How History on the americas and the US can be told very different
“American exceptionalism”: Way U.S. History used to be taught, it says something like manifest destiny for history, all of the european migrants abandoned an opportunity
and created a glorious nation with capitalism, democracy and everything, skipping the parts where they had murdered all of the original natives and they minuspreciate
the african-americans contributions.
Private property Vs common property, the different percpetions of technology, culture and everything else between.
The growth of people plus the law of enclosure which was marking the farms territory, pushed people to the city which increased criminals, inflation and they had plenty
workers so they began having problems with salaries, which pushed them (again) to the USA to look for a new life, in fact it was really tough because of the swamps,
weather and there was no gold. If Europeans did not have practice conquest before in other countries, they would have never been able to conquer America.
Desire to evangelize from Europeans and grow the Christian religion.
Different ideas allowed different civilizations to stablish.
More enclosure
Mushrooming population (god-damn people having a lot of god-damn children)
England practised conquest in Ireland before America (practice in conquering across an ocean)
Virginians are poor
Tobacco plantations are huge and exported to orient (IMPORTANT THING MF)
Virginia had a jerarquical society
Superior culture to exploit
all of these was in south
NORTH
Puritans
Believe England is becoming corrupt after they killed Oliver Cromwell) in the glorious revolution
Self sufficient farms where everybody has to work
regarded in society to practice church
Strong moral ethic
they had a leader to say they were a “city upon a hill” which means as the ideal society to everybody else.
Most inmigrants came during the great migration in 1630s
People have to have knowledge so they can decide and be part of government
Clash of civilizations
Private property is a new concept for indians
they sign a contract and they believe they give the rights to use but not to own their lands.
Most civilizations were self autoctone, they moved according to the season depending on their needs.
Humans tell history in the way they see reality.
They see indians as lazy.
Men haunted and women worked fields so they believed men were lazy (americans were such a bunch of morons)
KING PHILLIP’S WAR
He reunites a bunch of tribes together
Indians wanted a real war
the war became violent
Indians were hiding so americans burned indians crops
indians response was murdering settlers women and children
Why the conflict really happened??
The Great awakening
A movement against the stablished church
1.- the first mass colonial movement when edwards had gone to boston almost the whole time there was somebody speaking.
2.- When you have this pan colonial movement, people see you can word across different varieties of christianty and they can collaborate with anglicans, baptists etc.
3.- They start preaching in unusual places like fields and for everybody, not just for themselves or when the elders talked and everybody was quiet, now indians, settlers,
elders and youngs did it together.
New lights:
* More accountability from the established church
●
more accountable church
●
unifying and changing force
●
different approach to race as supposed the stablished churches
●
nowadays baptist churches are bigger in the south because of (he never said it, we are death).
they did not see god as a saviour but as someone who could punish them in any time (send you to hell just because he wanted)
Mercantilism system
An economic system specialized in exploiting others, extracting most of their monetary supplies for your economy.
Colonies could only trade with england or english vessels in europe.
Pushed land and a word from the indians.
Late 1600s
No air = problems
Jams II king (Catholic in a non-catholic country which makes him be hated) and starts ruling without a parliament so he needs revenues
a very forceful government sir edmond starts stealing private property, increases taxation, reinforces navigation laws, assamblies control government so he decided to
start centralizing government replacing puritan governments.
they abandoned some neglects and limited authorities from the colonies
Balance of power: Being balanced to avoid wars (if there is no balance they will try to attack you)
French vs British the eternal fight
seven year war (it did not last seven years by the way)
The caribeans see canada and a lot of land across mississippi river.
British had a huge empire becoming a land empire
requires money to keep living those soldiers.
Colonies accepted british protection because of the indians
with france away, they dont need british forces anymore
indians balanced between and another.
The proclamation line
1763
After the war, indians agred that americans cant enter their lands
americans were mad asf because they fought for land and surprise, they cant get new land.
England needs money
they begin taxing everything in the us
something tax
other thing tax
tons of taxes
americans were mad by not having representation
crown passes this idea by their eggs.
americans slowly unite
belief by the radical wings which felt all government was corrupt and encrunched people’s liberty
When you work on something, it becomes yours (of property by John Locke document)
how things escalated resulted in the songs of liberty, stamp act action, virtual representation, nothing worked, boston massacre (only 3 people died so it is not a
massacre)
Boston tea party throw all of the tea into the ocean (they believe this begun the war).
americans wrote a letter for the british to avoid war, the king did not like this so they went to war (USA won)
france and spain join the war on the american side to make a balance of power
these people truly believe on the republican government since people now hated british rule
tyranny is tyranny, an argument saying that one elite is replaced by another, does not matter where it comes from, tyranny remains.
Manifest destiny
reasons:
Christian vision
feel their destiny is to expand freedom
white men feel that they had to carry and be a supremacy so everybody else had to be removed just to justify people was being displaced
John Sullivan
1. Bratir economy: The barter system is the oldest mode of commerce and dates back to ancient times. Long before monetary currency was invented, individuals
traded services and products in return for other items. The barter system can be defined as the act of exchanging goods between two or more parties without using
money.
2. Judiciary act 1789: Federal act which established the lower federal courts and other functions of the federal judiciary. Article III of the Constitution provides that “judicial
power of the U.S, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts” as Congress sees fit to establish.
3. Street construction: Often been associated with movements or policies that aimed to restrict certain rights, activities, or groups
4. Implied powers: Powers Congress exercises that the Constitution does not explicitly define, but are necessary and proper to execute the powers. The legitimacy of
these Congressional powers is derived from the Taxing and Spending Clause, the Necessary and Proper Clause, and the Commerce Clause.
5. Broad construction: A theory of interpretation of the Constitution that holds that the spirit of the times, the values of the justices, and the needs of the nation may
legitimately influence the decisions of a court, particularly the Supreme Court. Sometimes called judicial activism.
6. 3/5 Compromise: Determined that 3 out of every 5 slaves was counted when determining a state's total population for legislative representation and taxation.
7. Restrictionists:
8. Anti-restrictionists:
9. Tallmadge amendment: Representative James Tallmadge proposed as a condition of Missouri's statehood that no further slaves could be imported into the state and all
children born after Missouri's admission to the Union shall be born free.
10. Missouri Compromise: Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state at the same time, so as not to upset the balance between slave and Free
states in the nation.
11. Monroe Doctrine: Best known of the U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James
Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs.
12. Intercontinental treaty (1819): The U.S. and ESP defined the western limits of the Louisiana Purchase and ES surrendered its claims to the Pacific Northwest. In
return, the U.S. recognized ES sovereignty over TX.
13. Administrative despotism:
14. Sovereignty of the people: Controversial political doctrine according to which the people of federal territories should decide for themselves whether their territories
would enter the Union as free or slave states.
15. Universal suffrage: Right to vote for political representatives conferred to almost all adult citizens or residents, regardless of their social status, property, knowledge,
religion, race, gender, or other similar qualifications.
16. Equality of oppottunity:Everybody deserved to have the same chances no matter what and they could achieve it at least for white people.
17. Equality of condition: Something impossible to reach, it is as a utopia but we are not in the same conditions for one simple reason: talent
18. Corrupt bargain (1824): To the surprise of many, the House elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. It was widely believed that Clay, the Speaker of
the House, convinced Congress to elect Adams, who then made Clay his Secretary of State.
19. Spoils system: The president appoints civil servants to government jobs specifically because they are loyal to him and to his political party.
20. Trail of tears: The forced westward migration of American Indian tribes from the South and Southeast.
21. Nullification proclamation (1832): Disputed a states' right to nullify a federal law. Jackson's proclamation was written in response to an ordinance issued by a South
Carolina convention that declared that the tariff acts of 1828 and 1832
22. Nullification: The constitutional theory that individual states can invalidate federal laws or judicial decisions they deem unconstitutional, and it has been controversial
since its inception
23. Force Bill: Law passed by the U.S. Congress in 1833 that gave the president the power to use the military to enforce the collection of import duties if a state refused to
comply with federal tariffs.
24. Specie circular: An executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson requiring that payment for the purchase of public lands be made exclusively in gold or silver.
25. Log cabin campaigns: Whig Party candidate William Henry Harrison and his running mate, John Tyler, were the first candidates to campaign actively for office. Their
tactic? To paint the unpopular incumbent, Martin Van Buren as wealthy and above the general public while having Harrison adopt a “log cabin” persona.
26. Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge: Case regarding the C.B.R and the Warren Bridge of Boston, Massachusetts, heard by the U.S. Supreme Court under the
leadership of Chief Justice Roger B. Taney.
27. Underground railroad: The resistance to enslavement through escape and flight, through the end of C.W.
28. Seneca Falls convection: Described women's grievances and demands. Written primarily by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, it distilled the importance of the S.F.C: for
women to fight for their constitutionally guaranteed right to equality as U.S. citizens.
29. Gag rule: Stipulated that antislavery petitions received by the House would be automatically tabled.
30. Nat turners Rebellion: Rebellion of enslaved Virginians that took place in Southampton County, Virginia. Led by N.T. the rebels killed between 55 - 65 White people,
making it the deadliest slave revolt in U.S. history.
31. Abolitionism: Movement that sought to end slavery in the country, was active from the late colonial era until the American C.W. the end of which brought about the
abolition of American slavery for non-criminals through the 13 Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Some causes was slave revolts, home grown abolition movements,
religious arguments, government policies and the economy. some leaders was: Federick Douglass, Wiliam Lloyd Garrison, Wiliam Wells Brown, Harriet Tubman.
32. The Liberator: The most widely circulated anti-slavery newspaper during the antebellum period and throughout the C.W. It was published and edited in Boston by
W.L.G.
33. Manifest Destiny: The idea that white Americans were divinely ordained to settle the entire continent of North America. The ideology of M.D. inspired a variety of
measures designed to remove or destroy the native population.
34. White man´s burden: The alleged duty of white colonizers to care for nonwhite Indigenous subjects in their colonial possessions.
35. Civil disobedience: The refusal to obey the demands or commands of a government or occupying power, without resorting to violence or active measures of
opposition
36. Bear flag Republic: An unrecognized breakaway state from MX, that for 25 days in 1846 militarily controlled an area north of San Francisco, in and around what is now
Sonoma County in California.
37. Guadalupe H. treatry: Which brought an official end to the MX-AMR. War (1846-48), was signed on at Guadalupe Hidalgo, a city to which the MX government had fled
with the advance of U.S. forces.
38. Young americans movement: It advocated free trade, social reform, expansion westward and southward into the territories, and support for republican, anti-aristocratic
movements abroad. The movement also inspired a drive for self-consciously "American" literature in writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt
Whitman.
39. Kansas Nebraska Act: Repealed the Missouri Compromise, created 2 new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty. It also produced a violent uprising known
as “Bleeding Kansas,” as proslavery and antislavery activists flooded into the territories to sway the vote.
40. Know Nothings: Nativist political movement in the U.S. in the mid-1850s. The national political organization of the Know Nothings was officially known as the "Native
American Party" prior to 1855; thereafter, it was simply known as the "American Party".
41. Caning of Charles summer: Occurred in the U.S. Senate chamber, when Representative Preston Brooks, a pro-slavery Democrat from South Carolina, used a walking
cane to attack Senator Charles Sumner, an abolitionist Republican from Massachusetts.
42. Dred scott decition: the U.S. Supreme Court upheld slavery in United States territories, denied the legality of black citizenship in America, and declared the Missouri
Compromise to be unconstitutional.
43. Lecompton Constitution: pro-slavery document. If approved it would allow slavery in the state of Kansas. Calling for a Vote. Both the proslavery constitutional
convention and the free-state legislature claimed to have the authority to call for an election on the Lecompton Constitution.
44. Deep South: cultural and geographic subregion of the Southern United States. The term was first used to describe the states which were most economically
dependent on plantations and slavery.
45. Upper South: the Southern states that are geographically north of the Lower South, primarily Virginia, West V. , Kentucky, North Carolina, and Tennessee, and to a
lesser extent the District of Columbia, Maryland, Delaware, and Missouri.
46. Border states: slave states that border with the free states during the U.S. C.W. ; these were slave-holding states who did not support President Abraham Lincoln.
However, they also believed in a strong federal union and remained a part of the U.S., hoping to compromise.
47. Crittender compromise: a series of constitutional amendments proposed in Congress to serve as a compromise between proslavery and antislavery factions, one of
which would have permitted slavery in the territories south but not north.
Beginnings
end of neglect: When people began to be against the crown because they did not receive any profit from all the products they were exporting to Europe, it is thought this
was the beginning of American revolution.
independence
constitution
1812 war In Britain’s effort to control the world’s oceans, the British Royal Navy encroached upon American maritime rights and cut into American trade during the
Napoleonic Wars. In response, the young republic declared war on Britain on June 18, 1812. The two leading causes of the war were the British Orders-in-Council, which
limited American trade with Europe, and impressment, the Royal Navy’s practice of taking seamen from American merchant vessels to fill out the crews of its own
chronically undermanned warships. Under the authority of the Orders in Council, the British seized some 400 American merchant ships and their cargoes between 1807
and 1812. Press gangs, though ostensibly targeting British subjects for naval service, also swept up 6,000 to 9,000 Americans into the crews of British ships between
1803 and 1812. Some of the impressed sailors were born in British possessions but had migrated to the United States, while many others had attained citizenship that
was either in question or simply could not be documented.
Market revolution -jackson's policies The Market Revolution refers to a period of significant economic and social transformation that took place in the United States during
the first half of the 19th century, roughly from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century. This era was marked by profound changes in the country's economic structure,
including the shift from agrarian and craft-based economies to industrial and market-oriented systems. Several factors contributed to the Market Revolution:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Technological Advancements: Innovations such as the cotton gin, steam engine, and improved transportation (especially the development of canals and
later railroads) played crucial roles in boosting industrialization and facilitating the movement of goods.
Expansion of Market Economy: The growth of industry and improvements in transportation led to the expansion of a national market economy. Instead of
producing goods for personal use or local trade, people began to produce goods for a larger market, fostering economic interdependence.
Increased Specialization: With the growth of market-oriented economies, there was an increased specialization of labor. Individuals and regions began to
focus on producing specific goods or services for a wider market, leading to greater efficiency and productivity.
Urbanization: The rise of factories and the expansion of industries led to urbanization as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of employment
opportunities.
Communication and Information Networks: Advances in communication, such as the telegraph, facilitated quicker and more efficient transmission of
information, connecting distant regions and markets.
Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), was a prominent figure during the Market Revolution era. His presidency is associated with a
set of policies and political developments that had a significant impact on the nation. Some key aspects of Jackson's policies include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Indian Removal: Jackson supported the forced removal of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands to lands west of the Mississippi River. The
Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized the relocation of several indigenous tribes, resulting in the tragic and often deadly journey known as the Trail of
Tears.
Bank War: Jackson opposed the Second Bank of the United States, viewing it as a symbol of privilege for the wealthy elite. He vetoed the recharter of the
bank in 1832 and subsequently withdrew federal funds from the bank, leading to its eventual demise.
Nullification Crisis: Jackson faced a crisis over the tariff issue, with the state of South Carolina attempting to nullify federal tariffs within its borders.
Jackson firmly opposed nullification and asserted the supremacy of federal law.
Expansion of Suffrage: Jacksonian democracy aimed to broaden political participation. During his presidency, the electorate expanded with the removal of
property qualifications for white male suffrage in many states.
While the Market Revolution brought about economic growth and transformation, Jackson's policies were marked by controversy, reflecting the complexities and tensions
of the period.
texas rebellion
Mexico war
expansion north west
escalation tensions (north - south)