AP US History Unit 1 Exam Review Vocabulary causation – analyzing how something makes something else change or happen comparison – comparing two or more things contextualization – process of placing something in relation to everything else happening at the same time cultivation – planting, weeding, harvesting, and processing of a crop Tribe – something paid to a superior civilization, usually in form of taxes or goods Mercantilism – economic system where the resources of a colony are harvested for the sole benefit of the mother country of that colony Isthmus – thin strip of land with water on both sides Peasant – working class person Feudalism – economic and social system in Medieval Europe where peasants worked the land and fought wars for the nobles in exchange for protection and housing Capitalism – economic and political system where the countrie’s trade and industry are owned by private citizens and not the government Conquistador – Spanish explorer and conqueror Middle Passage – name of the section of trip from Africa to the Americas for enslaved Africans Tribute – something paid to a superior civilization by a weaker civilization, usually in the form of taxes or goods Encomienda System – hierarchical system used by the Spanish in the Americas to force indigenous people to work and give tributes Cultivation – planting, weeding, harvesting, and processing a crop Malnutrition – not getting all the proper nutrients you need through food Meticulous – paying very close attention to details Joint Stock Company – company owned by multiple people who own portions (stocks) of the company Charter – a written grant given out by a government or the royalty, granting permission to start a company, city, or colony while defining its rights Disenfranchised – not allowed or able to vote Protestant – non-Catholic Christian denomination Expatriation – leaving one’s homeland permanently to live in another nation Subjugation – the act of bringing someone under control or domination Aborigine – person, plant, or animal that dates back to the region’s earliest times Content European Medieval Hierarchy under Feudalism: The Pope and the Kings/Queens/Emperors were the most powerful. Peasants/serfs usually had to work the land for little or no pay and were not allowed to move from where they lived in exchange for protection from the nobles and knights. Feudalism > Capitalism (our current economic system in the US) > Mercantilism Aztecs/Moctezuma/Hernan Cortes • • • • • • In 1519, Cortes left Cuba with an armada (group of ships) and 500 men without permission from his boss Cortes was a Spanish Conquistador who wanted power, fame, and riches like most Conquistadors He allied with tribes in Mexico that were rivals to the Aztecs He met Moctezuma who greeted him and was a gracious host showering Cortes and his men with gifts Cortes kidnapped Moctezuma who died in captivity under mysterious circumstances In 1521, Cortes’ 800 men and 10,000 native allies invaded the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City) and conquered the Aztec Empire Columbian Exchange • • • • exchange of goods between the Old World (Europe) and the New World (Americas) New World shipped to Europe caused a population boom Old World diseases (mostly smallpox) killed up to 90% of Native Americans (NAs) and caused a cycle of war, malnutrition, and death for NAs The death of NAs caused the Spanish to begin importing enslaved people from Africa to be forced labor Encomienda System Racial Hierarchy Encomienda System Encomienda was a system used by Spanish colonies beginning in early the early 16th century during the colonization of the Americas. Encomienda means “to trust,” and the labor system was originally set up to protect indigenous people from forced labor. The idea was that powerful Spaniards in the New World were granted by the king control over a certain number of Native Americans in a certain area. In return for being able to collect taxes and use labor of the Native Americans, the encomenderos (Spaniards granted encomienda) were supposed to provide protection and a Christian education to the natives. Unfortunately, the Spaniards frequently abused the natives and treated them like slaves. Spain tried to reform this system several times, but it ultimately failed and gave way to the Repartimiento System. In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power. A. Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to make sense of one another. Over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other's culture. Native Americans eagerly adopted European trade goods and technology. B. As European encroachments on Native Americans' lands and demands on their labor increased, native peoples sought to defend their political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance. English French Spanish Metacom’s War • • • • • • • • Metacom (nicknamed King Phillip by English colonists) was the Chief of the Wampanoag tribe In 1675, Metacom united several tribes to fight the English in New England who had been seizing NA lands The English had also been using trade to encourage different NA tribes to fight each other Metacom’s War lasted from 1675-1676, first major war in American colonial history Hundreds of colonists and over a thousand NAs were killed, both sides had over 2,000 casualties Dozens of NA villages and colonial settlements were destroyed Metacom was killed by a colonist and his alliance fell apart, losing the war for the NAs Metacom’s War essentially ended NA resistance in New England and caused colonists to think of NAs as violent, savage, and uncivilized • • • • The Spanish were the first to bring enslaved Africans to the Americas after the death of 90% of NAs due to disease in Central and South America The English refined the plantation system using enslaved labor to cultivate sugar in the Caribbean They imported the plantation model from the Caribbean to the original 13 Colonies The first enslaved Africans in North America arrived in 1619 in Virginia Mayflower Compact • • • In 1620, settlers (pilgrims) seeking religious freedom in England wanted to settle in Massachusetts In England, anyone not part of the Church of England (Anglican Church) was persecuted The male settlers of the group signed the Mayflower Compact which stated: o The colonists would remain loyal subjects to King James, despite their need for self-governance. o The colonists would create and enact “laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices…” for the good of the colony and abide by those laws. o The colonists would create one society and work together to further it. o The colonists would live in accordance with the Christian faith. o This was the first example of self-governance in Colonial America Religion and government in the 13 Colonies • • • • • • Many New England colonies were founded for religious purposes as various nonAnglican Christian denominations tried to escape religious persecution in England Membership in the official church of the colony was required in some of these colonies to participate in politics (vote, hold office) Every colony only allowed men to participate in politics, most colonies required those men to own land Some of these religious colonies had laws based around religion Pennsylvania, in the Middle Colonies, was an exception and welcomed all religions and allowed non-land owning men to participate in government The Southern Colonies were mainly founded for economic and not religious purposes Short Answer Question – 30 minutes total to answer all six questions with at least 2 sentences per answer. Spend about five minutes per question. • • • Answer - state your answer in a way that re-words the question. o Ex: Why were the Mongolians so successful at conquest? The Mongolians were successful at conquest because they had an all horse soldier army and other nations weren’t experienced in fighting that way. Cite evidence using a source or your prior knowledge o Ex: The Mongolians were experts at horse riding and horse combat, so they overwhelmed their enemies. Explain how your evidence proves you right o Ex: This is why the Mongolians were great at conquest and established the biggest empire in world history.
