Migration - involves the movement of people from one place to another with the intention of
permanently or temporarily at a new location
- neither a moral or immoral phenomenon, but rather a complex social phenomenon that humans have
been doing since the dawn of time
2 Types of Migration
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Internal Migration - people moving from one area to another within the country
International Migration - people moving across national borders; from one country to another
Immigrants - people who move permanently to other country
Temporary migrants - workers who stay in another country for a fixed period e.g., OFWs,
contractual overseas workers
Illegal Migrants - the migration of people into a country in violation of he immigration laws of
that country; continued residence in that country without the legal right to live in that country
Petitioned migrants - migrants whose families have petitioned them to move to destination
country; visa petitions: family-based, employer-based
Refugees - asylum-seekers; people who are unable or unwilling to return because of a wellfounded fear of persecution from their country on account of race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group, or by political opinion
According to the UN-International Organization for Migration
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In 2020, there are around 281 million international migrants around the world, comprising
3.60% of the world population
The greatest increase in number of international migrants is in Europe (86.7m) and Asia (85.6m)
Asia has the most remarkable growth of int'l migrants at at +74% (37m) followed by Europe at
+30m int'l migrants in 2000-2020
Proportion of Int'l Migrants
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In UAE, over 88% of the population are int'l migrants
Top Sending Regions By Number of Immigrants
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Asia (India, China, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Philippines)
Latin Countries (Mexico)
Europe (Ukraine, Poland, UK, Romania, Germany)
Top Receiving Regions/Country
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USA
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Germany
Benefits and Detriments for the Sending/Migrants' Home Countries
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Increase in remittances
Brain drain - global migration is siphoning qualified personnel and removing dynamic young
workers
The loss of professionals in certain key roles, such as doctors, has been detrimental to the
migrants' home countries
The problem of human trafficking (3rd largest criminal activity worldwide, according to FBI)
Variation in the economic integration of migrants (Middle East, North Africa, and sub-Saharan
Africa face greater challenges in securing jobs)
Linguistic difficulties, differing religions
Gov't and private sector policies to address to address migrant interation problems:
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Use of multiple languages in state documents
Training programs complemented with counseling
Environmental Crisis and Sustainable Development
Environmental crisis - characterized by rapid and largely unpredictable changes in the nature of the
environment, which are, if not difficult to reverse.
E.g., massive extinctions, substantial destruction of the ecosystem
Sustainable development - a development strategy that seeks to balance different and sometimes
conflicting needs against an understanding of the environmental, social, and economic limitations thar
we face as a society.
Factors Affecting The Environment
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Population growth
Global warming/climate change
Habitat destruction and extinction
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Water and air pollution
Causes of Environmental Crisis
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Technological development
Increase in resource and energy consumption
Rapid increase in human population
Emergence and development of capitalist world economy
Short-term patrern of decision-making
Problems in the Environment
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Air pollution
Climate change
Deforestation and logging
Overpopulation
Responsible Care for Ecosystem
Ecosystem - a group or community composed of living and non-living things and their interactions with
each other.
Two Components of the Ecosystem:
1. Biotic component - refers to all living organisms in an ecosystem
2. Abiotic component - refers to all non-living things
Sustainability Concerns
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Long-term health of ecosystems - protecting long-term productivity and health of resources to
meet future economic and social needs, protecting food supplies, farmlands and fishing stocks.
Intergenerational decision-making - focus should be on implications on future generations, and
not just the present. For example, burning coal gives a short-term benefit of cheaper energy but
the extra pollution comes at a greater cost on future generations.
Renewable sources - diversifying into energy sources that do not rely on non-renewable
resources.
Prevent the consequences of man-made global warming - to ensure the environment of the
planet does not deteriorate to a point where future generations face water shortages, extreme
weather events, excess temperature. All factors that could make living in parts of the world very
difficult, if not, impossible.
Why do we need to protect our ecosystem?
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It cleanses our water, purify our air, maintain our soil, regulate the climate, recycle nutrients,
and provide us with food.
They provide raw materials and resources for medicines and other purposes.
We could not live without these "ecosystem services"
How can we protect our ecosystem?
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Reduce, reuse, recycle
Volunteer in environmental programs and initiatives
Educate yourself and others regarding the need to take care of the environment
Conserve water
Plant a tree
Don't send chemicals into our waterways