothing but a bundle
of impressions and ideas.”
He
doubted
basic
ideas
of
individual
character;
and
contended that there is no lasting
“self” that proceeds after some
time.
There is no permanent self because
impressions of things are based
from our experiences where we can
create our ideas and knowledge.
Thus, it may improve or totally be
replaced.
•
•
Self
=
a
collection
of
different perceptions which
rapidly succeed each other.
Self = in a perpetual flux and
movement.
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Immanuel Kant: We construct the
self (Kant understand you talaguh)
Sigmund
Freud:
multilayered
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
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A
central
figure
in
modern
philosophy, German Enlightenment
thinker.
Tried to reconcile the opposing
philosophical
schools
of
rationalism and empiricism, and
provided a comprehensive framework
that
continues
to
influence
philosophical thinking to this day.
Kant argues that our minds take an
active
role
in
synthesizing
different sensations to create an
organized experience of the world.
He affirms that knowledge begins
with sense experience, but goes on
to say that it does not necessarily
follow that all knowledge comes
from
experience,
categorizing
between a PRIORI and POSTERIORI.
▪
▪
Priori
–
knowledge
independent of experience.
Posteriori
knowledge.
–
According
to
Kant,
we
have
fundamental organizing rules or
principles built into our minds,
which are priori and which aid us
in making sense of the world. So,
instead
of
perceiving
a
disconnected stream of sensations,
what we experience in an organized
world of objects, relationships,
and ideas.
He emphasizes that a person who
fully understand the self has a
certain level of consciousness or
sense that uses our intuition which
synthesizes all the experiences,
impressions and perceptions of
ourselves will pave the way to
define and know who we really are.
But he argued that the sense called
TRANSCEDENTAL APPERCEPTION is an
essence of our consciousness that
provides a basis for understanding
and establishing the notion of self
by synthesizing one’s accumulation
of
experiences,
intuition
and
imagination.
The
self
is
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
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An Austrian neurologist who founded
the
psychoanalytic
school
of
psychology.
Father of Psychoanalysis.
He believed that man has different
constructs of personality that
interacts with each other.
Used the analogy of an iceberg to
describe the three levels of the
mind.
He believed that we are a byproduct of our experiences in the
past and that actions are driven by
the idea of resisting or avoiding
pain and are molded from our need
for pleasure.
❖ Three Levels of Consciousness:
▪
Conscious
–
your
state of awareness.
▪
Preconscious/ Subconscious –
all information that you are
empirical
current
not currently aware of but can
be recalled.
▪
Unconscious – always exist
outside of your awareness.
❖ Three Aspects of Personality:
▪
▪
▪
Id – the first part to develop
✓ Seat of all our desires and
wants.
✓ Operates
the
Pleasure
Principle – the idea that all
your needs should be met
immediately.
✓ Wants instant gratification
and does not care about morals
or societal norms.
✓ Unconscious
collection
of
urges
fighting
to
be
fulfilled.
Ego – functions in the Reality
Principle
✓ It regulates how many of the
Id’s urges are allowed to be
expressed.
✓ While Id is irrational, the
Ego is able to decide what is
right or wrong based on the
context.
✓ Ego
can
think,
observe
reality and decide what is
rational and realistic. It is
one that allows the mind to
act. It is the mediator
between the Id and Superego.
Superego – functions on the
Moral Principle
✓ It is the ethical component of
the personality and provides
the moral standards by which
the ego operates.
✓ It is the CONSCIENCE of one’s
personality.
✓ Has the inclination to uphold
justice and do what is morally
right, socially acceptable
actions.
Gilbert Ryle: The self is how you
behave
Gilbert Ryle (1900-1976)
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An important figure in the field of
Linguistic Analysis, which treats
philosophical puzzles by analyzing
language.
A British philosopher who adopted
a “behaviorist” theory of mind.
He used a behavioristic approach to
self. According to him, self is the
behavior presented by the person.
The
behavior
that
we
show,
emotions, and actions are the
reflection of our mind and as such
is the manifestation of who we are.
He does not believe that the mind
and body are separate entities
which is said to be evident in the
unexplainable
phenomenon
or
abilities of the mind where the
soul is considered; however, to
some they can co-exist.
For him, instances of dualism such
as this are logically absurd, being
practically misunderstandings of
the use of language for which he
coins the term “CATEGORY MISTAKE”.
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He explained that the self is
simplified in his “ghost in the
machine” view.
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Category Mistake – is when a
person talks about something
as though it’s a different
type of thing than the thing
is.
Ghost in the Machine – man is
a
complex
machine
with
different functioning parts,
and the intelligence, and
other
characteristics
or
behavior
of
man
is
represented by the ghost in
the said machine.
His idea is saying that the things
we do, how we behave and react and
all other components like the way
we talk, walk and look is generally
who we are as a person.
Paul Churchland: The self is the
brain
Paul Churchland (b. 1942)
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A
contemporary
Canadian
philosopher who teaches at the
University
of
California,
San
Diego.
Focuses on the idea that people
should improve our association and
use of worth in identifying the
self.
The self is defined by the movement
of our brain. A constant movement
of the brain can be the basis of
who the person is (emphasized by
Churchland and his wife in the
statement “the brain as the self”).
He focuses on the philosophy of
“ELIMINATIVE
MATERIALISM”
and
understanding
the
different
neutral pathways, how they work,
and what implications are those
movement to people is a measurable
classification of one’s behavior.
•
Eliminative Materialism – is
the radical claim that our
ordinary,
common-sense
understanding of the mind is
deeply wrong and that some or
all of mental states posited
by
common
sense
do
not
actually exist.
Maurice
Jean
Jacques
Ponty: The self is an
subjectivity
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The Self from
Perspective
Psychological
➢ When the person has to comply with
external rules, such as being
polite
or
otherwise
following
social codes, then a false self is
used. The false self constantly
seeks to anticipate demand of
others in order to maintain the
relationship.
Characteristics:
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A French thinker who used a
philosophical approach known as
phenomenology which attempts to
describe
(not
to
explain)
experience as it is in itself and
clarity our understanding of it.
He coined the idea of phenomenology
of
perception
(unity
of
the
function of the mind and the body)
which
is
divided
into
three
divisions.
Merleau-Ponty regarded that the
body and mind are not separate
entities but rather those two
components are one and the same.
His idea of perception follows the
idea of Gestalt psychology (gives
-
Jacques
the
➢ A person is in her/his true self is
s/he has a sense of integrity and
of connected wholeness.
Merleau-Ponty
Maurice Jean
(1908-1961)
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Merleauembodied
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importance on the whole rather than
the sum of its parts).
The perception guides our action
based from our experiences. The
body
perceives
while
our
consciousness provides meaning or
interprets the various perceptions
we have in the world. One’s
actions, behavior and language used
could be said to be the reflection
of our united perception of the
world.
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True Self
Like their
bodies.
Appreciate
their
qualities.
Do not compare
yourself with
others
Speak to
yourself
kindly.
Proactive.
Accept your
emotions and
know how to
express them.
Optimistic.
Welcome the
praise of
others.
Confident.
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False Self
Pessimistic.
Take no risks.
Focus on
faults.
Happy to
imitate
others.
Critical of
themselves.
Blaming.
Look defeated
and depressed.
Repress their
emotions.
Suspicious of
praises.
Compare
themselves
with others.
Narcissistic
(feeling you
exist only
when you enjoy
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Look for
challenges and
adventure.
Live the
present
moment.
-
the attention
of others.
Think they are
important
because of
their
possessions.
❖ Healthy False Self
- When the false self is functional
both for the person and for society
then it is considered healthy. The
healthy false self feels that it is
still being true to the true self.
❖ Unhealthy False Self
- A self that fits but through a
feeling of forced compliance rather
than
loving
adaptation
is
unhealthy.
- When the false self, wins debates
against the true self, the person
finds that they are unable to be
guided by their true self and so
has
to
adapt
to
the
social
situation than assert its self.
❖ How to love and develop your true
self?
1) God loves you.
✓ God created you in a very
special way.
✓ He shaped you, fashioned you,
and molded you.
✓ God designed every part of
your being.
✓ You cannot love others if you
don’t love yourself.
✓ You can’t be successful and
happy if you don’t love
yourself.
2) Accept yourself as you are.
✓ In
this
life,
the
most
stressful thing for you to do
is to be someone else and the
easiest thing to do in the
world is to be yourself, and
there
lies
your
greatest
success, and your greatest
happiness.
✓ When you become yourself, you
discover that success and
happiness
become
almost
effortless.
3) Forgive Yourself
✓ Don’t be imprisoned by your
own weakness or ugliness.
4) Nurture Yourself
✓ Be sensitive to your needs.
✓ Feel good about yourself.
✓ Think of your blessings.
✓ Read the Scriptures.
✓ Enjoy
yourself,
pamper
yourself.
5) Set Boundaries
✓ Avoid emotional vampires.
6) Affirm Yourself
✓ I am a great person.
✓ I am beautiful.
✓ I am loved by God.
✓ This will change your life!
❖ Personality Domains: Real Self vs
Ideal Self
➢ The ideal self is how we want to
be.
➢ It is an idealized image that we
have developed over time, based on
what
we
have
learned
and
experienced.
➢ It may include components of what
our parents have taught us, what we
admire in others, what our society
promotes, and what we think is in
our best interest.
Real Self
Ideal Self
Activist
Approachable
Intelligent Friendly
Short hair
Talented
Public
Self
Loud
Peculiar
Sense of
fashion
Short hair
❖ Importance of Alignment
➢ If the way I am (the real self) is
aligned with the way that I want to
be (the ideal self), then I will
feel a sense of mental well-being
or peace of mind.
➢ If the way that I am is not aligned
with how I want to be, the
incongruence, or lack of alignment,
will result in mental distress or
anxiety.
➢ The
greater
the
level
of
incongruence between the ideal and
the real self, the greater the
level of resulting distress.
Carl Roger’s
Theory
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Self
Actualization
Rogers
believed
people
are
motivated by an innate tendency to
actualize, maintain, and enhance
the self.
Our environment depends on our
perception of it, which may not
always coincide with reality.
Your own opinion of what you
consider to be the acceptable
behavior of college students will
be different by the time you are
70.
The Development
Childhood
of
the
Self
in
✓ As infants gradually develop a
more complex experiential field
from
widening
social
encounters, one part of their
experience
becomes
differentiated from the rest.
✓ This separate part, defined by
the words I, me, and myself, is
the SELF or SELF-CONCEPT.
✓ The formation of the SELFCONCEPT involves distinguishing
what is directly and immediately
a part of the self from the
people, objects, and events that
are external to the self.
✓ The self-concept is also our
image of what we are, what we
should be, and what we would
like to be.
✓ All aspects of the self, strive
for strive for consistency.
Positive Regard
✓ As the self emerges, infants
develop a need for what Rogers
called POSITIVE REGARD.
✓ The need for positive regard is
universal and persistent. It
includes acceptance, love, and
approval from other people, most
notably from the mother during
infancy.
✓ Positive regard is crucial to
personality development, infant
behavior is guided by the amount
if affection and love bestowed.
Incongruence
✓ We come to evaluate experiences,
and accept or reject them, not
in terms of how they contribute
to the overall actualization
tendency,
but
in
terms
of
whether
they
bring
positive
regard from others.
✓ This
leads
to
incongruence
between the self-concept and the
experiential
world,
the
environment as we perceive it.
✓ Experiences that are incongruent
or incompatible with our selfconcept become threatening and
are manifested as anxiety.
✓ For example, if our self-concept
includes the belief that we love
all humanity, once we meet
someone toward whom we feel
hatred, we are likely to develop
anxiety.
✓ Hating is not congruent with our
image of us as loving persons.
To maintain our self-concept, we
must deny the hatred.
Characteristics of Fully Functioning
Persons
✓ Awareness of all experience;
open to positive as well as
negative feelings.
✓ Freshness of appreciation for
all experiences.
✓ Trust in one’s own behavior and
feelings.
✓ Freedom
of
choice,
without
inhibitions.
✓ Creativity and spontaneity.
✓ Continual need to grow to strive
to maximize one’s potential.
*Additional information, not included
in the material*
➢ Central to Rogers’ personality
theory is the notion of self or
self-concept.
This
is
“the
organized,
consistent
set of
perceptions and beliefs about
oneself.”
➢ It encompasses an individual’s
self-image
(how
they
see
themselves),
self-esteem
(how
much
value
they
place
on
themselves), and ideal self (the
person they aspire to be).
➢ Two
primary
sources
that
influence our self-concept are
CHILDHOOD
EXPERIENCES
and
EVALUATION BY OTHERS.
➢ According to Rogers (1959), we
want to feel, experience, and
behave in ways consistent with
our self-image and which we
reflect what we would like to be
like, our ideal self. The closer
our self-image and ideal self are
to
each
other,
the
more
consistent or congruent we are
and the higher our sense of selfworth.
➢ Discrepancies
between
selfconcept and reality can cause
incongruence,
leading
to
psychological
tension
and
anxiety. A person is said to be
in a state of incongruence if some
of
the
totality
of
their
experience is unacceptable to
them and is denied or distorted
in the self-image.
➢ Rogers believed that we need to
be regarded positively by others;
we
need
to
feel
valued,
respected, treated with affection
and loved. Positive regard is to
do with how other people evaluate
and
judge
us
in
social
interaction.
➢ Carl Rogers (1959) believed that
humans have one basic motive,
which is the tendency is SELFACTUALIZE – i.e., to fulfill
one’s potential and achieve the
highest
level
of
“humanbeingness” we can.
➢ Self-actualization
is
only
possible if there is congruence
between the way an individual
sees themselves and their ideal
self (the way they want to be or
think they should be). If there
is a large gap between these two
concepts, negative feelings of
self-worth will arise that will
make it impossible for selfactualization to take place.
➢ For Rogers, fully functioning
people are well-adjusted, wellbalanced,
and
interesting to
know. Often such people are high
achievers in society.
The Self
Thoughts
in
Western
and
Eastern
Definition of Terms
➢ Individualism is a quality of
Western
thinking
where
selfexpression and self-actualization
are more important to satisfy
oneself.
➢ Individualistic cultures are those
that give high regard of an
individual person over the groups
needs. In these cultures, people
are considered independent, selfreliant, and autonomous.
➢ Individualistic
self
tends
to
alienate
himself/herself
both
socially and psychologically from
the others in order to take care of
himself/herself.
➢ Individualistic people can make
decisions for the self regardless
of its impact to the community.
➢ Individualistic
cultures
expect
the people to solve problems by
themselves
and
work
on
their
personal goals without relying from
the assistance of others.
➢ Collective Cultures are those that
prefer to work with others as a
team rather than being alone.
➢ Collectivism views the group as the
primary element and individuals are
considered as interdependent.
-
➢ The survival and success of the
group ensures the well-being of the
individual, so that by considering
the needs and feelings of others,
one protects oneself.
➢ Collective cultures stress the
importance of the group and social
cooperation as the keys to success.
Family
through
heal.
Concept of Jen as loving relationship.
-
-
Jen
is
a
proper
relationship
between two parties, a loving and
caring
relationship
to
reach
humanity.
Meditation strengthens spiritual
development.
It is considered to search for
self, find truth, and achieve
individual and collective goals.
“I am serious in taking care of the
environment because I consider it
as an integral part of me.”
Concept of harmony.
-
-
A central feature of Confucianism
is harmony between people and their
environment, Nature, or Tao.
The Tao Chi (Yin Yang diagram) is
an example of the value of harmony
with the environment.
problems
silence.
are
Only
resolved
time can
Family conflict resolution.
-
Eastern (Asian) Philosophy
A. Confucianism:
- it is a system of beliefs devised
by Confucius; a Chinese scholar
also known as “Kung Fu-Tzu” in
China during the 6th BCE.
- The identity and self-concept of an
individual is interwoven with the
identity and status of his/her
community of culture, sharing its
prides as well as its failure.
- Self-cultivation
or
Selfactualization
is
the
ultimate
purpose of life.
It is also applied to the concept
of health for energy (qi/chi),
balance for disease prevention,
healing, and the development of
human potential.
-
In
the
model,
any
systems’
solutions to conflict resolutions
and goals for developmental aim to
integrate love (Jen), justice,
freedom, and fidelity (the image of
Tao) in the dynamics.
The approach aims to fulfill human
needs (love). Justice is seen by
the
end
of
the
cycle
under
perfectly equal treatment. Freedom
is practiced by volunteer choice
and participation in NEGOTIATION
and COMPROMISE – the flexibility of
mean
line
and
possibility
of
forming new systems. Faithfulness
is
reached
by
the
stability,
repeatability, and accountability
of leadership and/or revealed by
the natural laws. Role equity and
role change, therefore are the core
implication of the Yin-Yang theory.
B. Taoism:
- Taoism
is
a
religious
and
philosophical tradition originated
in China that emphasizes living in
harmony with the Tao or the Way.
- The self is not just an extension
of the family or the community; it
is part of the universe, on of the
forms and manifestations of the
Tao.
- Some Taoist thinking portrays the
person as composed of the same five
elements (fire, wood, metal, earth
and water) that make up the rest of
the cosmos.
- The perfect man has no self; the
spiritual man has no achievement;
the true sage has no name. The
ideal is thus SELFLESSNESS.
- The
selfless
person
leads
a
balanced life, in harmony with both
nature
and
society.
When
selflessness
is
attained,
the
distinction
between
"others" disappears.
"I"
and
e) Relying or being dependent on
others is frequently seen as
shameful.
f) People are encouraged to do
things on their own; to rely on
themselves people strive for
their own successes.
C. Buddhism:
- Buddha taught that an individual is
a combination of five aggregates of
existence, also called the FIVE
SKANDHAS or the FIVE HEAPS.
Traits of Collectivism
a) Form – our physical form
b) Sensation – made up of our
feelings – both emotional and
physical – and our senses:
seeing,
hearing,
tasting,
touching, smelling.
c) Perception – means thinking –
conceptualization,
cognition,
reasoning.
d) Mental
Formation
–
includes
habits,
prejudices,
and
predispositions, and volition or
willfulness.
e) Consciousness – awareness of our
sensitivity of an object, but
without conceptualization.
-
The self is seen as an illusion,
born out of ignorance, of trying to
hold and control things, or humancentered needs, thus the self is
also the source of all these
sufferings.
▪
Buddhist doctrines propose the
opposite
of
atman,
i.e.,
“anatman” to describe the nature
of the human person; there is no
permanent, separate self.
▪
The ultimate goal is Nirvana or
enlightenment, which refers to
heightened intellect and reason.
Traits of Individualism
a) It has an “I” identity.
b) It promotes individual goals,
initiative and achievement.
c) Individual rights are seen as
being the most important. Rules
attempt
to
ensure
selfimportance and individualism.
d) Independence is valued; there is
much less of a drive to help
other citizens or communities
than in collectivism.
a) Each person is encouraged to be
an active player in society, to
do what is best for society as a
whole rather than themselves.
b) The
rights
of
families,
communities, and the collective
supersede
those
of
the
individual.
c) Rules promote unity, brotherhood
and selflessness.
d) Working
with
others
and
cooperating
is
the
norm;
everyone supports each other.
e) As a community, family or nation
more than as an individual.
➢ Both
collectivist
and
individualistic
cultures
have
their
failings.
People
in
individualistic
cultures
are
susceptible to loneliness, and
people in collectivist cultures can
have a strong fear of rejection.
Examples of
Countries with
Generally
Individualistic
Cultures
United States
Canada
New Zealand
Sweden
Switzerland
Australia
Netherlands
Italy
Germany
United Kingdom
Belgium
Norway
Hungary (postcommunist
generation)
-
Examples of
Countries with
Generally
Collectivist
Cultures
China
Pakistan
Afghanistan
Cyprus
Argentina
Taiwan
Bangladesh
Malaysia
Ghana
Armenia
India
Indonesia
Egypt
Nepal
Filipino’s Concept of Self;
The Philippines is a collectivist
society and individuals tend to
understand themselves as part of a
group. For Filipinos, the interests
of the collective often override
the interests of the individual.
Filipinos generally feel a strong
sense of pride towards their group
and will celebrate their pride
through sharing stories about their
family, barangay, or town.
❖ How Filipino people’s concept of
self
is
influenced
by
these
perspectives of the Self?
✓ The contrasting blend of Eastern
and Western cultures has shaped
the unique Filipino concept of
self.
✓ Filipinos are communal and love
to share any food or materials
they have.
✓ Filipinos
love
fiestas
and
family gathering.
✓ Under
the
guidance
of
the
parents, the family structure
makes every individual dependent
with each other.
✓ Each
is
expected
to
show
respect, courtesy, and humility
to the other.
✓ Hospitality
and
“hiya”
are
valued by an individual to
maintain
harmony
with
the
others.
✓ ”Utang na loob” and Bayanihan
System are their expressions of
being collectivistic.
✓ Loob
and
Kapwa:
Filipino
Philosophy (Magante, 2016)
•
•
•
•
•
Non-individualistic,
tied
with group called “Sakop”.
Tayo-tayo
(ato-ato)
is
a
place
where
fellowship
prevails.
Sakop can either be one’s
relatives
(or
clan),
fraternity members, barkada,
and the like.
For
indigenous
Filipinos,
their concept of Sakop is
tribe (katribo).
Kapwa is “a recognition of
shared identity, an inner
self shared with others”.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Kapwa – the unity of the oneof-us-and
the-other-the
Filipino Core Value.
Kapwa, meaning “togetherness”
is the core construct of
Filipino Psychology.
Loob is defined as an inner
being which is associated
with the ideas of leadership,
power,
nationalism,
and
revolution.
A purified kalooban requires
a special knowledge which was
given more to the leaders and
less to the members.
Loob
must
be
continually
purified
and
strengthened
through sacrifice; prayer and
abstinence.
Through sacrifice a “new man”
will emerge.
The Political
Filipino
Self
and
Being
a
❖ Who is Filipino?
➢ Filipinos are often referenced from
globally known personalities who
have made better recognized in the
world.
➢ Independence Day and Buwan ng Wika
celebrations prompt us to go back
to our roots.
➢ According
to
the
Philippine
Constitution,
Filipino
citizens
are those whose fathers or mothers
are citizens of the Philippines,
those born before January 17,1973,
of Filipino mothers, who elect
Philippine
citizenship
upon
reaching the age of majority, and
those who are naturalized according
to the law.
➢ Citizenship – a legal relationship
between a person and a country. It
can be acquired by birth or
naturalization.
➢ Jus soli – right of soil.
➢ Jus sanguinis – right of blood.
•
➢ Nationality – the country where you
came from.
•
➢ Culture and history have greatly
influenced the manner Filipinos
learn, live and behave.
➢ People who grew in the same
community share the same traits and
values.
❖ Kinds
of
Filipinos
under
Philippine Constitution
Filipino Hospitality
-
the
✓ Those who are citizens of the
Philippines at the time of the
adoption of this constitution.
✓ Natural born citizens.
✓ Citizens through election.
✓ Naturalized citizens.
➢ The Philippines is a lush island
paradise famous for its grandiose
mountain views, pristine beaches,
rich and diverse culture changing
from province to province. While
the Philippines many be well known
for
its
awe-inspiring
beauty,
perhaps
the
Filipinos’
unique
traits,
reputable
values,
and
laudable
talents
make
the
Philippines a place to be.
-
-
-
-
Tourists
who
have
visited
the
Philippines can never forget the:
•
•
•
•
Big and Bright smiles that
greeted them.
Colorful and loud jeepneys.
Common Filipino phrases such as
“Mabuhay!” and “Salamat!”
Habits such as saying “po” at
“opo” to the elders.
Is the most common terminology that
describes how Filipinos welcome
foreigners or tourists who visit
the country. It is a pleasure and
the country’s honor to accept
foreigners as visitors and build
genuine
relationships
and
friendship with them.
Respect for Elders
❖ How can you be a natural born
citizen?
- According
to
the
Philippine
Nationality Law, it is based on
“Jus sanguinis”.
Filipino Values and Traits
Leaving shoes or slippers at the
front door before entering a
house.
Importunate asking of “kumain ka
na ba?” meaning “Have you eaten
yet?”
Respecting elders has always been
part of our identity or tradition.
A Filipino child is taught to
respect older people or family by
greeting them and showing a gesture
by taking the older relative’s hand
and placing it on his or her own
forehead
to
express
profound
respect for the elder called “mano
po.”
We also have a wide array or
references to older people (such as
ate, kuya, tita, tito, lolo, and
lola).
One of the very important words
that a younger person must not miss
out on is the word “po” or “opo”
because forgetting to address older
people properly will regard them as
rude and impolite.
Although there are a lot of ways to
who respect, we should always show
respect to elders not just by
addressing them but by helping,
taking care of them and having a
respectful conversation with them.
Close Family Ties
-
-
Filipinos
maintain
a
tight
relationship with their families
regardless of the children are old
enough and already have families of
their own.
Family reunions are a common thing
for Filipinos.
-
-
Extended families exemplify that
it’s their center, while a nursing
home is not practiced.
Extended family – are one or more
bloodlines living in a house,
compound,
or
community;
they
genuinely take care of each other
as long as they are biologically
connected. Even after marriage, the
couple tends to stick to either of
their bloodlines’ homes.
Cheerful Personality
-
Filipinos have been smiling and
laughing a lot and this has been a
coping
strategy
for
Filipinos
especially during hardships and
calamities, maintain a positive
outlook in life which makes them
resilient.
Self-Sacrifice
-
-
Is
an
extension
to
Filipino
Hospitality.
Filipinos extend their help to
their friends and loved ones.
They even go to the extent of
working abroad to earn more money
and save up for them.
Overseas
Filipino
Workers
sacrificed a lot that’s why they
are regarded as the modern-day
Filipino heroes.
Bayanihan
-
-
It is a Filipino word derived from
the
word
bayan
meaning
town,
nation, or community in general. It
literally means “being a bayan,”
and is thus used to refer to a
spirit
of
communal
unity
and
cooperation.
It is also a Filipino core value
that inspires the community to be
living heroes to each other. It is
not
the
celebration
of
the
strengths of an individual mighty
hero, but is the practice of
helping a kababayan, a member of
the community who is in need, and
is showcases what Filipinos can do
together.
-
It is also known as tulongan or
damayan, a system of mutual help
and concern which has become the
backbone of family and village
throughout
the
Philippine
archipelago.
It
may
also
be
expressed as pagkakaisa and the
people who get together or unite to
execute a job are the magbabayani.
“Bahala Na” Attitude
-
-
-
-
When Filipinos are unable to decide
their next course of action or have
no idea what will happen next, they
commonly say “Bahala na.” They say
it as if all they want to do is go
with the flow, regardless of the
consequences.
“Bahala Na” is the Filipino version
of the famous line Hakuna Matata
which means “no worries”.
Hakuna = “there’s nothing here”
Matata = “problems or troubles”
Bathala means God and the phrase
means leaving everything to God’s
hand.
It can also be viewed as something
similar
to
the
cheerful
and
positive attitude of Filipinos and
allowing situations to take care of
themselves instead of worrying
about them.
Colonial Mentality
-
Colonial mentality is defined as
the
perception
of
ethnic
and
cultural inferiority and a form
internalized racial oppression.
Mañana Habit
-
Filipino term for procrastination.
The delay of priorities to do other
activities or simply in Filipino
phrase “mamaya na”
The Physical Self
❖ What is Physical Self?
- The physical self refers to the
body. It is the tangible aspect of
the person that can be directly
observed
and
examined.
Both
physical extremities and internal
organs work together for the body
to perform many of its functions
such as breathing, walking, eating,
and sleeping, among others.
❖ What is Beauty?
- According to Merriam dictionary
beauty is the quality of being
physically
attractive
and
the
qualities in a person or a thing
that give pleasure to the senses or
the mind.
❖ What is Body Image, Appearance and
Self-Esteem?
▪
▪
Body Image – refers to how
individuals perceive, think and
feel
about
their
body and
physical appearance.
Appearance
–
refers
to
everything about a person that
others can observe such as
height, weight, skin color,
clothes and hairstyle.
-
-
-
Injects ink onto the skin to draw
a design.
✓ Body Piercing
Let’s people wear jewelry through
different piercings in their body
such as the ears, nose, and tongue
among others.
✓ Cosmetic Surgery
It is a surgical and non-surgical
procedure to restore, reconstruct,
or alter body parts.
❖ How can we improve our body image
and inner self?
- People tend to judge others based
on physical appearance. However,
physical appearance alone is not
enough to know a person’s true
character.
Above
all
things
physical, it is more important to
be beautiful on the inside.
Here are some ways to improve your
body image and inner self:
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
▪
Self-esteem – related to body
image
which
is
a person’s
overall evaluation of his or her
own worth.
❖ Is Beauty Important?
- Different cultures have different
definitions and perceptions of
beauty. People often say that
beauty is in the eye of the
beholder. The fact that a number of
Filipinas have won international
beauty
contests
shows
that
Filipinos are among the women who
are perceived to be the most
beautiful in the world.
Forms of Body Modifications:
✓ Tattooing
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Smile a lot.
Take good care of your health.
Live a well-balanced life.
Dress well and be neat.
Spend
some
time
alone
to
reflect,
Be creative and do something new
all the time.
Develop a wholesome attitude
towards sex.
Avoid temptations.
Respect individuality.
Make friends.
Face your fears.
Be independent.
Accept things as they are.
Ask and listen.
Think positive.
Pray.
Count your blessings.
Be thankful.
✓ Penile growth
The Sexual Self
✓
in height
✓ Spermatogenesis
Development
of
Secondary
Sex
Characteristics
and
Human
Reproductive System
•
➢ Puberty has been the period of
greatest sex differentiation since
the early intrauterine months. The
specific steps in the maturation
process, the milestones reached,
remain the same before the puberty
for boys and girls. And adolescent
sexual
development
is
also
organized in the same order of
sequence along the way, but the
interval between some of them is
different in the sexes according to
Tanner (1990).
In contrast to the development
of ova in girls, sperm in boys
does not begin in intrauterine
life and is not produced in a
cycle. The development of sperm
continues
from
puberty
throughout the life of the male.
The Male Reproductive System
❖ In
females,
pubertal
changes
typically occur as follows:
✓ Growth spurt
✓ transverse diameter
pelvis
✓ Breast development
✓ Growth of pubic hair
✓ Onset of menstruation
✓ Vaginal secretion
•
of
the
The
average
age
at
which
menarche occurs is 12.4 years
(Ledger, 2012). However, it can
occur as early as 9 years of age
or as late as 17 years of age
and may still be within the usual
range of age. Menstrual cycle
does not become normal until
ovulation happens regularly and
this does not appear to happen
until 1-2 years menarche and the
development of ova ceases at
menopause.
❖ Secondary gender characteristics
of boys typically exist in the
order of:
✓
in weight
✓ Growth of testes
✓ Growth of face, axillary, and
pubic hair
✓ Voice changes
o
Male External Structure
1) The scrotum
- It is a rugated, skin-covered,
muscular pouch suspended from the
perineum. Its roles are to protect
the testes and help control the
temperature of the sperm.
2) The penis
- Consist of the cylindrical mass of
erectile tissue in the shaft of the
penis. The urethra passes through
these layers of tissue, allowing
the penis to serve both the urinary
and reproductive tract outlet in
men. During sexual arousal, nitric
acid is released from the blood
vessels. This causes dilation and
an increase in blood flow to the
penis arteries (engorgement).
3) The testes
- Are two ovoid glands, 2-3 cm long,
which rest in the scrotum. Each
testis is covered with a protective
white fibrous capsule and consists
of a number of lobules. The lobule
contains
interstitial
cells
(Leydig
cells0
that
produce
testosterone
and
seminiferous
tubules that generate spermatozoa.
o
Male Internal Structure
1) The Epididymis
- The seminiferous tubule of each
testis leads to a tightly coiled
channel, called epididymis, which
is responsible for sperm transfer
from
the
tubule
to
the
vas
deferens, the next stage in the
passage to the outside. Since each
epididymis is tightly coiled; in
fact, its length is misleading.
Incredibly, it’s over 20 ft long.
2) The Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)
- It is an external hollow tube,
surrounded by arteries and veins
and protected by a thick fibrous
tissue covering. This carries the
sperm from the epididymis through
the inguinal canal to the abdominal
cavity, where it ends in the
seminal
vesicles
and
the
ejaculatory duct below the bladder.
The sperm maturation is achieved as
it passes through the vas deferens.
3) The Ejaculatory ducts
- They are formed by the fusion of
vas deferens and seminal vesicles.
The ejaculatory ducts empty into
the urethra.
4) The Seminal Vesicles
- These are two convoluted pouches
located in the lower part of the
bladder.
These
glands
secrete
viscous alkaline liquids rich in
sugar, protein and prostaglandin
content. The sperm, has become
increasingly mobile because the
added fluid provides them with a
favorable PH setting.
5) The Prostate Gland
- A chestnut-sized gland located just
below the bladder and allowing the
urethra to move through the middle
of the gland, like a doughnut hole.
The purpose of the gland is to
produce a thin, alkaline fluid
that, when applied to the secretion
of
seminal
vesicles,
further
protects sperm by increasing the
normal low PH level of the urethra.
6) The Bulbourethral Glands
- Two
bulbourethral
or
Cowper’s
glands lie beside the prostate
gland and drain into the urethra by
short ducts. The provide more
source of alkaline fluid to help
ensure the safe passage of sperm.
Semen is therefore derived from the
prostate gland (60%), the seminal
vesicle (30%), the epididymis (5%)
and the bulbourethral gland (5%).
7) The Urethra
- It is a hollow tube emerging from
the base of the bladder, which,
after passing through the prostate
gland, continues to the outside
through the shaft and the glands of
the penis. It’s around 8 in. (1820
cm)
long.
Unlike
other
components of the urinary tract, it
is covered with mucus membranes.
❖ The
purpose
of
the
male
reproductive system organs is to
perform the following functions:
✓ Producing,
storing
and
transmitting
sperm
(male
reproductive
cells)
and
protective fluid (semen).
✓ Discharge of the sperm in the
female reproductive tract during
sexual contract.
✓ Producing and secreting male sex
hormones
responsible
for
controlling
the
male
reproductive system.
The Female Reproductive System
o
Female External Structure
1) Mons venris
- A tissue ad located above the pubic
symphysis, the pubic bone joint.
Covere by a triangular patch of
curly hair, the purpose of the mons
veneris is to cover the junction of
the pubic bone from trauma.
2) Labia minora
- Directly posterior to the mons
pubis, spread two hairless folds of
connective tissue. Normally, the
labia minora folds are pin in
color; the inner surface is ined
with mucus membranes and the outer
surface is lined with skin. The
region is abundant with sebaceous
gland.
3) The Labia majora
- A two-fold of tissue anteriorly but
separated posteriorly, which is
situated sideways to the labia
minora and consisting of loose
conective
tissue
surounded
by
epithelium and ubic hair. Labia
majora is used as rotection for the
external genitalia; it proects the
urethra and the vagina.
4) Other External Organs:
▪
▪
▪
Vestibule
–
the
flattened,
smooth
surface
between
the
labia. Both the opening of the
bladder (urethra) and the uterus
(vagina) emerge from this area.
Clitoris – a tiny, rounded organ
of
erectile
tissue
at
the
forward junction of the labia
minora (approximately 2-2 cm).
It is protected by a fold of
skin, prepuce; it is sensitive
to touch and temperature; and it
is the source of sexual pleasure
and orgasm in a woman.
Two Skene glands – located on
both sides of the meatus; their
ducts open into the urethra.
Bartholin glands (vulvovaginal
glands) are situated on either
side of the vaginal opening with
ducts reaching into the proximal
vagina between the labia minora
and the hymen. The secretion of
each of these glands helps to
lubricate the external genitalia
of the sexual encounter.
▪
Fourchette – a ridge of tissue
developed
by
the
posterior
joining the labia minora and the
labia majora. It is the tissue
that often breaks (laceration)
or is cut (episiotomy) during
childbirth
to
enlarge
the
vaginal opening.
▪
Perineal Muscle (Perineal Body)
– posterior to the fourchette.
It is a muscular region that
expands during childbirth to
allow the vagina to widen and the
fetal
head
to
pass.
▪
Hymen – a strong yet elastic
semicircle
of
tissue
that
protects the opening of the
vagina during childhood. It is
often torn away at the time of
the first sexual intercourse.
5) Vulvar blood supply
- The blood supply of female external
genitalia is primarily from the
pudendal artery and a section is
from the inferior rectal artery.
Venous
return
is
through
the
pudendal artery. The disadvantage
of the vein rich in blood supply is
that trauma to the area, such as
pressure
during
childbirth
or
bicycle seat injuries, which can
cause
large
hematomas.
The
advantage is that it leads to quick
healing of any tears in the region
following
childbirth
or
other
injuries.
6) Vulvar nerve supply
- The anterior portion of the vulva
receives its nerve supply from the
ilioinguinal
and
genitofemoral
nerve (L1 level). The posterior
portion of the vulva and the
vaginal nerves are supplied by the
pudendal nerve (S3 level). Such a
rich supply of nerves makes the
area highly sensitive to touch,
pressure, pain and temperature.
Fortunately,
at
birth,
normal
stretching of the perineum causes
a temporary loss of sensation in
the area, reducing the normal
amount of local pain experienced.
o
Female Internal Structures
1) The Ovaries
- The ovaries are about 3 cm long by
2 cm in diameter and 1.5 cm thick,
or the size and shape of the
almonds. They are grayish-white and
tend to be pitted, with minute
indentations on the surface.
- Ovaries are found in the lower
abdomen near to and on both sides
of the uterus. It is difficult to
find the with abdominal palpation
since they are too deep in the
abdomen. The role of the two
ovaries (the female gonads) is to
develop, mature and release ova
(the egg cells). In this process,
ovaries
produce
estrogen
and
progesterone and start and manage
menstrual cycles.
2) Fallopian Tube
- Emerge from each of the upper
corners of the uterine body and
stretch outward and backward until
each of them is opened at its
distal end, next to the ovary.
Fallopian tubes are around 10 cm
long in a mature woman. The purpose
is to move the ovum from the
ovaries to the uterus and to
provide
a
place
for
the
fertilization of the ovum by sperm.
- The fallopian tube is a smooth,
hollow pipe, anatomically divided
into four separate sections:
a) The interstitial section
b) The isthmus segments
c) The ampulla
d) The infundibular segment
3) Uterus
- The uterus is a hollow, muscular,
pear-shaped organ in the lower
pelvis, posterior to the bladder,
and anterior to the rectum, this is
about the size of an olive in
childhood, and its proportions are
-
reversed from what they are later
on.
At
maturity,
the
uterus
is
approximately 5 to 7 cm long, 5 cm
wide and 2.5 cm deep in the widest
upper
section.
It
weighs
approximately 60 g in a nonpregnant condition. the purpose of
the uterus is to receive the ovum
from the fallopian tube; to provide
a
place
for
implantation
and
nourishment; to provide protection
for the developing fetus; and at
the maturity of the baby, to expel
it from the body of a woman.
4) Vagina
- The
vagina
is
an
empty,
musculomembranous canal placed at
the rear of the bladder and at the
front of the rectum. It stretches
from the cervix of the uterus to
the outer vulva. Its purpose is to
serve as an organ of intercourse
and to carry sperm to the cervix so
that the sperm can enter the ova in
the fallopian tube. It extends with
childbirth to act as the birth
canal.
5) Breast
- The mammary glands or breasts
develop early in the uterus from
the ectodermal tissue. They remain
in a stopped stage of development
until the rise of testosterone of
puberty
causes
a
noticeable
increase
in
their
size.
The
increase in size is primarily due
to an increase in connective tissue
plus fat deposition.
Erogenous Zones
➢ Erogenous zones are those areas of
the body that arouse sexual desire.
Erogenous has two general meanings.
1. The first refers to the genitals
or
breasts,
which
when
stimulated produce pleasurable
sensations in their owner. The
phrase 'erogenous zones' was
coined near the end of the
nineteenth century and used in
the early twentieth century by
some psychologists to describe
how simple pressure to these
parts of the body could arouse
complete orgasm in what were
defined as 'hysterical persons'
generally
understood
to
be
women.
appear to be increasing. (Feldmann
& Middleman, 2002).
2. The second general meaning of
the phrase, to be dealt with at
some length here, refers to a
visual
phenomenon
associated
with
clothing
and
body
adornment.
➢ According to WU (2017) that a team
of scientists led by Dr. Helen
Fisher at Rutgers, says romantic
love can be broken down into three
categories: lust, attraction, and
attachment.
❖ Erogenous Zones
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Chemistry
Attachment
o
-
The Inner Wrist
The Nape of the neck
The Buttocks
The Scalp
Behind the knee
The Earlobe
The Feet
-
Sexual Behavior Among Adolescence
➢ Hormones bring about a dramatic
increase in sexual interest.
➢ Masturbation
frequent.
becomes
more
➢ Adolescence is a time of selfdiscovery and physical, as well as
cognitive,
development.
It
is
within this context that adolescent
sexual
development
and
sexual
behavior occur. While curiosity and
experimentation are normal, sexual
behaviors, both coital and noncoital, place adolescents at risk
for
undesired
consequences
including
sexually
transmitted
disease acquisition and pregnancy.
Trends
in
adolescent
sexual
behavior are changing, and health
care professionals must be aware of
these trends to provide necessary
medical care and education to this
population. With recent finding the
sexual
activity
of
teenagers’
gamers much attention, attention
must also be directed at non-coital
activities such as masturbation,
mutual masturbation and oral sex,
as the riskier of these behaviors
of
Lust,
Love
and
Lust
This is motivated by a need for
sexual pleasure. The evolutionary
justification for this derives from
our desire to reproduce, a need
shared by all living beings. By way
of reproduction of their genus.
The brain's hypothalamus plays a
major role in this, promoting the
development of testosterone sex
hormones and estrogen and ovaries.
As it turns out, testosterone
enhances increasing the libido of
just about everybody. Effects are
less pronounced with estrogen, but
some
women
report
being
more
sexually excited around the times
they ovulate, when estrogen levels
are high.
Love/ Attraction
o
-
-
o
-
Love
Love is a deep affection, care, and
attach to someone or something. It
can be romantic, familial, or selflove.
The initial happy feelings of being
in
love
is
stimulated
by
3
chemicals
in
the
brain:
noradrenaline
that
stimulates
adrenaline production causing that
racing heart and sweaty palms;
dopamine, the feel-good chemical;
and
phenylethylamine
that
is
released when we're near our crush,
giving
us
butterflies
in
our
tummies.
Attraction
Attraction is a strong liking or
interest in someone, often based on
-
-
physical
and
intellectual
qualities.
The feeling of being attracted to
someone involves your physical
senses, your hormones, your nerves,
and even your immune system.
The sympathetic system is the
“fight-or-flight” mechanism, and
it’s what makes your heart race and
your
pulse
pound
when
you’re
looking at someone you desire.
Attachment
➢ Attachment is the primary element
in
long-term
relationships.
Oxytocin is also referred to as a
“cuddle drug” for this reason.
Unlike
dopamine,
oxytocin
is
produced
by
hypothalamus
and
released in large amounts during
sex,
breast-feeding,
and
childbirth.
Five Sexual Style
➢ A sexual style of a teenager is
another factor on both adolescent
belief and behavior vis-à-vis sex
in
a
committed
relationship.
According to Furman (2010). Buzwell
and Rosenthal (1996) have developed
a
sexual
style
categorization
scheme focused on the development
of a sexual identity or sexual
self.
•
Sexually naïve - have little
confidence
in
sexual
attractiveness, feel no control
over sexual situations.
•
Sexually unassured - low selfesteem and little sense of
control in sexual encounters,
but
interested
in
exploring
their sexuality.
•
Sexually competent - confident
of sex appeal and ability to
control
sexual
situations,
interested
in
exploring
sexuality
and
were
sexually
experienced.
•
Sexually adventurous - similar
to competent, high level of
confidence and comfort; high
level of exploration but lower
level of commitment as a prerequisite to sex.
•
Sexually driven - similar to
above style, able to say no to
sex, mostly boys.
Sexual Identity
➢ Sexuality is about how you view and
express yourself sexually – like
who you crush on, who you want to
go out with, and who you want to
have sexual experiences with.
➢ It’s just not clear that some
people are ‘straight’, and others
are
gay,
lesbian,
bisexual,
asexual, or queer, but still some
researchers suggest that there
could be events in our bodies from
a very early age in life that form
our sexuality.
Gender Stereotypes
➢ Gender
expectations
and
stereotypes are so deeply rooted in
our culture that adults are still
shocked to see how early children
internalize these concepts.
Sexual Self-Esteem
➢ It’s what you bring from yourself,
both emotionally and physically, to
sex and relationships- what you do
with it, and how you share it with
someone else. Sexual esteem-esteem
affects any sexual choice that you
make.
Sexual Scripts
➢ are concepts about how males and
females should connect with each
other, such as how each gender must
behave
in
sexual
or
romantic
situations.
Sexual Decision Making
➢ According
to
the
Sexuality
Information and Education Council
of the United States (SIECUS), a
o
sexually healthy teen will show or
have the following qualities within
their
relationships
with
themselves, parents and family
members,
peers
and
intimate
partners.
➢ is an enduring pattern of whether
a person has romantic attraction or
sexual attraction to persons of the
opposite sex or gender, the same
sex or gender, or to both sexes or
more than one gender.
Relationship with Self
o
-
Heterosexual
describes a person who is attracted
only or almost to the “other”
gender.
o
-
Homosexual
describes a person attracted only
or almost only to those of the same
gender.
o
-
Bisexual
describes a person attracted to
both men and women, though not
necessarily equally or at the same
time.
o
-
Pansexual
describes a person attracted
those of any gender.
o
-
Asexual
describes someone not sexually
attracted to any gender. This is
different from deciding not to have
sex with anyone (abstinence or
celibacy).
✓ Appreciates their own body;
✓ Takes responsibility for their
own behaviors;
✓ Knows
about
sexual
health
issues;
o
Relationships with
Family Members
Parents
and
✓ Communicates effectively with
family members about issues,
including sexuality.
o
Relationships with Peers
✓ Interacts
with
all
people
(including those with different
sexual orientation and gender
identity different from their
own) in proper and respectful
ways.
✓ Acts on one’s own values and
beliefs when they aren’t the
same as their peers.
o
Relationship
Partners
with
Intimate
✓ Shows love and intimacy in a way
that’s appropriate for their age
✓ Has the skills to decide how
ready they are for mature sexual
relationships
➢ Avoidance and denial of sexual
perceptions can lead to sexual
involvement
without
preparation
with no responsibility and sexual
attitudes that are not usually
discussed with parents.
➢ Teens who speak to their parents
appear to become sexually active
later and responsible.
Sexual Orientation
to
➢ Most people have learned more of
their sexual identity over time.
Many girls date boys to high
school, for example, and later find
that they are more attracted,
romantically, and sexually, to
members
of
their
own
gender.
(Sexual Orientation, 2011)
Human Sexual Response Cycle
➢ According to Wenzel (2017), the two
of the earliest researchers of
human sexual response were William
Masters and Virginia Johnson. They
published their work in 1966, which
they described the human sexual
response as a cycle with four
stages namely excitement; plateau;
orgasm; and resolution.
o
Excitement
✓ Arises
with
physical
and
psychological
stimulus
that
causes parasympathetic nervous
stimulation.
This
causes
arterial dilation and venous
constriction in the genital
region.
✓ The subsequent increase in blood
flow
contributes
to
vasocongestion
and
increased
muscle tension. For women, this
vasocongetion
causes
the
clitoris to increase in size and
mucoid
fluid
to
act
as
lubrication on vaginal walls.
Vagina is expanding in diameter
and growing in length.
✓ The nipples are becoming erect.
For
males,
penile
erection
occurs, as well as scrotal
thickening and raising of the
testicles. There is an increase
in heart and respiratory rates
and blood pressure in both men
and women.
to 15 contractions at intervals
of 1 every 0.8 seconds.
✓ In men, the muscle contractions
around the semen vessels and the
prostate project semen into the
proximal
urethra.
These
contractions
are
immediately
followed by three to seven
propulsive
ejaculatory
contractions occurring at the
same time interval as in a woman,
that forces the semen out of the
penis.
✓ Being the shortest stage in the
sexual response process, orgasm
is usually felt as an intense
pleasure involving the entire
body,
not
just
the
pelvic
region, not just the pelvic
region. This is also a rather
personal experience: definitions
of orgasms differ widely from
person to person.
o
o
✓ The stage of the plateau is
reached
shortly
before
the
orgasm. In a woman, the clitoris
is pulled forward and retracts
under the clitoral prepuce; the
lower part of the vagina become
highly congested (formation of
the orgasmic platform) and the
elevation of the nipple is
increased.
✓ Vasocongestion
contribute
to
distension of the penis in men.
The heart rate rises to 100 to
175 beats per minute and the
respiratory rate increases to
about 40 breaths per minute.
o
Resolution
Plateau
Orgasm
✓ Orgasm occurs when stimulation
proceeds through the plateau
stage to a point at which the
body
suddenly
discharges
accumulated sexual tension. A
vigorous contraction of muscles
in
the
pelvic
area
of
congestion. The average number
of contractions for a woman is 8
✓ Is a 30-minute period in which
the
external
and
internal
genital organs return to an
unaroused condition. For the
male, there is a refractory
phase
during
which
further
orgasm is unlikely. Women do not
go
through
this
refractory
phase, and it is possible for
women who are active and well
stimulated
to
have
multiple
orgasms immediately after the
first.
Masturbation
➢ Is
a
self-stimulation
for
enjoyment; it can also be mutually
enjoyable for sexual partners. It
offers sexual release, which can be
interpreted by a person as an
overall
relief
of
tension
or
anxiety. Women may find the most
satisfying the most satisfying
sexual expression of orgasm through
masturbation
and
use
it
more
frequently than men do.
Sexually Transmitted Disease
➢ Is used to refer to an infection
that is transmitted from one person
to another through sexual contact.
You may have STD contracted by
having unprotected vaginal, anal,
or oral sex with someone who has
STD.
✓ Green or yellow discharge
from the penis or vagina
✓ Pain in the lower abdomen
o
-
➢ STD can also be referred to as a
sexually
transmitted
infection
(STI) or a venereal disease (VD).
➢ Infections can also be spread by
sharing
the
needles
and
breastfeeding depending on the
specific STD.
There are many different strains of
the virus. Some are more dangerous
than others.
-
❖ Symptoms of STDs in Men
✓ pain or discomfort during sex or
urination
✓ sores, bumps, or rashes on or
around the penis, testicles,
anus, buttocks, thighs, or mouth
✓ unusual discharge or bleeding
from the penis
✓ painful or swollen testicles
Types
of
Disease
o
-
-
Sexually
✓ Pain or discomfort during sex
or urination
Oral cancer
Cervical cancer
Vulvar cancer
Penile cancer
Rectal cancer
-
While most cases of HPV don’t
become cancerous, some strains of
the virus are more likely to cause
cancer than others.
o
-
Syphilis
Syphilis
is
another
bacterial
infection. It often goes unnoticed
in its early stages.
The first symptom to appear is a
small round sore, known as a
chancre. It can develop on your
genitals, anus, or mouth. It’s
painless but very infectious.
Later symptom of syphilis can
include:
-
-
Transmitted
Chlamydia
A certain type of bacteria causes
chlamydia. It’s the most commonly
reported STD among Americans, notes
the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) Trusted Source.
Many people with chlamydia have no
noticeable symptoms. When symptoms
do develop, they often include:
The most common symptom of HPV is
warts on the genitals, mouth, or
throat.
Some strains of HPV infection can
lead to cancer, including:
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
❖ Symptoms of STDs in Women
✓ pain or discomfort during sex or
urination
✓ sores, bumps, or rashes on or
around
the
vagina,
anus,
buttocks, thighs, or mouth
✓ unusual discharge or bleeding
from the vagina
✓ itchiness in or around the
vagina
HPV (human papillomavirus)
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a
virus that can be passed from one
person to another through intimate
skin-to-skin or sexual contact.
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
o
-
Rash
Fatigue
Fever
Headaches
Joint pain
Weight loss
Hair loss
HIV
HIV can damage the immune system
and raise the risk of contracting
other viruses or bacteria and
certain cancers. If left untreated,
-
it can lead to stage 3 HIV, known
as
AIDS.
But
with
today’s
treatment, many people living with
HIV don’t ever develop AIDS.
In the early or acute stages, it’s
easy to mistake the symptoms of HIV
with those of the flu. For example,
the early symptoms can include:
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
-
These initial symptoms typically
clear within a month or so. From
that point onward, a person can
carry
HIV
without
developing
serious or persistent symptoms for
many
years.
Other
people
may
develop nonspecific symptoms, such
as:
✓
✓
✓
✓
-
-
o
-
Fever
Chills
Aches and pains
Swollen lymph nodes
Sore throat
Headache
Nausea
Rashes
Recurrent fatigue
Fevers
Headaches
Stomach issues
There’s no cure for HIV yet, but
treatment options are available to
manage it. Early and effective
treatment can help people with HIV
live as long as those without HIV.
With recent advancements in testing
and treatment, it’s possible to
live a long and healthy life with
HIV.
✓ Itching around the genitals
✓ Sore throat
-
It’s possible for a mother to pass
gonorrhea onto a newborn during
childbirth. When that happens,
gonorrhea can cause serious health
problems in the baby. That’s why
many doctors encourage pregnant
women to get tested and treated for
potential STDs.
o
-
Pubic Lice (‘crabs’)
“Crabs” is another name for pubic
lice. They’re tiny insects that can
take up residence on your pubic
hair. Like head lice and body lice,
they feed on human blood.
Common symptoms of pubic lice
include:
-
✓ Itching around the genitals
or anus
✓ Small pink or red bumps around
the genitals or anus
✓ Low-grade fever
✓ Lack of energy
✓ Irritability
o
-
-
✓ Discharge from the vagina or
penis
✓ Burning or itching around the
vagina or penis
✓ Pain or discomfort during
urination or sex
✓ Frequent urination
✓ In
women,
trich-related
discharge
often
has
an
unpleasant “fishy” smell
Gonorrhea
Is another common bacterial STD.
It’s also known as “the clap”.
Many people with gonorrhea develop
no symptoms. But when present,
symptoms may include:
✓ A white, yellow, beige, or
green-colored discharge from
the penis or vagina.
✓ Pain or discomfort during sex
or urination.
✓ More frequent urination than
usual.
Trichomoniasis
Is also known as “trich”. It’s
caused by a tiny protozoan organism
that can be passed from one person
to another through genital contact.
According to CDC Trusted Source,
less than one-third of people which
trich
develop
symptoms.
When
symptoms do develop, they may
include:
o
-
Herpes
Is the shortened name for the
herpes simplex virus (HSV). There
are two main strains of the virus,
HSV-1 and HSV-2. Both can be
transmitted sexually. It’s a very
common STD.
✓ HSV-1 primarily causes oral
herpes, which is responsible
for cold sores. However, HSV1 can also be passed from one
person’s mouth to another
person’s genitals during oral
sex. When this happens, HSV-1
can cause genital herpes.
✓ HSV-2
primarily
causes
genital herpes.
-
-
o
The most common symptom of herpes
is blistery sores. In the case of
genital herpes, these sores develop
around
the
genitals.
In
oral
herpes, they develop on or around
the mouth.
Herpes sores generally crust over
and heal within a few weeks. The
first outbreak is usually the most
painful.
Outbreaks
typically
become less painful and frequent
over time.
Typical use failure rate: 0.1 –
0.4%.
•
-
❖ Hormonal Methods
•
-
Implant
The implant is a single, thin rod
that is inserted under the skin of
a women’s upper arm. The rod
contains
a
progestin
that
is
released into the body over 3
years. Typical use failure rate:
0.1%
•
-
Injection or “shot”
Women get shots of the hormone
progestin in the buttocks or arm
every three months from their
doctor. Typical use failure rate;
4%
•
-
Combined oral contraceptives
Also called “the pill”, combined
oral contraceptives contain the
hormones estrogen and progestin. It
is prescribed by a doctor. A pill
is taken at the same time each day.
If you are older than 35 years and
smoke, have a history of blood
clots or breast cancer, your doctor
may advise you not to take the
pill. Typical use failure rate: 7%
•
-
Progestin only pill
Unlike the combined pill, the
progestin-only
pill
(sometimes
called the mini-pill) only has one
hormone, progestin, instead of both
estrogen and progestin. It is
prescribed by a doctor. It is taken
at the same time each day. It may
be a good option for women who
can’t take estrogen. Typical use
failure rate: 7%
•
-
Patch
This skin patch is worn on the
lower abdomen, buttocks, or upper
Other, less common STDs include:
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Chancroid
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Granuloma inguinale
Molluscum contagiosum
Scabies
Methods of Contraception
o
Reversible Methods of Birth Control
❖ Intrauterine Contraception
•
-
Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System
(LNG IUD)
The LNG IUD is a small T-shaped
device like the Copper T IUD. It is
placed inside the uterus by a
doctor. It releases a small amount
of progestin each day to keep you
from getting pregnant. The LNG IUD
stays in your uterus for up to 3 to
6 years, depending on the service.
Copper T Intrauterine Device (IUD)
This IUD is a small device that is
shaped in the form of a T. Your
doctor places it inside the uterus
to prevent pregnancy. It can stay
in your uterus for up to 10 years.
Typical use failure rate: 0.8%.
body (but not on the breasts). This
method is prescribed by a doctor.
It releases hormones progestin and
estrogen into the bloodstream. You
put on a new patch once a week, you
do not wear a patch, so you can have
a menstrual period. Typical use
failure rate: 7%
•
-
Hormonal
vaginal
contraceptive
ring
The ring releases the hormones
progestin and estrogen. You place
the ring inside your vagina. You
wear the ring for three weeks, take
it out for the week you have your
period, and then put in a new ring.
Typical use failure rate: 7%
❖ Barrier Methods
•
-
Diaphragm or cervical cap
Each of these barrier methods are
placed inside the vagina to cover
the cervix to block the sperm. The
diaphragm is shaped like a shallow
cup. The cervical cap is a thimbleshaped
cup.
Before
sexual
intercourse, you insert them with
spermicide to block or kill sperm.
Visit your doctor for a proper
fitting because diaphragms and
cervical caps come in different
sizes. Typical use failure rate for
the diaphragm: 17%
•
-
Sponge
The contraceptive sponge contains
spermicide and is placed in the
vagina where it fits over the
cervix. The sponge works for up to
24 hours, and must be left in the
vagina for at least 6 hours after
the last act of intercourse, at
which time it is removed and
discarded. Typical use failure
rate: 14% for women who have never
had a baby and 27% for women who
have had a baby.
•
-
Male Condom
Worn by the man, a male condom
keeps sperm from getting into a
woman’s body. Latex condoms, the
most common type, help prevent
pregnancy, and HIV and other STDs,
as do the newer synthetic condoms.
“Natural” or “lambskin” condoms
also help prevent pregnancy, but
may not provide protection against
STDs, including HIV. Typical use
failure rate: 13%.
•
-
Female Condom
Worn by woman, the female condom
helps keeps sperm from getting into
her body. It is packaged with a
lubricant and is available at drug
stores. It can be inserted up to
eight
hours
before
sexual
intercourse. Typical use failure:
21% and also may help prevent STDs.
•
-
Spermicides
These products work by killing
sperm and come in several forms –
foam,
gel,
cream,
film,
suppository, or tablet. They are
placed in the vagina no more than
one hour before intercourse. You
leave them in place at least six to
eight hours after intercourse. You
can use a spermicide in addition to
a
male
condom,
diaphragm,
or
cervical cap. They can be purchased
at drug stores. Typical use failure
rate: 21%
❖ Fertility Awareness-Based Methods
➢ Understanding
your
monthly
fertility pattern external icon can
help you plan to get pregnant or
avoid
getting
pregnant.
Your
fertility pattern is the number of
days in the month when you are
fertile,
days
when
you
are
infertile, and days when fertility
is unlikely, but possible. If you
have a regular menstrual cycle, you
have about nine or more fertile
days each month. If you do not want
to get pregnant, you do not have
sex on the days you are fertile, or
you use a barrier method of birth
control on those days. Failure
rates vary across these methods.
Range of typical use failure rates:
2-23%
❖ Lactational Amenorrhea Method
➢ For women who have recently had a
baby and are breastfeeding, the
Lactational
Amenorrhea
Method
(LAM) can be used as birth control
when three conditions are met: 1)
amenorrhea
(not
having
any
menstrual periods after delivering
a baby), 2) fully or nearly fully
breastfeeding, and 3) less than 6
months after delivering a baby. LAM
is a temporary method of birth
control, and another birth control
must be used when any of the three
conditions are not met.
❖ Emergency Contraception
➢ Is NOT a regular method of birth
control.
➢ Can be used after no birth control
was used during sex, or if birth
control method failed, such as if
a condom broke.
•
-
Copper IUD
Women can have the Copper T IUD
inserted
within
five
days
of
unprotected sex.
•
-
Emergency contraceptive pills
Women
can
take
emergency
contraceptive pills up to 5 days
after unprotected sex, but the
sooner the pills are taken, the
better they will work.
❖ Permanent Methods of Birth Control
•
-
•
-
Female
Sterilization
–
Tubal
ligation or “tying tubes”
A woman can have her fallopian
tubes tied (or closed) so that
sperm and eggs cannot meet for
fertilization. Typical use failure
rate: 0.5%
Male Sterilization – Vasectomy
This operation is done to keep a
man’s sperm from going to his
penis, so his ejaculate never has
any sperm in it that can fertilize
an egg. Typical use failure rate:
0.15%