CARBOHYDRATES
1.Reduction
of Fehling’s solution
• presence of brick red copper
•Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
• Typically present in water proportions.
SUGARS (SACCHARIDES
I. Monosaccharides
• Carbohydrate group substance.
• Ketonic or aldehydic substitution
product of polyhydroxy alcohol.
Examples:
Glucose (dextrose), fructose (levoluse)
and Galactose
Constituents
Source
between three and -Honey
eight carbon atoms
-Dried
(apple)
-Fruits Jams
-Canned
(pineapple
fruits
fruits
Uses
-to
store
produce energy
and
2. Molisch’s test
•naphtol + conc. H2SO4= purple color
soluble CHO= ring layer
•for insoluble carbohydrates
•cotton wool (cellulose)
color will not appear until the acid
layer is shaken and brought into contact
with the material.
3. Osazone formation
•heated with penythydrazine HCI
•sodium acetate = acetic acid
Osazone- yellow crystals (miscroscope)
4. Resorcinol test for ketones
•hydrochloric acid
•rose color (presence of ketone)
5. Test for pentoses
•hydrochloric acid
•red colour
6. Keller -Kiliani test for deoxysugars
•acetic acid
•iron chloride
•concentrated sulfuric acid
•red-brown color
7. Enzyme reactions
II. Polysaccharides
• Condensed from monosaccharides.
• Similar to di-, tri-, tetrasaccharides
formation.
Uses
Source
drug
carriers, -plants or other
building blocks for living organisms
drug
delivery
bioactive materials
and excipients to
enhance delivery
Tests for Carbohydrates
-Since certain carbohydrate reactions are
only brought about by certain specific
enzymes, such enzymes may be used for
identification
8. Chromatography
• small amounts of carbohydrates
III. Saccharides
A. Disaccharides
Name
Products
Sucrose
Glucose,
Fructose
Maltose
Glucose,
glucose
Lactose
Glucose,
galactose
B. Trisaccharides
Name
Products
Raffinose
Galactose,
Glucose,
Fructose
Gentianose
Glucose,
glucose,
fructose
C. Tetrasaccharides
Name
Products
Stachyose or Galactose,
manneotetrose galactose,
glucose,
fructose
Occurence
Sugar cane,
sugar beet,
etc
Enzymic
hydrolysis
of starch
Milk
Occurence
Many seeds
(e.g.
cotton-seed)
Gentiana
spp.
Occurence
Tubers of
Stachys
japonica and
manna of
Fraxinus
ornus