March control text examinationrevision
This consist of all subjects done in Grade 7 which include:
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Afrikaans.
Social Science.
Math.
Arabic.
English.
Natural Science.
Ems.
This booklet will only have explanations of topics and examples to help with
studying.
Afrikaans (first paper)
Verlede Tyd (Past Tense)
Explanation: Verlede tyd is used to talk about things that happened in the
past and are already finished.
Examples:
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Ek het gister gewerk. (I worked yesterday.)
This sentence says that the action of working happened yesterday and
is finished.
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Sy het die boek gelees. (She read the book.)
This sentence tells us that the action of reading the book happened in
the past and is completed.
In Afrikaans, to talk about the past, we use words like "het" (have) with the
verb to show that it happened in the past and is finished. The verb changes
slightly depending on who is doing the action.
Indirekte Rede (Indirect Speech)
Explanation: Indirekte rede is used when reporting what someone else has said. In
Afrikaans, the reported speech is often introduced by the conjunction "dat" (that).
Example:
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Direkte rede: Hy sê, "Ek is moeg." (He says, "I am tired.")
Indirekte rede: Hy sê dat hy moeg is. (He says that he is tired.)
In indirect speech, the verb tense might change based on the context and whether the
reporting verb is in the past, present, or future tense.
Byvoeglike Naamwoorde (Adjectives)
Explanation: Byvoeglike naamwoorde (adjectives) are words that describe or give more
information about nouns. In Afrikaans, adjectives usually come after the noun they
describe.
Example:
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'n Groot hond (A big dog)
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In this phrase, "groot" (big) is the adjective that describes the noun "hond" (dog).
Adjectives in Afrikaans can also change form depending on the gender and number of
the noun they describe.
Toekomende Tyd (Future Tense)
Explanation:
Toekomende tyd (future tense) is used to talk about actions or events that will happen in
the future. In Afrikaans, the future tense is formed by using the auxiliary verb "sal" (will)
followed by the infinitive form of the main verb.
Example:
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Ek sal môre gaan. (I will go tomorrow.)
In this sentence, "sal gaan" is the future tense form of the verb "gaan" (to go), which
indicates that the action of going will happen in the future.
Voornaamwoorde (Pronouns)
Explanation:
Voornaamwoorde (pronouns) are words that replace nouns in a sentence. They are
used to avoid repetition and make sentences less repetitive.
Examples:
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Ek (I)
Voegwoorde (Conjunctions)
Explanation:
Voegwoorde (conjunctions) are words used to connect sentences or parts of
sentences. They help to show the relationship between different ideas in a sentence.
Examples:
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en (and)
maar (but)
Conjunctions can be used to join two similar ideas (using "en") or to contrast ideas
(using "maar").
Infinitief (Infinitive)
Explanation:
Die infinitief (infinitive) is the base form of a verb, used with "om te" (to) in Afrikaans to
indicate the purpose or intention of an action.
Example:
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Hy oefen om beter te word. (He practices to get better.)
In this example, "om beter te word" (to get better) is the infinitive phrase used with
"oefen" (practices) to indicate the purpose of his action, which is to improve.
Ontkennende Vorm (Negative Form)
Explanation:
Die ontkennende vorm (negative form) is used to make sentences negative in
Afrikaans. In the negative form, "nie" is placed after the verb. In a question, "nie" is
placed after the verb and before the subject.
Examples:
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Ek het nie tyd nie. (I do not have time.)
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Eet hy vleis? Nee, hy eet nie vleis nie. (Does he eat meat? No, he does not eat
meat.)
Sentence is made negative by adding "nie" after the verb "eet" and before the subject
"hy".
Meervoud (Plural) en Woordorde (Word Order)
Explanation:
Plural: Plural is used to indicate more than one of something. In Afrikaans, adding an
"e" to the end of a word often indicates the plural.
Word Order: In Afrikaans, the word order is Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) in basic
sentences. This means that the subject comes before the verb, and the object comes
after the verb.
Voorbeelde (Examples):
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'n Boek (singular) -> Baie boeke (plural) (A book -> Many books)
'n Kind (singular) -> Baie kinders (plural) (A child -> Many children)
Example:
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Ek eet 'n appel. (I eat an apple.)
Antonieme (Antonyms) and Sinonieme (Synonyms)
Antonieme (Antonyms):
Antonyms are words with opposite meanings. They are used to emphasize contrasts.
Examples:
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Groot - Klein (Big - Small)
Warm - Koue (Hot - Cold)
Sinonieme (Synonyms):
Synonyms are words with similar meanings. They can be used to clarify or reinforce.
Examples:
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Groot - Immens (Big - Immense)
Vinnig - Haastig (Quick - Hasty)
Sinsoorte (Types of Sentences) en Intensiewe Vorm (Intensive Form)
Sinsoorte (Types of Sentences):
There are four types of sentences: vraagsin (question), bevelsin (command), stellende
sin (statement), and uitroepsin (exclamation).
Examples:
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Vraagsin: Het jy dit gedoen? (Did you do it?)
Bevelsin: Kom hier! (Come here!)
Stellende sin: Die kat is swart. (The cat is black.)
Uitroepsin: Wat 'n mooi dag! (What a beautiful day!)
Intensiewe Vorm (Intensive Form):
The intensive form is used to emphasize the subject or object in a sentence.
Examples:
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Ek self sal dit doen. (I myself will do it.)
Die kinders self het die koei gemelk. (The children themselves milked the cow.)
The different types of sentences and the intensive form help to reinforce and clarify
meaning and emotion in language.
Degrees of Comparison and Different Types of Nouns
Degrees of Comparison(Trapper Van Vergelyking):
There are three degrees of comparison: comparative degree, superlative degree, and
the equative degree.
Examples:
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Comparative degree: I am faster than you.
Superlative degree: He is the fastest in the team.
Equative degree: You are as fast as I am.
Different Types of Nouns( Verskillende Naamwoorde):
There are different types of nouns, including proper nouns, common nouns, compound
nouns, and kinds of nouns.
Examples:
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Proper noun(Eienaam): John
Common noun(Algemene naamwoord): Dog
Compound noun(Samestellende naamwoord): Garage
Kinds of nouns(Soorte naamwoorde): Person, animal, thing
These concepts help to facilitate and reinforce the description and comparison of things
in language.
Social Science
Trade Across the Sahara Desert
Trade across the Sahara Desert was historically crucial, connecting North Africa with
sub-Saharan Africa. This trade involved exchanging goods like gold, which was mined
along the Niger River, salt mined in the Sahara Desert. It facilitated cultural exchange
and the spread of Islam. The trade routes, such as the Trans-Saharan trade route, were
challenging due to the harsh desert environment but were managed through the use of
camel caravans and oases. The trade declined with the arrival of European powers and
the development of maritime trade routes.
The Ghana Empire, Mali Empire, and Songhai Empire were three of the most significant
pre-colonial empires in West Africa.
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Ghana Empire (circa 300–1200 CE): Located in present-day southeastern
Mauritania and western Mali, Ghana was rich in gold and controlled the TransSaharan trade routes. The empire's wealth and power were based on its control
of trade, particularly gold and salt. Ghana's rulers, known as "Ghana" or "Warrior
Kings," were powerful military leaders who controlled a large army.
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Mali Empire (1250–1450s CE): The Mali Empire, located in present-day Mali,
was founded by Sundiata Keita and reached its peak under Mansa Musa. Mali
was also rich in gold and controlled trade routes, including the Trans-Saharan
trade. Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324-1325 brought Mali to the
attention of the wider world and showcased its wealth and power.
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Songhai Empire (c.800-1600s CE): The Songhai Empire, located in present-day
Mali, Niger, and Nigeria, was the largest and last of the three empires. It was
founded by Sunni Ali Ber, who expanded its territory through military conquests.
The empire was known for its strong military and efficient administrative system.
It also controlled trade routes, including the Trans-Saharan trade.
Camels caravans as the means of transport
Camels were used as a means of transport because they had many advantages such
as:
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They could carry heavy loads.
They could walk in the sand.
They could cope with the heat and cold.
Camel caravans experienced dangers such as:
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They had sandstorms.
They experienced heat.
They had a lack of nutrients.
They might had lost their way.
They could be attacked by thieves.
Goods from Europe and North Africa.
Major trade routes connected West Africa and below the Sahara with Mediterranean
countries and the Middle East which was called the Sahel.
Goods Brought from Europe and North Africa:
Europe to North Africa:
North Africa to West Africa:
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Salt: North Africa, particularly regions like the Sahara, had abundant salt
deposits. This commodity was crucial for food preservation and was highly
valued in West Africa.
Cloth: North African textiles, known for their quality and variety, were traded for
gold and other goods in West Africa.
Horses: Horses were highly valued in West Africa for their use in warfare and
transportation. North Africa supplied horses to West African kingdoms.
Dates: Dates, a staple food in North Africa, were also traded to West Africa.
Spices: Various spices, such as saffron, cinnamon, and ginger, were traded from
North Africa to West Africa for their culinary and medicinal uses.
Camels: While not a common trade item, camels were occasionally exchanged
due to their importance as pack animals in desert regions.
Traders from South of the Sahara to North Africa:
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Gold: West Africa was rich in gold, particularly regions like the Mali Empire. Gold
was a highly prized commodity in North Africa and beyond.
Nuts: Various nuts, such as shea nuts and kola nuts, were traded for their
culinary and medicinal properties.
Timber: West Africa had abundant forests, and timber was traded for
construction and other purposes.
Ivory: Ivory from elephants, found in West Africa, was traded for its use in art and
craftsmanship.
Ostrich and peacock feathers: These feathers were highly valued for decoration
and were traded from West Africa to North Africa for use in clothing and
accessories.
These trade routes not only facilitated the exchange of goods but also led to cultural
exchanges, technological transfers, and the spread of ideas and religions across the
region.
The Kingdom of Mali. (14th century)
Founding and Expansion:
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The Mali Empire was founded by Sundiata Keita around 1235 CE. He built a
strong army, he encouraged farming, he encouraged trade, he let people have
their own religion and allow freedom of slaves.
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Under the leadership of Mansa Musa (1307-1332), Mali reached its peak,
expanding its territory and influence over a vast area, including parts of presentday Mali. Mansa Musa ruled over 8 million people (about half the population of
New York) and he was the grandson of Sundiata Keita. His religion was Islam
and Mansa Musa was a great leader according to his people.
Economy and Trade:
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Mali was a prosperous empire, known for its wealth, particularly in gold. It was
one of the world's largest producers of gold.
The empire controlled important trade routes, including the Trans-Saharan trade,
which brought gold, salt, ivory, and slaves to North Africa and beyond.
Timbuktu, a city in Mali, became a major center of trade, scholarship, and Islamic
culture, attracting scholars, traders, and travelers from across the Muslim world.
Religion and Culture:
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Islam was the dominant religion in Mali, and many of its rulers, including Mansa
Musa, were devout Muslims. Timbuktu became a center of Islamic learning, with
scholars studying and teaching in mosques and madrasas.
The empire was known for its rich oral traditions, including epic tales like the Epic
of Sundiata, which celebrated the founding of the empire.
Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca.
Mansa Musa, the 14th-century ruler of the Mali Empire, undertook a renowned
pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324-1325, showcasing his wealth and faith. Leading a grand
procession with thousands of attendants and vast amounts of gold, Musa's journey left a
lasting impact on the regions he traversed, particularly in Egypt, where his lavish
spending disrupted the economy. His pilgrimage not only symbolized the Mali Empire's
prosperity and power but also facilitated cultural and intellectual exchanges, enriching
Mali's heritage and promoting Islam's influence in the wider world.
Leo Africanus.
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Birth: Leo Africanus was born in Granada, Spain, around the early 16th century.
Travels: He traveled extensively throughout North and West Africa, documenting
his observations.
Publication: His most famous work, "Description of Africa," was published in
1550.
Significance: Leo Africanus' writings influenced European perceptions of Africa
and continue to be studied for their historical and cultural significance.
Legacy: Leo Africanus' works are considered invaluable sources of information
on the geography, cultures, and societies of North and West Africa during the
16th century.
Timbuktu education and manuscripts.
Timbuktu, located in present-day Mali, was a renowned center of learning and
scholarship during the medieval period, particularly from the 13th to the 16th centuries.
The city was home to several prominent Islamic universities and madrasas, the most
famous being the University of Sankore, known for its excellence in Islamic theology,
law, astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. Timbuktu attracted scholars, scientists,
and students from across Africa and the Islamic world, fostering a rich cultural and
intellectual exchange. The city was also known for its manuscript libraries, which
housed thousands of manuscripts on various subjects, providing valuable insights into
the intellectual and cultural history of the region. Efforts are being made to preserve and
digitize these manuscripts, ensuring that they remain accessible for future generations.
Timbuktu's educational and scholarly legacy is a testament to Africa's rich intellectual
traditions and its contributions to global knowledge and culture.
Timbuktu's historical significance as a center of trade, scholarship, and culture has
earned it a place as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognizing its importance as a
symbol of Africa's rich cultural heritage.
Construction of the great mosque
The Great Mosque of Djenne is a famous building in Mali, Africa. It is made from mud
bricks and is very old, built almost a thousand years ago. What's special about this
mosque is that the people of Djenne work together every year to repair it. They use mud
to fill in any cracks and make sure it stays strong. The mosque is very big and has tall
towers called minarets. These towers are important because they help people find the
mosque and call them to prayer. The Great Mosque of Djenne is a special place for the
people of Djenne, and they take care of it to keep it standing for many more years.
This mosque is known as the Djinguereber mosque in Timbuktu. This mosque was built
in 1327 but was rebuilt in 1907 and still standing.
Keywords to be learnt:
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Math
World Heritage Site: a natural or historical site that is very important to all people.
Organic: from natural products.
Oasis: place in the desert with water where travelers can rest.
Sources: written documents, pictures, place or people that u get information
from.
Generation: people in the family who are of a similar age.
Indigenous: people who have always been in an area.
Scholars: people who study a subject and know a lot about it.
Wattles: trees used for building with mud or clay.