RESPIRATION
RESPIRATION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Aerobic respiration
• production of energy in the
present of oxygen. (Oxidise
glucose)
• plants, animals, certain
microorganisms
Anaerobic respiration
• breakdown glucose to
produce energy in the
absence of oxygen.
Animals
Plants
Aerobic Respiration
• Process by which living organisms take in oxygen and release carbon
dioxide
• Divide to :
(a) External respiration (Breathing) consists of two physical processes
(inhalation, exhalation). (Respiratory system)
(b) Internal respiration – process of oxidation of food(Glucose) and
released energy, carbon dioxide and water. (Body cells)
Human Respiratory System
• Consists respiratory tract
and the lungs.
• Includes :
(a) breathing structure
(b) the ribs
(c) the intercostal muscles
(d) the diaphragm
Human Respiratory System
• Pathway of air
(inhalation)
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Exhalation???
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Human Respiratory System
• Structure and function
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filled with mucus membranes and
hairs.
acting as filtration and purifying the
air by removing any dust, pollen, and
other contaminants
is a tube made of cartilage ring
to provide a clear and
unhindered airway for air to
enter and exit the lungs.
small hairs reside upon the inner
walls (catch dust and other
contaminants from inhaled air,
which are later expelled via
coughing.)
two tubes stemming off of the
end of the trachea. Each tube is
connected to a lung.
allowing air from external
respiratory openings to pass
efficiently into the lungs.
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bronchi divide to even smaller,
narrower tubes known as
bronchioles.
lead to alveolar sacs, which are
sacs containing alveoli.
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have extremely thin walls.
allows the exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide to take place
within the lungs
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A sheet of muscle, separates the
thoracic cavity from the
abdomen.
Human Respiratory System
• Structure and
function
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Located in between the ribs
Contract or relax cause the ribs
to move up and down during
breathing.
Breathing Mechanism (Inhalation, Exhalation)
What happen to :
• Intercostal muscle
• Rib cage
• Diaphragm
• Thoracic cavity
• Air pressure
• Movement of air
During inhalation or
exhalation
Breathing Mechanism (Inhalation, Exhalation)
External Intercostal muscles : contracts
Internal intercostal muscle : relaxes
Moves upwards and outwards
Contracts and flattens
Increases
Decreases and become lower than outside body
Air from the surroundings is forced into the lungs
Intercostal muscle
Rib cage
Diaphragm
Thoracic cavity
Air pressure in the thoracic
cavity compared with the
surrounding air pressure
Movement of air
External Intercostal muscles : relaxes
Internal intercostal muscle : contracts
Moves downwards and inwards
Relaxes and curves upwards
Decreases
Increases and become higher than outside body
Air in the lungs is pushed out from the lungs
Breathing Mechanism (Inhalation, Exhalation)
External Intercostal muscles : contracts
Internal intercostal muscle : relaxes
Moves upwards and outwards
Contracts and flattens
Increases
Decreases and become lower than outside body
Air from the surroundings is forced into the lungs
Intercostal muscle
Rib cage
Diaphragm
Thoracic cavity
Air pressure in the thoracic
cavity compared with the
surrounding air pressure
Movement of air
External Intercostal muscles : relaxes
Internal intercostal muscle : contracts
Moves downwards and inwards
Relaxes and curves upwards
Decreases
Increases and become higher than outside body
Air in the lungs is pushed out from the lungs
Transport of Oxygen in the Human Body
Involves:
• Diffusion of oxygen from
the alveoli into the blood
capillaries
• Transport of oxygen by red
blood cells
• Diffusion of oxygen from
the blood capillaries into
the body cells.
Transport of Oxygen in the Human Body
Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the
blood capillaries
• Blood Capillaries : lower concentration of oxygen
• Alveoli : higher concentration of oxygen
• O2 diffuses across he alveolar wall into the blood
capillaries
• O2 combine with the haemoglobin (inside red
blood cells) forming oxyhaemoglobin.
Diffusion : gas particles move from areas of
higher concentration to areas of lower
concentration.
Transport of Oxygen in the Human Body
Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the
blood capillaries
Special features of the alveolus help to
increase the rate of gaseous exchange :
• Millions of alveoli in the lung, forming a
large surface area to volume ratio.
• Wall of alveolus is very thin (one cell thick)
• Surface of the alveolus always kept moist
(enable gas to dissolve easily)
• Alveolus is surrounded by a large network
of blood capillaries
Transport of Oxygen in the Human Body
Transport of oxygen by red blood cells
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Transported in the form of oxygaemoglobin
Blood (rich in oxygen) flows from lungs to the heart.
Heat pumps the blood to all part of the body.
Blood is carried in blood capillaries to the body cells.
Transport of Oxygen in the Human Body
Diffusion of oxygen from the blood capillaries
into the body cells.
• Body cell: lower concentration of oxygen
• Blood Capillaries : higher concentration of oxygen
• O2 diffuses from blood capillaries into the body
cells.
• Deoxygenated blood(low O2, rice with CO2) is
carried back to the heart and lungs.
Tobacco Smoke Content
Diseases Caused by Cigarette Smoke
Respiratory Structure of Insects
• Called the tracheal system
• Network of small tubes that channel oxygen directly from
the atmosphere outside to every cell of body.
• Gases not transported by blood.
• Spiracles located on both side of the thorax and abdomen
• Tracheae and tracheoles – stiff rings of chitin, tracheoles
end on the plasma membrane of every cell in the body
cells of insect.
Breathing mechanism
• Muscles in the abdomen contract and
relax.
Respiratory Structure of Fish
Bony fish skin is covered by
impermeable scales and gas exchange
occurs only through the gills.
Gills and bony arch:
• Gills are the respiratory structure
adapted for gaseous exchange.
• 4 pairs of gills in the pharynx – 2 pairs in
each side.
• Gill arch is the bony arch that supports
each gill.
Respiratory Structure of Fish
Gills filaments and gill lamellae:
• Each bony arc has 2 rows of gill
filaments (V-shape)
• Gill filaments are thin flaps that lie in
top of each other, like the pages of a
book
• Each gill filament has vertical folds
called gill lamellae in its upper and
lower surfaces.
• Gill lamellae form the respiratory
surface for gas exchange.
Respiratory Structure of Fish
• Breathing mechanism
• Month open,
take in water,
operculum(gill
cover) closes.
• Increase the
month
cavity(buccal
cavity),
decreases its
pressure and
forces water
into the month.
• Month close,
force water
out,
operculum(gill
cover) open.
• decreases the
month
cavity(buccal
cavity),
increase its
pressure and
forces water
back over the
gills.
Respiratory Structure of Amphibians
In 3 different ways :
• 1. Cutaneous respiration - skin
• 2. Buccal respiration -pharynx
• 3. Pulmonary respiration - lungs
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Respiratory Structure of Amphibians
• 1. Cutaneous respiration - skin
• Skin is thin, moist, a lot of blood capillaries
• Mucous glands keep the skin soft and moist.
• O2 (atmospheric) dissolves mucus, diffuses into the blood capillaries
• Most of the O2 supply
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Respiratory Structure of Amphibians
2. Buccal respiration –pharynx
• Covered thin epithelium, a lot of blood capillaries
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Respiratory Structure of Amphibians
3. Pulmonary respiration – lungs
• Carried out only when the need of O2 great (jumping, swimming)
• A pair of lungs connected to a short bronchus
• Lungs is moist in tiny alveoli, rice of blood capillaries.
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Respiratory Structure of Amphibians