Name: BG Hommer Guimary
Grd/sec: 11-Knuth
Date: May 18 2021
Subject: English
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
National Capital Region
School Divisions Office
COMMONWEALTH HIGH SCHOOL
Quezon City Metro Manila
READING & WRITING SKILLS:
LESSON 5
Explicit and Implicit Claims in Written Text
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this module you will be able to…
A. To identifies claims explicitly or implicitly made in a written text;
B. To differentiate the claims of fact, claims of policy, and claims of value from each
other; and
C. To construct an essay in relation to the current issue expressing various claims.
PRETEST
Directions: Read the sentences taken from the excerpt. On the space provided
below, put a check mark (✓)if the statement is implicit (directly stated) and cross mark (x) if
explicit (indirectly stated).
The Small Key (Excerpt)
by Paz Latorena
On the porch, a woman past her early twenties stood regarding the scene before her
with eyes made incuriously by its familiarity. All around her the land stretched endlessly it
seemed, and vanishes into the distance. There were dark, newly plowed furrows where in
due time timoruous seedling would give rise to sturdy stalks and golden grain, to a rippling
yellow sea in the wind and sun during harvest time. A promise of plenty and reward for hard
toil! With a sigh of discontent, however, the woman turned and entered a small dining room
where a man sat over a belated midday meal.
1. ___________ The woman is standing on the porch.
x
2. ___________
She is twenty-six years old.
3. ___________ There were dark, newly plowed furrows.
x
4. ___________
Planted on those furrows is the vast rice plantation.
x
5. ___________
The man is eating his late lunch.
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A.
CLAIMS
It is the writer’s point or position regarding a
specific topic. It is the central argument in the text.
A sentence that summarizes the most important thing
that the writer wants to say as a result of his/her thinking,
reading or writing.
Good claims have the following characteristics: (Tiongson 2016, 20-21)
1. Argumentative and debatable - triggers readers/listeners to raise objections.
Example: Men are better in Math than women.
2. Specific and focused – has direction and clear connection
3. Interesting and engaging – encourages the readers to consider the writer’s
perspective
4. Logical – results from reasonable weighing of support provided
B. EXPLICIT
It is directly and clearly stated in the text. It is when you can easily point out the
information in the passage.
C. IMPLICIT
It is indirectly expressed in the text and you need to look for clues or make inferences
to understand its meaning.
SAMPLE TEXT:
“Congratulations, Rosie! Your parents must be proud of you.” The teacher greeted
her with delight. It was graduation day and Rosie managed to stand on stage and
delivered her speech in front of her fellow graduates and guests. She ended her speech
thanking her Alma mater and her parents and said, “Let us trust God’s plan.”
Rosie left the stage with tears in her eyes as the clicking of the medals could be
heard from afar.
As she approached her parents, they kissed her and gave her a big hug and uttered, “We
love you, dear! Your success is our success. We will surely celebrate at home.”
Analyzation:
1. The teacher congratulated Rosie. This sentence is EXPLICIT because it was stated
directly in the first sentence.
2. Rosie stood on stage and delivered her speech. This sentence is EXPLICIT because it
was stated directly in the third sentence.
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3. Rosie was full of happiness. This sentence is IMPLICIT because it was stated indirectly in
the text. You need to make inference that Rosie was full of happiness because she led
the stage with teary eyes after she delivered her graduation speech.
4. Rosie was a hard-working and intelligent student. This sentence is IMPLICIT because it
was stated indirectly in the text. You need to make inference that Rosie was a hardworking and intelligent student because she received the highest honor.
5. The parents of Rosie promised to celebrate her success. This sentence
is EXPLICIT because it was stated directly in the last sentence of the last paragraph.
What is a claim of policy?
Claim of Fact is a statement that report, describe,
predict, and make causal claims.
 It asserts that something has existed, exists, or will
exist based on the data.
 It relies on reliable sources or systematic
procedure to be validated through science or history.
To help you thoroughly identify claim of facts, here are some of the determining questions:
 Did it happen?
 Does it exist?
 It is true?
 How can its truthfulness verified?
 Is it a fact?
Based on the definition and characteristics of the claim of fact, let us consider the following
examples.
1. The death penalty does not deter crime.
 It reports
 It can be refuted and justified
 It can be proven
2. Violence on television influences children to behave violently.
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 It makes causal claim
 It can be validated
 It can be proven
3. Pandemic level diseases come from viruses found in wildlife.
 Arguable/ debatable
 Can be objectively proven
Here are some ways on how to defend a Claim of Fact:
 State your claim clearly.
 Provide a brief explanation or definition for words that may be unfamiliar to some
readers.
 Cite recent, accurate, and sufficient evidence.
 Organize the evidence in a logical way.
 Reiterate the claim or thesis at the end.
Activity 1: Write five (5) sentences about the Department of Education’s Distance
Learning Program expressing claim of fact. Then defend your statements.
Our teachers go to the mountain just to give our module. so beware of teachers
1. _________________________________________________________________________________
The study is online. Because you need to stay away from the virus
2. _________________________________________________________________________________
Distance learning. This is a transmission mode in the study.so as not to infect
3. _________________________________________________________________________________
Lessons will also be delivered via radio and television to expedite
4. _________________________________________________________________________________
Deped education provides knowledge to students. Because we are the hope of the people
5. _________________________________________________________________________________
What is a claim of policy?
Claim of policy is a specific statement on procedures or
laws that need to be modified based on certain issues or
conditions. It suggests that specific actions should be
done or chosen as solution to a particular problem.
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Most of the time, claims of policy ask for plans of action to solve current problems.
 It proposes that an action be taken or discontinued.

It defends actionable plans, usually answers “how” questions.
 It contains auxiliaries such as “should, ought to, must”.
The following are the determining questions for evaluating claim of policy:
 Does the claim suggest a specific remedy to solve the problem?
 Is the policy clearly defined?
 Is the policy the best one? For Whom? According to whose standard?
 What would be the possible benefits?
Let us consider the examples below:
1. National ID system must be implemented in the Philippines for better general
transactions.
 Suggests specific action to be done
 Recommends an action to solve a problem
 Contains “should” auxiliary verb
2. Anti-terror Law must be amended.
 A statement of law that needs to be modified
 Proposes a specific action to be discontinued
 Contains auxiliary verb- ‘must’
3. In order to slow down the spread of a highly contagious disease like COVID-19,
proper health protocols should be strictly implemented.
 specific remedy to solve the problem
 a policy best for everyone
 a policy that may help solve a problem
The following guidelines can help you defend your claim of policy:
 Convince your audience that a problem exist
 Make your proposal clear
 Establish that there is a need for a change
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 Consider the opposing arguments
 Devote the major part of your essay to tell that your claim is an answer to the
opposing arguments
 Support your proposal with solid data, but don’t neglect the moral consideration and
the common-sense reasons, which is persuasive
Activity 2: Identify the problem implied in each picture, then propose a possible
solution expressed through a claim of policy statement.
claim of policy statement
Problem:
___________________________________
The house fire and its spread
___________________________________
Proposition:
___________________________________
Whoever sources the fire he will
pay its damages
___________________________________
Photo credited to CNBC TV
Problem:
Bullying
___________________________________
___________________________________
Proposition:
A student can be in school for a long
___________________________________
time when he hurts his classmates
___________________________________
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What is a claim of value?
Claims of value are arguable statements. Discussions
normally happen when one attempts to prove that
something is more or less desirable than the other.
Aesthetic and moral arguments are value claims.
Statements on the quality of a particular work of art
fall under aesthetics while claims justifying the
rightness or wrongness of some actions are moral
claims.
 Claim of value or judgment is made based on morality, belief, ethics, or philosophy.
 Also based on likes or dislikes , good or bad
 Usually compares 2 ideas against one another
The following are the determining questions for evaluating claim of policy:
 Does it appeal to your judgment?
 Is it right or wrong?
 Which one is bad or good?
 Which one is more important, and why?
 Whose standards are used?
Examples:
1. Bullying will never be right.
2. Security is more important than privacy.
3. In the midst of pandemic, restriction is much better than individual freedom.
4. Fake news is not worthy of our attention.
5. Discriminating our front liners who save our lives does not make sense.
The following guidelines can help you defend your claim of policy:
 Try to make clear that the values or principle you are defending should have priority
on any scale of values
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 Suggest that adherence to the values you are defending will bring good results if
followed or bad results if ignored
 Use examples and to clarify meanings and make distinctions
 Use other’s testimony to prove that knowledgeable or highly regarded people share
your values or principles
Activity 3: Identify the claims of value manifested in each of the following
paragraphs and pictures. Write your answers in the space provided.
1. Over the past decade, online education has emerged as an innovative teaching and
learning method. Countless research devoted to the benefits of online education
suggests that online learning is as good as face-to-face classroom learning.
The face to face class is still better than the online class
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Online learning is not new. What is new is that schools are embracing it as vital to how
the next generation of learners are taught.
___________________________________________________________________________________
The old is still better than the new which is super difficult to understand the lesson
___________________________________________________________________________________
A. It’s more fun to surf in the Philippines.
B. La Union is one of the tourist spots in the
Philippines.
C. Surfing is safer than paragliding.
A. Deaths due to smoking are expected to double
this year.
B. Smoking is detrimental.
C. The government should strictly prohibit smoking in
public places.
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Activity 4: Construct a sample claim of value for each of the following pictures
below. Write your answers on the blanks provided.
___________________________________________
The young ladies here at the beauty
pageant in the Philippines are really more
beautiful than other countries
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Soldiers are still stronger than unknown NPA
groups because they do not have tanks
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
MILESTONE: In a Google Document
Using the identified issue from lesson 2, create an essay expressing any of the following
claims. Identify and underline the claims you are defining as a writer. Re-arrange or re-write
the ideas to showcase all the learned elements:
•
properties of a well-written text
•
patterns of development in writing
•
Claims in writing
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References:
Pendleton, M. (n.d.). How to Find the Author’s Claim. Prezi.Com. Retrieved May 10, 2021, from
https://prezi.com/sgmizlyixffm/how-to-find-the-authors-claim/
Teachinglearning English. (n.d.). Types of claims in argument | Reading and writing.
YouTube. Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93IiZsyCtoc
DepEd News. June 19, 2020. Briones, education ministers unite to ensure learning continuity
amid COVID-19: No Filipino learner will be left behind amidst the crisis. www.deped.gov.ph
World Health Organization. June 2020. Corona virus outbreak. https://www.who.int.
Tiongson, MT. A. & Rodriguez, MR. C. 2016. Reading and writing skills. Manila Rex Bookstore.
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