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Flood Risk Reduction and Management
Research · October 2017
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25631.46243
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FLOOD RISK REDUCTION
AND MANAGEMENT
A Research
Presented to the
Candon National High School
Senior High School Department
In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the subject
Research II
(Quantitative Research)
By:
ANCHETA, RIZA MAE D.
ARREOLA, EDDIE D.
COLLADO, ALEXANDRA MAURA M.
DIGA, WISDOM B.
GAERLAN, LOUIE ANN D.
PACARO, ABRILLE PIA D.
SEVERO, JEFFERSON A.
Feljone G. Ragma, Ed. D.
(Research Adviser)
October 2017
2
Republic of the Philippines
Region 1
Candon National High School
Senior High School
Candon City, Ilocos Sur
INDORSEMENT
This is to certify that the researchers who conceptualized the study
“Flood
Risk
Reduction
and
Management”
are
ready
for
Oral
Examination.
Feljone G. Ragma, Ed.D.
Adviser
Republic of the Philippines
Region 1
Candon National High School
Senior High School
Candon City, Ilocos Sur
APPROVAL
This
is
to
certify
that
the
abovementioned
study
has
SUCCESSFULLY PASSED the Oral Examination on October 2017 before
the following, whose signatures are accordingly affixed.
DR. JAY O. GANACIAS
PANEL MEMBER
3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude to the
people have been a significant part of this research that without them,
this study entitled “Flood Risk Reduction and Management” would not
be a success:
To the researchers’ families and friends for their constant
support especially through finances and by prayers;
To the interviewees of this research for their time, the trust to be
interviewed and the responses which served as a big help;
To Mrs. Elsa Biswelan, who were the members of the panel during
the final defense for the significant suggestions on the improvement of
the thematic diagram;
To Dr. Feljone Ragma, the research adviser, for imparting the
irreplaceable insights regarding research, for the patience to teach
regardless of the situations and for the friendly encouragement in every
step of the way, and
Most of all, to our God Almighty who bestowed upon us the skills
and wisdom which are necessary in the completion of this research
paper.
To them all, a million thanks!
4
DEDICATION
This research is whole-heartedly dedicated to the incomparable
research adviser of this study, Dr. Feljone G. Ragma, who served as the
very reason why this study achieved success.
He has equipped us with the unfading knowledge and for opening
the door for us to experience how a real strand-related research is being
accomplished. He armed us with the necessary skills which we will be
able to apply in the future.
With the help of his professionalism in teaching the unit, the
researchers arrived with a successful research study.
5
ABSTRACT
Title:
Researchers:
Flood Risk Reduction and Management
Ancheta, Riza Mae D.
Arreola, Eddie D.
Collado, Alexandra Maura M.
Diga, Wisdom B.
Gaerlan, Louie Ann D.
Pacaro, Abrille Pia D.
Severo, Jefferson A.
Adviser:
Feljone G. Ragma, Ed.D.
Abstract: This study determined the level of efficiency of flood risk
reduction and management in Candon City and its neigboring towns.
Furthermore, this aims to find out if there is a significant difference among
its subdomains. It covered a quota of 100 respondents but only 96 were
retrieving, showing a 96% retrieval rate. The data gathering tool was a
questionnaire lifted from a research. The data were treated using the mean
and the ANOVA, with post-hoc analysis.
Findings show that the flood risk reduction and management is very
efficient. In addition, it expresses that there is a significant difference
between the subdomains of flood risk reduction and management.
Thus, it can be concluded that the practices in managing flood are
executed properly, responding to vast and immediate needs of the people.
Also, the government has no equal attention to the different measures in
flood risk reduction and management.
It recommended that the authorized personnel should improve and
continue the implementation of the precautionary measures of flood risk
reduction and management especially on recovery and rehabilitation, and
emergency preparedness.
Keywords: Flood risk reduction and management
6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Number
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………….………...
i
INDORSEMENT……………………………………………………….……....
ii
APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………………………………...
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………...
iii
DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………..
iv
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………..
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………….……………………….
vi
FIGURE………………………………………………………………………....
viii
TABLE.........................................................................................
ix
CHAPTER
I
II
Introduction…………………………………….…………....
1
Background of the Study..…………....…………..…...
1
Framework............................................................
5
Statement of the Problems…………..………………...
11
Hypothesis…...…………………………………....…...…
12
Scope and Delimitation...…………………………....…
12
Importance of the Study……………………..……...….
12
Definition of Terms…………..……………….……...….
14
Review of Related Literature and Studies……..…....
15
Method and Procedures…..…………………..……..……
26
Research Design…….……………………….….....…….
26
Sources of Data….……………………………….….…..
27
Locale and Population.....................…...….….…
27
Instrumentation and Data Collection…….....…......
28
7
Validity and Reliability..............……….....…...…
29
Tools for Data Analysis……………………..……….....
29
Ethical Considerations…………………………………......
31
Results and Discussion…………………………………..
32
Level of Efficiency.......................................................
32
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations....
41
Summary..................................................................
41
Findings…………………………………………………….…
41
Conclusions……………………………………………….…
41
Recommendations…………………………………….…….
42
Bibliography………………………………………………………………….
43
Appendices..................................................................................
47
A....................................................................................
47
Curriculum Vitae.........................................................................
51
III
IV
8
FIGURE
Figure
1
Page
Number
The Cyclical Nature of the Four Phase Model................
10
9
TABLES
Table
Page
Number
1
Population Breakdown.................................................
28
2
Scale and Rating..........................................................
30
3
Level of Efficiency of Flood Risk Reduction and
Management.................................................................
33
4.a
Comparison of the Subdomains of Flood Risk
Reduction and Management.........................................
38
4.b
Post-hoc Analysis.........................................................
39
10
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
A disaster is a serious destructive and calamitous natural or manmade catastrophe in which it can bring detrimental damages to the
society such as loss of lives, property destruction and permanent change
in the topography of the particular location. It ranges from hurricanes to
volcanic eruptions. Furthermore, this exceeds the ability of the
community being affected to cope using the most available resources on
their area. One of the most frequent disasters being experienced today is
a flood.
Flood is one of the most destructive natural hazards. It occurs
when water overflows or inundates land that is normally dry wherein the
level of water may only be a few inches higher, or it may cover a house or
a rooftop. NSSL (2016) said that flash floods are the most destructive
kind of floods because the destructive power of a flood joins with blazing
speed and unpredictability. They eventually occur when excessive water
fills normally dry creeks or river beds along with currently flowing creeks
and rivers, causing rapid rises of water in either short or a long period of
time. They might happen with little or no warning. National Weather
Service (2017) stated that urban areas which are prone to flooding have
more severe effects than in the countryside or suburbs. The impervious
11
surfaces in the urban areas do not allow water to infiltrate the ground,
and the water runs off to the low spots very quickly because of some
structures present in the location. Therefore, densely populated areas are
at a high risk. The construction of buildings, highways, driveways, and
parking lots increases runoff by reducing the amount of rain absorbed by
the ground which increases the flash flood potential. Because of these
dangers, people find ways to significantly manage and reduce the risks
brought by a flood.
Flood risk reduction and management seek to reduce the risks
from flood events to the people who are located in flood-prone locations.
A flood risk management strategy identifies and implements measures
that reduce the overall hazard and what remains is the residual risk. It is
very important for those located in the floodplain and those responsible
for the activities to ensure the understanding of the nature of the risks
they face and the steps that may be taking into consideration to reduce
the risks.
According to the Office of the Queensland Chief Scientist (2010),
one of the ways of flood risk reduction and management is through
waterway modifications. Floodplain or waterway modifications such as
widening, deepening, cleaning rivers and flow paths such as canals or
removing the garbage present in the location can improve the transport
of flood waters downstream and reduce the likelihood of blockage, but on
12
the other hand, can increase velocities and erosion and cause negative
environmental impacts. The benefits of cleaning and clearing the
pathways of water are only temporary unless these continue to be
maintained. Nevertheless, behind this imperative way of reduction and
management of flood risks, problems still inevitably popped up in global,
national and local scenarios.
Globally, the troubles caused by floods are evident. Siddique (2017)
reported that more than 1,200 people have died across India,
Bangladesh, and Nepal as a result of flooding on August 29, 2017,
Tuesday. The International Federation of the Red Cross and Red
Crescent Societies (IFRC) says the fourth significant floods this year have
affected more than 7.4 million people, damaging or destroying more than
697,000 houses; in total 17.1 million have been affected. In the northern
state of Uttar Pradesh, about 2.5 million have been affected. This is only
one of the many flood incidents in international view. Since global floodinduced problems are seemingly evident, Philippines also experience the
deleterious effects of flooding.
One of the most devastating floods triggered by strong typhoons
that battered the Philippines happened on September 27, 2009.
According to Geminiano (2013), tropical storm “Ondoy” stroke the
Philippines with heavy rainfall that caused flash floods that killed at least
140 people, displaced half-a million people, and also destroyed more
13
than one billion pesos worth of properties. There were horrible sights of
people getting carried away with the flash floods and eventually drowning
them with the raging waves. If there are flood effects nationally, the
locality of the researchers also goes through these struggles.
In Candon City, Ilocos Sur, the hometown of the researchers, it
can be observed that flood effects are actually alarming. During the
landfall of the typhoon Juan on October 18, 2010, a public storm
warning signal #3 was declared in all Ilocos provinces. Because of the
heavy rainfall, flash floods occurred quickly. In a damage, needs and
capacities assessment conducted in four towns of Ilocos Sur, around 635
families or 1635 individuals were affected. One of the affected areas is
the City of Candon.
According to Icred (2010), the Local Government Unit of Candon
City reported that a total of 52 hectares of rice crops have been totally
damaged because of flash floods. Furthermore, According to Fisheries
Organization President Samuel Joso, hundreds of fishermen in 6 coastal
barangays of Candon City suffered fish kill as salt water reached fish
cages. The level of salt water eventually met the rivers banks. Fishcages
worth 2.9 million pesos were also damaged in the barangays of
Paypayad, Caterman, Tamurong and Darapidap. Residents in these
coastal areas are worried because of the destruction of their source of
livelihood. Because of what happened, the local government officials,
14
together
with
the
provincial
disaster
readiness
risk
reduction
management council worked for hand in hand to overcome disastrous
situations like this. Therefore, the researchers conducted this study to
know the general strategies being implemented towards flood risk
reduction and management.
With the afore-cited incidents, the researchers aim to dig deeper
into the reasons behind the certain occurrence of these adverse effects of
a flood. They want to know the level of responsiveness of staff or
personnel accountable for such situations, how efficient are the
government officials including the authorized barangay officials when
executing the necessary actions in order to significantly manage and
reduce the flood risks, the sufficiency of the physical resources for
emergency purposes, and how efficient are the government actions taken
to restore and improve the living conditions of the affected residents.
Framework
Effective flood risk reduction and management ensures that a
location knows how to handle disasters. Hence, this research project
presents significant concepts and theories related to flood risk reduction
and management.
Flood risk reduction and management talks about flood prevention
and mitigation. Canziani (2013) said that mitigation involves all the
15
needed actions to reduce or eliminate drivers of the environmental
problem. On the other hand, flood prevention is plainly implying to get
rid of floods. And in order to attain prevention and mitigation, flood
adaptation should be considered. Chaudhry (2013) defined adaptation as
a responsive adjustment to an environmental condition. According to The
Guardian (2017), to avoid the different effects of a flood, adaptations
must be considered such as raising the mechanicals and valuables,
relocation, renovation of houses, getting flood insurance and staying
informed. This is being supported by the Theory of Urban Resilience. It
states that resilience to flood challenges the conventional wisdom that
cities cannot live without flood control. To enable floodplain functions in
building resiliency to floods, flood adaptation is suggested in order to
take over flood control for the flood hazards mitigation Liao (2012). Thus,
it signifies that flood adaptation contributes to the mitigation of flood
risks. In connection to Candon City, Ilocos Sur and its neighboring towns
flood risk reduction and management includes the proper responses of
the residents. It implies that if the people living in the affected areas are
likely to experience flooding, therefore it is recommendable to renovate
the house or relocate in alarming situations or if not, it is better that the
vulnerable mechanicals and valuables of the house such as electrical
panels should be positioned in the right place. This means that the
residents are having the risk assessment of the flood which might occur.
16
Since the needed actions assess, prevent and mitigate the risks, it is
necessary for the community and government to prepare for the flood
through planning.
Flood
risk
reduction
and
management
includes
emergency
preparedness. Sector (2016) stated that the preparedness or preparation
phase is centered around arranging or developing a plan to approach
events before the incident crops up. This phase is focused to increase the
resiliency through arranging and planning effective measures to counter
a disaster or effects of thereof. To support the claim, the Office of the
Queensland Chief Scientist (2017) mentioned that preparing a floodplain
management plan that outlines how flood risk to existing and future
development can be managed for a particular location can help reduce
flood risk. To back up the claim David McEntire presented the
Management Theory.
The Management Theory states that some of the vulnerability in
our communities may be corrected through effective leadership and
strategic planning. The ability of emergency managers to persuasively
sway public opinion and actively fulfill the aims of the community will
likely increase steps taken for mitigation which will enhance the
preparedness level of the jurisdiction resulting in vulnerability reduction
McEntire (2004). Therefore, in achieving preparedness, the government
should formulate a plan before the disaster happens. In Candon City and
17
its
neighboring
towns,
the
authorized
personnel
specifically
the
government officials should obtain the leadership where in decisions on
reducing flood risk should be made in consultation with the towns which
suffer the effects of a flood. Additionally, the government must also
prepare a plan on how to reduce and manage flood risk. The plan should
contain how the emergency response team will associate with the
community and the access and path ways to the evacuation centers of
Candon City and the towns that are near it. If the government has the
leadership, then the vulnerability is low leading to the high preparedness
level. However, it does not end in preparedness because the positive
effects of these cannot be uplifted if there are no proper responses in
emergency situations.
Flood
risk
reduction
and
management
involves
emergency
responses. Jackman & Beruvides (2013) mentioned that emergency
responses are about implementing the plan, reducing the potential for
secondary damage, and preparing for the recovery phase. Hence
emergency preparedness is the pre-requisite of emergency response in
which this is the stage where the plans formulated for the preparedness
will be executed. This is being backed-up by the Behavioral Theory of
Human Response to Flood Warnings by Ferrell & Krzysztofowicz (1983).
This is developed as a component of a methodology for evaluation of the
performance of flood forecast-response systems. A floodplain dweller
18
responds to a sequence of flood warnings by taking protective action
such as evacuation, flood-proofing, and shutdown of a facility in order to
reduce his loss. Therefore, emergency responses include the necessary
actions to reduce the risk of flood during the disaster. Relating it to the
City of Candon and its nearby towns, it implies that the government and
the community should now implement the desired plans done in the
preparedness stage. It means that the solutions of flood risk reduction
are now being performed here like the opening of evacuation areas.
Nevertheless, it does not stop on responses, but is continued through
rehabilitation and recovery.
Lastly, flood risk reduction and management covers rehabilitation
and recovery. Saint Louis County (2017) expressed that rehabilitation
and recovery include the actions taken to return a community to its
normal or near-normal conditions, . In the locale of the researchers, this
stage should be done through debris clean up, rebuilding of affected
roads, financial assistance to individuals including the relief goods, and
to sustain the mass care for the displaced people and animal population.
Generally, the actions which are undertaken lead to the return of the
systems of the community to normal.
19
Figure 1. The Cyclical Nature of the Four Phase Model
As a generalization, flood risk reduction and management includes
prevention and mitigation, emergency preparedness, emergency response
and rehabilitation and recovery. Moreover, this can be represented by the
Figure 1 through The Cyclic Nature of the Four Phase Model by
20
Beruvides & Jackman (2013) which explains that disaster risk reduction
and management should always include the cyclical pattern to achieve
the intended goal of the group which is to manage and reduce the risks
brought disasters.
Further, the areas herein presented laid down the categories in
searching for the survey questionnaire appropriate for this research
study.
Statement of the Problems
This study intends to assess the Flood Risk Reduction and
Management in Candon City and its nearby towns. Specifically, it aims to
seek answers to the following questions:
1. What is the level of efficiency of Candon City and its nearby towns in
Flood Risk Reduction and Management in terms of the following:
a) Prevention and Mitigation;
b) Emergency Preparedness;
c) Emergency Response; and
d) Rehabilitation and Recovery?
2. Is there a significant difference in the level of efficiency of the Flood Risk
Reduction and Management in Candon City, Ilocos Sur and its
neighboring towns when grouped according to the aforecited domains?
21
Hypothesis
There is no significant difference between the level of efficiency of
the Flood Risk Reduction and Management in Candon City, Ilocos Sur
and its neighboring towns.
Scope and Delimitation
This study concentrated on the Flood Risk Reduction and
Management in Candon City and the towns that are near it. The
population of the respondents consisted of the teachers and staff of
Candon National High School. This covered a quota of 100 respondents
however only 96 were retrieving. This research project was conducted
from the month of August 2017 until October 2017. The tool utilized for
data collection was a survey questionnaire. Furthermore, this study was
to help the residents manage and reduce flood risks.
Importance of the Study
This study will be useful in determining the effectiveness of the
flood risk reduction and management of Candon City, Ilocos Sur and its
neighboring towns. Moreover, it will benefit the following:
The citizens of the City of Candon and its neighboring towns will
have additional knowledge on the necessary actions on managing and
reducing flood risks before, during and after the occurrence of the
22
phenomenon,
especially
those
who
belong
in
flood-prone
areas.
Furthermore, whatever changes that will be undertaken by the Provincial
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council will reflect to the
betterment of the community which suffer the effects of flood.
The government will be benefitted in the sense that this study will
significantly increase awareness about the flood management and risk
reduction across the province. The results of this study will supply
knowledge where in this will bring out new ideas, recommendations and
solutions which can be adopted by the government for implementation in
different areas.
This research paper will help the Provincial Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Council (PDRRMC) to identify the lacks in
managing and reducing flood risks. Thus, the findings of this study will
enable the city council to formulate solutions to answer the floodinduced problems in some areas in Ilocos Sur.
This research is an advantage to the researchers because they will
be gaining prior knowledge in terms of flood risk reduction and
management. Additionally, this serves as a stepping stone to them for it
will help them improve their skills in research, specifically quantitative
research.
It will give the future researchers significant knowledge about the
flood risk reduction and management. They can use this research as a
23
basis if they want to continue or improve this project. This can serve as a
source of insights for the related studies.
Definition of Terms
Flood Risk Reduction and Management. This is the focus of the study
in which it aims to assess how Candon City and its nearby towns
manage and reduce flood risks.
Level of Efficiency. This describes how responsive is the City Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Council (CDRRMC) in managing and
reducing flood risks
Emergency Preparedness. This is executed before the flood which
aims to attain preparedness in the towns and reduce the severity of the
possible risks of flood.
Emergency Responses. This refers to the proper responses of the
authorized personnel and the residents during the flood risks.
Prevention and Mitigation. This phase happens before flood
occurs in which it aims to get rid of floods.
Rehabilitation and Recovery. This includes the actions required
to help the community retrieve its normal condition.
24
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This section contains related literature and studies which explain
the flood risk reduction and management and its subdomains.
What is the level of efficiency of flood risk reduction and
management globally?
UNISDR (2017) mentioned that Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management (DRRM) aims to reduce the damage caused by natural
hazards like earthquakes, floods, droughts, and cyclones, through an
ethic of prevention. In order to find out if DRRM is being carried out with
efficacy in the worldwide setting, it is crucial to assess it. According to a
study conducted by Pertz & Ferris (2013), the regional organizations
responsible for the disaster management actually abide with 43% of the
indicators of efficaciousness of the desired actions. Thus, the level of
efficiency of DRRM in the world is slightly effective. Furthermore, the
efficiency of DRRM specifically flood disaster risk reduction and
management can also be measured through following the sets of
measures under its four subdomains particularly prevention and
mitigation, emergency preparedness, emergency response, and recovery
and
rehabilitation.
Additionally,
prevention and mitigation.
it
should
absolutely
start
with
25
Prevention and Mitigation
Flood risk reduction and management involves flood prevention
and mitigation. Federal Emergency Management Administration (2010)
defined mitigation as the sustained actions executed to reduce or prevent
the risks to people and property hazards. Traditionally, mitigation is
divided into non-structural and structural options. This is being agreed
upon by Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (2010) in
which it mentioned that mitigation refers to any structural or nonstructural measures undertaken
to
limit
the adverse impact
of
hazards. This is also parallel to the study of Kryžanowski, M. Brilly, &
Schnabl (2014) in which they were able to find out that flood safety in
most affected areas cannot actually be achieved with the means of
structural measures only. Rather, flood risk reduction through nonstructural measures is usually indispensable, and a site-specific mix of
both kinds of measures seems to be a right solution.
Northern Territory Government (2016) expressed that structural
flood mitigation is where physical structures are constructed or modified
to reduce the impact of flooding on individual properties or whole
catchments and include: building infrastructures, maintenance of
existing infrastructures and individual flood-proofing measures.
Building infrastructures including dams, levees, bridges, and
culverts should be taken into consideration. This is being backed-up by a
26
study conducted by The National Academy of Sciences (2013) in which it
notes that levees, floodwalls, seawalls and other appurtenant structures
are designed to prevent flood waters and storm surges from reaching
areas that are at risk. Howbeit, consequences of failure can be
catastrophic because those behind the structure can be subjected to a
rapid inundation and flooding conditions more severe. Nevertheless, if
there are already built infrastructures which have the capability to
reduce the impacts of flooding, then maintenance of these is very crucial.
On-going maintenance to existing creeks and stormwater drainage
systems is vital to maintaining the hydraulic performance of the drain.
While clearing creek systems do not significantly help always reduce the
impacts of large flood events, however, it does definitely help reduce the
impacts of smaller, more frequent floods. While the government does its
work, every individual in the community should also do what they can to
help mitigate risks.
Where the level of flooding is relatively low, nominally less than
700mm, it may be possible to keep flood waters out of homes via raising
windows, installing solid fences, sealing doors with ‘stop boards’ and
making sure to limit sewage contamination via reflux valves. If these
measures are quite unattainable, there are alternative non-structural
actions to be performed.
27
According to the Flood Manager E-Learning (2010), non-structural
measures (NSMs) can be considered as a set of mitigation and/or
adaptation measures that do not make use of traditional structural flood
defense measures. This includes affected property surveys, building and
development controls and relocation.
First, a detailed survey of flood-affected residences can increase
the accuracy of flood modeling so that homeowners, insurers and buyers
can understand the actual impact of flooding on each property. This
means that there should be enough information about the adverse effects
of flood on the houses in a certain location. Nonetheless, building and
development controls can be done in these properties. Hence, existing
building controls require new homes or substantial renovations to
construct habitable floor levels 300mm above flood levels. This should be
done in order to provide some level of protection from flooding. But if the
house cannot really overcome the unfavorable effects, then relocation is
advised. Acquisition or relocation of properties that are repetitively
flooded substantially damaged, or need flood-related project construction
allows many communities to deal with the challenges of these frequent
flood losses. These are only some of the measures which mitigate and if
possible, prevent flood risks. Though risks are lessened, it is still
imperative to prepare for the flood which might come.
28
Emergency Preparedness
Sector
(2016)
stated
that
the
emergency
preparedness
or
preparation phase is centered on arranging or developing a plan to
approach events before the incident crops up. This means that planning
effective measures are undertaken to increase resiliency to the affected
area. This is similar to the study of Atreya, et al. (2016) where in it was
stated that one of the key flood actions done in ten poor communities in
Tabasco, Mexico is the emergency preparedness measures. FEMA (2016)
mentioned that the preparedness measures are staying informed,
practicing communication, planning for evacuation routes, learning first
aid skills.
First, receiving timely information about weather conditions or
other emergency events can make all the difference in knowing when to
take action to be safe. It means you should monitor the weather reports
provided by the local news media. This will serve as the signal for you to
start having the preparedness plans. Thus, if the news informed you
about the upcoming flood, then you should know where to evacuate.
Knowing your evacuation routes; planning your transportation and
a place to stay is crucial in preparing for a flood. The safest way to
survive a flood is to evacuate the area if advised to leave. This means that
you should know your community’s local flood evacuation plan and
identify several escape routes for your location if roads are blocked;
29
include plans to evacuate people with disabilities and others with access
and functional needs, pets, service animals, and livestock. It signifies
that you should follow the maps of evacuation centres of the government.
To effectively decide for your transportation and evacuation place,
communication between family members is important.
Practice how you will communicate with family members. In a
dangerous situation, your first thoughts will be the safety of your family
and friends. In emergency cases like when you are not together the time
authorities post a flood watch or flood warning. This will help your
clueless friends or relatives to be mindful of what is about to happen.
This will also help you share your emergency plans together for better
preparedness measures. This also implies that certain locations should
have a pay phone or if possible free telephone line for emergency
purposes. However, flood can actually cause injuries. That is why
learning first aid kit is essential.
Learning first aid kits are exercised through training classes.
Health Informatics (2017) expressed that first aid can be defined as
health or medical assistance given in emergency or first response
situations. Each year, there is an average of more than 9 million people
who gain the skills they need to get ready for and respond immediately to
emergencies through American Red Cross training classes which include
First Aid, AED and CPR training. Thus, a community should offer
30
programs and trainings about emergency preparedness. These are only
some of the emergency preparedness measures. Even so, preparedness
cannot alleviate the deleterious effects of the flood without emergency
response.
Emergency Responses
Jackman & Beruvides (2013) mentioned that emergency responses
are about implementing the plans formulated during preparedness,
reducing the potential for secondary damage, and preparing for the
recovery phase. This includes applying the set of measures presented in
emergency preparedness. Furthermore, the responses of the government
and other authorized agencies also have a great influence in this
subdomain.
GlobalMedic (2012) stated that the GlobalMedic team has a roster
of over 1,000 volunteers from across Canada that includes many
professional rescuers, police officers, firefighters and paramedics who
donate their time to respond overseas. The volunteers consist of the
Rapid Response Teams (RRTs) which operate rescue units designed to
rescue disaster victims, Water Purification Units (WPUs) made to
supply clean drinking water; and Emergency Medical Units (EMUs) that
use inflatable field hospitals to provide emergency medical treatment.
Aside from the responsibility of the government, technology also plays its
key role.
31
A study of DuPlessis, Lessard-Fontaine, & Soesilo (2016) showed
that drones were of limited use in this simulation but that they
have potential to become part of the emergency response toolkit for very
specific tasks. Thus, involving the products of technology in flood risk
reduction and management is integral. These are the proper response
measures
during
a
flood.
After
these
measures,
recovery
and
rehabilitation actions should be performed after the flood.
Rehabilitation and Recovery
As claimed by the Resilient Community Organizations (2015),
rehabilitation and recovery is the coordinated process of supporting
emergency-affected communities in the reconstruction of physical
infrastructure and restoration of emotional, social, economic and
physical wellbeing. This is usually measured in months and/or years.
The recovery does not only focus on having the community back to its
normal state but also includes actions taken to mitigate future flood
risks. Corroborated by the studies of Clavin, Petropoulos, Gupta, &
Tokita (2017), they found out that the communities in the towns of Lyons
and Jamestown were afforded opportunities to implement enhanced
design standards for rebuilding infrastructure, buildings, and public
facilities that would be more likely to survive or mitigate damage in
future flooding events. This includes infrastructure recovery and
achieving community needs. Under the infrastructure recovery, water
32
and wastewater systems were restored, roads were repaired, temporary
houses were provided, restoring of public buildings, and debris and
stormwater management.
According to the study of Clavin, Petropoulos, Gupta, & Tokita
(2017), the municipal water and sewer services were first restored for a
portion of residents and businesses on October 26, 2013 (Town of Lyons
2014). Due to the expansion of the creek floodplain into the original
buried
water
and
wastewater
infrastructure
right-of-ways,
new
infrastructure siting engineering design challenges would have to be
addressed in a permanent infrastructure restoration solution. The project
included the following upgrades and repairs: replacing water mains and
sewer mains, installing storm drains, reconnecting utility services, and
laying asphalt pavement and a concrete curb/gutter. Thus, roads should
also be repaired.
Over a mile of local roads and two bridges were damaged. The road
between Lyons and the town of Estes Park, which takes residents and
tourists into Rocky Mountain National Park, was repaired reopened on
November 4, 2013 (Town of Lyons 2014). Therefore, after a flood, roads
should be assessed first if there is a need for repair. If there is no need
for it, then it should eventually be reopened to keep the transportation
going. Upon considering the road problems, housing problems should
also be kept in mind.
33
Based on the abovementioned study, the town of Lyons was able to
find temporary housing for displaced residents, including the use of
recreational vehicles, if necessary. This effort has included encouraging
the use of prefabricated, modifiable housing units. Furthermore, if there
are detrimental damages in the houses of the residents, then rebuilding
it is possible. This is parallel to what Flood Recovery Booklet (2017) has
stated that residents should not just build it back, but instead build it
back better. Construct flood-proof homes by remodeling or rebuilding it
using materials and methods that will prevent or minimize damage from
future floods. Since this speaks about buildings, then public buildings
should also be rebuilt.
Conclusions of the same study show that Lyons government
operated out of the Longmont city council chambers until its town hall
was rebuilt. The town hall was reopened on December 22, 2013. All 744
elementary, middle, and high school students were relocated to an
administration building in Longmont for 3 months, until the schools in
Lyons were reopened in December 2013. However, it does not end here.
Recovery also includes debris and stormwater management.
If the drainage system had accumulated debris during the flood,
thus it needs to be cleared. Authorized personnel should provide
resources and aid to assist with debris removal. These are some of the
ways of the government to restore the damaged infrastructures.
34
Nevertheless, there the residents or the community also need to be
recovered from the catastrophic event.
Under the community needs are the volunteer and recovery
coordination, and local business recovery. The same study of Clavin,
Petropoulos, Gupta, & Tokita (2017), during the recovery from the flood,
more than 60,000 volunteers supported recovery needs. The town of
Lyons initially appointed a temporary staff member tasked with
coordinating the volunteers but quickly recognized that additional
coordination resources would be necessary due to the magnitude of
volunteer support. In addition, businesses should be redeemed. The
government should prioritize the revitalization of its business community
in its long-term recovery planning. This is essential to keep the society
alive and going.
35
CHAPTER II
METHOD AND PROCEDURES
This chapter presents the research design, sources of data,
instrumentation and data collection, tools for data analysis and ethical
considerations.
Research Design
The design used in this study is the descriptive comparative
method and is further classified into two separate designs: the
descriptive and the comparative methods. As what Enzo (2014) stated,
the descriptive research is aimed at the definition of the competitive
structure of a market/segment, or the description of the behavior of
organizations or groups of consumers. Moreover, it is described further
by Posinasetti (2014) as the obtaining of information concerning the
current status of the phenomena to describe "what exists" with respect to
variables or conditions in a situation. On the other hand, Richardson
(2017) defined comparative as a research which essentially compares two
groups in an attempt to draw a conclusion about them. Combining the
two yields descriptive comparative method. This is very appropriate in
the study because this aims to describe the level of efficiency and to
determine the differences of flood risk reduction and management of
36
Candon City and its neighboring towns in terms of the subdomains of
flood risk reduction and management.
In
addition,
approach.
the
According
researchers
to
Babbie
made
(2010),
use
of
quantitative
quantitative
approach
emphasizes objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or
numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and
surveys,
or
by
manipulating
pre-existing
statistical
data
using
computational techniques. This approach is relevant to the study
because this research utilized survey questionnaire for the collection of
the numerical data.
Sources of Data
Locale and Population
The population of this study was composed of the staff and
teachers of Candon National High School. They are the respondents of
this study because they are more aware on the flood risk reduction and
management in their respective towns or cities than the students, thus
having more accurate responses.
Moreover, the quota of the population of this study is 100.
However, there were only 96 of them who were retrieving. There were 88
respondents from the teachers and 8 from the staff as can be gleaned
from the table of population breakdown.
37
Table 1. Population Breakdown
Group
N
Teachers
88
Staff
8
Total
96
Instrumentation and Data Collection
To
gather
the
necessary
data
from
the
respondents,
the
researchers first obtained the names of the teachers and staff of Candon
National
High
School
from
the
Administration
Office
of
the
aforementioned school.
For the collection of significant information, survey type of
questionnaire was distributed to the population of this study as the
research tool to measure the level of efficiency of flood risk reduction and
management. Sincero (2012) defined questionnaire as a systematic
method of collecting information from a target population, a survey
makes use of statistical techniques primarily used in quantitative
research. The questionnaire of this study revolved around the four
subdomains of flood risk reduction and management namely prevention
and mitigation, emergency preparedness, emergency response, and
rehabilitation and recovery. The formulated questions were based on the
questionnaire of Robert
academia.edu.
John O. Robas, PhD (2013) posted in
38
Furthermore, the distribution of the survey questionnaire was
conducted by the researchers themselves. They handed it to the
respondents and retrieved it immediately after the respondents finished
answering.
Validity and Reliability
Since the flood risk reduction and management questionnaire
which were copied from Robert John O. Robas, PhD (2013) is valid and
reliable, and the researchers guarantee that this supplied the necessary
data, therefore Validity and Reliability was not established for it has
already undergone the same process. Permission was also sought from
Dr. Robas through his social media account.
Tools for Data Analysis
The collected information was collated, tabulated and treated to
analysis and interpretation with the use of the statistical tools
appropriate for this study. The raw data were transcribed in tables to
organize and better understand them.
Regarding the first problem, the researchers made use of the mean
as the statistical tool to treat the level of efficiency of the flood risk
reduction and management in Candon City in terms of its subdomains.
As what Technopedia (2017) has mentioned, the statistical mean refers
to the mean or average which is used to derive the central tendency of
the information in question.
39
Apropos of the second problem, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and
post-hoc analysis were utilized to find out if there is a significant
difference
between
subdomains
of the flood risk
reduction
and
management in Candon City and its neighboring towns. Statistics
Solutions (2013) stated that ANOVA is a statistical technique which
assesses potential differences in a scale-level dependent variable by a
nominal-level variable having at least 2 categories. This statistical tool is
absolutely appropriate since three groups were compared.
For a more organized and accurate conclusions, the data were
tabulated and treated using MS Excel and the statistical tools which are
present in the application.
Data Categorization
The answers of the respondents on the level of efficiency of flood
risk reduction and management in Candon City and its nearby towns
were classified with the use of the following scale of statistical mean,
range value and its descriptive equivalent.
Table 2. Scale and Rating
Scale of Statistical Mean
Descriptive Equivalent Rating
4.21-5
Very Highly Efficient
3.41-4.2
Very Efficient
2.61-3.4
Efficient
1.81-2.6
Slightly Efficient
1-1.8
Not Efficient
40
For the significant difference, if the F-stat is greater than F-crit,
then there is a significant difference; otherwise, there is none. If
significant, appropriate post-hoc analysis must be employed to further
determine where the significant difference lies.
Ethical Considerations
To constitute and regulate ethics in conducting this research, the
researchers strictly observed the following:
Any private information relating to the teachers and staff such as
their names and trivial information was not mentioned in any portion of
this research. The respondents did not suffer any physical violence and
harm or abusive force just to answer the questionnaire.
Appropriate document sourcing and legal referencing of materials
were done to promote copyright laws.
The researchers explained the research tool to the respondents for
clarity. Together with the questionnaire, a letter was given to the
respondents to secure permission before they provided the necessary
data.
41
CHAPTER III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter displays the interpretation of the gathered data and
the treatment of the statistical analysis.
Level of Efficiency
The first problem considered in this study talks about the level of
efficiency of flood risk reduction and management in Candon City and in
some towns of Ilocos Sur.
Table 2 presents the gathered data pertinent to the level of
efficiency of flood risk reduction and management in the literal sense.
The calculated overall mean is 3.49 which signifies that it is very
efficient. This implies that
the measures of the aforementioned
subdomains of the communities are executed well. This explains that
most of the needs of the community are being provided by the authorized
personnel, but not all. However there are still some areas which need to
be focused on for improvement most especially on rehabilitation and
recovery. For the individual statistical means of the subdomains, the
table shows that the prevention and mitigation, emergency preparedness
and emergency response are very efficient. On the other hand, the
actions taken to rehabilitate and recover the living conditions of the
affected residents are rated as efficient.
42
Table 3. Level of Efficiency of
Flood Risk Reduction and Management
Indicators
Prevention and Mitigation
Hazard mapping and urban planning is
present
Education and awareness are practiced
Community involvement and participation
are exercised
Declogging of waterways and canals are
maintained
Dredging of rivers are sustained
Emergency Preparedness
The communities organize themselves to
monitor potential disasters
The warning systems are in place to the
community level
The communities understand official
warning and react
The training, simulation exercise, or local
drills are conducted at the community level
The disaster awareness and public
information projects or programs are being
undertaken to the community
The evacuation routes and maps are
present in the community
The weather reports are being
disseminated
The physical resources such as boat, life
vests, flash lights and medicine kits are
prepared in the community
Emergency Response
Relief operation
Search and rescue
Dissemination/Information sharing of
disaster related information
Development/Provision of temporary
shelter
Health service
Psycho social support
Mean
3.62
3.72
Description
Very Efficient
Very Efficient
3.75
3.7
Very Efficient
Very Efficient
3.54
Very Efficient
3.4
3.56
3.74
Efficient
Very Efficient
Very Efficient
3.57
Very Efficient
3.57
Very Efficient
3.36
Efficient
3.57
Very Efficient
3.49
Very Efficient
3.7
Very Efficient
3.47
Very Efficient
3.46
3.75
3.71
3.53
Very Efficient
Very Efficient
Very Efficient
Very Efficient
3.41
Very Efficient
3.45
3.1
Very Efficient
Efficient
43
Early recovery mechanism
Rehabilitation and Recovery
Livelihood for affected victims
Search and retrieval
Shelter/Relocation for affected victims
Psycho-social counselling
Infrastructure and relocation plan
Post disaster need assessment
Environmental protection
Overall
3.26
3.34
3.39
3.42
3.42
3.07
3.29
3.34
3.45
3.49
Efficient
Efficient
Efficient
Very Efficient
Very Efficient
Efficient
Efficient
Efficient
Very Efficient
Very Efficient
In terms of prevention and mitigation, the calculated mean is 3.62.
It connotes that respondents agree that most of the indicators under this
subdomain are very efficient. This denotes that the measures taken to
eliminate or at least reduce drivers of the unfavourable impacts of flood
are being carried out well. Thus, the goal of this subdomain is achieved.
Howbeit, all of the indicators still have rooms for enhancement since the
respondents are not yet fully satisfied.
Education and awareness received the highest mean score (3.75)
which is equivalent to very efficient. It implies that this is evidently the
most efficient among all measures under prevention and mitigation. It
means that the residents are knowledgeable about the things needed to
do for prevention and mitigation. On the other side, the dredging of rivers
got the lowest mean score which is described as efficient. It indicates that
the rivers are somehow sustained. Of all the actions on this subdomain,
this needs the primary improvement.
44
This is being corroborated by a similar study conducted by Robas
(2014) where in it was found out that the needed plans for prevention
and mitigation are hazard mapping and urban planning, education,
sufficient shelter food and clothes, antibiotics and medical kits,
transportation to help the affected people, community participation,
infrastructure, de-clogging of canals, dredging of rivers and early warning
mechanism.
For the emergency preparedness, as gleaned from the table, the
computed mean is 3.56. It was generally found out that seven out of
eight indicators proved very responsive while the other one turned out to
be responsive. This expresses that the communities take significant
actions to be prepared even before this deleterious phenomenon triggers.
Hence it is an implication that the measures are efficiently centered on
arranging or developing a plan to approach events before the incidents
crops up. Nonetheless, the towns still necessitate improvement because
the standards of the residents still have not reached the maximum.
The highest mean scorer of 3.74 is the monitoring of potential
disasters by the communities which is described as very efficient. This
denotes that the residents are conscious of the floods that may occur in
their respective areas. They know the possible negative effects of the
catastrophe even before it strikes. Oppositely, the lowest is the trainings,
drills and simulation exercises which garnered a mean of 3.36 which is
45
labelled as efficient. This means that there are few programs being
conducted in the communities that will help them before, during and
after the occurrence of floods. Thus, the residents are not so much
equipped with the proper responses since they are not fully involved with
these trainings.
Corroboratively, a relative study was conducted by Gupta, Sreeja
S. Nair, & Dey (2013). It was found out that village level disaster risk
reduction micro-plans have been helpful only if these have been
developed by the community and the needs and priorities of the
communities, especially the most vulnerable groups, are adequately
addressed in such planning.
For the emergency response, it can be generally described as very
efficient with a statistical mean of 3.46. This suggests that the extent of
responsiveness of actions for life preservation and supply of the basic
needs of affected population during the actual and immediately after the
disaster occurrence is very responsive. This means that the authorized
personnel react with a short period of time in emergency situations.
Therefore, the communities successfully alleviate the possible negative
impacts of flood during its occurrence.
Relief operation had the greatest mean score which is 3.75.
Correspondingly, it is described as very efficient. This shows that the
authorized personnel focused more on this than the rest of the
46
indicators. Contrary to this, psycho-social support got the lowest mean of
3.1. This designates that this should be one of the priorities when the
government will make changes for the betterment of the flood risk
reduction and management.
This is being supported by a study conducted by Robas (2014)
where in it stated that In terms of program activities in emergency
response, the respondents assess that the plan for life preservation and
supply of the basic needs of affected population during the actual and
immediate after the disaster are responsive and effective.
Under rehabilitation and recovery, the computed average is 3.34.
This signifies that this subdomain is labelled as efficient. This means
that there are several areas under rehabilitation and recovery that needs
minor changes or improvements in order to attain the best possible
outcomes. Generally, the measures done to return a community to its
normal near-normal conditions, including the restoration of basic
services and the repair of physical, social and economic damages are
good, yet still needs enhancement.
The indicator which gained the greatest mean is the environmental
protection with 3.45 which is very efficient. This shows that the
government’s actions were mostly concentrated on protecting the
environment including the topography of the location and the habitats of
the animals present in it. As a contradictory, psycho-social counselling
47
obtained the lowest mean of 3.07 which means that it is efficient. This
suggests that the government should ameliorate this out of all the
indicators under rehabilitation and recovery. It also marks that the
affected residents especially those who suffer flood-induced trauma
receive moderate support from the government to help them recover in
mental aspects.
The results of this research are very similar with the study of
Robas (2014) where in it was found out that in terms of program for
rehabilitation and recovery, the respondent assess that the government
action taken to restore and improve the living conditions of the
affected residents are efficient.
Comparison of the Three Domains of
Flood Risk Reduction and Management
As can be seen from the table 4.a, the f-stat (3.64) is higher than
the f-crit (3.02). This means that the null hypothesis should be rejected.
Hence, there is a significant difference between the four subdomains of
flood risk reduction and management namely prevention and mitigation,
emergency
preparedness,
emergency
response
and
recovery
and
rehabilitation. It conveys that the authorized personnel do not achieve
consistency in the level of efficiency of the aforecited domains. This
48
depicts that the degree of the attention given to the subdomains are
varied.
Table 4.a. Comparison
Subdomains
Prevention and
Mitigation
Mean Score
3.62
Emergency
Preparedness
3.56
Emergency
Response
3.46
Recovery and
Rehabilitation
3.34
F-stat
F crit
3.640869 3.027998
Decision
Reject
Ho
Remarks
Significant
With this significance in the difference, the post-hoc analysis is
needed.
Table 4.b shows that prevention got the highest mean score.
Hence, it indicates that the government tends to focus on this compared
to the recovery and rehabilitation, and emergency preparedness. This
equates to the idea that prevention is the most concentrated area of flood
risk reduction and management. They focus on this primarily because of
the benefits that can be taken from preventive measures. As what the
common norm is “prevention is better than cure”, preventive measures to
avoid floodings is a good way to mitigate the effects of flood.
Moreover, the lowest area is on recovery. This means that the
government is less efficient in this area compared to the rest of the areas,
49
This indicates that the government needs to do more in their recovery
measures so that flood management can be improved.
This is being agreed upon by a study made Robas (2014). He found
out that there are distinctions on responses per barangay and the
objectives of flood disaster risk reduction risk management program.
Hence, the null hypothesis regarding the assessment by the officials of
different barangay in terms of program objectives of the categories of
flood risk reduction and management is rejected.
Table 4.b Post –hoc Analysis
p-values for pairwise t-tests
recovery
3.33929
Recovery 3.33929
Response 3.45833
.1853
Preparedness 3.55990
.0155
Prevention 3.62083
.0072
response
3.45833
preparedness
3.55990
.2411
.1023
.5187
prevention
3.62083
50
CHAPTER IV
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This
chapter
presents
the
summary,
conclusion
and
recommendations of this study.
Summary
As a recapitulation, this study determined the level of efficiency of
flood risk reduction and management in Candon City and its neigboring
towns. Furthermore, this aims to find out if there is a significant
difference among its subdomains. It covered a quota of 100 respondents
but only 96 were retrieving, showing a 96% retrieval rate. The data
gathering tool was a questionnaire lifted from a research. The data were
treated using the mean and the ANOVA, with post-hoc analysis.
Findings
The following are the salient findings of the study:
1. The flood risk reduction and management is very efficient.
2. There is a significant difference between the subdomains of the
flood risk reduction and management.
Conclusions
In light of the findings, the following conclusions are offered:
1. The practices in managing flood are executed properly, responding
to vast and immediate needs of the people.
51
2. The government has no equal attention to the different measures
in flood risk reduction and management.
Recommendations
The researchers recommend the following:
1. The authorized personnel should improve and continue the
implementation of the precautionary measures of flood risk
reduction
and
management
especially
on
recovery
and
rehabilitation, and emergency preparedness.
2. The government should have a stable financial status so that when
floods occur, they will be able to supply all the needs of the
community.
3. The residents should involve and participate in the programs and
trainings that will be undertaken in the community.
4. The residents should also play their role in the community to work
hand in hand with the government to overcome the unfavourable
effects of flood.
5. The government should enhance and/or have psycho-social
support, relocation plan, post disaster-need assessment, trainings
and dredging of rivers.
52
BIBLIOGRAPHY
53
Bibliography
Websites
Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency. (2010). Retrieved
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http://weready.org/flood/index.php?option=com_content&view=ar
ticle&id=28&Itemid=29
FEMA. (2016). Retrieved from FEMA: https://www.fema.gov/medialibrary-data/14090028528883c5d1f64f12df02aa801901cc7c311ca/how_to_prepare_flood_0330
14_508.pdf
GlobalMedic. (2012, January 17). Retrieved from GlobalMedic:
http://www.wikiwand.com/en/GlobalMedic
MWI Corporation. (2016). Retrieved from MWI Corporation:
http://mwicorp.com/5-ways-municipalities-can-prepare-floods/
National Weather Service. (2017). Retrieved from National Weather
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http://opim.wharton.upenn.edu/risk/library/WP2016-10-FloodPreparedness-in-TabascoMX.pdf
Clavin, C. T., Petropoulos, Z. E., Gupta, N., & Tokita, C. K. (2017, April).
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Kryžanowski, A., M. Brilly, S. R., & Schnabl, S. (2014, January 17).
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56
APPENDIX A
57
Republic of the Phillippines
Region I
Candon National High School
Senior High School
Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Dear Ma’am/Sir,
We are Senior High School students from Candon National High School currently
conducting a study entitled, Flood Risk Reduction and Management. We would be happy if you
would help us answer the following questions. Thank you.
The questionnaire is in two parts: Profile and Flood Risk Reduction and Management
I.
Personal Information
Direction: Please fill in the space provided with data as indicated:
a. Name (Optional): ____________________________________
b. Address (Required): __________________________________
II.
Flood Risk Reduction and Management Assessment
Direction: Kindly provide applicable answers to the space provided after each
statement or place a check mark on the box provided as stated.
1. Prevention and Mitigation. Based on your experiences on the past floods, what flood
risk reduction and management areas proved very effective?
Legend:
5- Very Highly Effective
2- Slightly Effective
4- Very Effective
1- Not Effective
Area of Concern
Hazard Mapping and urban planning are present
Education and awareness are practiced
Community involvement and participation are exercised
Declogging of waterways and canals are maintained
Dredging of rivers are sustained
3- Effective
5
4
3
2
1
2. Emergency Preparedness and Risk Reduction. What is the level of the responsiveness
of Flood Risk Reduction and Management in your community?
Legend:
5 – Very Highly Responsive
2 – Slightly Responsive
4 – Very Responsive
1 – Not Responsive
3 – Responsive
58
Area of Concern
The communities organize themselves to monitor
potential disaster
The warning systems are in place to the
community level
The communities understand official warning and
react
The training, simulation exercise, or local drills are
conducted at the community level
The evacuation routes and maps are present
The weather reports are being disseminated
The physical resources such as boat, life vests,
flash lights and medicine kits are prepared in the
community
The disaster awareness and public information
projects or programs being undertaken to the
community
5
4
3
2
1
3. Emergency Response. What is the extent of responsiveness of the
affected population during the actual and immediately after the disaster
occurrence?
Legend:
5- Very Highly Responsive
2- Slightly Responsive
4- Very Responsive
1- Not Responsive
Area of Concern
Relief operation
Search and rescue
Dissemination/Information sharing of
disaster related information
Development/provision of temporary
shelter
Health service
Psycho social support
Early recovery mechanism
5
3- Responsive
4
3
2
4. Rehabilitation and Recovery. How efficient was the government action
taken to restore and improve the living conditions of the affected
residents?
Legend:
5- Very Highly Efficient
2- Slightly Efficient
4- Very Efficient
1- Not Efficient
3- Efficient
1
59
Area of Concern
Livelihood for affected victims
Search and retrieval
Shelter/Relocation for affected victims
Psycho Social Counseling
Infrastructure and Relocation plan
Post disaster need assessment
Environmental Protection
Thank you!
5
4
3
2
1
60
APPENDIX B
61
Curriculum Vitae
62
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Riza Mae Ancheta
Address: Paypayad, Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Cellphone Number: 09069303018
E-mail Adress: rizamae.ancheta@gmail.com
I.
Personal Information
Nickname: Riza
Birthday: March 24, 2000
Birthplace: Narvacan, Ilocos Sur
Religion: Roman Catholic
Father’s Name: Santiago Ancheta
Mother’s Name: Mary Grace D.
Ancheta
II.
Educational Background
Elementary:
Junior High School:
Senior High School:
Honors and Awards Received
HONORS
4th Honors
4th Honors
4th Honors
With Honor
Age: 16 years old
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Silag-Pacang Elementary School
Sta. Maria National High School
Candon National High School
III.
AWARDS
63
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Eddie Diga Arreola, Jr.
Address: Banucal, Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur
Cellphone Number: 09267163359
E-mail Address: eddie.arreola30@gmail.com
I.
Personal Information
Nickname: Jun
Birthday: June 30, 2000
Birthplace: Banucal, Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur
Religion: Iglesia ni Cristo
Father’s Name: Eddie Arreola, Sr.
Mother’s Name: Laurina Arreola
II.
Educational Background
Senior High School
Junior High School
Elementary
III.
Age: 17
Nationality:
Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Candon National High School S.Y. 2017-2018
Lidlidda National High School S.Y. 2015-2016
Banucal Elementary School S.Y. 2011-2012
Honors and Awards Received
HONORS
Grade 6 With Honors
Grade 10 Completer
AWARDS
Best in Filipino
64
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Alexandra Maura Collado
Address: Tablac, Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Cellphone Number: 09177992270
E-mail Address: alexandracollado@yahoo.com
I.
Personal Information
Nickname: Lex
Birthday: August 29, 1999
Birthplace: San Antonio, Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Religion: Catholoic
Father’s Name: Arnolfo Collado
Mother’s Name: Arlynn Collado
II.
Educational
Elementary
Junior High School
Senior High School
III.
3rd
Age: 17
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Background
Saint Joseph Institute
Candon National High School
Candon National High School
Honors and Awards Received
HONORS
AWARDS
Honors
Most Industrious
1st place Quiz Bee
65
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Wisdom Diga
Address: Banucal, Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur
Cellphone Number: 093564575102
E-mail Adress: wisdomdiga@yahoo.com
I.
Personal Information
Nickname: Wisdom
Birthday: August 11, 1999
Birthplace: Banucal, Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur
Religion: Iglesia ni Cristo
Father’s Name: Fidencio Diga
Mother’s Name: Shirley Diga
II.
Educational
Elementary
Junior High School
Senior High School
III.
2nd
Age: 18
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Background
Banucal, Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur
Lidlidda National High School
Candon National High School
Honors and Awards Received
HONORS
AWARDS
Honors
Best in Mathematics
66
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Louie Ann Gaerlan
Address: San Juan, Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Cellphone Number: 09359325107
E-mail Address: gaerllouie@gmail.com
I.
Personal Information
Nickname: Luan
Birthdate: September 27, 1999
Birthplace: Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Religion: Roman Catholic
Father’s Name: Lew Gaerlan
Mother’s Name: Mary Ann de Chavez
II.
Educational Background
Senior High School
Junior High School
Elementary
III.
Age: 17
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Candon National High School S.Y. 2017-2018
Candon National High School S.Y. 2015-2016
South Central Elementary School
Honors and Awards Received
HONORS
AWARDS
Athlete of the Year
67
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Abrille Pia Pacaro
Address: Labut Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur
Cellphone Number: 09351492384
E-mail Adress: pangit_8@yaho.com
I.
Personal Information
Nickname: Pogi
Birthday: April 8, 2000
Birthplace: Labut, Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur
Religion: Seventh-Day Adventist
Father’s Name: Cirilo Pacaro
Mother’s Name: Mary Grace Pacaro
II.
Educational
Elementary
Junior High School
Senior High School
III.
Age: 17
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Background
San Andres Adventist Elementary School
Lidlidda National High School
Candon National High School
Honors and Awards Received
HONORS
AWARDS
Full Honors
Athlete of the Year
Valedictorian
Best in Science
With Honors
68
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Jefferson Asejo Severo
Address: Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Cellphone Number: 09353272740
E-mail Adress: jeffersonsevero24@gmail.com
I.
Personal Information
Nickname: Jeff
Birthday: December 24, 1999
Birthplace: Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Religion: Roman Catholic
Father’s Name: Jonathan Severo
Mother’s Name: Lawrence Severo
II.
Educational Background
Senior High School
Junior High School
Elementary
III.
Candon National High School S.Y. 2017-2018
Candon National High School S.Y. 2015-2016
Darapidap Elementary School S.Y. 2011-2012
Honors and Awards Received
HONORS
Grades 1-5 First Honors
Grade 6 Valedictorian
Grade 9 With Honors
Grade 10 With Honors
Grade 11 With High Honors
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Age: 17
Nationality:
Filipino
Civil Status: Single
AWARDS
MTAP Metrobank Challenge 1st Place Grade
4
DSPC Copy Reading and Headline Writing
1st Place Grade 6
District Story Retelling 1st Place Grade 6
Division Story Retelling 1st Place Grade 6
MTAP Metrobank Challenge 2nd Place
Grade 9
Best in Math Grade 9
Best in Math Grade 10