STRUGGLES, TRIALS AND
EXECUTION OF RIZAL
Second Homecoming.
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Rizal arrived in Manila on June 26, 1892,
accompanied by his widowed sister Lucia.
He was welcomed lavishly and entertained at
the homes of his friends, where he discussed
the problems affecting the Filipino people.
Rizal returned by train to Manila and was
shadowed by government spies who closely
monitored his movements.
The homes he visited were razded by the
Guardia Civil, who seized copies of Rizal's
novels "Noli Me Tangere" and "El
Filibusterismo," as well as some "subversive"
pamphlets.
Rizal sought an audience with the Spanish
governor general, General Eulogio Despujol,
at the Malacañang Palace.
Rizal had several interviews with Governor
General Despujol during his time in Manila.
Rizal expressed his belief that the fight for
Filipino liberties had shifted to the
Philippines and that the battlefield was no
longer in Madrid.
Founding of the Liga Filipina
Meeting at Doroteo Ongjunco's Home:
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On the evening of Sunday, July 3, 1892, Rizal
attended a meeting at the home of Doroteo
Ongjunco in Tondo, Manila, where he
presented the objectives of the Liga Filipina.
Rizal explained the role of the Liga in the
socio-economic life of the people and
discussed the Constitution he had written in
Hong Kong.
The patriots present, including notable
figures like Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Andres
Bonifacio, and Apolinario Mabini, approved
the establishment of the Liga.
Constitution and Structure:
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The Liga Filipina aimed to unite Filipinos for
mutual protection, defense against injustice,
and the promotion of education, agriculture,
and commerce.
The Supreme Council governed the league,
with Provincial Councils in every province
and popular Councils in every town.
Membership was open to all Filipinos
dedicated to the welfare of their country.
Nepunan, Danica A.
Officers and Motto:
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Ambrosio Salvador, Deodato Arellano,
Bonifacio Arevalo, and Agustin de la Rosa
were elected as officers of the Liga Filipina.
The league's motto was "Unus Instar
Omnium," symbolizing unity and solidarity
among members.
Duties and Fees:
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Members were required to pay an entrance
fee and monthly dues, with responsibilities
including obeying orders, recruiting new
members, maintaining secrecy, and assisting
fellow members.
The entrance fee was 2 pesos, and the
monthly due was 10 centavos.
Exile in Dapitan
1. Arrival in Dapitan:
 Rizal was exiled to Dapitan on July 17,
1892, under the supervision of Captain
Ricardo Carnicero.
 Despite the circumstances of his exile,
Rizal maintained a positive relationship
with Captain Carnicero, who granted him
certain freedoms and privileges.
2. Activities and Achievements:
 Rizal's exile in Dapitan was marked by
his dedication to various pursuits:
o Medical
Practice:
Rizal
practiced medicine and provided
healthcare services to the
community.
o Scientific Studies: He continued
his scientific studies and
research,
expanding
his
knowledge in various fields.
o Artistic and Literary Works:
Rizal continued to engage in
artistic and literary endeavors,
showcasing his creativity and
intellect.
o Language Studies: He widened
his knowledge of languages,
further enriching his linguistic
abilities.
o Educational Initiatives: Rizal
established a school for boys,
emphasizing the importance of
education
in
community
development.
o Community
Projects:
He
promoted
community
development projects aimed at
improving the lives of the
residents in Dapitan.
BSEE 3A
o
Inventions: Rizal invented a
wooden machine for making
bricks,
showcasing
his
innovative spirit.
o Farming and Commerce: He
engaged in farming and
commercial
activities,
contributing to the local
economy.
3. Correspondence and Connections:
 Despite his remote location, Rizal
maintained extensive correspondence
with his family, relatives, fellow
reformists, and prominent figures in
Europe.
 His network of communication included
individuals such as Blumentritt, Reinhold
Rost, A.B. Meyer, and other scholars and
scientists.
Beginning of Exile in Dapitan
1. Arrival in Dapitan:
 Rizal arrived in Dapitan on July 17, 1892,
after being deported from Manila under
the decree of Governor General
Despujol.
 He was brought to Dapitan by the
steamer Cebu and handed over to Captain
Ricardo Carnicero, the warden of the
town.
2. Conditions of Exile:
 Upon his arrival, Rizal was faced with
certain conditions set by the authorities,
particularly the Jesuit Society:
o Father Pablo Pastells, the
Superior of the Jesuit Society in
the
Philippines,
outlined
conditions for Rizal's stay at the
parish convent in Dapitan,
o These conditions included a
public retraction of his views on
religion, pro-Spanish statements,
church rites, and exemplary
behavior as a Spanish subject.
3. Living Arrangements:
 Initially, Rizal did not agree with the
conditions set by the authorities for his
stay in Dapitan.
 He resided in the house of the
commandant, Captain Carnicero, where
their relationship was described as warm
and friendly.
 Captain Carnicero, despite being Rizal's
warden, admired Rizal's qualities and
allowed him certain freedoms, such as
riding his chestnut horse and reporting to
the office once a week.
Nepunan, Danica A.
4. Interactions and Acknowledgments:
 Rizal's interactions with Captain
Carnicero were marked by mutual
respect and admiration.
 In a gesture of esteem, Rizal composed a
poem titled "A Don Ricardo Carnicero"
on the occasion of the captain's birthday,
showcasing their positive relationship.
Wins in Manila Lottery
During his exile in Dapitan, Jose Rizal
experienced a stroke of luck with wins in the Manila
Lottery, which had notable implications for his
financial situation and activities.
1. Lottery Winnings:
 Rizal's involvement in the Manila
Lottery resulted in significant financial
gains during his exile in Dapitan.
 He won a substantial amount of money
from the lottery, with his share of the
winning ticket amounting to P6,200.
2. Financial Allocation:
 Upon receiving his lottery winnings,
Rizal made strategic decisions on how to
allocate the funds:
o He gave P2,000 to his father and
P200 to his associate Basa in
Hong Kong, demonstrating his
generosity and sense of familial
responsibility.
o Rizal invested the remaining
amount wisely by purchasing
agricultural lands along the coast
of Talisay, near Dapitan,
showcasing his financial acumen
and investment strategy.
3. Personal Insights:
 Rizal's participation in the Manila
Lottery revealed a lighter side of his
personality and habits:
o Despite abstaining from vices
like hard liquor and smoking,
Rizal had a penchant for
participating in the lottery, which
was considered his only vice.
o His lottery investments dated
back to his time in Madrid,
where he regularly purchased
lottery tickets, indicating a longstanding interest in this form of
gambling.
4. Community Excitement:
 The news of Rizal's lottery win created a
buzz in the town of Dapitan, leading to a
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moment of excitement and celebration
among the residents:
o The arrival of the mail boat
Butuan, carrying the news of the
lottery win, prompted a festive
atmosphere in Dapitan, with
Captain Carnicero and the
townspeople eagerly awaiting
the announcement.
o The joint win of the second prize
in the Manila Lottery further
solidified
Rizal's
financial
standing and reputation in the
community.
Rizal-Pastells Debate on Religion
During his exile in Dapitan, Jose Rizal
engaged in a thought-provoking debate on religion
with Father Pablo Pastells, a Jesuit priest.
1. Debate Initiation:
 The debate between Rizal and Father
Pastells on religious matters began with a
series of letters exchanged between them.
 Rizal expressed his anti-Catholic ideas
and criticisms of certain religious
practices, influenced by his experiences
in Europe and his observations of abuses
by friars.
2. Content of the Debate:
 Rizal's letters to Father Pastells, dated
between October 1892 and April 1893,
revealed his deep-seated beliefs and
objections to aspects of the Catholic
faith.
 He articulated his views on religion, the
role of the friars, and his motivations for
challenging certain religious practices.
3. Inconclusive Outcome:
 Despite the intensity of their debate and
the contrasting viewpoints presented, the
Rizal-Pastells Debate on Religion ended
inconclusively.
 Rizal remained steadfast in his beliefs
and could not be swayed by Father
Pastells' arguments, leading to a
stalemate in their discussion.
4. Continued Respect and Friendship:
 Despite their religious differences and
the impassioned nature of their debate,
Rizal and Father Pastells maintained a
level of mutual respect and friendship.
 In a gesture of goodwill, Father Pastells
gifted Rizal a copy of the "Imitation of
Christ," a renowned Catholic book, while
Rizal reciprocated by presenting his
Nepunan, Danica A.
Jesuit opponent with a bust of St. Paul
that he had crafted.
5. Personal Reflections:
 The debate with Father Pastells provided
insight into Rizal's complex relationship
with religion, his intellectual rigor, and
his willingness to engage in challenging
discussions on matters of faith 28.
 Rizal's correspondence with Father
Pastells highlighted his critical thinking
skills, his commitment to his beliefs, and
his ability to maintain civility and respect
in intellectual exchanges.
Rizal and Father Sanchez.
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During his time in Dapitan, Jose Rizal had a
friendly relationship with Father Francisco
De Paula Sanchez, a Spanish priest who was
Rizal's favorite teacher at the Ateneo de
Manila.
Despite their theological differences, they
engaged in friendly debates on religion.
Father Sanchez, along with other priests, tried
to persuade Rizal to return to the Catholic
faith.
They collaborated on projects, including a
manuscript on the Tagalog language. Their
relationship was characterized by mutual
respect, shared cultural interests, and
intellectual engagement, despite their
religious disagreements.
As a physician in Dapitan
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During his exile in Dapitan, Jose Rizal served
as a physician, offering free medical services
to the community.
He performed surgeries, including operating
on his mother's eye, and received payments
from wealthy patients for his surgical skills.
Rizal's experiences in Dapitan sparked his
interest in local medicine practices, and his
dedication to providing medical care
reflected his compassion and commitment to
serving others during his exile.
Other struggles of Rizal
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During his time in Dapitan, Jose Rizal
undertook various community projects,
including the construction of a water system
to provide clean water to the townspeople.
Despite
limited
resources,
Rizal's
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engineering feat was praised by modern
engineers.
He also engaged in beautification projects for
Dapitan, aiming to rival the best in Europe.
Additionally, Rizal served as a teacher to 21
students, imparting knowledge in subjects
such as reading, writing, languages,
geography, history, mathematics, industrial
work, nature study, morals, and gymnastics.
His dedication to community development
and education exemplified his commitment
to improving the lives of the people in
Dapitan.
During his exile in Dapitan, Jose Rizal made
significant contributions to science by
collecting a diverse array of specimens,
conducting anthropological, ethnographical,
archaeological, geological, and geographical
studies.
He discovered rare specimens named in his
honor by scientists and corresponded
extensively with European scientists. Rizal's
linguistic studies expanded to include
languages such as Bisaya, Subanun, and
Malay, adding to his repertoire of 22
languages.
In terms of artistic works, Rizal continued his
literary and artistic pursuits, showcasing his
versatility and creativity.
As a farmer, Rizal acquired land, cultivated
various crops, and encouraged modern
agricultural methods among Dapitan farmers.
His involvement in science, linguistics, art,
and
agriculture
demonstrated
his
multifaceted talents and dedication to
intellectual and practical pursuits during his
exile.
Rizal and the Katipunan
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Jose Rizal indirectly influenced the
Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society,
through his writings that inspired its members
to fight for Philippine independence.
While Rizal advocated for reforms
peacefully, his novels exposed Spanish
colonial abuses, fueling the spirit of
nationalism and resistance that shaped the
Philippine revolution led by the Katipunan.
Volunteers as a Military Doctor in Cuba
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Jose Rizal volunteered as a military doctor in
Cuba during its revolution and yellow fever
epidemic.
Despite initially offering his services to
Governor General Ramon Blanco, he
received no reply for months. Eventually, he
received acceptance from Blanco to join the
Medical Corps in Cuba.
This unexpected opportunity showcased
Rizal's humanitarian spirit and willingness to
serve in times of crisis.
Adios, Dapitan.
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Rizal's four-year exile in Dapitan ended on
July 31, 1896. At midnight on that date, he
boarded the streamer España to leave the
area.
While the ship sailed out to sea, he retreated
to his cabin and wrote in his diary, expressing
his sorrow at leaving, "I have been in that
district four years, thirteen days, and a few
hours." This moment marked the conclusion
of Rizal's time in exile in Dapitan.
Rizal and Josephine Bracken
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During his time in Dapitan, Jose Rizal fell in
love with Josephine Bracken. Despite
obstacles such as Fr. Obach's refusal to marry
them without the bishop's permission, they
eventually married before the eyes of God.
Rizal expressed his happiness as Josephine
was expecting a baby, but sadly, their son
Francisco passed away and was buried in
Dapitan.
Their
relationship faced challenges,
including Josephine's stepfather's suicide
attempt, but their love and commitment to
each other endured.
Rizal's poetic expressions for Josephine
reflected the depth of their bond amidst the
trials they faced during their time together in
Dapitan.
Nepunan, Danica A.
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