NAME REACTIONS OF THIS CHAPTER
Gutterman
Koch reaction :
-
☒
CO
+
4110
HCl
+
Allez
(2) Rosenmund Reaction :
R
-
Benzoyl
③
C
8
-
+
-
(4)
R
-
§
_
Snllz
Hcl
+
-
-
R
:
-
-
Hydrazine
>
,
G- N
-
H
≈
)
R EN
-
¥s
R
H2O
-
§
-
>
CH2
H2O
+
hydroxide Ethylene glycol
sodium / Potassium
.
,
> C=NNHÉÉ%'
"
o_0
H
CHO
(5) Wolff kishner Reduction :
:
-
Amalgam
> C=0 ¥8s
Reagent
( R CN
t
Imine
H2O
Clemmensen Reduction
R
-
DHs
R C -=N
µ
Benzaldehyde
chloride
R CEN
,
É
Ha
+
Reaction :( from nitrites and esters)
Stephen
also
Cd
+
A
N
161 Aldol condensation :
2GHz
-
CHO
( Hz
-
CH
-
CH2- CHO
lots
Ctlz
2443
(7)
-
CO
-
CH }
Cross Aldol
Ethanol
( Hz
-
( Hz
¢
-
CHIO Ctb
-
OH
-7%-2
CHO
-
/Aldol
( Hz CHZCHO
aldol
product
CHO
condensation)
CH3
Ctlz
-
É=CH
-
CO
-
self aldol prodv
simple
-
/
Ctb
-
CH
y-
from 1-
CHO
mole
+
CH}
/ Aldol condemn )
Études { µ,
☐
-
cross
-
CHz-ctt-CH-CHO-CHzctlz-CH-C-C.NO
µ,
"
CHIH
( Hz
condensation :(2 diff aide / keto reacts)
+
propanol
-
¥0s
too
_¥*
CHI Ha
of Ethanol and
-
CTFCHCHO
propanol
?} pmaonkaewleof
IT
☒
-
(8) Canizzaoo
+
CHO
☒ §
( self oxidn)
Reaction
-
-
¥3k -CH=cH-%
Ctb
Benzalacetophenone
(
major product)
:
Autooedox / disproportionation reaction
Reagent
:
conc
condition :
H
-
C
should be absent
x H
-
H
-
base
.
conc
+
.
KOH
H
H
-
-
d- H
+
8
H
-
%
-
O
-
K
Potassium formate
formaldehyde
of
421
Ph
-
§
-
Ph
H
Benzyl
Etard Reaction :
→
CHEON
-
by chromyl
¢802
chloride
*
]
A
(B)
+
GO } -16%020
Decarboxylation :
3
:
R
-
ctk
§
4-H should
Benzaldehyde
CH(010113)
É
¥3k
4110
☒
-
-
OH
Reaction :
R
IT )
be
present
-
H2O
-
CH
-
( ✗ =ce
COOH
¥
✗
☆
complex
R
H
alkane
Zelinsky
-
clocroitclzz
i
2- COOH
44 ] Hell volhaod
sodium benzoate
chromium
Toluene
→
alcohol
PHCOONA
Crack
+
Lot
2)
+
-
Halocarboxylic
acid
,
)
Bo
PREPARATIONS
PREPARATIONS OF ALDEHYDE
C)
(2)
oxidation of alcohols
Aldehyde & ketone formed by
By
for
,
Ozonolysis
(4)
metals
passed by heavy
hydrocarbons
alkenes
From
of
,
alcohol
1° and 2°
of alcohols
dehydrogenation
volatile alcohols Industrial
suitable
By
Alcohol vapours
③
AND KETONE :
zinc dust ,
to
-
of alkynes
addn of H2O to ethyne in presence of Hzsoy and
ketone
alkyne give
-
Ccn
-
( ch -11)
get aldehyde
-
(ch ID
application
Hydration
all
-
)
13
and ketone
Hgsoy
to
-
give acetaldehyde
PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES :
chloride (acid chloride )
( already mentioned)
Rosen mund oxn
4) from
acyl
(2) From
nitriles and Esters
nitrile Stephan reaction
→
→
→
→
In
"
"
by
"
by
"
In esters
DI BAL
-
:
H
RCN
%s
:
CHz(CHz)q
-
R
-
CHO
%-06145
CHz(CHz)q
-
%
-
(3) From Hydrocarbons :
Aromatic
aldehydes prep by aromatic hydrocarbon
.
d) By oxidation of methyl benzene
a) Use of chromyl chloride Ccoozclz)
+
oxidise
÷
Crack
methyl group to
lftard react
(0601411212
YH
☒
chromium
]
"
1€
complex
.
(ch -13)
H
,
b) Use
chromic oxide
of
""
Coo, +
+
%)
pcH(°Y¥¥
(Cuzco),
side chain chlorination followed
It is commercial method of manufacture
by hydrolysis
By
:
benzaldehyde
of
[¥ᵗʰ→ ☒ 'ʰ¥o,s
CHO
CH
-
Koch
PREPARATION OF
4) From acyl
2 R
2 R
② from
-
-
(mentioned
KETONE
,
earlier)
:
chlorides :
Mg
'
-
§
-
-
✗
cdcdz
+
Cl
+
Rzcd
-
-
Rzccl
212
'
-
+
%
-
2mg G) Cl
R
+
Cdclz
Nitrites :
Ctb
-
CH2-
CH, CH,
( = N +6 Hsing Bo
GHS
-
C
MY ☒
-
-
C6H5
µ,
Propiophe none
③
From Benzene
aka
.
Chloride
Benzoel
Ii ) By Ga Herman
.
or
substituted
Benzene
☒
+
.
acylation
Ao / R É ce ¥
Friede crafts
ox
-
-
"
%
_
AHR
)
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
C)
Nucleophilic
f)
Add "
Addition
Reaction
Of hydrogen cyanide
HCN
+
> ⇐◦
:[
-
EN
+
N
+
H2O
/ Yµ )
=
tetrahedral
Intermediate
hydrogen sulphite
"
→
CHCN)
OH
% Add of sodium
→
:
forms addition products
water-soluble and
are
They
can
converted back to
be
original
mineral acid or alkali
compound by treating
Used for
separation and purification of aldehyde
→
with dilute
carbonyl
.
.
¥0
+
Namsos
=
%aH÷y
BPsulphate add
ccoystalline)
Elis Addition
Grignard Reagent
Of
Jc
/ OSUNA
\ OH
"
compound
-
Ccm -11 )
Ev ' Addition of alcohols :
R
-
fr
CHO
-
Hldgas
cuff! )
R
←
+
4ᵗʰ
-
Rlc
OH
-
Ethyl glycol
0
-
Ethyl glycol
ketal
-
¥-0
Han
/ ¥z /
2
other
H2O
ctk
al
lo
of ammonia and its derivatives
-
+
'
Kong compound
dial
4) Addition
+
OR
+
RI
[ Hz OH
/
'
Acetal / gem
Hemiacetal /
alcohol intermediate
alkoxy
R\C=o
ca
-
""
H2O
,
→
¥
N
-
Z +
H2O
)
8in in textbook (Table 122
② Reduction :
E) Reduction to alcohols
reduced to 1° alcohol
→
→
Aldehyde
Ketone
n
n
2°
alcohol
by }
by
NABH , /
lialteyl catalytic EH "]
hydrogen
-
F) Reduction
to
hydrocarbons
Wolff Kish neo Reduction
and
Clemmensen reduction
③ Oxidation :
Aldehydes
common
→
are
easily
oxidised to
carboxylic
Nitric
-
R CHO
R
-
Feb
treatment with :
permanganate
,
[ OOH
-
lings reagent
condition i. e.
ketone oxidase under
vigorous
and at elevated temperature
→
on
acid , potassium
potassium dichromate
oxidising agents :
mild : Totten 's and
acid
strong oxidising agents
.
R
ith E- Étlz
-
-
-
R
R
COOH
-
(
R' CHZCOOH
+
clevage
by
of G
-
Cz
bond)
*R CHz( OOH
(
Totten 's test
bright
a
→
reaction
R CHO
-
%)
+
fending 's
→
→
.
occurs
2
in
alkaline med
[ Ag ( Nhs)21++3015
Test
-
CHO
,
aldehyde
R COO
-
+ 2
oxpdpse to
carboxylate
Ag +21120 +
4MHz
:
↳
↓
compounds
+
.
-
fending B
→
mixed in heated aldehyde
Aromatic
R
bond)
Hollen 's reagent,
with ammonia silver nitrate
reagent
mirror is produced due to formation of silver metal
fending A
aq copper sulphate
both
G- ↳
:
.
→
of
rage
aldehyde
Warm
→
de
by
R' COOH
+
-
alk
potassium
1 Rochelle 's salt)
and brown
formed
do not show this
2 CU 2++5014
sodium
.
R COO
-
-
→
ppt
.
.
+
Cuz 0
Red brown
ppt
+
31420
.
tartar ate
ion
.
His Oxidation of
R
-
%
-
CH}
methyl
s
R
-
%
-
Na
halo form reaction :
by
ketones
+
(✗
CHX,
=
Cd , Bo
,
)
I
sodium
nypohalite
'
/
=
,
Hzc
→
Ctb
-
§
-
→
CH }
( Hs
¥3
§
_
ON a
Iodoform reaction with NAOI use for detection of
CHIH /OH) grp which produce CHIO by 10 ]
+
ctlscd
CHIO
.
(4) Reaction due to a- Hydrogen :
Aldol , cross aldol
( discussed earlier)
-
(5)
Some
other Reactions :
Cannizaro
%)
Electrophilic
substitution
""
-
→
Uses
reaction :
of aldehyde
CHO
-
273
-283K
and ketone
from
Textbook
CHO
gop
or
Carboxylic
PREPARATION
disused
:
before
② from Primary alcohol
:
Éo
R CHZOH
-
Jones
\
:
aldehydes
(1) from
-
\
\
I
\
Acid
RCOOH
1130
2.
Reagent
Cross
=
↳ CHz(CHz)gCHz0H
-
Hasoy (
¥s
Decanol
acidic med)
any
CH3(CHz)g COOH
Decanoic
acid
③ From
benzene :
alkyl
i and 2°
alkyl group
oxidised
are
not 3°
'"
cookies
3-km.no#oy
Ctbltbltts
'
☒
inks
◦ OH
"
(4) from nitriles and amides :
Nitrites
R
-
CN
¥¥s
'◦
(5) From
G. R
.
amides
R
-
R
-
ing
-
with
✗
-
(
COOH
-
Nth
É
Hz ( OOH
+
CO2
◦"
+
(0--5-0)
+0=0-0
RCOOH
NH}
N#¥oH-s
Grignard Reagents
reacts
É
Hᵗ¥
Hz CONHZ
(
egg
→
÷
NH}
R-cd-f.mg#+sRC00H
(6) from
acyl
Rcocd
halides and
-1¥
¥1120s
Hs ( 020
Benzoic
RCOOH
RCOO
€0s
+
2
:
ce
-
+
( d-
RCOOH
Cotes COOH
Benzoic acid
anhydride
↳ Hs (00C OCH }
anhydrides
¥ 611s COOH
+
( Hz COOH
Benzoic ethanol
anhydride
(7)
Esters
from
:
Ester
ÑY
Ester
ÉᵈÉ
[
Ethyl
004M¥
""
COOH
+
OH
carboxylate
COOH
(°°"+GHsOH
benzoate
( Hzctkctkcoocztls
-
( Hzctfzctlz (OONA
↓ 1430
( Hzctlzctk COOH
+
Cz Hs OH
involving devage
Reactions
Acid :
Carboxylic
REACTIONS OF
CHEMICAL
of
bond
O H
-
:
4) Acidity
→
Reactions with metals and alkalies
:
-
212
-
COOH
+2
Na
COO
ZR
-
-
sodium
R COOH
+
-
-
formation of
Hzc
-
Cµ
of
+
,
Ctb
COO
-
-
COO
CH
Nat
H2O
+
Nai
H2O
+
+
coz
:
}
}
-
1305
Ethanol
Hz
"
D
7g
,
+
carboxylate
bond
C- OH
Ht
-
R
-
anhydride
°
R
-
-
NAHCO}
involving derage
Reactions
4)
+
COOH
R
NaOH
-
Nat
Ethanoic
is
-
Ctb
anhydride
acid
(2) Esterification :
RCOOH
③
Reactions
+
R' OH
+
Pcds
3. RCOOH
+
Pcd }
+
(4) Reactions with
CHz(OOH
'
H2O
+
with :
RCOOH
ROOM
RCOOR
sock
-
→
Ammonia
RCOCI -1 Pock
Rcocd
RCOCD
3
+
431003
+
502
+
HCl
HCl
:
NH } ← CH} COO
-
+
+
ÑHY ¥0s
CHzC0Ntk
Ammonium acetate
Month
Nts
☒
Ammonium
Benzoate
Acetamide
CONHZ
_¥s
Benzamide
/ \/
COOH
+
COE
NHI
Coo
NHI
Nᵗʰ
'
-
cool,
Ammonium
phthalate
Pthalic acid
#
NH
heat
/
C- NHA
ON H2
☒
]
10MHz
phthalamiae
"
◦
Phthalimde
Reactions
involving
4) Reduction
→
Diborane do not
→
sodium
-
COOH
reduce
easily
borohydoate
group
:
functional group
do not reduce
like ester nitro
carboxyl gop
,
.
R-foote-ketherr-ctgoHE.li
Hzot
,
(2)
Decarboxylation
R
-
→
[ OONA
Kolbe 's
3:
I
Ñ
also
electrolysis
substitution Reaction in
4)
(2)
Halogenation
Hell V01 hard
Ring
Zelinsky
R
-
H
+
.
Hydrocarbon
Part
Rxn
substitution
cools
40011
A
Nastos
cone
☒
no.
COOH
É
I
-
Bo
,
heal;
.