URBANISATION AND MUMBAI, INDIA
1.7
Urbanisation
Identify and suggest reasons for rapid urban growth.
Describe the impacts of urban growth on both rural and urban
areas, along with possible solutions to reduce the negative
impacts.
Reference should be made to physical, economic and social
factors which result in rural depopulation and the movement of
people to major cities.
Describe and explain the effects of urbanisation on the people and
natural environment. The characteristics of squatter settlements.
Describe and explain strategies to reduce the negative impacts of
urbanisation.
Case study
required for 1.7
A rapidly growing urban area in a developing country and
migration to it.
URBANISATION: AN INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
Urbanisation
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PATTERNS
STATEMENT
EXPLANATION
MEDCs HAVE A
GREATER PERCENTAGE
OF THEIR POPULATION
LIVING IN URBAN
AREAS THAN LEDCs
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URBANISATION IS
HAPPENING AT A
FASTER RATE IN LEDCs
THAN IN MEDCs
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CASE STUDY: URBANISATION IN INDIA - MUMBAI
LOCATION
Describe the location of India [3 Marks]
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Where is Mumbai within India? [3 Marks]
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POPULATION CHANGE
Describe how India’s population has changed
between 1960 and 2015 [3 marks]
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MIGRATION
1. Do many people migrate
to India from other
countries?
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2. Where do most people in
India live?
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3. What are living
conditions like for most
people in India?
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4. Explain why few people
migrate to India from other
countries using ideas from
Q3 in your answer
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5. What is internal
migration?
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6. Define and give
examples of push and pull
factors of migration
7. Explain using examples
why it is difficult for people
from an LEDC to migrate
either internationally or
within their own country
DEFINITION
EXAMPLE
PUSH
FACTOR
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PULL
FACTOR
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INTERNAL MIGRATION IN INDIA
SUMMARY
Why do people choose to migrate from RURAL areas of India to URBAN areas?
Use your notes to write a short paragraph that EXPLAINS (give reasons - eg do not just say ‘low wages’ say
‘which means that…’) why there are high levels of rural to urban migration in India. You should include
examples of both push and pull factors.
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Extension - Explain why it is hard for people to make the move (consider the obstacles and use developed
ideas to explain them)
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CONSEQUENCES OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION
PROBLEMS FACED IN THE CITY
PROBLEMS CREATED IN RURAL AREAS
Look at the photo and read through the extract. Fill in the table to describe 3 problems of living in
Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
GROWTH OF SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS
Using ideas from the diagram above only, explain in your own words why many squatter settlements
have grown in urban areas in LEDCs. [3 Marks] 0460/11/M/J/17
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PROBLEMS CREATED BY URBANISATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHANTY TOWNS IN LICs
For each of the statements, say whether it is a SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL or ECONOMIC PROBLEM
PROBLEM
Traffic Congestion as cars / buses / rickshaws / animals all share
same roads
Unemployment as there are few jobs for unskilled workers
Rural migrants can’t find jobs because they are often illiterate or
non-skilled so the informal sector grows.
Shanty towns are illegal
High Infant mortality rates
Shanty towns are built on poor quality or unsafe land so are prone
to flooding / landslides / fires
Poverty
CATEGORY
High birth rates
Poor quality building materials and a lack of basic amenities eg
running water / toilets in shanty towns
Up to 50% of the population of the city live in Shanty towns
Wages are low paid and workers are exploited.
Disease spreads quickly because of high density housing.
Water pollution – rivers/seas used as dustbins
Air pollution/Smog from car fumes and factories
Malnutrition (not enough food to eat)
Overcrowding
Increase in crime
Health Problems eg Asthma & Bronchitis caused by pollution
Sewage on streets leads to water borne disease such as
cholera/diarrhoea
More street children
Shortages of natural resources such as water as demand
increases
As shanty towns are built agricultural land / woodland is destroyed.
EXTRA NOTES / DETAIL / EXPLANATION
WHAT IS IT LIKE IN A SQUATTER SETTLEMENT
Where do many
migrants to
LEDC cities
end up living?
Why?
How would you
describe their
living
conditions?
What is a
shanty town?
CONDITIONS AND PROBLEMS IN DHARAVI (AND SLUMS / SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS IN GENERAL)
India and ______________'s biggest slum is known as Dharavi. There are a
______________ people crammed into one square mile in Dharavi. At the edge of Dharavi
the newest arrivals come to make their homes on waste land next to __________
__________ in slum areas. They set up home ______________ amongst waste on land that
is not suitable for habitation. In the wet monsoon season these people have huge problems
living on this low lying marginal land. Many of the people here come from many parts of
India as a result of the ________ ________ ________ factors of migration.
In the slum people have to live with many problems. People have to go to the toilet in the
street and there are _________ ____________ .
Children play amongst sewage waste and doctors deal with ______________ cases a day of
diphtheria and typhoid. Next to the open sewers are water pipes, which can crack and take in
sewage. There are also toxic wastes in the slum including highly dangerous heavy metals.
People live in very small dwellings (e.g. 12X12ft), often with many members of their extended
families.
Water is a big problem for Mumbai's population, standpipes come on at 5:30am for 2 hours
as water is rationed. These standpipes are shared between many people. Rubbish is
everywhere and most areas lack _____________and excrement and rats are found on the
street. _____________ people share one public latrine.
There are positives, informal shopping areas exist where it is possible to buy anything you
might need. There are also mosques catering for people's religious needs.
There is a pottery area of Dharavi slum which has a community centre. It has a village feel
despite its high population density and has a central social square.
Family life dominates, and there can be as many as 5 people per room. The houses often
have no windows, asbestos roofs (which is dangerous if broken) and no planning to fit fire
regulations. Rooms within houses have multiple functions, including living, working and
sleeping.
Communal living generates a sense of___________ . The buildings in this part of the slum
are all of different heights and colours, adding _______________and diversity.
85% of people have a job in the slum and work LOCALLY, and some have even managed to
become millionaires.
Water pipes /
Mumbai
illegally
/ interest
/ sanitation
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million
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500
4,000
/
push and pull
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open sewers
community
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EXPLAINING THE PROBLEMS OF SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS
For each of the issues in the table, add a developed explanation for why it happens
OVERCROWDING
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FIRES
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OVERPOPULATION
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COMPETITION FOR
JOBS
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DISEASE
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LACK OF SPACE
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LACK OF
INFRASTRUCTURE
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IMPROVING SHANTY TOWNS / SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS
EXAM PRACTICE QUESTIONS.
1. Explain why many people in cities in LEDCs live in slums. [5 Marks] 0460/11/M/J/13
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2. Explain why the percentage of the population living in urban areas in LEDCs is increasing. [4
Marks] 0460/11/M/J/17
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3. Describe the problems of living in a squatter settlement. [5 Marks] 0460/11/M/J/17
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Either:(4). Name a city and describe what has been done to improve living conditions in the slums
found there. [7 Marks] 0460/11/M/J/13
City _________________
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OR: (5). For a named urban area you have studied, describe the problems faced by migrants living in
squatter settlements. [7 Marks] 0460/13/M/J/16
Urban Area _________________
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