Part 3: How do hormones affect other cells in the body?--- Jenny Liang 8Tm In human’s body, there are many essential substances that we need for our functioning processes. One of them is called hormone. According to Vedantu, Hormones act like a messenger molecules that stream through the bloodstream, carry the chemical messages produced in different cells of the body, which help to turn on or off the cellular processes which control the reproduction, metabolism, growth, and functions. The cell that hormones are most interacting to is the target cell. But, how do hormones interact and how can they find their target cells? As states in the first paragraph, hormones are acting like messengers that released into blood. Then, blood will transmit hormones into variety of organs and cells. After hormones reaching their “target cells” that has the specific proteins they want, they will bind with that receptor proteins that received its signals. Finally, hormones will transmit the message which helps the functioning of cells and organelles. Nevertheless, the kind of cell transport that hormones involved in is active transport instead of passive transport. For an obvious reason, passive transport is more likely to be a phenomenon, and it does not need any energy; however, hormone is a form of energy that active transport needs. For instance, the insulin, a type of hormones that make in pancreas, relaxes the membrane of skeletal muscle cells and regulates the permeability of the cell membranes, which enhances their rates of transporting glucose. As you can see, the importance of hormones in our cellular functionings is immense; it is a crucial factor for our lives. For example, erythropoietin is the hormones that produced in the kidney, which acts on redblood cells for protecting them from destruction. Also, thyroid hormones affect the white- blood cells by regulating the white- blood cell production, and controlling the amount of white- blood cell produced. For more specific, hormones’ messages can be used for regulating the permeability of cell membrane, which helps cells transport glucose rapidly, inducing the modifications like protein and lipids composition in the mitochondria, and altering the gene activities and protein production both directly and indirectly in their target cells by entering the nucleus and binding to the DNA inside. Part 4: 1. Topic B: From Hayden Firstly, red blood cell are adapted to the transport of oxygen due to their hollow shape which maximizes their surface area to absorb oxygen. Also, their flexibility allows them to let the hemoglobin molecules inside them bind with and carry the oxygen. Secondly, the skin cells which composed of the basal cell layer, the spinous cell layer, the granular cell layer, and the stratum corneum, enable cells to form a tough and waterproof layer against destruction. However, in his essay, he hasn’t explain the type of cell transport the specialized cells are invloved in, and the organelles that specialized cells are related to. 2. Topic B: Firstly, the specialized plant cells have a special organelle called chloroplast, which gives cells the green color and helps cells for doing photosynthesis. This is a active transport since it requires the light energy for producing ATP for plants’ survival. Secondly, the cardiac muscle cells requires many mitochondria for providing cells energy. Then the hemoglobin in the cells will bind with oxygens and deliver oxygen through blood. In addition, the white blood cells have large nucleus for making antibodies prevent them from infections. The process of surrounding the harmful things using cell membranes is active transport, since it requires the energy for taking foreign things in.
