BIOL 2020 A&P 2
Study Guide Test 1
Remember – these questions are to help you review for the test. This study guide covers most of the basic
information you need to know for the exam. Make sure that you understand the information and not just
memorize it. Anything you don’t understand, ASK!!!!
Chapter 18: The Blood (know Lab 1 objectives as well)
What is the basic circulation pattern of blood? Know the physical characteristics of blood and basic functions
of blood. What type of tissue is blood? What does plasma contain? What % of blood is plasma? What are
the 3 most important plasma proteins in plasma and their functions? Define viscosity and osmolarity –
which component of blood contributes the most to each and how does changes in each affect blood pressure?
Where are the pluripotent stem cells (a.k.a. hemopoietic stem cells) located and what do they ultimately
produce? Describe the structure of hemoglobin. What mineral is necessary? What are the two gases RBCs
carry? Which part of hemoglobin binds to oxygen? How many molecules of oxygen can each hemoglobin
molecule carry? Which part binds with carbon dioxide? What organ produces erythropoietin? What is the
stimulus for this hormone? What does this hormone do? What is a reticulocyte? How long do RBC’s live?
Which two organs destroy most of our RBCs? What is a hematocrit? What does it measure? What is the
average percent for an adult? What is the buffy coat composed of? What are the basic blood types? Which
is the “universal donor”? “universal recipient”? What is the Rh factor? Know what antigens and antibodies
would be present in the different blood types (A+, A-, B+, etc.). What blood types can each blood type be
donated to or can receive? Be able to interpret results of a blood typing experiment. What is agglutination?
Disorders to know: anemia, polycythemia, leukocytosis, leukopenia, leukemia, thrombosis/thrombus,
embolism. List the 3 types of granular leukocytes and 2 types of agranular leukocytes. Be able to list the
WBCs in order of abundance. Know the basic functions of each type of WBC. Which WBC contains
histamine and heparin? What is heparin used for? What does histamine do? Which of the WBCs turns into
macrophages when they exit blood? Which increases in parasitic infections? Which increases in bacterial
infections? Which two WBCs are excellent phagocytes? Which WBC will turn into B-cells and T-cells?
What type of cell fragments to form platelets? What is hemostasis and what are the 3 basic steps in
hemostasis? Which organ makes most of the clotting factors? Define fibrinolysis. Be able to identify the
different formed elements of blood in an image.
Chapter 19: The Heart (know Lab 2 objectives as well)
Know the parts of the heart (images on APR and figure on powerpoint). What is the apex and the base of the
heart? What are the layers of the pericardium? What are the 3 layers of the heart? Compare and contrast the
pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulations. Know how the blood flows through the heart on a figure as
well as written description (know all the parts in order). Which areas contain oxygenated blood and which
have deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood? What are the alternate names for the left and right atrioventricular
valves? What is the purpose of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles? What happens if the chordae
tendineae detach from the valves? What is the purpose of gap junctions? What is the correct order of the
conduction system? Where does the action potentials slow down? Why do you need that delay? What
happens to the heart/conduction system if the SA node is damaged? What happens if the AV node is
damaged? What are other arrhythmias? What does the vagus nerve do to the heart rate? What does the
sympathetic nerves do to the heart rate? Be able to describe cardiac muscle and how it is different from
skeletal muscle. How are each stimulated to contract? Where does the calcium come from in the two types
of muscles? Compare the action potential in skeletal and cardiac muscle – what is the plateau phase and
what is its purpose? Explain the cardiac cycle and relate this to the conduction system of the heart. Know
the parts of an ECG/EKG and relate this to the conduction system and cardiac cycle of the heart. What
electrical activity are the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave represent? Explain what are the 2 heart sounds
(S1 and S2) and know where during the cardiac cycle they occur. Which valves causes these sounds? When
do atrial and ventricular diastole and systole occur on an ECG? Be able to discuss how pressure differences
move blood (what happens to pressure when you decrease volume/contract the ventricles? Which side of the
heart has the highest pressure? How do the ventricles open and close the two sets of one-way valves?
Which valve opens and which valve closes during ventricular systole? Which valve closes during ventricular
diastole? What is cardiac output? How do you calculate cardiac output? Define preload, contractility, and
afterload.
Chapter 20: Blood Vessels (know Lab 3 objectives as well)
Know all the arteries and veins in your Lab 3 instructions. Use the flow of arteries handout and flow of veins
handout to learn the basic flows. Note that most artery and vein names are based on the organ name (hepatic,
gastric, splenic, renal, etc.), body region (axillary, brachial, popliteal, cubital, etc.), or bone names
(subclavian, tibial, radial, femoral, iliac, etc.). Know the cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis), the arterial
branches off the aorta, blood vessels going into and out of the heart, and the hepatic portal system. What are
the 3 layers of an artery/vein and what are each composed of? Which type of blood vessel has the thickest
tunica media? Which blood vessels have one-way valves? Which blood vessel do most exchange of materials
with the tissues occur? Which type of vessel undergoes vasoconstriction and vasodilation the best? Where
are the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors located? What are the 3 types of capillaries and how do they
differ? Where would you find the different types of capillaries? How is blood flow in a capillary bed
regulated (what factors would open or close a precapillary sphincter)? What are anastomoses? In general,
where will most of your blood be found? What are varicose veins? How does a portal system differ from a
typical blood circulation? Define blood pressure. How is it expressed? (Which number is systolic and which
is diastolic?) Know the relationship between blood flow, blood pressure, resistance, cardiac output, blood
volume, viscosity, and blood vessel radius/diameter. What three factors determine blood pressure? What are
vasoreflexes? How does this affect peripheral resistance (and ultimately blood pressure and blood flow)?
What are the two purposes of vasoreflexes? Be able to answer and understand the problem questions given
in the lecture video. How do arterial BP, capillary BP, and venous BP differ? Where is the vasomotor center
located? What do baroreceptors detect? What does Angiotensin II, Atrial natriuretic peptide, Antidiuretic
hormone, aldosterone do to blood pressure? Describe the 3 methods of exchange in capillaries. Explain
filtration/reabsorption and why it is important in determining relative fluid volumes in blood and interstitial
fluid. What produces the capillary hydrostatic pressure? What produces colloid osmotic pressure? Be able
to discuss different disorders that can produce edema. What are the mechanisms of venous return that veins
must use to return blood to the heart? What are the basic types of shock (cardiogenic vs. low venous return)?