WRITTEN TEST
- SENIORS –
ANSWERS
SECTION 1 - RELIEF FORMS, LANDS AND LAND USE
POINTS
(i) A process involving the load/materials being dropped/dumped left behind by the waves/the
0.5
build-up of materials on a beach or by the sea.
Any two from ideas such as:
are not powerful/are gentle; have a swash that is stronger than the backwash/strong
2
(ii) swash/weak backwash; have a long wavelength; are low in height; reach the shore between
six and nine times each minute/low frequency; roll onto the beach/do not crash onto
it/spilling; build up beach/deposit material/do not erode.
Any three from ideas such as:
1.1
prevailing winds cause waves to approach at an angle to the shore; swash carries loose
1.5
(iii) material up the beach at an angle/in same direction as prevailing wind; backwash takes
(3x0.5)
material back out at 90 degrees/straight back/perpendicular; zigzag motion moves materials
along the beach/in the same direction/along the coast.
Any four features such as:
long and thin/elongated; curved/hooked end; attached to land at one end only; stretches partly
2
(iv) across estuary/bay/river mouth; made of sand shingle/may be covered by sand
(4x0.5)
dunes/deposited material; low in height/just above sea level; (salt) marsh develops behind spit
etc.
Any three examples of evidence such as:
1.5
1.2 (i) cliff; undercut/uneven profile/notches/jagged; cave; bay/uneven coastline/headland; areas of
(3x0.5)
(fallen) rock at base of cliff/big boulders at base of cliff or near the cliff/rocks broken off the
cliff.
Any five from ideas such as:
rock type; consolidated or unconsolidated rock; hard/strong or soft/weak rock; presence of
(ii) lines of weakness/joints/bedding planes; whether rocks will be eroded by corrosion or not;
2.5
wave power/wave type/amount of swash and backwash; presence or absence of coastal
(5x0.5)
defences; distance of fetch; stabilised by vegetation; width of/presence of beach or whether
shallow or deep water; shelter; wind strength; wave refraction; impact of other processes e.g.
sub-aerial processes etc.
SECTION 2 - CLIMATE CHANGE
Drought
2.1
0.5
• Changes in Precipitation Patterns: Climate change alters precipitation patterns, leading to
changes in the timing, intensity, and distribution of rainfall. This can result in prolonged dry
periods and reduced overall precipitation in some regions, contributing to drought conditions.
2.2
• Increased Evapotranspiration: Higher temperatures associated with climate change increase
evaporation rates from soils and transpiration from plants. This intensifies the drying of soil and
vegetation, exacerbating drought conditions.
4
• Rising Temperatures: Elevated global temperatures can enhance the rate of moisture loss
from soil and increase water demand by accelerating plant growth and evaporation. This can
lead to quicker onset and more severe droughts.
• Melting of Snowpack and Glaciers: In regions where water supply is heavily dependent on
melting snowpack or glaciers (such as mountainous areas), climate change-induced warming
can alter the timing and amount of meltwater, affecting water availability and potentially
leading to droughts.
• Shifts in Atmospheric Circulation Patterns: Climate change can alter atmospheric circulation
patterns, such as the jet stream and monsoon patterns, which play a crucial role in determining
regional precipitation. Changes in these patterns can lead to shifts in rainfall distribution,
increasing the likelihood of drought in some areas.
• Ocean Temperature Changes: Warmer ocean temperatures influence global weather patterns,
including phenomena such as El Niño and La Niña, which can affect precipitation patterns and
contribute to drought conditions in different parts of the world.
2.3
The countries most vulnerable to drought are typically those located in arid or semi-arid regions,
or those subject to extreme climate conditions. Here are some of the most vulnerable countries:
Somalia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Niger, India, Pakistan.
2.4
• Efficient Urban Water Management: Promoting efficient water management in urban areas,
including water recycling, reducing water losses, and implementing xeriscaping for
landscaping.
• Green Infrastructure: Integrating green spaces like urban parks, green roofs, and gardens
improves water retention and reduces urban heat island effects.
An ecological connection or several ecological connections that enable the movement of
2.5
populations of living organisms from one locality to another and form part of an ecological
network. They connect remote areas that are crossed by human migrations, they enable animals
with a large spatial range to function normally, there are no broken habitats…
SECTION 3 - POPULATION
3.1
2,8% / 27.9‰
Population
3.2
Total
Rural
(agricultural)
⁓ 1 313 515
⁓ 3 757 970
Settlement
zone
Agricultural
land
⁓ 1 755
2
2
2
Population density
(pop/km2)
Land use (km2)
Urban
1.5
Desert
Arithmetic
Agricultural
⁓ 2 141
1. Land degradation – Excessive land use (intensive agricultural activities can lead to soil
depletion, reduced fertility, and soil degradation), erosion (frequent soil tillage and lack of
protective measures can intensify soil erosion).
4
2. Pollution – Chemical pollution (increased use of pesticides, herbicides, and synthetic
fertilizers can contaminate soil and water resources), water pollution (pollution of the Nile River
and groundwater due to discharge of wastewater and chemicals from agricultural production).
3.3
3. Access to resources – Water scarcity (increased agricultural density can increase water
consumption for irrigation, which can lead to water scarcity for other needs, including drinking
water), overexploitation (intensive use of natural resources can lead to their depletion and
reduced availability for future generations).
3
4. Social issues – Poverty (increasing population numbers can worsen economic conditions,
especially if agricultural productivity cannot keep pace with population growth), health (high
population density can worsen living conditions, including access to healthcare services and
sanitation facilities).
5. Economic challenges – Inefficient agriculture (small farms may be less efficient and
productive, which can lead to economic problems for farmers), migration (lack of opportunities
in rural areas can stimulate migration to urban centers, creating additional pressure on
infrastructure and services in cities).
6. Ecological problem – Ecosystem destruction (intensive agricultural activities can lead to the
destruction of natural ecosystems and loss of biodiversity).
7. Infrastructure – Access and transportation (increasing population density can strain existing
infrastructure, including roads, schools, healthcare facilities, and other public services).
3.4
Copts
SECTION 4 - ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
1. Economic growth and development
4.1
- Increased investments (highway construction can attract new investments to the
region, such as factories, logistics centers, and business zones).
- Better transport connectivity (enabling faster and more efficient transportation of
people and goods, which can reduce business costs and enhance competitiveness of
local firms).
- Tourism development (improved access to tourist destinations can increase tourist
numbers and tourism revenues).
2. Employment
(i)
- Job creation (construction of the highway creates new jobs in the construction sector
initially, and later in sectors that develop due to the highway).
3. Infrastructure improvement
- Enhancement of local roads (highway construction often leads to improvement of
local transportation infrastructure).
4. Increased mobility
- Easier access to services (better transport connectivity allows easier access to
healthcare, education, and other services).
1
3
1. Environmental impacts
- Destruction of natural habitats (highway construction can lead to destruction of natural
habitats and negatively impact biodiversity).
- Pollution (increased traffic activity can lead to higher air and noise pollution).
2. Social impacts
- Displacement of population (highway construction may require displacement of
people living along the construction route).
(ii)
- Community changes (sudden influx of people and capital can alter the demographic
structure and social cohesion of the local community).
- Uneven economic development, where rural areas may remain neglected.
3. Economic and social costs
- High construction costs (highway construction is expensive and can impose significant
costs on the government, the region, and taxpayers).
- Economic weakening and potential closure of small businesses along existing routes,
which would be less trafficked..
4.2
Building ecological green corridors for wildlife movement to reduce habitat fragmentation;
planting trees and shrubs along the highway to reduce noise and air pollution; supporting local
entrepreneurs, small businesses, and residents to adapt to new conditions and utilize economic
opportunities brought by the highway; partial route relocation, if possible, in order to minimize
impact on settlements and displacement of people and on the environment.
TOTAL POINTS
3
4
40