Project Report
On
Zlingo (Ecommerce website)
Submitted
by
PATEL SAPAN HITESHKUMAR
Enrollment No.: 3060820025
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Agricultural Information Technology
College of Agricultural Information Technology
Anand Agricultural University
Anand – 388 110
GUJARAT (INDIA)
2023-24
INTERNSHIP PROJECT (PRJT – 421)
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I declare that final semester report entitled “Zlingo(Ecommerce
website)” is my own work conducted under the supervision of the guide
Mr.Kamal Mandalia and Dr.Yogesh Ghodasara further declare that to the
best of my knowledge, the report for B. Tech final semester does not contain
part of the work which has been submitted for the award of B. Tech Degree
eitherin this university or any other university without proper citation.
Patel Sapan H. (3060820025)
College of Agricultural Information Technology
Anand Agricultural University, Anand – 388 110
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “Zlingo(Ecommerce website)” has
been carried out by Patel Sapan Hiteshkumar – 3060820025 under my
guidance in partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Agricultural Information Technology of Anand Agricultural University,
Anand during the academic year 2024.
Date:
Internal guide
Dr. Yogesh Ghodasara
(Dean and Principal of AIT)
Zlingo(E- Commerce Website)
Acknowledgement
Towards the successful completion of my B. Tech in Agricultural Information
Technology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand . final year project training
in WeServe Codes Pvt. Ltd., I feel greatly obliged to certain specials.I am
sincerely gratitude to Mr.Kamal Mandalia of WeServe Codes Pvt. Ltd.,
Ahmadabad, who is providing me this opportunity and necessary support
during the development of the project. I am also grateful to all staff members
of this company for providing all the technical assistance and helping in solving
problems arising during developments. I heartily thankful to Dr. Yogesh
Ghodasara for his time, suggestions, support and guidance without whom this
project would have been a tough task.
I have no other words to express my sincere thanks to all faculties of
B. Tech in College of Agricultural Information Technology, AAU, Anand for
their kind co-operation and able guidance.
- Sapan Hiteshkumar Patel
Zlingo(E- Commerce Website)
Abstract
" Zlingo" is designed to revolutionize the online shopping landscape.
This dynamic website redefines convenience by offering an intuitive
interface for seamless buying and selling experiences. Emphasizing userfriendly navigation and robust security measures, Zlingo Plus ensures
peace of mind for both buyers and sellers. Leveraging the latest web
technologies and adhering to industry standards, Zlingo provides a
feature-rich environment, including secure payment gateways, efficient
order tracking, and personalized seller profiles. By fostering a vibrant
marketplace, Zlingo facilitates connections between users, empowering
them to discover, transact, and engage effortlessly. Experience the future
of online shopping with Zlingo —a platform dedicated to enhancing
every aspect of your shopping journey.
Zlingo(E- Commerce Website)
Company Profile
 Company Overview
WeServe Codes is a trusted software development company offering next-generation
software development solutions customized to your unique business needs. We are a
team of dedicated software developers, designers, project managers, and marketing
specialists to ensure we can handle everything from designing, developing, and
promoting your brand to the next level. With decades of experience in the software
industry, we have helped thousands of clients build high-quality software solutions,
responsive websites, and robust mobile applications that help them achieve their
business goals more efficiently.
 Why Choose WeServe Codes?
WeServe Codes has been serving global clients with the best-in-class software
development solutions for over 10+ years. Software experts at our company have a
minimum of 3 to 7 years of experience in handling simple to most complex software
development projects at ease. Whether you are planning to build a high-converting
website, scalable mobile or web application, or custom software, we have got you
covered everything. We are committed to excellence and deliver only the best solution
that meets your needs and expectations without compromising quality.
 Services:
1. Web Development
2. Customized Software
3. Mobile App Development
4. Web Design
5. CMS & E-commerce
6. QA & Testing
 Technologies:
Zlingo(E- Commerce Website)
• Microsoft Practices:
1.
.NET, .NET CORE
2.
MS Team Development
3.
Angular/Node
4.
React/Node
5.
MongoDB
6.
PHP-MySQL
• Mobile:
1.
iOS Development
2.
Android Development
3.
Flutter Development
4.
Cross Platform Responsive Design
• Web:
1.
HTML and CSS
2. Bootstrap
3. JQuery
4. Json
5. Angular JS
6. React Native
7. Node.js
8. Drupal
9. WordPress
10. Magento
11. UI/UX Design
Zlingo(E- Commerce Website)
Index
1. Introduction to Project
1.1 Problem Summary...................................................... ..............07
1.2 Project Purpose........................................................ .................07
1.3 Project Scope or Outcome.................................... .....................07
1.4 Goals & Objectives.................................................... ...............08
1.5 Key Features........................................................... ...................09
1.6 Technology and Literature Overview................... .....................13
2. Project Management
2.1 Project Planning and Scheduling........................ .......................16
2.2 Estimation.............................................. ......................... ..........21
2.3 Risk Identification, Analysis, and Management.........................23
3. System Requirement Study
3.1 User Characteristics............................... ......................... ...........27
3.2 Functional/Non-Functional Requirements....... ..........................28
3.3 Software and Hardware Requirements......... ..............................30
4. System Analysis
4.1 Study of Current System.................................... ......................... .................................31
4.2 Problems in Current System............... ......................... ................................................31
4.3 Requirement of New System............ ......................... ..................................................31
4.4 Feasibility Study.......................................................... ......................... .......................32
4.5 Functions of System – Use Case Diagram........... ......................... ..............................32
4.6 Features of New System.................................... ......................... ................................32
5. System Design
5.1 Functional and Behavioural Modeling – DFD.. ......................... ......................... .. .....34
5.2 UML Diagrams................................................ ......................... ...................................38
5.3 E R Diagram............................................................. ......................... ..........................40
5.4 Data Dictionary......................................................... ......................... ..........................41
6. Implementation Environment
6.1 Implementation Environment............................. ......................... ................................42
6.2 Program / Modules Specification with Screenshots......................... ............................43
6.3 Security Features......................................................... ......................... .......................48
7. Testing
7.1 Testing Plan............................................................ ......................... ...........................49
7.2 Testing Cases..................................................... ......................... ................................51
7.3 Testing Methods.......................................................... ............................. ..................52
8. Limitation and Future Enhancement
8.1 Limitation....................................... ............................. ...............................................53
9. Conclusion.............. ............................. .................................................................................................58
5
5
1. Introduction:
1.1. Problem Summary:
In the rapidly expanding realm of e-commerce, the challenges faced by both buyers and
sellers are multifaceted and often hindering the creation of seamless interactions. The absence of
a unified platform tailored to their specific needs results in fragmented user experiences, causing
inefficiencies and frustrations along the way. From the buyer's perspective, issues such as
incomplete or unclear product information, unreliable payment systems, and inadequate customer
support create barriers to making confident purchase decisions. Similarly, sellers encounter
challenges related to managing their inventory effectively, establishing trust with potential buyers,
and navigating complex payment processes.
Furthermore, the prevalence of security vulnerabilities and the increasing frequency of data
breaches pose significant risks to both consumers and businesses, further eroding trust and
confidence in online transactions. These challenges collectively impede the growth and
profitability potential within the online marketplace, necessitating the development of a
comprehensive e-commerce solution that addresses these issues head-on.
1.2. Project Purpose:
The primary objective of this project is to develop an innovative e-commerce platform that
caters to the evolving needs and expectations of modern consumers and businesses alike. By
leveraging cutting-edge technology and adopting user-centric design principles, our aim is to
create a seamless and intuitive shopping experience that enhances convenience and accessibility
for all users. Through meticulous attention to detail and continuous iteration based on user
feedback, our goal is to establish a robust online marketplace that fosters trust, engagement, and
satisfaction among both buyers and sellers.
1.3. Project Scope:
The scope of our project encompasses the development of a comprehensive e-commerce platform
equipped with a wide range of features and functionalities.
These include but are not limited to:
•
•
Intuitive and user-friendly product browsing interfaces to facilitate easy navigation and
exploration of available offerings.
Secure and reliable payment systems that instill confidence in buyers and streamline
1
•
•
•
•
transactions for sellers.
Efficient order management tools to track purchases, manage inventory, and facilitate timely
deliveries.
Customizable seller storefronts that allow vendors to showcase their products and establish
their brand identity.
Robust data security measures to safeguard sensitive information and protect users from
potential threats
Additionally, our project places a strong emphasis on scalability and flexibility, ensuring that
the platform can adapt to evolving user needs and technological advancements. Continuous
improvement and refinement, driven by valuable feedback from users, will be integral to our
approach, ensuring that the platform remains responsive to the ever-changing demands of the
e-commerce landscape.
1.4. Project Objectives:
 To develop an innovative and user-centric e-commerce website that provides a seamless
shopping experience, empowers merchants to showcase their products effectively, and fosters
customer engagement, thereby enhancing sales and brand loyalty.
1.5. Technologies Used:
 HTML (HyperText Markup Language):
Purpose: Provides the basic structure and layout for web pages.
Key Features:
•
Defines elements such as headings, paragraphs, images, links, forms, etc.
•
Organizes content hierarchically using tags like <div>, <span>, <p>, <h1> to <h6>,
etc.
•
Supports the inclusion of multimedia elements like images, videos, and audio.
 JavaScript:
Purpose: Enables dynamic and interactive behavior on web pages.
Key Features:
•
Supports variables, data types, operators, control structures, functions, etc.
•
Enables DOM manipulation for updating content, styles, and attributes dynamically.
•
Facilitates event-driven programming for handling user interactions.
•
Integrates with APIs to fetch data from servers, validate user input, and perform
calculations.
2
 Bootstrap:
•
Bootstrap is a widely used front-end framework that simplifies the process of designing
responsive and mobile-first websites.
•
It offers a collection of pre-designed CSS and JavaScript components, such as grids,
forms, buttons, and navigation bars, to expedite development.
•
One of its key features is the grid system, which enables developers to create responsive
layouts that adapt seamlessly to different screen sizes and devices, ensuring a consistent
user experience across various platforms.
 CSS (Cascading Style Sheets):
•
CSS is a core technology for styling web documents, providing control over layout,
colors, fonts, and spacing.
•
Key features include selectors for targeting HTML elements, cascading and specificity
for rule precedence, the box model for layout, and responsiveness for adapting to
different devices.
•
CSS promotes modularity and reusability through classes and external style sheets. It
also enables animations and transitions for interactive effects and ensures crossbrowser compatibility for consistent rendering.
•
Mastering CSS is essential for creating visually appealing and responsive web
experiences.
 AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML):
•
AJAX is a technique for creating dynamic and interactive web applications by
asynchronously exchanging data with a web server in the background.
•
It facilitates the updating of specific parts of a web page without requiring a full page
reload, resulting in faster and more responsive user experiences.
•
AJAX utilizes JavaScript to make HTTP requests to the server and process the server's
response dynamically, enabling seamless data retrieval and manipulation without
interrupting the user's interaction with the page.
3
 jQuery:
•
jQuery is a lightweight and feature-rich JavaScript library that simplifies client-side
scripting and DOM manipulation.
•
It provides a concise and efficient way to traverse and manipulate HTML documents,
handle events, and create animations.
•
jQuery's extensive collection of plugins extends its functionality, offering solutions for
various tasks such as form validation, image sliders, and AJAX interactions. Despite
the emergence of newer JavaScript frameworks like React and Vue, jQuery remains a
valuable tool for developers seeking to enhance the interactivity and usability of their
web applications with minimal code.
 Django Rest Framework (DRF):
•
Django Rest Framework is a powerful toolkit for building Web APIs using Django, a
high-level Python web framework.
•
It streamlines the process of creating RESTful APIs by providing tools and conventions
for serialization, authentication, and URL routing. DRF allows developers to define
API endpoints using Django's model-view-controller (MVC) architecture, simplifying
the mapping of database models to RESTful resources.
•
It supports serialization of data to and from various formats such as JSON, XML, and
YAML, offering flexibility for client-server communication. Additionally, DRF
includes built-in authentication and authorization mechanisms, ensuring secure access
to API endpoints.
 Postman:
•
Postman is a popular API development tool used for designing, testing, and debugging
APIs.
•
It offers a user-friendly interface for constructing HTTP requests, including support for
various request methods, headers, parameters, and payloads.
•
Postman's collection feature allows developers to organize and group related API
requests into folders, simplifying management and sharing with team members.
•
It offers robust testing capabilities, including automated tests using JavaScript scripts,
enabling validation of API responses, data-driven testing, and performance monitoring.
•
Postman's mock server feature enables simulation of API endpoints and responses,
4
facilitating API development and client-side testing without relying on a backend
server. Additionally, it provides collaboration features such as team workspaces and
version control, fostering seamless collaboration among developers, testers, and
stakeholders throughout the API development lifecycle.
 Tools Used:
 Visual Studio Code:
•
An integrated development environment (IDE) for writing, editing, and debugging
code.
•
Offers features such as syntax highlighting, code completion, and version control
integration for efficient development workflows.
 Postman:
•
A popular API development tool for designing, testing, and debugging APIs.
•
Allows for the construction of HTTP requests and the testing of API endpoints.
•
Supports automated testing and monitoring of API performance.
1.6. Project Implementation Details:
 Frontend Development:
•
•
•
Utilize HTML, jQuery, and JavaScript to create the structure, behavior, and
interactivity of the user interface.
Implement React.js components for building reusable UI elements and managing
application state.
Style the frontend using Tailwind CSS, leveraging its utility-first approach for rapid
styling and customization.
 Backend Development:
•
Develop server-side logic using Node.js with Express.js to handle HTTP requests and
responses.
5
•
Integrate MongoDB as the database for storing and retrieving e-commerce data, such
as products, orders, and user information.
Implement RESTful APIs to facilitate communication between the frontend and
backend components of the application.
•
Testing and Debugging:
•
Use Postman for testing and debugging APIs, ensuring the reliability and performance
of backend functionalities.
Write automated tests to validate API responses, perform data-driven testing, and
monitor API performance.
•
 Literature Review:
Research Question: What are the advantages of establishing an e-commerce platform
for businesses, particularly small enterprises?
 Key Findings:


Global Market Reach:
•
E-commerce platforms enable businesses to transcend geographical limitations and
access a global customer base.
•
By leveraging the internet, businesses can market their products or services to
consumers worldwide, thereby expanding their market reach and potential sales
opportunities.
Convenience for Customers:
• E-commerce provides convenience to customers by allowing them to shop online at
any time and from any location with internet access.
•

Reduced Operational Costs:
•
•

This flexibility eliminates the need for customers to visit physical stores, saving
time and effort while offering a seamless shopping experience.
Operating an e-commerce platform typically incurs lower operational costs
compared to maintaining physical storefronts.
Expenses such as rent, utilities, and staffing may be minimized, allowing
businesses to allocate resources more efficiently and achieve higher profit margins.
Data-Driven Insights:
6
•
•

E-commerce platforms generate valuable data on customer behavior, preferences,
and purchasing patterns.
Through analytics tools and tracking mechanisms, businesses can gather insights
into customer demographics, product preferences, and conversion rates, enabling
them to refine marketing strategies and enhance customer engagement.
Enhanced Visibility and Brand Recognition:
•
•
Establishing an e-commerce presence enhances a business's visibility and brand
recognition in the digital marketplace.
A well-designed and professionally curated e-commerce platform can attract new
customers, build trust, and strengthen brand loyalty through consistent branding
and messaging.
 Best Practices: Developing an E-commerce Platform:

User-Centric Design:
•
•

Security and Trustworthiness:
•
•

Prioritize user experience (UX) by designing intuitive navigation, clear product
listings, and seamless checkout processes.
Ensure mobile responsiveness to accommodate users accessing the platform from
various devices and screen sizes.
Implement robust security measures to protect customer data and ensure secure
transactions.
Utilize SSL certificates, encryption protocols, and PCI compliance standards to
safeguard sensitive information and build trust with customers.
Efficient Order Management and Fulfillment:
•
•
Streamline order processing, inventory management, and shipping logistics to
deliver a seamless shopping experience.
Integrate inventory tracking systems and establish partnerships with reliable
shipping carriers to fulfill orders promptly and accurately.
7
2. Project Management:
2.1. Project Planning and Scheduling:
Project planning is a structured and coordinated management process focused
on the activities necessary for the successful completion of a project.
 Scope of Project Planning:
•
The scope of project planning involves developing a cloud-based health
management system aimed at facilitating secure and efficient management of healthrelated data for healthcare providers and patients.
•
This system will encompass features such as appointment scheduling, electronic
medical records, prescription management, and patient communication tools.
 Objectives of Project Planning:
•
Define the roles and responsibilities of the project management team members.
•
Ensure alignment with business objectives throughout the project lifecycle.
•
Assess the feasibility of the schedule and user requirements.
•
Identify and manage project Constraints effectively.
•
Activities Involved in Project Planning:
 Requirement Gathering:
•
This phase entails identifying stakeholders, conducting interviews and surveys,
analyzing existing systems, creating user stories, prioritizing requirements,
documenting requirements, validating them, and managing them throughout the
development process.
 Analysis and Design:
• Involves defining the system architecture, designing the user interface, identifying
system functionalities and features, defining the data schema, developing use
8
cases, creating system models, validating the design, and refining it based on
feedback.
 Organizing and Distributing Work:
• This involves defining project goals, identifying tasks, assigning them to team
members, creating a work schedule, monitoring progress, managing resources,
maintaining regular communication, and addressing issues promptly.
 Back-end Development:
• This phase encompasses choosing a programming language, selecting a
framework, designing the database schema, developing data access code,
implementing business logic, creating API endpoints, implementing security
measures, testing, debugging, and documenting the code.
 UI Development:
• Involves defining UI requirements, selecting a front-end framework, designing the
UI layout, implementing UI components, developing UI interactions, ensuring
accessibility features, integrating with the back end, testing, debugging, and
documenting the code.
 Integration of UI and Back-end:
• This phase includes defining API endpoints, developing API calls, implementing
data validation, ensuring security measures, testing, debugging, and documenting
the code.
9

Project Scheduling
 Basic Principle of Project Scheduling:

Project scheduling in e-commerce development involves distributing estimated
effort across the planned project duration, allocating resources to specific software
engineering tasks. It serves as a tool to communicate:
1) The tasks to be performed.
2) The individuals responsible for each task.
3) The time frame within which each task must be completed.
 Requirement Gathering:
•
During this phase, requirements for the e-commerce platform are gathered from
stakeholders, including features, functionalities, and user expectations. The
gathered requirements are documented for further analysis and implementation.
 Analysis and Design:
•
This phase involves analyzing the gathered requirements and designing the
system architecture, including the database schema, server infrastructure, and
overall system flow. Design decisions are made to ensure scalability,
performance, and security.
 Back-end Development:
•
Back-end development focuses on implementing the server-side logic and
functionality of the e-commerce platform. This includes developing the backend
API, integrating with databases, implementing business logic, and ensuring data
security.
 Front-end Development:
•
Front-end development entails building the user interface (UI) of the e-commerce
platform to provide an engaging and intuitive shopping experience.
10
 Integration and Testing:
•
Integration and testing involve combining the front-end and back-end components
of the e-commerce platform and conducting comprehensive testing to ensure
functionality, performance, and usability. This includes unit testing, integration
testing, regression testing, and user acceptance testing.
 Deployment and Launch:
•
The e-commerce platform is deployed to the production environment, configured
for live usage, and launched for end-users. This involves setting up hosting
infrastructure, configuring domain settings, and performing final checks before
making the platform publicly accessible
 Maintenance and Support:
•
Post-launch, ongoing maintenance and support are essential to ensure the ecommerce platform remains functional, secure, and up-to-date. This includes
monitoring system performance, addressing user feedback, fixing bugs,
implementing updates, and scaling the platform to accommodate growth. Regular
backups and security audits are also conducted to safeguard data and prevent
security breaches.
11
 Work break down structure:
2.2.
Project Estimation
In the realm of e-commerce development, accurate project estimation
is fundamental for ensuring timely delivery within budget Constraints. Here's a
detailed breakdown of key considerations for project estimation:
 Project Scope:
•
The e-commerce platform aims to encompass essential features such as
intuitive product listings, secure payment processing, robust order management
functionalities, and customizable options for seller storefronts. Additionally,
features like user account management, customer reviews, and inventory
management may also be included based on requirements.
 Team Size:
•
Due to resource Constraints, a solo developer will take on multiple roles,
including front-end development, back-end development, database administration,
and quality assurance. While this setup offers flexibility, it also poses challenges in
terms of workload management and expertise diversification. The developer must
possess a comprehensive skill set covering various aspects of software
development.
12
 Complexity:
•
The e-commerce website's complexity is deemed moderate, primarily owing
to its integration requirements with third-party payment gateways. This integration
adds a layer of intricacy to the development process, necessitating careful planning
and execution. Moreover, ensuring scalability, security, and performance
optimization are critical aspects of managing complexity in e-commerce projects.
 Technology Stack:
•
Adopting modern technologies is pivotal for building a robust and scalable ecommerce platform.
•
The chosen technology stack includes Django Rest Framework (DRF) for the
front end, Bootstrap for the back end, and PostgreSQL for the database. Each
component is selected for its reliability, performance, and suitability to the project
requirements. Additionally, leveraging frameworks and libraries like React.js for
front-end development and Express.js for back-end development can enhance
development efficiency and maintainability.
 Testing and Quality Assurance:
•
•
•
•
Given the criticality of delivering a flawless user experience, a significant
portion, approximately 20% of the development timeline, is allocated to
testing and quality assurance activities.
Rigorous testing ensures that the platform meets all functional and
performance requirements before deployment.
This includes unit testing, integration testing, performance testing, security
testing, and user acceptance testing.
Automated testing frameworks and continuous integration tools may be
employed to streamline the testing process and improve overall product
quality.
 Third-party Integrations:
•
Integrating with third-party payment gateways and Electronic Health Record
(EHR) systems is expected to consume approximately 10% of the
development effort.
•
This integration process involves ensuring seamless communication between
the e-commerce platform and external systems while maintaining data
security and integrity.
13
•
API documentation and compatibility checks are crucial for successful
integration, and thorough testing is necessary to verify functionality and data
synchronization.
 User Experience and User Interface:
•
A substantial portion, roughly 30% of the development timeline, is dedicated
to crafting an exceptional user experience (UX) and user interface (UI).
•
The emphasis is on creating a visually appealing, intuitive, and responsive
interface that enhances user engagement and fosters trust and loyalty among
customers.
•
This involves conducting user research, creating wireframes and prototypes,
iterating on designs based on feedback, and implementing best practices for
usability and accessibility.
•
Front-end frameworks like React.js and Vue.js can facilitate the development
of dynamic and interactive user interfaces, while CSS preprocessors like Sass
or Less can streamline styling and theming.
14
 Calculation:
•
•
Testing and Quality Assurance: 20% of development time
Assuming a total development time of 100 hours, 20 hours will be
allocated for testing and quality assurance activities.
Third-party Integrations: 10% of development time
Following the same assumption, 10 hours will be dedicated to integrating
with third-party systems.
User Experience and User Interface: 30% of development time
Based on the total development time, 30 hours will be spent on designing
and implementing an exceptional user experience and interface.
By meticulously considering these factors during project estimation, the
development team can devise a realistic plan, allocate resources
effectively, and mitigate potential risks, ultimately steering the ecommerce project towards successful fruition within the defined
parameters
•
•
•
•
•
2.3.
Risk identification, analysis and management:
•
The purpose of this topic is to identify the risks involved in project. Here
we will consider all the possible risks that can affect the project.
•
Risk management is the human activity which integrates recognition of risk
(Identification), risk assessment (Analysis), developing strategies to
manage it (Planning) and mitigation of risk using managerial resources. Due
to some technical or managerial reason the project might not be able to
meet its requirement upto ultimate data given.
•
This risk exists in almost all projects. Technology being used might not be
able to meet the expectation.
•
This can occur when the design of some processes cannotbe implemented
in the chosen programming language.
•
Some categories of risk include product size, business impact, and
customer-related process, Technology, Development Environment,
Staffing, Schedule and cost. Developer inexperienceis also one of the risks
which will be considered.
•
This might happen if the person who chooses one task has no experience in
doing similar work. Constant turnover might happen.
•
The possibility of the risk is hard to gauge. If developer turnover is high,
then there will be a very high negative impact on the project.
•
This also delays the project as new people will first have to understand what
is happening and the flowof the module.
15
•
Database crash is one of the technical risks that will be considered.This risk
will be prioritized first.
 Risk Identification:
Potential risks and challenges that may arise during the development of a health
management system:
●
Security Risks: Patient data privacy and security must be maintained at all
times. A security breach could result in legal and financial liabilities.
●
Compliance Risks: The system must be designed to comply with relevant
regulations and standards. Non-compliance could result in legal and
financial penalties.
●
Technical Risks: Technical risks can include hardware and software
failures, system crashes, data loss, and other technical issues that can
impact the system's functionality and stability.
●
Integration Risks: Integration with other systems can be challenging
and may require additional resources and expertise.
●
Scalability Risks: The system must be designed to scale to handle
increasing volumes of users and data.
●
Performance Risks: The system must be designed to perform efficiently,
with fast response times and minimal downtime.
●
User Adoption Risks: The system must be designed to be user-friendly and
intuitive to encourage user adoption. Poor user adoption can result in low
utilization rates and impact the success of the system.
●
Budget and Schedule Risks: Changes in project scope, unexpected delays,
and other unforeseen circumstances can impact on the project budget and
timeline.
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 Risk Analysis and Mitigation Strategies:
1. Security Breaches:

Probability: High, Impact: High
 Mitigation: Implement robust security measures such as encryption, multi-factor
authentication, and regular security audits. Conduct employee training on security
protocols to mitigate risks.
2. Non-Compliance with Regulations and Standards:


Probability: Medium, Impact: High
Mitigation: Ensure system design aligns with relevant regulations and standards.
Conduct regular compliance audits and promptly address any compliance issues to
mitigate risks.
3. Technical Issues:


Probability: Medium, Impact: Medium
Mitigation: Implement a rigorous testing and quality assurance process to identify
and address technical issues promptly. Regularly monitor system performance and
stability to mitigate risks effectively.
4. Integration Challenges:


Probability: High, Impact: Medium
Mitigation: Collaborate closely with third-party vendors to define integration
requirements clearly. Conduct comprehensive testing of integrations to identify and
resolve issues promptly, reducing risks associated with integration challenges.
5. Scalability Challenges:


Probability: Medium, Impact: High
Mitigation: Design the system with scalability in mind, ensuring it can accommodate
increasing user volumes and data loads. Regularly monitor system performance to
identify and address scalability issues, minimizing associated risks.
6. User Adoption Challenges:


Probability: Low, Impact: High
Mitigation: Conduct thorough user research to understand user needs and
preferences. Design a user-friendly system and provide comprehensive user training
and support to encourage user adoption and mitigate associated risks effectively.
7. Budget and Schedule Overruns:


Probability: Medium, Impact: Medium
Mitigation: Establish a realistic budget and timeline, regularly monitoring progress
17
 Risk management:
•
Identify Risks: Identify potential risks, such as security breaches, compliance
issues, technical problems, integration challenges, scalability issues, user adoption
problems, and budget or schedule overruns.
•
Assess Risks: Assess the likelihood and impact of each identified risk. Prioritize
the risks based on their potential impact on the system.
•
Develop Mitigation Strategies: Develop mitigation strategies for each identified
risk. The strategies should be designed to minimize the impact of the risk on the
Implement Mitigation Strategies: Implement the mitigation strategies identified in
step 3. Monitor the effectiveness of the strategies and adjust them as necessary.
•
•
Monitor and Evaluate Risks: Regularly monitor and evaluate the risks throughout
the development process. Identify and address any new risks that arise.
•
Establish a Risk Management Plan: Establish a risk management plan that outlines
the steps that will be taken to manage risks during the development of the health
management system. The plan should be reviewed and updated regularly.
•
Train Employees: Train employees on the risk management plan and protocols to
ensure that they are aware of potential risks and know how to respond in the
eventof a r
18
3.System requirement study:
3.1. User Characteristics:
User characteristics of a e-commerce website can vary depending on the specific
roles and responsibilities of individuals within the organization. However, some of
the key user characteristics can include:
 Admin:
Admins play a pivotal role in managing the e-commerce platform,
possessing full control over its operations and settings. Responsible for overseeing
product listings, inventory management ,order processing, and user accounts,
administrators ensure the smooth functioning of the platform. They are adept at
navigating the backend interface, handling database management tasks, and
implementing security protocols to safeguard user data.
 Customers:
Customers form the core user base of the e-commerce website, engaging in
product browsing, purchasing, and interaction with the platform. They exhibit
diverse demographics, preferences, and shopping behaviors, ranging from new
visitors exploring products to loyal patrons seeking personalized recommendations.
Customers seek convenience, competitive pricing, and satisfactory customer
service, aiming to find products that meet their needs and expectation.
 Sellers:
Sellers, as merchants or vendors, list products for sale on the e-commerce
platform, managing their storefronts and inventory. Varying in size, specialty, and
business model, sellers may offer diverse products or specialize in niche markets.
They upload product listings, set pricing and inventory levels, manage order
fulfillment, and interact with customers. Sellers utilize seller dashboards or portals
to monitor sales, access reports, and communicate with customers, often integrating
third-party tools for inventory management, shipping, and marketing.
19
3.2. Functional Requirements:
Admin:
 User Management: The admin should have the capability to create, modify, and
delete user accounts, assign roles, and manage permissions.
 Product Management: Ability to add, edit, and remove product listings, including
details like descriptions, images, pricing, and inventory levels.
 Order Management: Ability to view and manage customer orders, process
payments, update order statuses, and generate order reports.
 Content Management: Tools for managing website content such as pages,
categories, banners, and promotional materials should be accessible to the admin.
 Analytics and Reporting: Access to analytics dashboards and the ability to
generate reports on sales performance, customer demographics, and website
traffic metrics.
Seller:
 Storefront Management: Sellers should be able to create and customize their
storefronts, including branding elements, product categories, and promotional
banners.
 Product Listing: Capability to add, edit, and delete product listings, including
details like descriptions, images, pricing, and inventory levels.
 Order Fulfillment: Ability to view and manage orders placed by customers,
update order statuses, print shipping labels, and communicate with buyers.
 Inventory Management: Tools for managing product inventory, including
tracking stock levels, receiving notifications for low inventory, and setting
automatic reorder thresholds, should be provided to sellers.
Customer:
 Product Browsing: Customers should be able to browse product listings, filter
and sort search results, view product details, and add items to their shopping cart.
 Account Management: Capability to create user accounts, login/logout, update
profile information, and manage order history should be provided to customers.
 Shopping Cart: Customers should be able to add, remove, and edit items in their
shopping cart, view order summaries, apply discounts or promo codes, and
proceed to checkout.
20
 Checkout Process: A seamless checkout process should guide customers through
entering shipping and billing information, selecting shipping options, and
completing payment.
 Order Tracking: Access to order tracking features, allowing customers to monitor
order status, view shipment tracking information, and receive notifications on
order updates.
 Non-Functional Requirements:
 Security: Ensure secure transmission of sensitive information through encryption
and data protection measures.
 Performance: The website should be fast, responsive, with quick page load times,
smooth navigation, and minimal latency during transactional processes.
 Usability: User-friendly interface with intuitive layouts, clear labeling, and
support for assistive technologies to enhance accessibility.
 Reliability: The website should be reliable and available, with minimal downtime
and robust error handling to prevent disruption of user experiences.
 Compatibility: Compatibility with various devices and browsers to ensure a
consistent experience across different platforms and screen sizes.
3.3. Software Requirements:
•
Editor: Visual Studio Code (VS Code)
•
Front End: HTML, Bootstrap, CSS, AJAX , JQUERY
•
Back End: Django Rest Framework
•
Database: PostgreSQL
•
Additional Tools: Postman for API development and testing
 Windows Specifications:
•
Operating System: Windows 11 Home Single Language
•
Version: 22H2
 Hardware Requirements:
•
Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5 7th Generation CPU
•
RAM: 8.00 GB (7.77 GB usable)
•
System Type: 64-bit operating system, x64-based processo
21
System Analysis:
4.1. Study of the Current System:
•
In the system analysis phase, it's imperative to delve into understanding the
existing processes comprehensively.
•
This involves studying current operations, including product management,
order processing, and customer service handling.
•
We analyze existing data, such as sales records and customer feedback, to
glean insights. Engaging with stakeholders like administrators, sellers, and
customers aids in understanding their needs and expectations.
•
We assess our current technology stack to ascertain its adequacy or identify
areas for upgrades. Conducting a SWOT analysis helps identify strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, laying the groundwork for designing
an effective new e-commerce platform.
4.2. Problems in the Current System:
•
Users encounter various challenges within the current system, impeding
their experience.
•
These include difficulty finding specific products due to limited search
options, sluggish loading times on certain pages, and lack of clear guidance
during checkout.
•
Account management issues, like password resets and profile updates,
contribute to user frustration and dissatisfaction. Addressing these issues is
vital to improving user satisfaction and encouraging repeat visits and
purchases.
4.3. Requirements of the New System:
•
The new e-commerce platform must rectify existing shortcomings and meet
user needs effectively.
•
It should feature enhanced search functionality with filters and sorting
options, along with optimized performance for faster loading and smooth
navigation.
•
A streamlined checkout process with clear instructions and simplified
account management functionalities is essential. Responsive design ensures
consistency across devices, while robust security measures protect user data.
•
Personalized product recommendations and comprehensive reporting tools
enhance user engagement and business insights.
•
Seamless integration with third-party tools streamlines operations, while
ongoing support ensures sustained user satisfaction.
22
4.4. Functions of the System - Use Case Diagram:
•
A use case diagram illustrates the system's functions and interactions
between users and the platform.
•
It outlines key functions like user registration, product search, adding items
to the cart, checkout, account management, and order history viewing.
•
Admin functions encompass managing product listings, processing orders,
generating reports, and overseeing user accounts.
•
Sellers interact with the system through tasks like product management,
inventory control, order processing, and customer communication.
4.5 . Features of the New System:
•
The new system will boast an intuitive user interface for seamless navigation
and accessibility.
•
Advanced search capabilities, a streamlined checkout process, and
personalized recommendations enhance user experience.
•
Robust security measures ensure data protection, while comprehensive
reporting tools provide valuable business insights.
•
Integration with third-party services optimizes operations, and ongoing
support ensures system reliability and user satisfaction.
•
These features collectively contribute to a user-friendly, efficient, and secure
e-commerce platform meeting user and business needs effectively.
4.6.Feasibility Study:
A feasibility study is imperative to assess the practicality and viability of
implementing the proposed e-commerce platform. It evaluates various aspects,
including technical, economic, operational, and scheduling considerations, to
determine if the project is feasible.
4.6.1. Technical Feasibility:
•
Existing Technology Evaluation: Assess the compatibility of the proposed
technology stack (React.js, Node.js with Express.js, MongoDB) with the
project requirements.
•
Resource Availability: Determine if the required hardware and software
resources are readily accessible or if any upgrades or acquisitions are
necessary.
•
Scalability: Evaluate the scalability of the chosen technology stack to
accommodate future growth and expansion of the platform.
23
4.6.2. Economic Feasibility:
•
Cost-Benefit Analysis: Conduct a cost-benefit analysis to compare the
projected costs of development, implementation, and maintenance against
the anticipated benefits and potential revenue generation.
•
Return on Investment (ROI): Estimate the ROI based on projected revenue
streams, cost savings, and other financial metrics to ensure the project's
profitability.
4.6.3. Operational Feasibility:
•
User Acceptance: Assess the willingness and readiness of stakeholders,
including administrators, sellers, and customers, to adopt and utilize the new
e-commerce platform.
•
Training and Support: Evaluate the feasibility of providing necessary training
and ongoing support to users to ensure effective utilization of the platform.
4.6.4. Scheduling Feasibility:
•
Timeline Assessment: Evaluate the proposed project timeline against
available resources, Constraints, and dependencies to determine if the
project can be completed within the desired timeframe.
•
Risk Management: Identify potential risks and develop mitigation strategies
to address any challenges that may arise during the project's execution.
Conclusion:
Based on the findings of the feasibility study, it is determined that the proposed
e-commerce platform is technically feasible, economically viable, operationally
feasible, and can be completed within the specified schedule with proper risk
management measures in place. Therefore, moving forward with the development
and implementation of the platform is recommended
24
4.System Design:
•
A Functional and behavior modelling:
 Data flow diagram:
1.Context level DFD
25
2. First level DFD:

Admin module:
26
 Seller module:
27

Customer Module
28
 UML diagram:
 Use Case diagram- Admin module
29
 Use case diagram- Seller module
30

Use Case Diagram :Customer Module
31
Entity relation diagram:
32
 Data Dictionary
• Admin
Field
Description
Data Type
Constraint
admin_id
Int
Primary Key
admin_name
Unique identifier for
Each admin in the system
Full name of admin
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL
admin_email
Email of admin
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL
admin_phno
Phone number of admin
Int
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL,
UNIQUE
NOT NULL
date
NOT NULL,
admin_password Password for accountof
admin
Created_at
Timestamp of account
creation
• Cutomer
Field
Description
Data Type
Constraint
customer_id
Unique identifier for
Each customer in the system
Full name of customer
Int
Primary Key
customer
_name
customer
Email of customer
_email
customer _phno Phone number of customers
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL
Int
customer
_password
Created_at
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL,
UNIQUE
NOT NULL
date
NOT NULL,
Password for account of
customer
Timestamp of account
creation
33
Seller :
Field
Description
Data Type
Constraint
seller_id
Int
Primary Key
seller _name
Unique identifier for
Each seller in the system
Full name of seller
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL
seller _email
Email of seller
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL
seller _phno
Phone number of seller
Int
seller
_password
Created_at
Password for account of
seller
Timestamp of account
creation
Varchar(30)
NOT
NULL,UNIQUE
NOT NULL
date
NOT NULL,
Field
Description
Data Type
Constraint
address_id
Int
Primary Key
user_id
Unique identifier for
address
User id of user
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL
city
City of user
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL
address_location Address of the user
Int
address_pincode Pin code if the user’s
address
Created_at
Timestamp of account
creation
Varchar(30)
NOT
NULL,UNIQUE
NOT NULL
date
NOT NULL,
Address :
34
Order :
Field
Description
Data Type
Constraint
order_id
Primary Key
user_id
Unique identifier for the
Int
order
Unique identifier of the user Varchar(30)
address_id
Address of the user
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL
order_date
Order date of the product
Int
order_status
Status of the order product
Varchar(30)
NOT
NULL,UNIQUE
NOT NULL
Field
Description
Data Type
Constraint
invoice_id
Unique identifier for
The invoice
Unique identifier of the user
Int
Primary Key
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL
date
Unique identifier of the
order
Order date of product
Int
invoice_file
The entire invoice file
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL,
UNIQUE
NOT NULL
NOT NULL
Invoice :
user_id
order_id
Payment :
Field
Description
Data Type
Constraint
payment_id
Unique identifier for the
payment done
Unique identifier for the
order
Int
Primary Key
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL
order_id
35
Catgory:
Field
Description
Data Type
Constraint
category_id
Unique identifier for the
category
Name of the category
Int
Primary Key
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL
category_name
parent_category_id Unique identifier of the
parent category
Product:
Field
Description
Data Type
Constraint
product_id
Unique identifier for
The product
Brand of the product
Unique identifier of seller
Unique identifier of category
Name of the product
Rating of the product
Image of the prodcut
Price of the product
Address where the product
has to be delivered
Int
Primary Key
Varchar(30)
Int
Int
Varchar(30)
Int
Image
Int
Varchar(50)
NOT NULL
Foreign Key
Foreign Key
NOT NULL
NOT NULL
NOT NULL
NOT NULL
NOT NULL
Field
Description
Data Type
Constraint
review_id
Unique identifier for
the review
Unique identifier for
the product
Detailed review
Int
Primary
Key
Foreign Key
product_brand
seller_id
category_id
product_name
product_rating
product_image
product_price
address_at
Review:
product_id
review
Int
Varchar(30)
Default
=Null
36
Variant:
Field
Description
Data Type
Constraint
variant_id
Int
Primary Key
Varchar(30)
Foreign Key
Available
Unique identifier of the
variant
Unique identifier for
the product
Available product
Boolean
NOT NULL
variant_name
Name of the variant
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL
variant_price
Price of the variant
Int
NOT NULL
variant_image
Image of the variant
Image
NOT NULL
product_id
Cart:
Field
Description
Data Type
Constraint
cart_id
Unique identifier for
the cart
Unique identifier for
the user
Timestamp of the user
created
Int
Primary
Key
Foreign
key
NOT
NULL
user_id
created_at
Varchar(30)
DateTime
37
CartItem:
Field
Description
Data Type
Constraint
cartitem_id
Int
Int
Primary
Key
Foreign Key
Int
Foreign key
quantity
Unique identifier for
the cart item
Unique identifier for
the cart
Unique identifier for
the variant
Number of the product item
Int
Int
unit_price
Unit price of the item
Int
Int
Field
Description
Data Type
Constraint
att_val_id
Unique identifier for
the attribute value
Unique identifier for
the attribute
Value of the attribute
Int
Primary Key
Int
NOT NULL
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL
Field
Description
Data Type
Constraint
tag_id
Unique identifier for
the tag
Name of the tag
Int
Primary Key
Varchar(30)
NOT NULL
cart_id
variant_id
Attribute:
att_id
att_val
Tag :
tag_name
38
Coupon:
Field
Description
Data Type
Constraint
coupon_id
Unique identifier for
the coupon
The code of the coupon
Int
Primary Key
The type of the coupon
discount
The amount of discount
Int
NOT NULL
Int
NOT NULL
applicable_to_cart_total The amount of discount
applicable to cart total
start_date
The start date of the
coupon
end_date
The end date of the
coupon
Int
NOT NULL
DateTime
NOT NULL
DateTime
NOT NULL
coupon_code
oupon_discount_type
discount_amount
Varchar(30) NOT NULL
6. Implementation Environment :
6.1. Implementation Environment:
The implementation environment for the e-commerce platform encompasses both the development
and deployment setups. It includes the necessary hardware, software, and network configurations to
support the development, testing, and eventual deployment of the platform.
 Hardware Requirements:
•
Development Server: A dedicated server for hosting the development environment, equipped
with sufficient processing power and memory to support the development tasks.
•
Testing Environment: A separate testing server to conduct thorough testing of the platform's
functionalities and performance before deployment.
•
Deployment Server: A production server capable of handling the anticipated traffic and
workload of the live e-commerce platform.
 Software Requirements:
•
Operating System: Linux-based operating system for servers, such as Ubuntu or CentOS, to
provide a stable and secure environment.
•
Web Server: Apache or Nginx web server to serve the e-commerce platform to users over the
internet.
39
•
Database Management System: PostgreSQL database management system to store and
manage product data, user information, and transaction records.
•
Development Tools: Integrated Development Environment (IDE) like Visual Studio Code or
Sublime Text for coding and debugging, Git for version control, and Postman for API testing.
•
Frameworks and Libraries: Node.js with Express.js for backend development, React.js for
frontend development, and other necessary libraries and frameworks for additional
functionalities.
 Network Configurations:
•
Domain Name: A registered domain name for the e-commerce platform to provide a unique
web address for users to access.
•
SSL Certificate: Secure Socket Layer (SSL) certificate to encrypt communication between
users' browsers and the server, ensuring data security.
•
Firewall Configuration: Firewall rules to control incoming and outgoing network traffic,
enhancing server security.
 Infrastructure:
The infrastructure for an e-commerce platform needs to be robust and scalable to support the demands
of online retail operations. This includes both hardware and software components:
 Hardware:
•
Servers, storage devices, and networking equipment must be selected to handle the expected
traffic and workload of the e-commerce platform. This may involve deploying servers in a
data center or using cloud-based infrastructure for flexibility and scalability.
•
Software: Operating systems, databases, web servers, and other software components must be
carefully chosen to ensure optimal performance, reliability, and security.
•
This may include using Linux-based operating systems for servers, PostgreSQL for the
database management system, and Apache or Nginx as the web server.
 Security:
•
•
•
•
•
Security is paramount in e-commerce to protect customer data, financial transactions, and
sensitive business information. The following security measures should be implemented:
Encryption: Secure Socket Layer (SSL) encryption should be used to encrypt data transmitted
between users' browsers and the server, preventing unauthorized access.
Access Controls: Role-based access controls should be implemented to restrict access to
sensitive information and administrative functions based on users' roles and permissions.
Compliance: The e-commerce platform must comply with relevant regulations such as PCI
DSS for payment card data security and GDPR for data protection and privacy.
 Integration:
•
Integration with third-party services and systems is essential for seamless operations and
40
enhanced functionality. This may include:
•
•
•
•
Payment Gateways: Integration with payment gateways such as PayPal or Stripe for secure
online transactions.
Inventory Management Systems: Integration with inventory management systems to track
product availability and manage stock levels.
Shipping Providers: Integration with shipping providers for real-time shipping rates, label
printing, and order tracking.
 Training:
•
•
•
Training is crucial for ensuring that staff members can effectively use the e-commerce
platform. This may involve:
User Training: Training sessions for employees responsible for managing product listings,
processing orders, and providing customer support.
Administrator Training: Training for system administrators responsible for configuring and
maintaining the e-commerce platform.
 Testing:
•
•
•
•
Thorough testing is essential to identify and address any issues before the e-commerce
platform is launched. This includes:
Functional Testing: Testing the functionality of the platform to ensure that all features work
as expected.
Performance Testing: Testing the performance of the platform under different loads to ensure
optimal speed and responsiveness.
Security Testing: Testing the security of the platform to identify and address any
vulnerabilities or weaknesses.
 Support and Maintenance:
•
•
•
•
•
Ongoing support and maintenance are necessary to keep the e-commerce platform running
smoothly. This may involve:
Regular Updates: Applying software updates and security patches to ensure that the platform
remains secure and up-to-date.
Technical Support: Providing technical support to address any issues or concerns that arise
during day-to-day operations.
Monitoring: Monitoring the performance and security of the platform to identify and address
any issues proactively.
41
6.2. Program / Modules Specification with Screenshots:
The e-commerce platform consists of several modules, each serving specific functions to ensure
smooth operation and enhanced user experience. Below are the key modules along with their
specifications and screenshots:
 Customer Pages :
42
43
44
45
 Admin Pages :
46
47
48
 Seller Pages :
49
50
6.3. Security Features for an E-commerce Website:
• Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Encryption:
SSL encryption should be implemented to secure sensitive data such as payment information during
transactions. This ensures that customer data remains confidential and protected from unauthorized
access.
• Secure Payment Gateways:
Integration with secure payment gateways such as PayPal, Stripe, or Authorize.Net ensures that
customer payment information is processed securely, reducing the risk of fraud or data breaches.
• Two-Factor Authentication (2FA):
Implementing 2FA adds an extra layer of security by requiring users to provide two forms of
authentication, such as a password and a unique code sent to their mobile device, before accessing
their accounts or making transactions.
• Regular Security Audits:
Conducting regular security audits and penetration testing helps identify vulnerabilities in the ecommerce website's infrastructure, codebase, and third-party integrations, allowing for timely
remediation and strengthening of security measures.
• Fraud Detection and Prevention:
Utilizing advanced fraud detection algorithms and machine learning models can help identify and
prevent fraudulent activities such as payment fraud, account takeover, and identity theft, safeguarding
both the business and its customers.
• Secure Hosting Environment:
Hosting the e-commerce website on a secure and reliable hosting platform with robust security
measures such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and regular backups ensures data integrity and
availability, even in the face of cyber threats or server failures.
• Compliance with Data Protection Regulations:
Ensuring compliance with data protection regulations such as PCI DSS, GDPR, and CCPA is essential
for protecting customer privacy and avoiding regulatory penalties. This includes implementing
measures to securely store, process, and transmit customer data in accordance with legal requirements.
• User Account Security:
Encouraging users to use strong, unique passwords and providing options for account recovery and
password reset mechanisms enhances user account security. Additionally, implementing account
lockout mechanisms and session management controls helps prevent unauthorized access to user
accounts.
51
• Security Awareness Training:
Providing comprehensive security awareness training to employees and stakeholders involved in
managing and maintaining the e-commerce website helps raise awareness about potential security risks
and best practices for mitigating them, fostering a culture of security within the organization.
7. Testing:
7.1 Testing plans:
 Unit Testing:
This involves testing individual units or components of the systemto ensure
they work as intended. For example, testing the functionality of a login module or
a patient registration module.
 Integration Testing:
This involves testing how different modules or components of the system
work together. For example, testing how a patient record is created, updated, and
deleted in different parts of the system.
 System Testing:
This involves testing the system to ensure it meets the requirements and
specifications of the project. This includes testing all modules, components, and
features of the system to ensure that they work together as intended.
 Acceptance Testing:
This involves testing the system against the requirements andspecifications
provided by the client or stakeholders to ensure that the system meets their needs.
 Security Testing:
This involves testing the security features of the system to ensure that
patient data is secure from potential cyber threats and unauthorized access.
 Performance Testing:
This involves testing the system to ensure that it can handle the expected
workload and performance requirements. This includes testing the system under
different loads and scenarios to identify potential bottlenecks or performance
issues.
 Usability Testing:
This involves testing the system to ensure that it is easy to useand
navigate for healthcare professionals and patient
7.2 Testing strategy
 Black box testing52

The technique of testing without having any knowledge of the interior
workings of the application is called black-box testing.

The tester is oblivious to the system architecture and does not have
access to the source code.

Typically, while performing a black-box test, a tester will interact with
the system's user interface by providing inputs and examining outputs
without knowing how and where the inputs are worked upon.
This method of testing is named as black box because the software program, in the
eyes of the tester, is like a black box; inside which one cannot see. This method
attempts to find errors in the following categories:
●
●
●
●
●
Incorrect or missing functions
Interface errors
Errors in data structures or external database access
Behavior or performance errors
Initialization and termination errors
To implement a black box testing strategy in a health management system, we need
to identify the requirements, create test scenarios, define test cases, execute test
cases, report defects, verify defect resolution, and document results.
 White box testingWhite-box testing is the detailed investigation of internal logic and structure of the
code. White-box testing is also called glass testing or open-box testing. To perform
white box testing on an application, a tester needs to know the internal workings of
the code.
This method of testing is named as white box because the software program, in
the eyes of the tester, is like a white/transparent box; inside which one clearly
sees. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determines
the appropriate output.
To implement a white box testing strategy in a health management system, you
need to gain an understanding of the code, identify key areas, develop test cases,
execute test cases, debug the code, retest, and report the results.
53
7.3 Test Cases:
54
7.4 Test Report
55
8. Limitations of an e-commerce website:

Data Security:
An e-commerce website deals with sensitive customer information such as
personal details and payment credentials. If the website's security measures are
inadequate, it can lead to data breaches and compromise customer trust.

User Experience:
The success of an e-commerce website heavily relies on its user experience.
If the website is not intuitive, responsive, or optimized for various devices, users may
abandon their shopping carts or find it challenging to navigate, resulting in lost sales
opportunities.

Technical Issues:
Like any digital platform, e-commerce websites are susceptible to technical
glitches such as server downtime, slow loading times, or payment processing errors.
These issues can frustrate customers and deter them from completing their purchases.

Competition:
The e-commerce landscape is highly competitive, with numerous players
vying for customers' attention and spending. Standing out amidst this competition
requires significant investments in marketing, branding, and customer acquisition
strategies.
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9. Conclusion:
In conclusion, e-commerce websites present significant opportunities for
businesses to expand their reach and boost sales on a global scale. However,
along with these opportunities come challenges such as data security risks, user
experience deficiencies, and fierce competition in the market.
Data security is paramount, given the sensitive nature of customer information
handled by e-commerce platforms. Breaches or leaks can lead to severe
consequences, including loss of trust and legal ramifications. Similarly, ensuring
a seamless user experience is crucial for retaining customers and encouraging
repeat purchases. Any hurdles in navigation, checkout processes, or mobile
responsiveness can drive users away.
Moreover, the e-commerce landscape is saturated with competitors vying for
consumer attention and loyalty. Standing out amidst this competition requires
innovative approaches and continuous adaptation to evolving market trends and
consumer preferences.
However, e-commerce businesses can overcome these challenges by embracing
future enhancements and staying ahead of the curve. Personalization, for
instance, allows businesses to tailor their offerings to individual customer
preferences, enhancing engagement and loyalty. Integration of AR/VR
technology enriches the shopping experience, enabling customers to interact with
products virtually before making a purchase, thus reducing uncertainties and
boosting confidence.
Implementing omni-channel strategies ensures consistency and seamlessness
across various touchpoints, whether it's the website, mobile app, social media
platforms, or physical stores. This integrated approach enhances convenience and
accessibility, catering to the diverse needs and preferences of modern consumers.
Furthermore, adopting sustainability initiatives not only aligns with growing
environmental concerns but also resonates with socially conscious consumers.
By prioritizing eco-friendly practices in packaging, shipping, and product
sourcing, e-commerce businesses can attract and retain environmentally
conscious customers, thus gaining a competitive edge in the market.
In essence, by leveraging these future enhancements, e-commerce websites can
not only address existing challenges but also unlock new opportunities for
growth and differentiation. By delivering exceptional value to customers while
maintaining a competitive edge, e-commerce businesses can thrive in an everevolving digital landscape.
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