AP Daily Video 5.1: Meiosis
Please watch the video and then answer the questions below to demonstrate your understanding of the
material.
What Will We Learn?
 What is the difference between diploid and haploid?
 What is the purpose of meiosis?
 What happens in the series of steps that make up meiosis?
 What similarities and differences are there between mitosis and meiosis?
What is the purpose of Meiosis?
Meiosis ensures the formation of _____ gamete cells in _____ reproducing diploid organisms.
Diploid vs. Haploid
Diploid
-
How many full sets of chromosomes are in a diploid cell? __
-
List three ways these sets differ
1. __size
2. __shape
3. __
Diploid cells contain __ sets because they have one from each parent.
The total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell is represented by the formula…
List three examples of diploid cells
1. __
2. __
3. __
Haploid
- Contains __ set of chromosomes
-
Represented by n
One example of a haploid cell would be
The goal of meiosis is to make haploid/diploid cells.
Meiosis results in daughter cells with ____ the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Two rounds of Division
Meiosis 1
Stage
What occurs
Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Cytokinesis 1
Meiosis 2
Stage
What occurs
Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2
Cytokinesis 2
Mitosis
vs.
Meiosis
Mitosis
Both
Meiosis
1.Asexual reproduction
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.Sexual Reproduction
2. Produces two
diploid/haploid
3.genetically identical cells
2. Produces two/four
daughter cells
3. Genetically different
haploid cells
Let’s Practice
1. A diploid cell contains 3 sets of chromosomes. The number of chromosomes in this cell
and be represented by the equation 2n=6. How many haploid chromosomes will the
daughter cells contain?
List three ways meiosis and mitosis differ
Name one example of a cell type in humans that performs mitosis and how it is beneficial.
Name one characteristic of meiosis that is beneficial for sexual reproduction.
AP Daily Video 5.2: Meiosis and Genetic Diversity
Please watch the video and then answer the questions below to demonstrate your understanding of the
material.
What Will We Learn?
 What is crossing over, and how does it increase genetic diversity?
 When does random assortment of chromosomes in meiosis increase genetic diversity?
 How does fertilization increase genetic diversity?
Crossing over - _______ genetic diversity among gametes.
1. Crossing over occurs in ________ of meiosis 1 and continues during metaphase I. When
crossing over occurs, double homologous chromosomes exchange ________.
2. Homologous chromosomes ________ information for the same gene and there is one
from each parent.
3. The end result of crossing over is _________ chromosomes which increase genetic
diversity.
Random assortment - _______ variation.
1. Random assortment is when the _______ of the homologous pairs during _________ of
meiosis I affects which chromosomes end up in each gamete.
2. Different combinations of chromosomes in each gamete increase genetic variation.
Fertilization of gametes - _______ variation.
1. Information from each parent is contributed to the fertilized ______.
2. Typically one gamete from each parent fuse together to form a _______ offspring.
Explain why fertilization can increase the potential for genetic diversity:
Practice Question:
The above is an illustration of a mechanism for increasing genetic variation and diversity. Name
the mechanism being shown. Answer: does this mechanism occur in organisms that do asexual
or sexual reproduction? Explain two ways in which genetic diversity is important for the
survival of a population.
AP Daily Video 5.3 video 1: Mendelian Genetics
Please watch the video and then answer the questions below to demonstrate your understanding of the
material.
What Will We Learn?
 How do conserved processes support the concept of common ancestry?
 What are the processes considered fundamental for the continuity of life?
Heritable information provides continuity of _______
What are the carriers of genetic information?
1.
2.
Describe each carrier using the models shown here.
How are carriers heritable and how do they provide continuity of life?
What information supports the concept of common ancestry? Explain?
____ are used to synthesize proteins based on _____ ____ _______
Parts of the cell shared
between animal cells and
bacteria cells:
Parts of the cell shared
between fungal cells and
animal cells:
What processes are shared across all life? Give examples.
Parts of the cell shared by
all 3 types of cells:
Practice FRQ:
Amber was wondering how cells are related, so she looked at an animal cell, fungal cell,
and a bacterial cell under a microscope. Below is what she saw.
1.
2.
3.
A) Identify the carrier of genetic information for the cells above.
B) Explain the difference between the carrier(s) between two of the cells.
C) How do these carriers show continuity of life?
D) What are the shared cell parts of all of the cells above?
E) Identify the shared process(es) of the cells above.
F) How do the shared process(es) and the shared parts of the cells above support the
fact that they have a common ancestry?
AP Daily Video 5.3 Video 2: Mendelian Genetics
Please watch the video and then answer the questions below to demonstrate your understanding of the
material.
What Will We Learn?
 What is Mendel’s law of segregation?
 What is Mendel’s law of independent assortment?
 What are a monohybrid and a dihybrid cross?
 How can the laws of probability be applied to genetic crosses?
 What is a pedigree and how do the patterns show types of inheritance?
A _____ is a unit of heredity that codes for a trait.
- T/F A gene can be transferred to the next generation?
A _____ is a genetically determined characteristic of an organism.
- What determines traits? ____
An _____ is a specific variation of a gene.
- Do offspring have to inherit the same form of the gene from both parents?___
- What do capital and lowercase letters typically represent with alleles?
The combination of the alleles that are inherited is the ______.
Homozygous genotypes have two of the ____ allele where the heterozygous genotypes have two
_____ alleles represented.
The ______ is the physical expression of the genes inherited.
Describe the law of segregation according the model shown here.
With regards to flower color on the pea plants, when Mendel crossed pure-breeding purple
flowers with pure-breeding white flowers, what was the result in the F1? Which allele was
dominant?
Explain how this model illustrates the law of independent assortment with regards to Mendelian
genetics.
Rules of Probability:
Match these terms and descriptions
Rule of multiplication
A. Use this rule when determining the probability that
event A OR event B could occur
Rule of addition
B. Use this rule when determining the probability of both
event A AND event B happening
Monohybrid cross
C. Examination of how two traits are inherited
Dihybrid cross
D. Examination of how a single trait is inherited
Pedigree
E. Representation of a trait’s inheritance across generations
Explain why the pedigree shown here must be a recessive trait.
Summarize your key takeaways from this video below.
AP Daily Video 5.3 Video 3: Mendelian Genetics
Please watch the video and then answer the questions below to demonstrate your understanding of the
material.
What Will We Learn?
 Why do scientists use hypothesis testing?
 What is the purpose of a chi square goodness of fit test?
 What steps are necessary to perform a chi square goodness of fit test?
Why do scientists perform hypothesis testing?
Define the null hypothesis:
Define the alternate hypothesis
Describe the chi square goodness-of-fit test.
Steps to perform a chi-square goodness-of-fit test
1. Establish the _____
2. Determine the _____ hypothesis.
3. Determine the _____ hypothesis.
4. Count the observed values.
5. Determine the expected values.
6. Calculate the chi sqaure.
7. Calculate the __________ of freedom.
8. Select the p value.
9. Determine the _______ value.
10. Compare the chi square value to the ______ value.
Practice:
Perform a chi square analysis on the following data for the following problem:
A scientist crossed true-breeding tall and hairy-stemmed tomato plants with true-breeding dwarf and
hairless-stemmed tomato plants. He found that all of the F1 plants produced as a result of this cross were
tall and hairy-stemmed. He then allowed the F1 plants to pollinate each other and obtained 1600 F2 plants.
Of these 1600 F2 plants, he observed the following numbers of four different phenotypes:
925 tall and hairy-stemmed plants
273 tall and hairless-stemmed plants
306 dwarf and hairy-stemmed plants
96 dwarf and hairless-stemmed plants
(a) Perform a chi-square analysis to determine if the genes assort independently as expected.
Trait
tall hairy
tall hairless
dwarf hairy
dwarf hairless
o
e
o-e
(o-e)2
(o-e)2/e
AP Daily Video 5.4 Video 1: Non-Mendelian Genetics
Please watch the video and then answer the questions below to demonstrate your understanding of the
material.
What will we learn?
1. What are linked genes?
2. What does map distance tell you about a pair of linked genes?
3. What are sex-linked traits?
4. How do sex-linked traits differ from Mendelian traits?
● Patterns of inheritance of many traits do not follow the ratios predicted by Mendel’s laws.
○ genes that are adjacent and close to one another on the same chromosome and that
are inherited together are known as ______ genes
○ Identify the name of traits that are determined by genes located on sex
chromosomes.
○
linked genes and sex-linked traits do not follow predicted ratios associated with
Mendel’s laws and can be identified by quantitative analysis
● Genes that are adjacent and close to one another on the same chromosome may appear to
be genetically linked.
○ linked genes- typically inherited together
○ Describe the impact of crossing over during meiosis on linked genes.
● The probability that genetically linked genes will segregate as a unit can be used to
calculate the map distance between them.
○ map distance tells you how close together a pair of linked genes is
○ Describe how map distance is determined.
○ linked genes have a recombination frequency of less than 50%
○ ex: if a pair of linked genes has a recombination frequency of 30%, they are
considered __ map units apart
■ map units can be used to determine the distance between genes on a
chromosome
● Some traits are determined by genes on sex chromosomes and are known as sex-linked
traits.
○ sex-linked traits are located on sex chromosomes
■ sex chromosomes determine biological sex in animals
■ sex chromosomes are _________
■ sex chromosomes can have different letter designations (X/Y, Z/W)
○ sex-linked traits deviate from Mendel’s model of inheritance
● The pattern of inheritance of sex-linked traits can often be predicted from data, including
_________.
○ sex-linked traits can be shown in a pedigree
■ sex-linked trait pedigrees have a particular pattern
○ in humans, biological females contain two X chromosomes (XX); biological
males contain an X and a Y chromosome (XY)
○ the Y chromosome carries very little genetic information; therefore, most sexlinked alleles are only carried on the X chromosome
■ alleles are shown as a superscript on the X chromosome (ex: X^A or X^a)
○ biological females can be considered carriers (heterozygous) of a recessive sexlinked allele
○ Identify the explanation for why biological males cannot be considered carriers of
a recessive sex-linked allele.
○ Explain why biological males are more likely to have phenotypes associated with
recessive sex-linked alleles.
○ sex-linked recessive pedigree:
■ pattern of affected offspring with unaffected parents
■ biological males are more likely to be affected than females
■ sometimes biological female carriers are shown as half-shaded circles
● List the biological females in this pedigree that are carriers of the
recessive sex-linked allele.
■ some genotypes/phenotypes can be determined:
Practice FRQ
Color blindness is a very common condition that is defined as a reduced ability to distinguish
between certain colors. A researcher stated that the gene for red-green color blindness is carried
on the X chromosome. Use the pedigree below to justify this statement. Describe why a
biological female is less likely to be red-green color blind. Identify the female carrier(s) of
generation IV.
I
II
III
IV
1.
2. 3.
4.
5.
6. 7. 8.
AP Daily Video 5.4 Video 2: Non-Mendelian Genetics
Please watch the video and then answer the questions below to demonstrate your understanding of the
material.
What will we learn?


How does inheritance determined by multiple genes differ from Mendelian inheritance?
How does non-nuclear inheritance differ from Mendelian inheritance?
How does inheritance determined by multiple genes differ from Mendelian inheritance?
As a reminder:
Definition of Mendelian inheritance
Definition of the laws of segregation
Definition of independent assortment
Inheritance determined by multiple genes is a combination of alleles inherited from each parent
that come together to create a final _______.
An example of this is human hair color
Dominant alleles code for dark pigment while recessive alleles code for lighter pigments
How does non-nuclear inheritance differ from Mendelian inheritance?
Definition of non-nuclear inheritance
Traits that result from non-nuclear inheritance:
1. _____ and _____ contain their own non-nuclear genome
2. _____ and _____ are randomly assorted to gametes and daughter cells during cell
division
3. Mitochondria are transmitted to the _____ and not the sperm in animals
a. These traits are _____ inherited
4. Mitochondria and chloroplast are transmitted in the _____ and not in the pollen in plants
a. These traits are _____ inherited
These traits do not follow simple Mendelian rules
Non-nuclear inheritance patterns can be determined through _____ analysis
In animals, mitochondria are transmitted by the _____ and not by the sperm. Traits are
determined by the mitochondrial DNA are _____ inherited
Questions
Based on the pedigree, is the trait that is traced maternally or paternally inherited? How
do you know?
Why is no one in generation 4 affected?
AP Daily Video 5.5: Environmental Effects on Phenotypes
Please watch the video and then answer the questions below to demonstrate your understanding of the
material.
What Will We Learn?



What is phenotypic plasticity
How can the same genotype result in multiple phenotypes?
What effect do environmental factors have on gene
expression?
What does it mean to “express a gene”?
Define “phenotypic plasticity”.
How does soil pH affect flower colors of hydrangeas?
Does the concentration of carbon dioxide positively or negatively
correlate with the number of stomata on plants?
Examine the Siamese cat to the right. Which parts of the body are
expressing darker fur color? Are these extremities typically cooler of
warmer than the core body temperature? What does this tell you about fur
color in Siamese cats?
What other kinds of environmental factors can cause phenotypes to
change?
Summarize your key takeaways below.
Practice Questions:
Explain the difference between natural selection and phenotypic plasticity.
Identify an example of phenotypes changing in response to environmental changes (not one
explicitly mentioned in the video).
Does phenotypic plasticity change an organism’s DNA?
AP Daily Video 5.6 video 1: Chromosomal Inheritance
Please watch the video and then answer the questions below to demonstrate your understanding of the
material.
What Will We Learn?





How does the law of segregation account for genetic variation?
How does independent assortment result in genetic variation?
What is nondisjunction and how does it contribute to genetic variation?
How does fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms lead to genetic variation?
What effect does chromosomal inheritance have on genetic variation and human disorders?
Segregation, Independent Assortment, and Random Fertilization Results in Genetic
Variation
The Law of segregation explains the separation of ___________ during gamete formation.
Each gamete carries _____ allele for each gene, therefore each gamete receives only _____
parental allele.
Segregation of parental alleles into gametes provides opportunity for more varied combinations
of alleles when fertilization occurs.
Independent assortment suggests that genes for two or more traits will be sorted into gametes
___________: Genes are not linked.
Inheritance of each gene is ________ and not connected to inheritance of any other gene.
Assortment of genes independently into gametes provides more possible gene combinations
when fertilization occurs.
Ex. Pea Color and Pea Shape.
Random Fertilization refers to the concept that any of the genetically __________ sperm
created by a male can join with any of the genetically __________ eggs created by the female.
This will produce offspring with a genetically unique combination of chromosomes.
Human genetic disorders can be attributed to the inheritance of a mutated allele.
Mutated alleles can be __________.
_________ can carry mutated alleles
The law of ________________________________ explains how mutated alleles can be
randomly distributed into gametes.
Mutations contribute to genetic diversity in offspring.
Mutations can manifest as genetic disorders when the variation _________ affects the
functioning of the offspring.
Nondisjunction is the __________ of chromosomes to fully separate during the formation of
gametes.
This results in too _____ of too ______ chromosomes in the sex cells.
Practice Problem
Given the Karyotype above, give reasoning as to why there are three chromosome 21s instead
of the usual two?
AP Daily Video 5.6 Video 2: Chromosomal Inheritance
Please watch the video and then answer the questions below to demonstrate your understanding of the
material.
What Will We Learn:
1. How can chromosomal inheritance show patterns of transmission of genes from
parents to offspring?
2. How can human genetic disorders be based on chromosomal inheritance?
3. How can we use visual representations to analyze changes or disruptions in
chromosomal inheritance?
Notes:
How can gene transmission be analyzed?
What can mutations in gametes result in?
Describe how Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant disorder.
Describe why males are more likely to inherit the genetic disorder that is considered an
X-linked recessive disorder.
Practice: Analyze the pedigree and predict the inheritance pattern most likely represented
here.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Autosomal Dominant
Autosomal Recessive
Sex-linked
Mitochondrial
Short Answer:
Explain how a disorder can be present in a child if it was not present in the parents? Give
an example of a disorder that represents what you described in the first part of the
question.
Summarize your key takeaways below: