Newton Proposed universl law of nature/mechanical universe Revealed Theology knowledge derived directly from God, through vision or discerning the Holy Scripture Plato's view True substance of humans is not physical, but eternal Form Intellect is immaterial and it's affinity for the soul drives it to leave the body Soul Is more like an observer who does not truly understand the physcial sensations of a player on the field Parralleism Mental and physical are two different aspects of the same objects True freedom is gained by realizing we are not free Materialsm Gaileo: all that exist is matter in motion Bacon:science is the key to knowledge Hobbes: All that exist is of material nature Hobbes Concepts of mechanism to humans Soul is illusion Mind and brain are identical Mind is nothing but brain matter and there operates purely in mechanistic principle Empiricism Reject idea of innate knowledge Reject intuition/ Deduction thesis Instinctive, revelation, conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally true Locke All knowledge is acquired from experience Reject of rationalism No longer accept that "Some propositions are knowable by intuition alone" Complex systems Interaction across elemental mechanisms yields unexpected results Augusta Comte rejected truths of the church Tempted to developed a systematic survey of knowledge Locke Knowledge is obtained from perception Berkeley Based on perception No material things exists, not just that some immaterial things exists James Mill Mind is a machine, nothing more Responses are automated Eliminative Materialism When we understand how the brain works, we will find it is nothing close to our naive perception Functionalism Mental states are tied to the brain Pythagorean Theorem Brain as the seat if sensation Disease Implies the mind is dependent upon body Identity Theory of the Mind Mental states and brain activities are identical to states of mind mechanism Act based on laws and mechanisms Dynmamism Internal force or energy that cannot deuces and understood Berkeley Contends that no material things exist, not just that some immaterial things exists Craniology Size of parts related to its prominence in behavioral characteristics localization of function specialization of particular brain areas for particular functions Flourens All brain regions partipsyed in every mental process Aggregate Field View Discrete injury will affect all higher functions equally Wernicke's area Receptive aphasia from lesion Basic mental functions such as simple perceptual and motor functions Controversy Can higher order functions be localized in brain or is localization restricted to elemental functions such as sensory and motor areas Starr Lesions of regions of the central sulcus lead to somatosensory disturbances Ferrier and Yeo Lesions of superior temporal gurus left individuals irresponsive to hearings Mills Dead patients with atrophy of superior temporal gyrus Munk Reported on lesions of occipital cortex Henschen 160 clinical cases of blindness Gaileo Simple machines Artistic depictions Versalius recruited artists to draw images from his dissections Dissemination of information Published the images using printing press 1700s Inspired by newton, early physiology was mechanistic Vitalism Theory are dependent on a force or principle distinct from purely chemical or physical forces Reformation Schism within the Catholic Church from 1521-1648 Rene Descartes (1596-1650) A philosopher of rationalism who advocated for doubting all sources of truth in order to develop a more rational understanding of reality Descartes Substance dualism Soul/Mind Control thoughts, reason, reproduction, perception, locomotion Descartes Mechanism to the human body Developed theory of reflux If Stimuli could trigger reflex from the soul, then sensation be used by the soul determine action Reflex Therory Stimulus-response psychology Derived ideas From experience, sensation Depends on sense ability to communicate within soul Innate ideas Original knowledge, not obtained(self,God, perfection, infinity) Stimuli to initiate Sense must be able to communicate with soul Amo If body is material and senses is alive, but the soul is immaterial then the soul can be aware of what happened to body but cannot feel or sense. Spinoza Influenced by Descartes writings Accepted rationalism and mechanism, but not dualism Spinoza Said the substance has two attributed Phsycial and non-physical attributes are two aspects the same substance pure pantheism God is identical with nature Reductionism the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study Gestalt Psychology the whole is greater than the sum of its parts Insanity Possession of the soul by demons Instance are considered weak and responsible for insanity Insanity Illness of the mind Behaviorism Observed Physcial behaviors Professes/ states of the phsycial human brain Frank Joseph Gall Observed relationships between classmates headshapes and mental characteristics Broca's area Expressive aphasia from lesion of left hemisphere Phineas Gage Bar through frontal area, bilateral damage to prefrontal cortex Not studied (29) You haven't studied these terms yet! Select these 29 Goltz Produced large and bilateral lesions of cortex in dogs Long term survival Permanent deficits were limited to higher psychic functions Size and location determines the severity of effects on functions Campbell First human cytoarchitectonic map Broadmann emphasized Cytoarchitectonic filed represent function fields Cerebral cortex should not Considered a single organ Von Manasnow believed Some localization of elementary sensory and motor functions Leistungeb are not localized Involve whole brain, which functions as dynamic organizing entity Diaschizis of collaboration Loss of function in portion of brain connected but distant from a lesion Kleist Studied 300 persons who sustained local brain injuries during world war 1 Kleist' mal Provided Broadmann's areas with functions Broadmanns areas Sensory and motor correct Higher order mental functions to other read; acoustic awarenes, personal, and social ego) Opposition Brain mythology, modern manifestation of phrenology thinking Sir Charles Sherrington Novel prize in physiology or medicine 1932 was awarded Sir Henry Dale Awarded jointly to Sir Hallett Dalle and Otto Loewi Karl Langley Lesions in cortext Lesions in cortext Size of lesions, not location was related to function inmpairment Law of Mass Action Brain mass, not neural architecture is important for brain function Equipotentiality Capacity of any intact part of functional area to carry out the function by destruction of the whole Only associative and sensory or motor areas have This capacity Sensory and motor areas of Lashleyvwere in contrast of Flourens and Goltz Maze learning Complex behavior, dependent upon many elemental behaviors Behavioral adaption Small lesions, possible to employ other strategies to solve maze-impairment Recovery of Function Other brains areas take control of lost function Wilder Penfield Brain surgeon Mapped the motor cortext in humans whike using mild electric current Pennfield applied electrical currents to the surface of patients brain To find out problem areas Geschwhjnd Forgotten principle- Flechsig's rule Comparative phylogentic perspective to the development of associations Norman Geschwind Proposed disorders of higher function may often be produced by damage to the pathways that connect primary sensory and Motor areas Pet Measure the uptake of oxygen or glucose during task performance FMRI Measure blood oxygenation during task performance Not a direct measure
