BRITISH HISTORY – handouts (2019/20) McDowall David, An Illustrated History of Britain Zins Henryk Historia Anglii Lipoński Wojciech Dzieje kultury brytyjskiej Davies Norman The Isles Encyclopaedia Britannica Webpages, e.g.: www.bbc.co.uk www.royalinsight.gov.uk http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia http://www.bartleby.com EARLIEST TIMES British Isles – humans probably first arrived in Britain around 800,000 BC (Palaeolithic) Continual human occupation about 10,000 BC (after extreme cold of the Ice Ages in Britain) Human remains - Paleolithic/stone age, hills of Cheddar Gorge Somerset, Cheddar Man oldest ethnically identified inhabitants of Britain (2000-1600 BC vs 8th century BC) Around 10,500 BC - Britain cut off from continental Europe - the Roman invasion * came in AD 43 * called the island Britannia * brought skills of reading and writing * couldn’t conquer Scotland (Hadrian’s Wall) * left ab 20 large towns (-castra – Winchester, Lancaster, Leicester) connected by roads (became the main roads of modern Britain), outside towns large farms grew (villas) - the Saxon invasion * Germanic tribes started to settle ab AD 430 * Jutes (Kent and south coast), Angles (east and north Midlands) and Saxons (between the Jutes and Angles) * the Anglo-Saxon migrations gave the larger part of Britain the name, “England” (“the land of Angles”) * “Wales”/”Weallas” (Saxon) – “the land of the foreigners” (most British Celts driven into the mountains in the far west) * days of week named after Germanic gods: Thor (Thu), Frei (Fri) * earliest villages, like the Celtic ones, were family villages: -ing (family/folk), e.g. Reading (the family of Rada), Hastings (Hasta); -ham (farm), -ton (settlement), e.g. Birmingham, Nottingham, Southampton * established kingdoms: Essex (East Saxons), Sussex (South Saxons), Wessex (West Saxons), East Anglia (East Angles) *introduced institutions: King’s Council (Witan, today Privy Council) * the land divided into administrative areas based on “shires” (Saxon for counties) - the Viking invasion * end of 8th century Vikings (pirates or the people of the sea inlets) from Norway and Denmark - Norman conquest (1066, William the Conqueror) 1 Monarch (Kings and Queens) Reign 1625-1649 Charles I 1603-1625 James I House Of Windsor House Of Tudor 1952Present Elizabeth II 1936-1952 George VI 1936 Edward VIII (abdicated) 1910-1936 George V 1558-1603 Elizabeth I 1553-1558 Mary I 1547-1553 Edward VI 1509-1547 Henry VIII 1485-1509 Henry VII House Of Saxe-Coburg 1901-1910 Edward VII House Of Hanover 1837-1901 Victoria 1830-1837 William IV 1820-1830 George IV 1760-1820 House Of York 1483-1485 Richard III George III 1483 Edward V(never crowned) 1727-1760 George II Edward IV 1714-1727 George I 1471-1483 & 1461-1470 House Of Stuart House Of Lancaster 1702-1714 Anne 1422-1461 Henry VI 1694-1702 William III 1413-1422 Henry V 1689-1694 William III and Mary II 1399-1413 Henry IV 1685-1689 James II House Of Plantaganet 1660-1685 Charles II 1377-1399 Richard II Commonwealth And Protectorate 1327-1377 Edward III 1658-1659 Richard Cromwell 1307-1327 Edward II 1653-1658 Oliver Cromwell 1272-1307 EdwardI (Longshanks) 1649-1653 Council of State 1216-1272 Henry III 1199-1216 John House Of Stuart 2 1189-1199 Richard I (Lionheart) 1154-1189 Henry II 1066-1087 William I (Conqueror House Of Normandy Saxons and Danes 1135-1154 Stephen 1100-1135 Henry I 1087-1100 William II (Rufus) 3 1066 Harold II 1042-66 Edward I (the Confessor) 1016-35 Canute (Cnut) CHRISTIANITY IN BRITAIN - the Romans - AD 43 - AD 409 - Germanic tribes - began to settle after AD 430 - Vikings invaded Britain in 865 - 1066 the battle of Hastings and Normans started ruling - the head of church and state - state/established church in England - parliamentary business: Anglican prayers - legal requirement for every state school to hold an act of daily worship. “Collective worship” - to acknowledge that a school is a collection of different individuals and beliefs, and implies inclusiveness and no commitment to any particular faith (“broadly Christian in character”). Supposed to be educational, intended to give pupils the opportunity to worship, or an experience of worship to evaluate or perhaps assimilate (https://humanism.org.uk) Earliest times - When Christianity began in England - Ireland - Christianity spread by missionary St Patrick (387- 493) at the beginning of 5th c. , 17th March - in Western Scotland Saint Columba (“Dove of Church”, 521-597) helped to bring a distinctly Irish brand of Christianity to mainland Britain - Celtic church (vs Roman Church) - monasteries rather than diocese; minor role of bishops; different from Roman liturgy, different way of determining the date of Easter; Celtic monasteries did not recognize hierarchical structure of papacy - St. Augustine’s mission (Pope Gregory the Great – 597, Canterbury) - Synod of Whitby (663, kingdom of Northumbria) - Consequences: Church in England – unification; political unification of England, unification of administration, law, fiscal system, royal power support in Church, Church supported kings, power of English church increased - monasteries/minsters e.g. Westminster – places of learning & education, towns, local trade, contact with Europe - Viking invasion - King Alfred – kingdom of Wessex, literate men of Church to establish system of law, to educate people, write down important matters, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, (Bede - Ecclesiastical History of the English People) Middle Ages - struggle between church and state – 1066 William I (Conqueror) - John Lackland (1216) ; * William II Rufus, Henry I and vs Anselm - material privileges of church & influence of king on choice of the posts of bishops (do homage), Henry created bishops, king agreed only church creates bishops & Church agreed bishops homage to king for lands; * Henry II vs Thomas Becket- limit Church privileges (Clarendon Constitutions) - discontent with Church - greed, feudal power, taxes to pope, hundred year war 1337 – 1453, spread of religious writings, Lollardy (from Middle Dutch lollen = to mutter prayers or words of criticism, in English - secular preacher criticising abuse in church), John Wycliffe’s writings - questioned the form of the medieval church, an early protest against Rome's control over England's church. Jędrzej Gałka (c. 1400-c.1451), Dobczyn, priest, writer, philosopher, profesor, Pieśń o Wiklefie The Tudors (1485 -1603) Henry VII, VIII, Edward VI, Mary (I, Tudor), Elizabeth I - Henry VIII – Reformation (political reasons - wealth and control), Fidei Defensor (Defender of Faith), Catherine of Aragon - aunt of Charles V, king of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, 4 - - - - Ann Boleyn, Pope Clement VII, Ann Boleyn, Act of Supremacy (1534), Act of Dissolution (1535) Edward VI - changed the ritual of the mass; abolished the sacraments of penance and the last rites of the dead; purgatory no longer existed; priests no longer had to be celibate; laws passed to make churches more plain; stained glass windows and pictures removed; the furniture within churches very basic and plain. The actual services more plain and the common person could now understand what was being said as services - now called Holy Communion - in English (Archbishop Cranmer wrote a prayer book also in English). Priests did not have to dress in the bright clothing associated with the Catholic Church and under Edward. Dissent punishable by death. Mary I Tudor - counter-reformation, revival of Catholicism, persecution of Protestants Thomas Cranmer - changes that allied the Church of England with the Reformation The Book of Common Prayer (basis of Anglican liturgy); Thirty-nine Articles (deal briefly with the doctrines accepted by Roman Catholics and Protestants alike and more fully with points of controversy, standards for liturgy and doctrine) Elizabeth I - Reformation acts restored, Pope’s excommunication Jan Łaski (John Laski, Johannes Alasco, John a Lasco) (1499 –1560) - Polish Protestant reformer, influential work in England (c. 1543-1555) during the English Reformation, supervised foreign Protestants on the nomination of king Edward VI Puritanism (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Puritanism) The Stuarts and 17th c - James I - gunpowder plot (5 Nov 1605, Guy Fawkes, Robert Catesby) - Charles I - “small revival of Catholicism”, Henrietta Maria of France, William Laud, tried to restore many rituals similar to Catholic, make Scottish Kirk accept the same organization as Church in England, tried to intro Anglican prayer book in 1637 (result national resistance in 1638), supporter of high Anglican worship (encouraged ritual and decorum) - English Civil War (1642–1651) - England's War of Religion, Catholic-leaning King vs. Puritan-leaning Parliament, Oliver Cromwell to wipe out Catholicism (English soldier and statesman, led parliamentary forces in the English Civil Wars, a general on the parliamentary side, helped overthrow the Stuart monarchy, Lord Protector - 1653–58 during the republican Commonwealth, a Puritan, believed individual Christians could establish direct contact with God through prayer), king to be defeated and executed, opening the way for the first and only 'religious' government, Oliver's army of saints were fighting God's battle on earth, New Order was indeed being established: God's order, task: to institute a programme of moral regeneration and education, it was not society that needed to be reformed but the sinners within it) - Charles II – “restoration of a Catholic-influenced court”, Clarendon code (ensured Anglicanism as the state religion and threatened non-conformists) - Test Act (1673) - James II (r 1685 to 1688) - stubborn adherence to the Roman Catholic faith 18th , 19th c - Act of Settlement (1701) (if Mary without children, the crown to her sister Anne, if she has no children, to granddaughter of James I who had married German elector of Hanover & her children). - situation of Roman Catholics; Relief Act (1778 - acquire real property), 1791 - Catholics can practice religion without fear of civil penalties, Emancipation Act (1829 - admitted Catholics to Parliament and to all but a handful of public offices), Universities Tests Act (1871 - opened the universities to Roman Catholics) - “the evangelical revival” (return to simple faith based on Bible) - John Wesley, Methodism, 1795 - 4 yrs aft Wesley’s death ultimate breaking of Methodists with Anglican Church. 1851 - 60% went to church. 5.2 mln called themselves Anglicans, 4.5 mln Nonconformists, almost 0.5 mln Catholics. 5 20th c - ecumenical movement 1992 to ordain women as priests - By 1900 - 19% of Londoners went regularly to church. At the beg of 50s - 11% of women & 10% of men regular churchgoers, 45% intermittent churchgoers - 2014 - General Synod voted to allow women to become bishops (Right Reverend Libby Lane, consecration - 26 January 2015) - non-Christian faiths e.g. Judaism & groups with humanist & special beliefs - today – diversity of religious denominations (added particularly in the 20th c) by immigrants (Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism) - Christian churches (Church of England, Ch of Scotland, Roman Catcholic Ch, Free Churches – generally, any Protestant religious body that exists in or originates in a land having a state church but that is itself free of governmental or external ecclesiastica control. Examples of such free churches are the Baptists in Scotland, where the established church is Presbyterian; the Presbyterians in England, where the Anglican Church is established; the Waldensian Church in Italy, where the Roman Catholic Church is established; and the Mission Covenant Church in Sweden, where the established church is Lutheran (https://www.britannica.com) - Marriage & Same Sex Reationships - 60th anniversary of coronation of Elizabeth II (2013), Discussion over its significance More about Anglican Church: http://www.church-of-england.org 6
