ltooGoo
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Business
Paul
Emmerso"
Gfammaf
Builder
n
MACMIII,AN
Contents
LIST OF GRAMMAR TERMS
V E R BT E N 5 E 5
continuous.
timeexprcssions
simple,present
I Presenttime 1: present
pedect
prcsent
or present
continuous
simpleor continuous?,
2 Pr€senttime 2: present
tenses,
stateverbs
otherusesof present
continuous?,
pastsmpleorcontinuous
timeexpressions,
3 Pasttime 1: pastsimple,pastcontinuous,
l0
pastperfectcontinuous,
usedtol!'l,ould
timeexprcssions,
4 Pasttime 2r pastperfect,
+ nfinitive
perfect,
be€t (to)andgone(to)
timeexpressions,
5 Pastand present1: present
perfectT,
perfect?,
prcsentsimpeor present
6 Pastand present2: pastsimpleor present
perfectcontinuous?
present
pertector present
present
perfectcontinuous,
timeexpressions,
7 Eutute 1t wilt, going to, presentcontinuous,wil/ ot going to?, going ta ot ptesent
continuous?,
timeexDressons
prcsentsimple/continuous,
futurecontinLlous,
futurep€rfect'
8 Future2i timeexpressions,
wal goingto, otherwaysto talkaboutlhe futule
22
PASStVES
sayinqwho does
systems
andprocesses,
9 passiveli fofm,focuson impo(antinformation,
verbs
intransitive
and
the action,transitive
passive
+ infintive,
information,
beingfomal/impersonal,
10 Pasiive2: linkingto previoos
verbswith two objects,havesomethingdone,to be bom
VERBS
MODAIS ANO RELATED
11 Modalsand relatedverbs l: form,ability,w;//andwillingness
pemission,
prohibition,
oplnions
no necessity,
12 Modalsand relatedverbs2i necessity,
need
lo
andadvice,
Dastcriticism,
lncearanty,
anddeduction,
expectation,
certainty
13 Modalsand relatedv€rbs3: probability,
possibillty
permiss
on, offersand
language,
requests,
I 4 Modalsand relatedverbs4: direct/indirect
suggestons
invltatlons,
14
18
26
30
34
38
42
46
50
54
58
62
QUESTIONS
question
phrases,
question
wordquestions,
andanswers,
15 Questionsl: yeslnoquestions
questions
quesrion
wordsaslhe subred,negative
indiFctquestons,preposit
onsln question5,
tags,replyquenions,
16 Questions2: question
what B it tor andwlal wasi lile
66
ia
coNDtttoNAtS
74
17 Conditionals1:conditionsandresulls,fvvesel/...,/fwesold.,unlers,oihermodak
78
withouili wish,modalverbs
18 Conditionafs
2: /f we50ld .-., ff we hadsold...,.onditionals
n conditionals.
/f/ rvereYou...
CONTENTS 5
VERBS FOLLOWED BY -,,VG OR INFII{ITIVE
19 Verb+ -ing or intinitive I: ve|b+-r?g;verb+ to+ innnitive,
verb+objecr+ fo+ infnitve,
makeand /et, verb+ that clause
20 Verb+ ,hg or inJinitive2: ve.b+ -t g or infinitive,
ve|bsof p-6rcepUon,
passv-aforms:
-lrg or infinitive
a2
86
R E P O R T E DS P E E C H
2l Reportedspeech1: reported
speech;tense
peopl€,paces,
changes,
notensechange.
timesandthings
90
22 Reportedspeech2: 5ayor te4 otherreporting
vebs,/t + passve of a reporting
verb,
questions,
reporting
rcpodingcommands
andrequests
94
PHRASAL VERB5
phrasalvelbs,
23 Phrasalverbsl: undeGtanding
phrasal
separable
verbs,inseparable
phraralverbs
24 Phrasalverbs
+ p€position.
phrasalverbs,
partcleme.nings
2: phrasalve|bs
three-pan
98
1O2
OIHER VERB CONsTRUCIIONS
25 Verbsand obiectsrtransitive
vebs,intransitive
verbs,verb+ two objects,
vefb+ two
objedsusinglor
26 The 'ing form: asa noun,asan adjective,
afterprcpositions,
usedto b-cain
a c ause
106
27 rhake,do, get, haverusesof fourcommonverbs
114
110
FELAIIV€ CIAUS€5
28 Relativeclau5$ 1: relative
clauses,
€lativepronouns,
leaving
out the reativepronou
n n
a definingrclative
clause,
non-defining
reiative
clauses,
€lat ve prono!nsandprepostions
29 Relativeclauses2: combrning
senten<es,
structure
of combined
sentences,
useof
what, useol where,when andwhy, rclativeclauseswith a participle{-lngl-ed)
118
122
I{OUNS,PRONOUiIS
AI\IDARTICLES
30 Countableand uncountablenouns:@untable
nouns,uncountable
nouns,singuar or
p|nal?,alan/a bt of, anylsone,nanylnuch, few,liftle,specific
andgeneral
meanings
126
prcr,ouna,
3l Pronouns:indefinite
someonelanyone,
eye4lonelno
pronouns
one,reflexive
'everything'
'th€
32 Determiners:
a///most/nanylsomela
few,all meaning
or
on y ih ng',
130
134
no/none, ea.hlevery,bothI elherl neithel
's (aposirophe
33 Possessiv€s
and compoundnouns:possessive
adjectives
andpronouns,
s),
ot compound
nouns
138
34 Articles1: basicusesol artides,a/a4 a of an?,tle noarticle
35 Articles2: placenamesandno article,placenamesandrhe,speci.lsesof the,
spFcrtr(
specdl
use!of'ro ddi(le.gener.land
rredrrngs
142
146
6
CONTEI{IS
A D J E C T I V EA5N D A D V E R B S
g€dableandnongradab€ adj€ctves
36 Adiectivesand adverbs:types,formof adverbs,
-ed
-t
ending g and
adiedives
oder of adjectives,
equalthings,comparng actions
comparinq
andsuperlatives,
37 Comparing1: comparaiives
phGseswth
with cornparatives,
otherstructures
38 Comparing2: lalgeandsmalldiffercnces.
nouns
compannq
advelbs,
comparing
supeatives,
w th too ande'ough'50
39 Adverbsof degrce:toolenoughlnotenough,orherstuctut€s
ad such,quite,lail\, PrctlYot Gtherl
40 Time adverbs:inlon /af, no prepositionon time ot in tinel ' farlsincelduringlago,
duing ot whtlel, by ot untin, thenlafterwatds/ after/ later,calenderreferences
l 50
154
158
162
166
III{KING WORDS AND PHRASES
17o
4l Linkingwor& l: addition\and,both, too' atsa,etc)'.or[astlbut,yet,althaughthaugh,
eventhough,whereas,despitelinspiteol) althoughot wheteas?
174
(to andftr, 50 thaf),
(becausq
at since)rcsut (5o),purpo5e
42 Linkingwords 2: te3son
manner(as,asifand ,ke)
174
(forexamp/e'
and,butand50,exarnples
43 Developingan argument1: wordsmeaning
(lilst
(in
ofail
fad,
acTua//r,
sequence
for nstance.sucha5),additional/rcalinformation
(ingereralon therviole),surnmarsing
generalising
Go'to sumup,
as weltas,this,finally),
in sumnary),eithet... ot .., insteadof, exceptfor
142
comment,
othetlinkingwordsandphrases,
44 Developingan argument2: pelsonal
otherwse'
af t/reend,in theend,at last,if, unless,
to ioclison importantinformation,
structures
in writtenEnglith
abbrcviations
PREPOSITIONs
/ below,ovet/ under,
with at in andon,above
of pfa<e:ai or ,ir?,exprcssions
45 Prepositlons
o1qosite,nextta/beside,neatlbY
verb+ different
verb+ obje( + preposition,
46 Verb+ preposition:velb+ preposition,
prcpositions
use5of different
oreoositons,
+
adjective
feelings,
otheradlectives,
+ prcposition,
47 Adjective+ preposition:adjective
choiceof oreoosition
+
reatlonship
rise,fal/+ ofllr, connection,
48 Noun+ preposition:noun+ preposition.
phrases
wkh/bef een,need,wish,reguest+ for' prepositional
186
190
194
194
IRENDS. GRAPH5 AND FIGURES
.dverbsand
49 Tr€nd5,graphsand figures:qraphsandfiqures,trends,verbsandobjects,
linkingwordsandphEses
adjecuves,
242
PUNCTUATIOI{
marks,questlon
colon,speech
50 Punctuation:capitallettets,fullstop,comma,semi-colon,
mark
mafkandexclamation
)46
co[tENTs
7
Test bank (for diagnosis or review)
TcatI
Test2
Test3
Tesl4
Tert 5
Test5
Test7
TestI
Test9
Verbtenses:prgent (units1 2)
Verbtens€s:past(unitsH)
210
Velbtens€s:pastand presem(unitst6)
Verbtenses:future (units7-€)
214
(units9-10)
Passives
Modals(units1l-14)
218
(units15-16)
Qr.i€stions
(units17-18)
Condhionals
Verbs+ -,iagor inlinitive(units 19-20)
222
212
220
224
226
Test l0 Reportedspeech(units21-22)
Test11 Phrasal
verbs(unils23-24)
.rest12
nakel dolgetl have(unit 271
221
Ten t3 Relatjveclauses(units28-29)
Test 14 Nount pronounsand anicles(units30-35)
231
228
232
Ten 15 Adjectivesandadv€ftE(units36-40)
(units45-48)
T€st16 Prepositions
Appendices
Appendlr1
Appendlx2
Appendlx
3
Appendlx
4
App€ndlx
5
Regular
v€rh6:alltoms
kregulaa
verbs
Spelling
Diagram
of theEnglish
velbsystem
Eriti5h
andAmerican
English
244
Answer key
249
Index
263
List of grammar terms
Theactrv€form of a verbis when the pe6on orthlng doingthe a'tion |5the
'parsivefo'm' on page9'
subjectof the verb:, Mote the reporr.Comparewith
An adjectivehelpsto d€sc be a nounor pronoun:/t3 a small' modem starage
An adverb addsinfomatioti abo'r\when,whercat haw sornethinghappens:/d'd
it yeneday. I did it qui.klY.
Article5.rc the wsd the (= th€ definteartice)ora/an (= the indefn te altcle)
An auxiliaryverb (be do and have)is usedwith alher verbsto maketenses'no
passi\eforme:He it vnrking in Milan where did vou go? Iwa hundred peapte
have beennade redundant.
Clause
A clauie i5a groupof wods that contans a subjectand a verb lt may b€ a
sentenceor only pan or a sent€nce.
conditional
i, unlessetc, and naressomethlngthat
A .onditional is a sentencelhat incLud€s
mustbe t.ue (the condition)beforesomethinqelte can be tnre or can happen{the
result).
Thecontinuous is the lom of the velb lh.t luggeststhat an actbn s in progress
Thecontinuousform endsin -rng
A determiner is a wod like lhe, son]eand everv lt is usedbeiorea noun or
adjecrNero showwh(h tr' .g yo- nean
Gerund
A gerund is an ',ng form of a verbusedlikea noun:Smoking is not allowed My
haw is sailing
An imperarivei5when we tellpeope what to do we usethe baseform of the
\et6: Come hete. Swilth off the lbht
lnfinitive
The infinitive is lhe basefoffn ot the verb(wort, qo, €tc) lt s usedwith or without
to: I hape to see you next week. I must go naw.
The-ioqform
The -ing lorm is the form oi the verbthai endsln'ing When it s usedas a verbor
calleda'presentparticipe:/saw hin leaving' Abo ng
adjectiveit is sometimes
'qerund'
6ee above)
meetrEr.When it is usedas a nouf it i5 sometmes.alleda
An intransitiveverb is a vetbthat do€snoi takean obiect Forexample,the vem
/ atrived here/astweek ln this sentencethereis no object
arive ir iniransitlve:
'vansiliveve.b' on paqe9.
comparewlth
A modaf verb is a verblike can,wi , night andshould lt g vesa me'nlnq like
permsson,etc
abiliry,obligation,prcbability,
A noun is a word that is the nam€of an object,idea,pace or person:a car,
demo(acy SingaPorc, Robett.
a noLrn'wh ch can act as a subledor
A noun phrase is a groupof words.lncLuding
object of a senienc€:p€aple, sane peapte,sane people wha werc hetevestetday
object
the peBonor lhing lhat is aff€ctedby the
The object is the wod that descrlbes
vetb: t innalled tone new softwarc on ny PC
LIST OF GRAMMAR TERMS
9
Passiveform
Thepassiveform is usedto showhow rh€ subj€clof the v€rbis atfectedby the
actionof the velb: Ihe reportwas wfitten W n,e.Compaewlth the activeforrn
on page8.
Pastparticiple
Yc,
A pan paiticipleistheformusedin the perfect
tenseor passive
structr.rres.
pan
it
in
is
canfind
thethtrdcolumnof tensetables.Forexample:
worked the
pastparticiple).
participle
gonelsthe pastparticipe
of 90
of lvolk(thisis d regular
(thisisan iregularpastparticipie).
Possessive
A possessive
isa formthatshowswhoor whatsomething
belongs
to: my4lour
(possessive
(possessive
pronouns),
adjectivet.
m,loelyours
etc.lt isa sousedto show
othertypesof €lationships:my hthet my hometown; ny enployer.
Phrasalverb
A phrasalverb isa verbwithan adverb
or prepositon
thathasa d ffe€nt meanng
plane
Ihe
f.om the verbusedalone:
too& off.
Preposition
A preposition is a word likeaa behind,in, thtough,to, wth u5edb€for€a nounor
pronoun
to showpla.e,time,direcrion,
etc.
Pronoun
A pronounisa wod likelCme,you,hin, her,e.(,rhattakesthe placeof a noun:
Haveyou beento Wa6aw?L haschangeda lot averthe lastfewyeaE.
Questiontag
A queniontag isa sho( quenionlike/snt i2 or don't,ou7thatyouaddai the
endof a sentence
to checkinfomationor askit someone
aqr€€s
wth vour/ts hol
isnt It?
Reflexivepronoun A reflexivep.onounismainlyusedto showthatthe person
whodoestheactonis
alsothe oersonalfectedbv ir: Sheintroducedherselfto ne at the cofleebreak.
Relative.lause
A relativeclauseis usedto identii/someone
of someth
ng,or givemor€
infomationaboutthem.lt beginswith who, which,that, eL.
Thesfmpfe
Thesimpleisthe basicfom of thevetb:I agrcewithyou(pr€sent
simple),
He
agre€dr14thme (pastsimple).
Th€subj€ct
lhe subjectisthewordthatshowswho isdoingtheactonof theverbr.rea,works
lt usuallvcomesbeforethe verb.
hereoara-,lme,
Tense
A t€nsei5thefom of theverb.lt helps!s to knowthet meat whichanactionof
(past,present
or f!tufe).A(ademcssometmeshavea moreimited
eventhappened
'tense'and
ot
the
word'tense',
and
rheymakea distincton
betw€€n
definition
'aspecr'
. I work in the na*eitng ar€a(pres€ntsimpl€teffe), t wo*ed in the
marketlngr
area(pastsimpletense).
Transitiveverb
A transitiveverb isa v€rblhat hasanobject.Thevelbmakes tr.nstve,and n
thissentence
a m,lrtakeis the obled: lhey've madea ndake. Compar€wih
'inlrdn<irive
verb on page€.
Verb
A verb expresses
an actiono( stare:Hea ived at 103A.He knows the naftet
10
resent time 1
A Present simple: form
I
The p€sent slmpl€is fomed with th€ nf nitiveform of the verb We add sforthethlrd person
sinqularhelrh€l/t.
l/you /we / they work here.
He/ she/ it works here.
a Negatvesarefomed with doldoer rot. In speechand informawitlng we ueecontractons
t/yaulwelthey do not (don't) wo* herc.
Hetshe/ it does not (doesn't) wotk herc.
a
verbdoldoer and th€ nflntve.shortanswe6to
Quenionsarc forrnedwith the auxiliary
yeslno queetionsrep€atthe auxiliary
A: Does she work herc?
A: Do tou work here?
B. )€5 ih€ doei./No, she doeiDl.
B: Yes,ldo./No,I don't
B Present simple: uses
facts.
a We usethepresent
simplefor permanent
Thisnachinecuts the netal.
ln finance,'p/e' ttands fot priceleaningsrcna'.
simplefor actions
andsituations
thataregeneray true.
a Weusethe presenl
prcduc1s.
Weoffet a full rangeof flnancial
Lizwo*s in the Matketingdepannent.
reg!ary overa longpeiodoi t me,
which.rerepeated
a We usethepr€senl
simplelor aclions
for example
habitsandroutin€s.
a lat{. Ftd klrt jukl h4mlet,dbo halfrf ttu dBtone\iwesrd ftrular
AtU,ionl Est,'ent,
anhr,t.!c\' ,'otth. (Wrll StreetJouanlEurcpewebsite)
C Present simple: time expressions
a We often ule frcqu€ncyadverbswirh the presentsirnpe Exarnpesinc ude:
alwavs,often, usually,nomaly, sametines, occasionaly,ftrely, not aften, hardly eve, never
Ibq Shith, tha .hieJe\edti,e ol Colli's Sku4tt, cswllt ises dt 6 d,h. H. tdk6 the ttdin ta
Iinnok a d afti"e! at his ofie hy I an. LMcll k tt alb a tand.ptehuith sanaJapaneterrcea
le{trel. (sund.yTines websire)
a
Notethe positlonof fiequencyadv€rbs:
I often .3ke (l don't of€n |j,ke) the Eurostatto Erussels
Belorc the main velb:
I'n usua y (l'n not usualy) nervausbefatea ptesentattan.
a Adverbphr.seslikee!€ryday,onG a yeaanost af the tine, frcn time ta time,now and then
comeat the beginningo. end ot th€ senten.e:
Ttrf
St'tith ta"els to hit NeuYa'k ofre ofe dflonth.
(SundayTiEes website)
when,aftecbefare unless,
seeunfta a We alsolse the prcsentsimpleaft€rthes€futuretime expressions:
in case,as saan as,until, by the tine, the next ti|r,e
IIME I
1 PRESENT
1I
D Present<ontinuous:form
a Thepresent
isformedw th the auxiliary
verbbe andthe hg forrnof the mainverb.
continuous
mingsdrealsol'!sy at Dea\the Pon,ehichJosfldedits E-ConftLereSetui( IECS)htemel
divisiotii nlid-1999.ECS Lr settingry odin. stoq,hsndliagproductdelivetyanderet
d.lministding lrEnet a6tonE6'ftdit cotd ,nbe6. (FT.comwebsite)
seeappendix
3
we Lrse
In sp€ech
andin{ormalwriting
convactions.
Negatives
areformedwth theverb
t an (t'n) warkins here.
Youarc (you"e) wo*ing here.
she is (she's)warking here
we arc (we're) warking here.
They ate (they'rc) workins here
I'n not working herc.
You'renot/You arcn't vr'a*ing here.
She'snot/She isn't wotking here.
we'rc not/we arcn't wo*ing here.
They'rcnot/They arcn't wo*ins herc.
for the negatives
Notcethattherear€two alternatives
oI you/ he/ she/it lwelthey
I
arefomed by inverting
thesubj€ct
andthe auxiarybe.ShortansweG
toyes/no
Quenions
qLrenions
repeat
theauxiliary
A: Ate you workinghere?
A: ls he workinghere?
S: Yes,I amlNo, l'm notB: Yes,he is/^ta, he isn't.
E Ptesent continuous: usei
a Weusethep€sent.ontinuous
to talkabouttemporary
actions
andsituations
thatarc
now
nappenrng
a Theactonor situation
maybe in progress
now,at the mornent
of speaking:
SarryW Oa* cant seeyou at the nanent. He'sElking ta a ustoner
'aroundnow',evenf il s not happen
a Theactonor rituatio.maybe happening
ng exactly
at
ngl
themomenloi speak
A e o\ powefuloklnr rttha,lt are movinzca*ua , to lrc ar Nethtarketh Ewope.
'Ihey're
openiry ofi.csin lindo"\ Canatf Whaf ... andbulng biLlb.adti Bamlo a.
(Businessweek
websire)
a Theactionof situation
maybea current
trend:
Codp et San'Barcgettirg bettetercryyearTlE applnatianoJphy\i6is nakins htouenet htorc
&lni. anddnifuialihtcllircneir .a6ing pky{s to buou. 'karceuotianalltintulred.
(Econonntwebsite)
F Presentcontinuousitime expressions
a The presentcontinuousis often usedwith theseiime exprcssions:
now ar ihe momeni,
nowadays,tunently, thesedays,right now.
Ftunthnitg ii lnc UtiErl Std?sh6 beet go|ing steadilysine th. 1950s dnd thk @ftept is nov
p@iding husiflssopponunitiesi" not kan ?5 difetent indunri.s. (worldtndeonlile
12
I PiEE|'T T|ME 1
I Practice
Exercise1 ff g
words.
Undeineth€corr€ct
1 Youoften vnrk / DQJgllgfteltwork at the weekend?
hdsn'tbeenpaid.' try to f nd out.
2 | dant knowlnot knowwhyyourinvoice
3 Excuse
me,does)ou knowldoyou knowll Ihisisthe wdyto the lT sernin.r?
4 sorrythatpojectordon'two*ldoesn'twork.Userhisone nstead.
repMarta?
5 A: Doyouknowou. newsales
B: Yes,
Ido-lYes,I know.
6 a: lsthatLindaNapie.overth€rc?
B: Yes,shewpks/ shedo work he.e.
I I writing/I'm writingIhe €pon at the moment lt shouldbe rcadyiomorrow
a Theynot replying/They'renot repting to myemaib.l'll haveto phonethem
9 why is thercsucha long delay?whar is hawening?lis happenl
1A YouareenjayinglAreyou enioyhgthisconference?
on anotherne.
11 CanKaren
callyouback?Shesspeatlsie3spea/o)rg
me?
12 A: lsSarahKennedy
expecting
sheis.
B: Yes,she'sexpeding.lYes,
Exercise2 8g:
Matchsentences
1-5 withtheirlsesa)-€).
facts
a) permaneni
actions
b) habtsandrepeated
at themomentot speaking
c) actonsin progress
'aroundnow'
d) temporary
adionshappening
situations
e) current
trendsandchanging
I
2
3
4
5
ta
abroad
These
dayswete sellingmoreandmoreoi olr products
ireel
dscounlin dLrty
LooklTh€yte
sellingmaltwhiskyat 20olo
have
in
rightnow L ]
new
model,
but
we
don't
any
stock
we reselling
the
at Ch stmast me.
we usualy sellarcund40%ol ourannualtotal
electronics,
from
TVsto cameras.
we sella fullrangeof consumer
I
n
n
Exercise3 lFl
Decidewhichwod orderis the mostusual,.) or b). Puta tick (/) by the coff€ctanswer.
J
a) | everydayarriveat t6eofiiceat aboulnine.
n
b) Every
dayI arriveat theofficeat aboutnine.
else.
n
a) lawars checkmyemailbeforedoinqanylhing
n
else.
b) AlwaysI checkmyemailbelo.edoinqanythinq
n
as| rcceive
somany.
a) Thisiakesa lot of timeusually
somany.
L.l
b) rhlsusu.llyrakesa Lotof timeasI re(eive
arenotveryurgent.
n
a) Mostof thetim€the emarls
n
b) Theemalk.remostofthe timenotveryurgent.
I don'tknowabout.n
a) quiteoftengetjunkemailfrcm.ompanies
I don'tknow.bour !
b) qetquiteoftenjunkemailfrcmcompanies
]
a) abor.rt
oncea monthdeleteallmyjunkemail.
]
b) deleteallmyjunkemailaboutoncea month.
TIMEI
1 PRESENT
13
Exercise4 A 3
@0.
lane introduces
Claudeto lo;o in London.compet€ the dl.logLreby punnq eachof the verbs n brdckers
into the coffectform oJthe prcs€nts mple.
. .!...(1.} o " / k " o * ) J o i o ?J o i o ( 2 ) .
C h u d . . ( 1 ) . . . . . . . . Q P . . 1 Q { . . K $. 9
f r o n B r : z r l .b u t h e s o r k e d $ i r h m e h P a r i sh n y e i r 'H e ( 3 ) . . . .
rAM
.....------
(t'.)
....----
(tro\, a lot abourlour Lineof\rork.
R e a I \ ' l W c l lI ( . + ). . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.b. .e. ).v. .e.r. l. .p. l e r s e dt o m c c t y o u , J o i o
Plelsedto ,neet ),ou roo-Chude.
r.rio
(]ou/do)?
.
.. .
CL UD!, So.Nhrr exictly (5) ..........
(
\
o
r
k
)
I ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .i n t h e o n l n d t s t r l . s r n r a r k eitm l y s r .
lono,
. . . . . (nmke)de.nio's about level\ ofprcductio'1?
.LAUDE oh, $ )ou (7)
.ia!Dr
N o . l ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.I.r.o t' n . k e ) a n yd e c s i o n sr c i l l YM Y J o b
. . (nrvolve)studvmgmrket tends and sivins.dvicc on levch 'f
(r) .......................
ro^o
Productron.
{tr^!r)1, StiI, rh.ti: lot of rcsponsibiht\l
\Vell.-lcs.butB..zil (10)
r(),i()
0rot/be) x t]xior prcducs likc Stdl
Anbir. What about \oo?
( ' ! p p l y )s P c c i x l i s e d
. . . .... ..
I r v r k f o r r F r c n . h. o D r y a n rd r 3 t( l l ) .
c q u i p n e n tt o d r c o i l ! ! t o s t r ( w c ( 1 2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... (. .b. e. )o n e o f t h c b i s s e s
i:uurr
conrprnies!r our nlfket.
( v o ! / o f t e n/ c o n r c )b L o r d o r ?
.....
O h , r c i l l l ?A n d ( 1 3 )
r()^()
(
1
{
)
( , ^ u r n , Y c s q, u i t eo f i e DM
.
. . . . . . . . . 0 u r c ) r n o l i i c eh c r c l t
.........
. ! conlp.Dy
( 1 s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........(. .l t. x / t . k c ) l o D sr o g t t h e r en o r vi,f y o ! t r i v c l b y E u r o s t x r '
(inrld I givc )ou D1! cirda
Exercise 5 D E
02
aboui the Braz an cornpanyCerdauby usingthe wordsfrom lhe Lisi
CompLeie
this newspaperartcle
beow Eachset of wods f Llslwo spaces
slrare
i5+€€6rFi€€l€€mpa€ie5is making/flexibe s altractinq/attention is approaching/market
n9/Law
is getting/rghi
s raisifg/plan6 ie beginning/expectationsi5 rnodernis
story
success
Gerdau:a Brazilian
G€dau, th. Bdilid
st€el Erk€r,
(4b)--......-.......-,.....,,,,.....,,,...
InvetoE
(6bl-----------
---- of ctd€, th€
kri" wat a 6tu ihlgs fods€d and
o")....it-...be..!.9x11.X.....'"'.r
Am.rica's dott
tFnspent,
3ud€ssful
{$).......S-o..}re*.}i.-e:......Ir
with . .impl. sh.re
structurc, ad th.l3 €scdy what
(2.).,....,,,,,....,,,,,..............,,,
!rcduclivity
in fts l2t ) .,,,,,,..,,,,,.........-......,,,....j ft
(3a)
dil
-""
-
timing oi
cobpad6
-
6 r.keor6
th'Pri@
TIE o! y ptubld
in ih. snon rem is
. prebl€F of succ63. G€rd.u
--.
3ttu.tue,it(7a),,.......,,.,....,,,,,,......
ti€ labou mrk€t mor.
(7b)..--.........,.....,,.,...,,,,,,,....
by charying
rhe rstncfv.lalou
t5b)
dom6ri.
(4a),,......,..,..............,,-...,,,,
io
hsiness ir B.& . Th€ gov€lm€n!
is 3implilying th€ .6nPmy-td
of smaller
(3b) - -, - * - - - * - - - - - - - * ;
Th6€ days it'3 much easi€rto do
ndk€l
ald so it
(5.),,....,-.....,,*......,*....--lh€
lawt, dd il
.......-......... ........comPdv
resent time 2
A Present simple or continuous?
It lhe prcsentsimpe and pres€ntconlinuousare expa n€d nuftl
Compare
factsthat are dlw.ysirue
eventshappenn9 at the mome.t
l rive in Audapesa (all the time)
Thisplane lands in rtankfurt (rculine)
t'm living in Budapest. (fo. a lew rnonths)
Lookt we'rc landing. (in prcgrcssnow)
NTL dortint6 th. UK 6bl. tcl.ritia" tztket (Aenetllsituation).1t ir doilg ,.t, r,.ll t, rr.
t st t{ Entup.,ta., vith rbour4tr,.rrro,e^ (rt the moment). (lntcrD.tioml HcraldTribune
Cd ddacoiti'i'6 to b. th.
poprlar onnt Ju|idt.h lic .rpd{rnri dr!,{.q L,S-rdr../
"tost
(general
.o,?d,ni
srtuatiorl),blt thdt is .hanging (tJe.d in progrcs). (worldtradconlmc
B Present continuous or ptesent perlfect continuous?
a Thepresent
is usedior a temporary
continuous
acrionhappen
n9 now
periectcontinuous
Thepresent
dercribes
anactionn progress
fiom thepastup to thepresent.
(inprogress
'ue is wo*ing an thenew desiqn.
now .nd wrllconnnue)
'ue hasbeenworking on thenewdesign.(in prog€sslrp to now andmayor rnaynot contnue)
C Other usesof presenttenses
P R E S E NS
TIMPLE
seeunirB .
The presentsimpe can be us€dio referto tmelablesandschedul€sWh€nw€ speakabout
t metableswe are ofien ihinkingaboutthe futurc.
BritlshAiMays flight 8A729 leaves Genevaat 16.40and anives in Landon at 17.20.
a Thepretentsimplecan be usedto makea sroryappearmoreimmedrate
Th s is
and iniereeting.
common n journalism.
OD d srcy No,eh'bet dq, h Nev E,sld"d lE na.d i$ine EMC'\ heddqraneab \nry nnd
bnstu. Eftcatires aJthe dataJtotdte,wkct leadu ye ha liuits ta the wold\ expadin! dppetite.fot
thehtonge t&chinet. CEO Michael Rrcttrcrs tulls EMC rete\\iatptuoJ
(Busin6sWeek iveblite)
P R E S f NCTO N T I N U O U S
seeunit7 a The preseniconiinuouscan be usedto descrlbea fxed Juiurearrangement.
Thereis usuay a
tuturetime exprcssion.
HSBCarc moving to new premises
nextyeat
a Wecanusea/war.s
withthe prcsent
continuous.
Ths isoft€nusedfor exdqgeratinq
or
complaining.
Weemphasise
a/wdr.s
in speechn thiscase.
Thisphotacopieris always breakingdawn!
TIME2
2 PSESENT
15
D State verbs
notacdons.
Nothinghappeni.Vetbslikethisarenot normay
Somevebsdescibestates,
formof anytense
usedin thecontinuous
I notice thatyou'venovedJr'ourdesk (NOTljn-i€{€ing)
SotryI don't undedhnd. (NOTFr*-r€+rrnC€€€nd*g)
Hawmuchdoesit con? (NOTH€.fl-rat€hi5++€+ii€+
It weighs 4kg with thepackaging.(NOTl+i5*e€*iEd
These
ev€mples
arein the present
simpleeventholghwe areta kingabouttemporary
Stateverbsinclude:
the senset: appearhearr/ook like,notice,see,seem,snel, sound,laste(= hav€a flavou,
feelings: dislike,feat,hate,like,IovE,prefe, want,wish
thinklng: agtee,believedoubt,expect(= believe)fee/(= believe),foryet,imagine,know,
suppose,
suspect,t lnk (= beieve) unde6tand
rcalise,rccognise,
(=
possession:belongto, cortain,have possess),
indude,own, passess
being:
be,consistof. eist
othefverbs: coscdependon, fit, involve,nattet, neasure(= havelengtht meaa nee4 satBFy
sutqise wetgh
Andlystsdp..t that tha/eti, tlr d.hEryedPGO Piness Cntiss tril thdeinitia y at lhott
Haue'ersoncakalyststhinh thal
400t o shaq whichtn .ns that PEO is c"rektly utdetuahrcd.
th. afti%l oI kctutt'1itcshi.6ai th hh at toilltbdu@dtll i" pro,'ia.(Telegraph{ebsite)
istcanhavea Staie'meaning
andan 'acton'meaning.
Someof theverbsin lhe prcvious
Examples
includebe, /ra!€,taste,tiirk.
out supplie/Jarc usuallyveryhelpful. \9".\eJ
out supplieE ate belng vetyhelpfulat the nanent. (actian)
I have n^/oiiste6. (state)
I'm having prcblenswith thr5computer (action)
Ih6 souptaner sa/Ol(state)
I'm tasting thesoupto seeif li needsmorera/t (action)
I think you'retight. lsrae)
t'm thinking aboutchangingny hb. (acrion)
usedin the imperative.
Statev€rbsarcnot normally
"Whrt do you think . . , lhould w. 9a! sbrled
on th.t motivationrcearch or notr
16 2 DRESET 'IME 2
2 Practice
Exercise I !
Underlinethe cored words1 A. Whatdo voudolateyou doing1
B: l'm an executive
secretary
2 A, Whatdo tau dol aretou doing2
B: l'm lookingfor the detailson lhe computer.
3 A: whete doyou wo*l areyou wotking?
B: Paisthi5month.then Eonnthe next.
4 A: whete do you wo*larc you woking?
B: At our headofficein Paris.
5 N,lynameSwalter,and/ cortel/ m comingfrom F€nkfurt.
- | cancallin to yourofflce.
6 | conell'n comingto FtanHurtnextThursday
7 | dealwithll'n dealiry with Andrcw! dientswhilehe! on holiday.
A I dealwithll'n dealirqwith the papeMorkandgeneraladministration.
9 At Who do you golareyou9o,in9to the TradeFairwithT
B: Thisyearwith Stefano.
'10 a: who do you goleft you grorir,g
to the TladeFairwith?
8: Usually
withStefano.
Exercise2 Il
intothe present
contnuous.
Completethe
sentences
by puttingtheverb5in brackets
simpleor present
1 | ...4|d..19eki4t...4t.. (looka0 the deiailson the screenright now.
(lookat)thesales
results
in detaileverymonth.
2 L...............................
(nol wo*) at w€ekends.
3 Theproductton
line................................
(noLwo*) 6t themoment.
line................................
4 Thep|oduction
(think)itl a goodidea.
5 Yes,I agree.| .......-........................
(think)
6 | ................................aboutit. l'll letyouknowtomorow
(stay)
at theAnodawhileshe! in Madridthismonth.
7 Helen................................
(stay)
whenshesin lradrid.
8 Helen................................
at theAstoria
(take)asample
for testingoncea day.
9 We ................................
(take)abigriskif we go aheadwiththe pfoject.
10 We .-................'.-'.-...
(be)usually
11 They..-.........-....-..............
veryflexjbl€
if we needto change
theord€r
(b€)
giving
12 They..-...................-..-.,....
flexible
about
uscr€ditfor a few moremonths.
Exercise3 I
arerightandsomearewrong.Puta ti.k (/)next to therlghtones,and
Someof thefollowing
sentences
corect the wong ones.
I Whichwineareyougoingto have?
do vou orefer
2 Whichwinee€.y€r+p#ngt
it!
3 ]hats ridiculousI m not believing
- l'm not doingbusiness
4 Thatsridiculous
withthemagainl............................................
5
6
7
S
whatyou'resaing.
l'm sorryl'm notIollowinq
l'm sorry,l'm not undeFtandingwhat you'r€saying.
allthepfintingmachines.
Thisbuilding
isconlaining
Ihis building
isqettingveryold- soonwe'llhaveto move.-............-.........................-...
TIME2
2 PRESENT
'I7
Exercise4 A D unit 1
!-
03
Cornpeteih s dr. ogle by putnngeachof the verbsin bracketsinto the correcrform of the presents mple
or presentcontinuous.
()ou/Look) fo. someone?
0) ...Ars...y.et..leo..Ei^4....
j E N N T E RY e s I ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (. .n. e. .e. .d. .)r .o. .s p c a kt o K i n r t s r y a nbt o t \ h e l s n t n h e r o n c c .
( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.!.o. .u. /. k. .n o \ ! ) N h e r es r r es ?
o h . I n s o r m s h es D t h e r et o d N S h c ( , + ). . . . . . . . . . .......... . . . . . .......... . . . ( l v o r k ld t h o r k t , l h r g
r o f i D s ha n u r s c n !. e p o r r . I ( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( .t .h. h
. .k. .).s. .h e ' l lt e b r c k a t h e r d e s k
r o r n o r r o slla h J p . l . - n h c l p \ o u :
.....(!iork) for PrirchaftlE!2ns.we
JENNtrrROh, thhks. I (6) ......................................
( 7 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.o. .r.g. .r .n. i.i.e. .)o r p o r a r eh o s p i r a l i n. . .
Oh,,r'er'
IENNTFRWeil, Knn IlDlrt .odte.ted us hst *tck Apprrcntl_v)o!
( 8 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
. . .x. p
. .c. c t ). v i s i rb v r K o r e r nr r a d ed e l e s J t i o n e \ t t r r o n t h .
Ycs.thrti right
r NNrrEr(yln rskcd mc to cill in rDd givc hcr someinlbrmton on our seNicc.Um, I
( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... .(.h i v c )x l i s i . f s u s s e s t x nrav i t h n r e .I t
(10)
. . ......(give))o! nlfornurior ou rvhcrc vou couLtttrkc _vou!\ ^,(!\,
rDd .le ilr ofert
servicesdut s,e cf olTcr.likeour pick{,p s$vic. Iiou dic hotcl in r
.hx!ffc!.-drileD ltrDousine.
L N N !r
wcll, drrt nnnlds srext.Iln mre Kinr wo!ld bc rc.lly inrcrcsredro seerhis
Ho\r l(rrs (l l) .............................?
. . (. .] ., .o.u rv s i r o $ / s r . y ) ?
. . .o r / k D o w e
) \ i . t l , v Y r r c . l l y n e c dt o s p c r k
O h . 1 D rs o . n rI ( 1 2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........(. D
t o K u ! r ,d i c ( 1 3 )
G l c i l )w u h r h i \ c o n r i r . i . c . I ' l l t c l l h c r o , $ i v e ) , , u
r ring tonoroslwhat\ dre bcsr Inlc to crll?
... ... ('u/\ork)
ii th. oftl.c ir thc
rlNNtrlL I (1+)
o
n
1
No. Or sh. .rn .xll lrc
! r ! n r ) b i l ( .o, n ) 7 7 7 . . .
onil\lr\ ... rnytrDe rftcr
Exercise 5 A D
04
C o m p l e lteh 6 . r t c e . b o ! r t h e m a g . zn e I i m e O d b y ! s n g w o r d sf r o mt h e l l s tb e l o wD e c d ew h e t h etro
plt the verbsinlo the presentsimpe o. prcsenlconiinuous
€v/F
look ior
move
want
Time Oufi time to e><1>a
Tine Ott, tlr. Loldon .nl€rrairmeni
nagazine, h$ plan. lor €rpansion. Ii
alre.dy (1) .............q.b-.1;.......-.....
tn€ no nly
magazirc P.ds ?adi6n, anil now it
(2)
other markels 3!.h I Arg.ntina and Japan,
Tory Elliott, Titu O!f'r fou.ler, eF he
(3),...,,...,,...,,..,,...,,...,........
local people to
iriliat€ and m th. mtein6,
as ?iru
Ort's London of6.€ doedn't haye the casho.
provde
try 1o
rrd-
managem€.ttime. Elliotr J$ h.s plds for
3P..e on ih€ Int€rret site. ALo, he
rh€ w€isit€, Tiheout-co6, which wag
11).,...................................
the poddibility of
laun.h€di!1e95ed(a)..--.-....,....-..,-...,,...,,,...
.h.rAing viditoB t6 th€ 3it. f6r a..€36 to
infomation about hoe tha 30 .iti€s. Ir
some inJonation.
Derpite lh$€ e1pdsion
plds,
o!
adv€rrising
Elliot
saF
that
{5).,....,........--........-...........
a fotation on the stock
@€nui: d.l a sEaI uoDt of morcy fren
mark€t i3 out of th. qledtion. H€
ti.&et sal6 lo 3wiv€. But as lir.
OIl'
{3)..,,,,......,......................-.
ao ke.p .onhol of
qpanils,
.hanges d.t
To.y Elliotr
th. b8in$6
he lu3 built upin
the
printed
v€Bion
10 tak€
more
ast time 1
A Pastsimple: form
a T h ep a s t s i m p l e or fe g u l a r v e . bi ssf o r m € db y d d d n g e d t o t h e n f n t v e V e f t s e n d i n gn €
simplyadd -d. common nrcgularvefbsdre listedon page240.
check-checked: I decked the t'iqures
tike liked:
rhey liked his idea
dtink dnnk ga
lrfegul.r: eat-6te
a
went
etc
arefor.nedwith dlcl,ot dnd the infint ve Thisis contractedto ddn't n speechand
Negatives
nformalwflting
tdidn't like his idea.
l didn't 90 ta the neeting.
a Qu€nionsarcformedwth the auxili.ryvelb dLl and the infintve Sho.tansweEto /es/ro
quenionsrepeatthe arx ary
A: Did you .heck the ftgures?
B: Yes,I did.lNa tdidn't.
a Th€verbto be 6 rreguar and fo ows a differentpattern n negatvesthereis no d/d n
questions
and verbarc nverled:
thereis no d/d and the sLrbject
t/ he/ shet lt wasn't late.
wat l/he/she/nlaE?
YauI we/ they wercn't lale.
Weteyou/v\/elthey late?
Yaulweltheywerc tate.
B Past simple: uses
s n ds t a t e sn a c o m p l e t e d p e r o d o f t i m e . W e k n o w
a W e L r s teh e p a n s i m p l et o d e l c r i b ae c t i o n a
when the actlonhappened,and this may be meniionedor cear from the stualion.
l.hecked the ligurcs very carcfuly iast week.
I n sorry I wasn't in the aflice yestetday.
Akrtuan ISPJno design.d .al taa6. ohail vtuk. a nv rtulA( nDdtlu ontsonrccd
rritrhi,tt dse.h lcased/br. li'xt.fto t d do.. t.updrk! d d hhed ort d5toitrt !.tui.c
(BDsinesweeklvebs'te)
a T h ep a n s m p l ei s a l s ou s e dt o d e s c r i bhea b i t u a l a c l o nnst h e p a n
Everyevening we went out and ate in a different rcstaurant.
c Past simple: time exptessions
r,, r..:
seeunir40 a T me expressons
lsed with the pan simple ncludel
'. !r,.i ji!
ar tuelvea,ctock/theend of theyeal
in the narning llune / 1998/ the sixttes
on Friday/the sercnd of Aqtil
no prcposition last week/yenetday I ago
tuk
t n', 4ie rq d i@ t e
d4td. owttu.
3 PASTTIME1
19
D Past continuous: form
isformedwiththe pastofbe andthe-irg formof the mainv€rb.
seeappendix
3 O Thepan continuous
lorsper
nerues
and nfo.malwritingwe us€
Negatives
arcformedwiththeverbbe + ,rot.Inspe€ch
comraftons
ll helsheI it wasn't warkingyesterday.
l/ he/ shelit was w)*ing yesterday.
yesterday.
wofing
Youlweltheyweren't waking yestetday.
Youlwe/theywerc
verbbe.shortansw€6to
thesubject
andtheauxiliary
a Quenions
arcformed
by inverting
quenions
auxiliary
repedtthe
)€slno
A: Washe wotkingtesterclay?
B: res,he was.lNo,he watn't.
A: Werethey waking yestet)ay?
B: Yes,theYwerc-lNo, theY wercn't.
E Pastcontinuous:uses
in progress
in th€ pan
islsed to describe
a situdtion
a Thepastcontinuous
fot
hous.
in
the
depafture
lounge
nore
than
wo
I was waiting
at thes.metirne:
situations
rnprogress,
happening
a Therecanbe several
Tl'e edtly1970tMs a tih. ukcn IBM uas belinning to loseitsMy a hd y lkiLltdNaplc
wetelearing to setry thcnoM l,vliftltc!. Contpfiin{uds dtering a kewd.q( (The'f ines
Theseparate,
aboutth€ backgrcund
situation.
a Thepastcontinuous
is usedto giveinformation
thathappen
duing or afterthi5periodare n the pastsimple:
completed
actions
'I catn in to Otulc 6 it u'asfteoo.rinzron the&ssion oJthced y 1990!Ttc busie!! ittit I
joircd ha.lat1azei'gptudtctlincthat uas d.ellning by 30 pu ,entd yat i saletWlthi a y?at
website)
thotun aro,id.' (Eurobusincss
uEcafiplctcu
tsrneal
actions
arein the pastsimple
the background
situation
thenthesepafate
lf we do not mention
in th€ normalway:
hall.
WhenI a ved I rcgisEred at rcceplonand went straightto the confercnce
F Pastcontinuous:time expressions
a Wecanusewhe4 wh,leoraswithihe pan cort nuousto mean'durng thetimethat
washaPPening':
something
Whilc Platnerand DietnarHW ud. devclopingthei6t redl-tineo 4 loesing tftteu 4l
sAe aaus Wellent herpB Mitins thcjndntial sotware.(xurobusineswebsite)
Butif we mean'atthetimethat'thenwe onlyus€whe, withthe pa( sirnpe:
Hewasnt veryhapry when I told hirr'thenevvs.(NOT*Hel-+d*hh ...)
G Past simple or continuous?
.an be usedThepasisimp e slggestra
a Sometimes
thepastsimpleor pastcontinuols
oi theacion.
emphasises
th€duration
aciionor event.Thepastcontinlous
separate,
complete
we discustedtherepoftandaqreedthat Petershouldprcparelr.ne detailedflgurcsbefore
the nert neenng.
we agreedthat Petetshauld
we wete discussingtherepott for overan hour Eventually
preparesone detailedfiguresbefotethenext '],eeting.
20
:' PAST TIi'E T
3 Practice
Exercise1 ff
underlinethe correctword/s.
1 A: Did you ge!/got the €maillsentyou yesteday?
B: Yes,thank, I oidlgot
2 Hc\Nyou feltldid you fed when they to/d/did te// you about movinq offlces?
3 a: Did you tel//io/dhim aboutthe changeof plans?
B: Yes,l t lti.lldid.
4 1didn't see/ didn' t saw rhe eason fof the delay,so I got I did get argry.
Exer<iie 2 H
@05
Completethe diaogueusingthe velbsfrom the li5tbelowin the pastsimple.Thereis a m xtlre of
affirmative,negaliveand questionforms.Therei9one negativeqoeslion.
9€ take think sell lik€ have(x2) make(x2) be (x4) buy
to the Milan FashionShow iast week.didnt you?
DALEHi,Jill.You (1) .......*q^J........
( 2 )- - , - - - - - - y o u - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. .g. .o o dn i p ?
lrll, Yes,it'tv3sgrcat.
you .........................
:rny usetulcontacts?
D LE (3) .........................
',igel,therc (4) .........................
. lot ofgood
loids
ofpeopie
at the sho\
d I (5) .........................
lrr!,
rly $ many orde.saslastyerr.
contict but we (6) -..........
rhey .........................
our new styles?
DALEoh, why was thrt? (7) .........................
rhe p.oblen.The shoes(9) .........................
rcallywell, but we
Iu, No, no, rhat (8).........................
(10) .........................
wnh someofour other products.likehandbrgs.for exanrple,ind
so successtul
much more comperirionrhis year
there (11) .........................
lrLL we[, the Paul smith srand wa5 real]y busy.
peopleat the show
DrE Oh, but his clorhesare expeniive... Um, (12) ...-.....................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . .o.u. .r. p
. .r.i.c. .e sw e r et o o h i g h ?
(13)
....-.........-....-..-..
Po$iblJr
Bur
we
...............-..-....-.
the authoriry ro lower them .t the rime.
ILL,
DrE Oh, whar a shame.So it was a sEste ofa trip th€n?
this glEatpan ofPnda shoesand this Cucci h.ndbag
IILL wel, not exactly... I (14) ..................-......
Exercise3 gg
Unde ine the bestcontinuationof the conve6ations.
I A: What was shedoingthis morning?
B: SheinANiewed/wat!fu?!!!!l4149 candidatesfof the lales job.
2 A: How did Erendaspendher holiday?
B: Most dayssh€ !rcntlwas goitg to the beach.
3 A: What happenedafteryou laun.hedth€ prcduct?
B: while we promot€dlwere qonolng iI" ov main compelilot dropped/was droppirg their prices.
4 A: ldidn t seeyou ln the officelastweek.
B: Na,l wotkedlwas wo*ittg at home for a few dala.
5 A: What did Patdo when shesawthe artlvork?
B: Shecalledlwas (alling the designersand sa/itlwas saylhEit wasn t suitable.
5 A: Why did Renatatake so long to g€t here?
Bi Shesaid they mendedlu!€re merd,ing the rcad and so the rtaffi( noved/was naving \ery s owly.
3 PASTIIME 1
21
Exer.ise4 A
G1o"Completethi5articleaboutVN€ndiby pLrtlnq e.ch of the verbs n bracketsnto the pan ! mpe. \.4ostoi the
verbsare rreqllar(seeAppendix2)
Vivendi: 1-50years of history
(beAin)actiYities
(6).......-.......---,,
in th€aRa
He (13)...........--.--,(sell) $5 biuion in
(cut) the
ass€ts and (14)-...,-,,,..,,,..,.....
oI ciwil .onstru.tion a.d (7)--........--....--.
workforceby10%.All thie (151.-----.----
(hild)
lnean) thal an annuallossof S600mmion
(ttrm)into a Prcfitof$320
(16)...,,,.,..............
I. th. 1960sand 1970sth. compmy
7i\endi, th. Fr.n.h utiliti€s .nd
I
Y
communi.'tion! Amup, hs . lonB
historygoingba.k to r3$,ln tlat y€arli€
covd"-e"r
(1) -..S.I:-44''1.94...
kr€ire)
compagni€ Generale det Eaui
(hrv.)
founders (2).,,...,...-...........
a l.r8e tow€r hlock in th€
The
La Defenspb8incas dislrict ot P,ris.
rwo
Du.ing lh. 1930sC€neral€des Eaur
(join) with the Hav,5
(3)..,,,.,,.............-
obj€ctives:ro irigate rhe countrysid.for
faming and to srpply wnterlo townsand
nedia gro{p io .r€al. Cdal Plus, r Pay
Tv .hannel. Th€y alto (9)---------
In ',1330
a tRiry (3)-..,,,,,,...,,,,,....
G've)
( t a k € )a . o n l ' o l l i n g s l . k € i n l h t c i v i l
Cen€raledes Eaur tha righl lo suPP,y
water ro Venice,and th.n Consl.nlinople
(con€) soon
ind Oporto (4)............--..-iitei
By the tine
engir€erin88iant, SGE.In the 1990sthcy
(wir) majo. .ontrads in
(10),,,...........,,,,,...
th€ Asia P.cifj. region ,nd in Lati.
million, In 1993 h€ (17)..,.......-...---,
(.hange)th€ nameor the grelP lo vivendi
(nake) a
and soon ailcr (13)........-........,,,,,
sdes of p.rtn€ships and a.quisilionsin
lhe tele.onn!ni.alions indnstry
Operations
in
(buy) Seasrad lo
of tha .entcnary
North
Americr
(8row)very qui.kly ilter
(19).................--...
tiis and in 2000Viv€n.ti (20)-------..
become .
trury
ccl€brrtions in 1953 Ge.ettl. d.s Eaut
(supply) wtter to .iaht
(s).,,,,,...,,,,,,....,,,
intemalionll m€dii and cohmuni.rtions
Jcan-Mari€ Messter (11t.- .- . .
(becom€)
....--................
in
1995
a.d
o2)
CEo
mitlion peoplcin Fran.€.
(n.l the codp,.y along Americanliner'
Exercise 5 B E
by pltl ng the verbs!n bracketsin|o e ther ihe p.st srmpe or pan contnuoLrs
Compleleihe senlences
Sometmeslhe sarnelense s lsed tw ce; sometmesd flerentlensesare used
( q o )t o P a r s )
!,q^1..
I whar .. dld you eAt (ea0whe. yo!
(phone)me 12 vth e w\t. ,'a4s-+..i1!]!t^4(negotaie)rhe convact,my boss.... Fhc^ed
saythal he wanled .ompleteyd flerentconditions.
, e. .
. . . . . .(.h a p p e ns) h
n q k el h s
3 T h e a n t r n es o m e t h
prcssconleren(emmediately.
..
w h e nP e d r o. . .
. . . .( e x p .n ) h e rp r o p o q a
4 Anne
( c a) a
. . . . . . . . .(.i . t e r r ! p t ) h e r
( n v e ng a t e ) t h e
n c d e n tr,r e
5 W e n e v e r q o l l h e c h a n c e t o r n t e r v eW
w h iml e w e . . . . . . . . . .
(
|
e
t
9
n
)
.
.. .........
(f n sh) readnq rhe adicle,he .......
...
6 W h e nh e
(wa0 for ihe rneetingto beg n when he ......
saythat he wds stLr.kin. trdfficjarn.
8
lclean)the pece
( n n d l)h e m i s s i nlgl e w h e
9
1 0 W h e nT l m.
.......... ...
. . . .( a r v e ) ,w
(g ve) i to me
(call)to
... ldrop) t by nrstake
.....
( t e ) h r nw h a th a dh a p p e n e d .
ast time 2
A Past perfed: form
seeapp€ndix2 n
L, rhep*r pad. pes.i r€qua, ve,bs
The pastperfectisfomed wth the auxiliaryhadand the pastpartcpe.In speechand informa
'd.
writingnad is contractedto
(l'd)
aheady de.ided what to do befote he called rr,e.
I had
a Negatvesarefomed with notand contracrions
dre used(radr'i). Questions.reformedby
lnvertng the sublectand had.
At that tine I still hadn't decided what to da.
Had you aheady decided what to do before he calledyou?
B Past perfect us€s
past
a Thepastperfectisusedto showdearlythatonepaneventhappened
beforeanotlrer
event.We usethep.5tperfectfor theearliefevent:
l"de' hadopn.d hirh.t,hn Jell bd.kto 1,578n1
O" /n. NhrYorksro.l Er.r'dir. th. Nasdatl
na 'nE tudi't.* (Ylhoo News Se.vicesebsite)
whichdesc.rbe
exacty thesamerituation:
Compare
theseexamples
1 Sueleft at 2 pn. Weaftivedat heraffkeat 23A. (bothverbsin pasts mpe)
(earer actlonin pastp€rfect)
2 when wp aftived at Sue'soffice shehad left.
in themindof thespeaker
In example
2 thercis a
n example
I th€h4oactonsareseparate
emphasises
whichhappened
co.nection
betlveen
thetwo.ctonsandlhe pan perfect
stronger
a lt maynot be necessary
lo lse thepastperfectif we usebeforeor afterto rnakethetimeclear
past
for bothaclions
simpe
Wecanuselhe
(bothfoms possible)
Suelelt/had left hetofficebelote we arived.
we affivedat suesafficeaftet sheleft/had left. (bolhfoms possible)
ManyspeakeE
stillprefe.to usethe pastperfectin thi9case,to show. ltrongconnectlon
lhe two events.
between
renenbetbe sure,
a Thepastperfecis oftenusedwithverbso{ thinkingketnoq reallJe,
Davidknew he'd seenhersanewherebeforc,but he cauldn'trcnenbet $herc.
When1gat to theoffi.e t rcalisedI'd lelt allny pape6behind.
Ellenwat swe they hadnt rcceivedthe invarce,but shecheckedonemorc tlme.
I thought we'd aheady dtosen the nane for the newproduct!
c
Past perfect time expressions
r
The time expressionsaftet, once by, aheady,just, neve4meanwhl/eare oflen usedwth the pan
perfecl.Theword stl/ is often usedwith negatvetorms.
Aftu"d 1993 Koreu cotpotdtion\ttd etl tniiiq to Pdrk to aqtie tunpdni.s in the US ot
E tope.By this tine, he hait b,ih up etfr.ient tunta \ td ,elp rren. (Asi, Inc website)
4 PASTTIME2
23
D Pastperfect continuous:form
phras€had beenand the -,ng lorm of
a The pan perfectcontinuousis fomed with th€ duxiLiary
the mainverb.Contractions
are used.
I'd been waking on the project for tuo nonths befare they decidedto cancelit.
a
Negatives
arc formedwith had not beenand the 'ing forrnof the ma n verb
arefomed by invedinqthe subjectand had.
Questions
I hadn't been sleeping wel, so I was quite tied.
Had you heen vr'aking ftn a long tine on the projecl before they cance ed it?
E Past perfect continuous: uses
is usedto describe
!p to a certan
a Thepastperfect
continuous
a situation
th.t was n progress
polntin rhepast.lt oftenemphasises
the duratiofof lime.
BeJot he l.Jt IBM Pktnd hctl hen pclin! togethqd soliuupI'd.kdr.Jot th. UK'bard
tCI. He hddbeetwo*ing on thkptoje.tdwr\ I97 t dhd1972.
clgnitdl.onvany
(Eurobusiness
{ebsite)
a Thepastperfect
andthepan perfedcontinuous
bothlookbackfiom a po nt in ihe pan The
pastperfectlooksbackat an earller
event.Thepattperfect
coniinuous
looksbackai a situaton
n prcgress.
Theeconomksituatbnwasquitehealthy.Thecenttalbankhad lowered intercst'atesbecause
inflatbnhad beenfa ing steadilyfot sevetalyea6.
F Usedtolwould + infinitive
habitswe
a uied to describes
a habitor statein the past.Thercis no present
form(forpresent
simple).
usethe present
'hha dictat.suhdt ttotoritt ptt itto leir pettulk ks.btt gfpeoplt!,lLonsedto hare trcil
doubtsaboutdicrl Iron biolori.dltowcesnrercr, reg rces', !oy! DietetE en,r'|to orus ar
indep.hd.ntjling adtionid solthet Ce niy. (FrankfurterRundschauwebsite)
. contrast
u5edto normally
suggests
thaltheactionor situation
isno longertrueandsornakes
withthepresent:
(= bLrtnowI workrnanother
I usedto wDfuin na*elng
area)
He usedto be realy enthusiastic
about hisjob. (= but now he sn't)
no(5'9 e eve Ls
O Noret1arusedto is Jsedfor hab.tsandrepedted
d(1iont.
I went to the Milan Fashion
Showlar the fist tine lastmorth. (NOT|u5€++€e)
a Withnegatives
andquestions
usedto becornes
u5eto.
Did you useto workin matketing?
I didnt ute to warkin natketing.
repeated
a wouldis usedii thesamewayasusedto, but it onlydescribes
actonsiri the past,
In theold dayswe used to/wodd make threecapiesaf a dacunentstor the files.
our canpanyusedto belong to an Americanmultinatiaraf (NOT,i^,€{ld$eeg)
Wouldis morecommonin descriptive
wriiinglhan n speech.
24 4 PASTTIME2
4 Practice
Exer<ise
l EEFro
includ€s
underinethecorrect
words.Thisex€rcis€
examples
of the pastperfect,
usedto, thepasts mpl€and
1 while I lookedl@@kirg for myke!s,lsuddenlyr€membered
| /eitliaClht them at home.
2lnthosedaystheunionsuredto/hadusedrogoonnikewhenevertherewas/wasbeing
3 Ailet theywerebuyinglhadboughtthecompany,the\Jstaftedlwetestaftingra makea lot of people
ra aPc.
4 )ackusedb havelwashacirga Maq but then he uied to changelchanged
package
in
reception,
but
they
sardlrcr€
salng
that
it
still
hadr't anived/wasn't
5 | askedaboutmy
6 | wassulethat I usedto l6kl hadleked rhe dootlo myoffice art night,but it wa5lrad beenopenthis
mornin9.
7l'msu€thatthewinteEusedlobelhadbeen<olderwhenlwasachild.lrememberthatw
walklwerewalkingto s<hoolin the snoweverywinter
8 | hadgonelwent backto th€ €staurantto lookfor my umb'€lla,bul loundlwas findlhgthat som€one
took/hadtakenit.
Dianeat the seminar,he knewlwasknowinglhalhe metlhad n,etnel
9 WhenGeorgesawlevas5ee,hg
somewhere
before.
10 WhileI hadlwas haing hEakfastl loakedlwaslookingat the financialpagesio seethe sharep ces.
grewlhadgrown by ovet4O%.
| sawlwasseeingthat my originalinvestment
Exercise
2 tr!J
withthebenformof thev€A tn brackets,
In eachsentence
oneverbwillbe in ihe
Complete
thesentences
pastsimple(unit3)andtheotherin the pan perfect.
(m6ke)
(start)writrng
a fewnotes,she............tJa1::tCd...........
1 Aftershe...........14d...Y4d.e-.........
the introduction
to theAnnualRepod.
..(besure)
thathe .-....................--................
2 Gary...............................
alarmbefore
Get)the
leaviogthe office.
31........................................(call)mywifeonmymobilebecausethemeeting...
{nillnotfinish).
(speak)to
4 Once| ..............-.........................
him,| ..... ........................
...(realise)there
hadbeena
mis!nderstanding.
(give)
5 Afte'Jrll.. . ...................................
herfid presentation,
s1e...............
.............. ('ee
rnlcnressnervous.
(become)
Michael
Edwad3personaassistant
she
6 EeforeEdite..........-----.........................
-. (already
work)in thecompany
for two years.
7 |
......(nois€e)thefigur.sbefoFihe nFFring,
sorr
(p!t) meat a disadvantaqe
the
discussion.
during
(haveto) go downto thestorcrcombeca!se
we
I Sorryit iooksolonq.| ..............-.............-..----.....
(run
paper
photocopier.
.-.
out oD
for the
9Iherain...-....----............................(stop)byihetimel---.---.................-..........
(bp)surpnsed
(akeady
l0 | ...-.-----....................----......
to findthaishe......................-.................
eave).
4 PASTTIME 2
25
Exercise3 B unit3
07
"-
completeth,s maqaznearlrcleby p!tl ng the verbin bracketsnto eiiherthe pan s mpleor p.n perrect
In one caseon y ihe pan perfeclcan be !sed, in fve caseson y ihe pasts nrpe can be useddnd n t x case5
both are possible
SAY'NO'
IHEDAI{ES
(be)
On 28 Seplember?000 rhe peopleor ro keeping the value of lhc kronc slable tbe USA md Japan (8)...................
('ote) No ro aeainstthe Geman 'nark. md this policy toiced ro inteNene in th€ foreign exchange
Demark (l)....-v-D;!eQ....
joinine {re single Europeancurency. the (i).....................(be) very succe$rul in
Bur rhe No ca'npaien(9).......... ...
euro.All rhe main polilicalparlies.the nainlainin-q nability ald pros!€riry. Then
(f@us)
sas
in
tanuary
1999.
In
on nlrional idcnrity.not economic
launchcd
lrades uDions,lhc cmployersdnd $e $c eurc
penod
lhe
countnes
in
issues.
ln
theendrhc Dan€s(10).................
(2)..................
afier
rhe
launch
media
kanPaisn) lbr a thc
'Yes'lorc bcioE rhereleiendud.So Nly r h e e u r c z o n e ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.p. .€. d o m ) (make) ihcn decision becausc theY
(3)...................
(he Danes/rqect)
rheeu'o? relatively well in econonic lems. How ( l l ) .................. (feu) ihar cconodic
Ler's look lirn al $e econoDic €Yer by rhc time oi fie rclerendun the inlcgmtionBould eventuillyleadto polilicaL
(wintl to
backgrolnd.For nmy yeas the Dehh c u r o ( 7 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( .f .r.U ) s i S n i f i c a n l l y inrcsfttion.Tley (12) ..................
freedon.
and
(bd conrDined aS.insrrhc dollar,and nE cenrEl banksor keepthen indepeddence
ceneal
b&k (4).....................
E x e r c i s e 4A B u n i t 3
tf,Ot
a u n s t a l k l n ga b o u lh , sI r s tl o b t o m p e l e w h . t h e s a y s w t h t h e b e n f o m o f t h e v e r b i n b r a . k e cC h o o e e
betweenthe pan r rnpe (!n 1 l). palt continuouslunil 3) or pastpedect
S o . A l r ) .$ 1 , \ d i J \ o t r ( l u i t \ o u r h . t . t ( n r :
A r ^ N : W c l l . . ni l l e t i . I ( 1 ) ! 4 t W - o , C K l ^ 4h v d r k )i s r i n , r . . 1 r l . r U . e r i b r i r , l , r t t , , i r t i o r r . r l
( b c )i i d l t s r ) r . . o r r \ r l r v t ( ' $ i a e v c , r \ .
A ( . o u r r r , ! , . \l n n ' n i . o n d o n | ( l )
(!ou/s.Othcl(nr?
.
r Nr L r ( \ r \ r r . R l l o s ( l )
nri;r,Driior
(9)
(rlcd.lo $l,rt I\rnk\t
{rnd\
fur r l.,rsc nt.rdrriodil
I wi\ i,,t.R\rc(l to rc. $4ri't
xc.otrDr,rtre) ti n. nt!.onc
(qno nr. iD .,pplid.trD lirrdr ro tlll rn. I droughr !hi\ nlqhr b. x goo.l
c r r e e ro p r l o r t n n i f il a r n t c . n I ( l r ) )
..
n)r nrv .legrcc.So | (l l)
(icnd) ,r on:Thev (1-'])
Ar tir\r,I {11)
(15) .......
n) d..!!l
(bc) r dr. thtr.Whilc I (s)
on oDe ofrlt
.......
. (so)t{) i roh
(iiD,nt u.tr.$itr I (5)
,\r^\: J!\r ,'herI (.1)
ftn. I (,ll (.t
k,Ddol Jobsrherc(7)
. (.ne'rdv/r.ikc)u!c
'.,1rI
. (intcnie$)
.....
icornrin.-v c\.urs
r l .' L r , ' " 1 :
Dre dre ibllo\!.!rg \!.ck rnd I goljob.
. . . . . .(.i.i . l ) s [ s i ] . d $ r r h r h c j o b .b u t r s t n ) . ! v . n r b \ ' ,t l u r $
(ch.!gc) Dd I b.gin to h!t. \'orkins rhcre
So Nhrt (16) ...
AL{N:
wel, dre sirurrion Nrs rhs: I (17)
.-
-.......... (work) lbr,, pe^or vho NJs ver-v
'o
d a , , , . | . . \ c r r d , , _' . i r r r . . . . t . c, 'F. l, L u \ r , ' r o , t \ r ^ l '
(becoDle)too rcperrd! dd I rcalh \r.n!ed lo do $nerhtrg rrorc crcxlik. So,d[rt wlry I
r e s i s D e d. . I ( 1 9 ). . .
0 r o ! h a \ t ) a D o l h e t j o bt o g o r o , b u r l k D c \ \ ' l
(20)
(hre) to !nk..
chtrDs..
Exer<ise5 F
wilh osedta ot use.Jtalwoutd
Complerethe sentences
haveneet ngseeveratim€sa week
I wth my old bosswe. $r.sd...:to-1rro..{1d..
n
o
w h a v ea n M G .
a
B
M
W
b
l
t
o
w
n
2 ................................
3 Befo.elhey built the new motorwayi . .............. ....... .......take rnean hour1oqet to worK
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r h n k I w a n t € d t o w oar kr g
f oeor ar 9 . n5 a t i o nN o w w a n tt o b e s e f ' e r n p o v e d
ast and present 1
A Present perfecti form
a The prcsentperfectisformedwith the presentrenseof the auxitiary
verbhayeand rhe pasr
padiclpe.In speechand infomalwriringw€ usecontrdcrions
(,ye.nd 's).
lltjau/we/thev have ('vd 'oone.
HAtshelit ha;(s) sone
see appendi! 2
lor the pi!r Fft( pe: il r€q! ir re b5
a Negatvesarefom€d with not
t/ you I we/ they have not (havenj gone.
He/shetit has not (hasn't)gone.
.
arefo.rnedby invertingrhe subj€ctand the.ux aryve.bhaye.Shortanswersto
Quesrions
yerlro quenions
repedt
theauxiliary
B: Yes,they havelNo, they haven't.
B: Yes,he has/No,he hasn't.
B Present perfe<ft uses
a Ingeneral,
we usethepferentperfedto t. k abouta preseni
5tldt on whch s connecled
to
a lheremaybea present
situation
thalnaaredn thepast
I've lived herefar about tenyeaE.
l've known Mary sincewe warkedtogetherin Spain.
a Theremaybea series
of actions
thathappened
in ourtifeup ro now
I've often been to Singapore.
I've seena lot of chahgesarcundherc
a Therem.y bea resuhin thepresent
of a pasrevent.
Sary,I thinkl've lost the file.
lly conputet hascashed
h ihiscasewe .re explaining
rhecurrentirnporrance
of the pasteveni.Wh€nt happened
s
not mporlant
and s not mentroned.
c
Present perfect time expriessions
a We lse everand,reyertoaskand talk aboutour generat Jeexperence.
Have you ever spoken in frcnt of a brge audience? lin a your tife up to now)
I've never wo*ed abroad, but next yeat I night be basedin paris.
lf the answe.io ihe quenion s yesthen we contrnuero gv€ rnoreiniormatonaboutthe
(pel IL eve^6 by u<ingvr'bs In I e p.sr {mp'e.
A: Have yau ever spoken in front of a hrye audience?
B: Yes,t have. Lastyeat 1 went ta a salescanfeten e in Berneand tgave a prcsentdtion.
i
Thepresentperfecti!often us€dwith a/readyandyer.A/.eadyis normay Lrs€dn affirmatve
K]app, CEO aJ Us aLle .o,ryatry NTL, insis^ tltut NTL has dlrca4' ffiade 7j% o.fns ptdnned
i',att"an b delivd btuadbd for liobile phonc ty^. (Tetegnph website)
I 27
5 PASTAND PRESENT
and suggeststhatsomethng hasnot happened,
vetis usedin quenionsand negatives,
it
lo
happen
we
expect
aLthough
Have yau finished the rePolt Yet?
Sorry I haven't finished the .epott yet. (ll try to finish it this afternoon
storksColt afld Eflctgis.adin e toJdll Neithethat yet ndnafeti ta
Shaesik the nn big teleconts
nttbctile et@Whto 4m n drcnt rctwh (Giardian
conine i v6to6 thdt they cM Ptu ide seruices
websire)
we use./ustto descibesomethingthat happeneda sho( time ago
Ite just spoken to him on the phone and he sals he'll be hercat 9 34 bnorrcw
t
time In oih_ar
that referto unfinished
a Thep.esentperfectis ofien usedwith time expressions
ate:thisnaming, today this
wordsthe time periodincludesthe prcsent.Commonexprcrsions
month, so faa up to now re<ently,dutittglin the pastnonth aver the last few years, eI(
n1e F:ussidnCennal tsonkdn'onft.d or'llu'day thdt ik rold a\d .une el Eset,.s ha"' in(nsed
in the past u'e.h by t300 t tilio, (Delovoj Peterburg websitc)
tn thc areoof Io"onn da.loph'.nt, th. Asia Padfu Erian hds rl.cecdedii ^thi.vi"r q)id rrar)th,
uhkh hB ex?ed?d7% a' tnly t*iry th. pastf.w lu'r. (AsiaPrcific Econo,nj' Review
website)
can be usedwilh the presentp€riector the pastsimple,dependnq on
a Somet me expressions
when Youarespeaking:
Haveyou sp*en to Suethis moning? (itis now 11am:the morninghasnot finsh€d)
(it h now 3 pm:the morninghasi i shed)
Did tou speakto Suethis noming?
a We use for and s,hcewith the presentperiect to relef to pe ods of t me
A: How long has lon wo*ed herc? * He'swo*ed here fot thrce months i
B: He's wo*ed hete since the beginning of May
the po ntwhen the tirneperod
Fordesc beslhe lengthof the time peiod sinced€scribes
unii40
seeareo
started
'Wc ha1'ebe.t ir bdifest
Jor 37 Yats, so tlft l tetnetto 4s n j'rst aNthcr av ofeolladi ! otdcts'
vkeple'ide k mybt (CNBC Busjne$website)
inteuational
I'ndt
Er.ts'
says
UPS be6k? a wdd ide Otympis sroksot i 1994, aid sinee thn it has ha led theAtlatia
gonet i t 996 on.l tllc 1998Japor u'ktet ra'hct (wolldtladeonlinenngazine)
a
seeunh1
Frequency
adverbsthat are usedwith the presentsimplecan alsobe usedwith the present
perfect.
Ihey've often given us good advke
and we tend to laok nt non thdt cone
Hollirfet has alpa$ b.d ideeeed if buyitg rcPsPApeR,
ah to thetak t. (SundayTimd website)
D Eeerr(to) ani gone (to)
a lf we have been to a place,we went there and have now returned lf we havegone ro a pLace
we went thercbut havenot vet Fturned
(she has come back)
She3 been to visit out supplies Eve!\thing seemsto be AK
She's gone to vtst out supplie9 l hope evetything wil be OK Ghe is still there)
2A 5 PA9TAND PNESEI{TI
5 Practice
Exercise1 n
Complete
thesenten€es
byputtingtheveftsin bta*eti intoa formof thepresent
perfect.
Usecontraciions
(youltry)it?
1 areyousureit isn'tworkins?.....1161e...)lSa...i{!Cd.....
(never/see)
2 | ..-.-..-......-....-....-....-..............
sucha boing presentarion.
3 Luckily,
ourcunomers
... .. .. ...... ......--- '. (not/complain)
aboutihe prceI se.
(already/spend)
4 We ......-......-....-............-............
quitea lot of moneyon thisproject.
5...........................-....-.......-...(they/reply)toyourlastemaii?
(not/get)
6 L.....-.....................................
thefigures
to hand-can tcallyoubacktat€r?
7 Unemployment
............................................
{9o/up)by 2% sincelanuary
8 Irr sorry9he3nolhereShe..................,,.....................
(Ln/leave)
(fall)by 15%5ince
9 Theirshares............................................
the merger
l0............................................{you/ever/take)theEurcstartoBrusselsT
Exer<ise2 E
Lookat the pakedsentences
belowMatcheachonewithsituation
a)or b),
1 lnflation
hasfallenby 1%.
2 Inflation
fellby1%.
Lll
L41
a) Twoyea6agoit was46,6.Lastyearit was:%
b) Lastmonthit was4%.Thismonthit is3%.
3 l ihinkrvelostthefile.
4 Sorry| lostthefile.
L-J
L--l
a) I can'tfindthefile.t wonderwheret pui tt?
b) Thefilehasgoneaid t'll n€verfnd i.
5 HasJanecalledth6 morning?
6 DidJanecallthismorning?
t-l
Ll
a) Janepromis€d
ro cal thrsmor--g .t5 '1 ar1
b) Janepromised
to ca thismomn9.lt3 2 pm.
7 Sales
imprcved.
8 Sales
haveimproved.
L-l
Ll
a) Lastyearsales
werepoor.Thisyeartheyarebetter.
b) Sales
werepoo.initialiy.
A y€arlatertheywerebetter
9 Howlo19haveyouworledhere? L
10 Whendidyoustartwo inghe€? Lj
a) In 1999.
b) Since1999.
Exercise 3 l;
Complete
thesentences
witha suitabletime
expression
fromthe lin below
ake€dy yet
ever never just
for
sin<e always
l Thegoodswllbewithybusoon.They've
........4!f9#dJ.......
lefrourwarehouse.
2 l've........................-..-....
hada greatidea!Whydon'tw€ launch. newrangeof colours?
3 We'veknowneachother..-..-............-.......-.-...
morethantwentyyears.
4 l've.....................-.......-..
usedmycreditcad on thetntemet_
| don'tthinkitt safe.
5 haven'thada.hanceto speakto Magda.........-...................-..,
but l'm surcshe'lla9ree.
6 l've.-.........-.-....-....-..-.....
workedin insurance,
eversinceleaving
unive6ity.
7l'msorryhehasn'tcalledyouback.HeSbeeninameetin9.................._.............lun
8 H.veyou....................-....-......
be€nro 560Paulo?
lt3 completely
different
frornRio.
I 29
5 PASTAND PRESENT
E x e r c i s e 4 A BC
aSot Readth r text aboutthe pe.formanceof the Fordcarcompany.Competethe iext with the verbsfrom the
st beoW Lrsng the presentPerfecl
rR.*e lall
launch be
have cut
withdr.w
spend
iake
periorm
Ford: the road to recovery
operati"g
Althoush lord (1)........|ret-.............X4d9.....
profits of over $Tbillion in its Ameri.u market this yed,
v€ry
the story in Europe (2).,...,..-'---- ------..*,
the S.orpio $ hich was not selling wel1. But Ford
( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. .l.o. .t .m. .o. .r.e. .s.u c . e s s a l t h €
higher end of the market. O!'er the last lew years it
d i { f e r e n t l. r ' m r , l p r s h i r e ( 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
hom 12% six yeas ago to only 9'1, nos. The truth is ihat
rivals like volkswagen.nd Re.ault (4) ......................
(9)..'.''.'''.''-'- -.--..
.......,..,..,...,..,.
much betterover recentyeds. They
(t ...
( . { ' d n d( 6 r ' '
.
(10).......................
.......................
some time io sort out the
prcblemsat Jaguarin pdticulat butit's nolv a su.cesshrl
. . .a l o t o f m o n € yb u y i n 8b r a n d s
such as Jaglar, Aston Martin and Land Rovcr, and th€se
models hale mu.h hiEhe. profit margins. k
.............-.,..,,.
exciting and hiShly suc.esstulnes'models ln
its latge saloon,
conh ast,lord (7) ..................-. ......................
Exercise 5 C D
R € a dt h 6 e m a ifLr o mS t e v et .h e P u r c h ansg M € n a g eorf . U K m p o ( e t w h o , s n P o € n do n a b u en e s st r p
Compete the emailby chooenqthe corre.l alterianvefrornA, B, C or D beow
to:
Sleve McGinLaY
..'.,l_1u
r.u.-
Mike
".,[
'
,.
.
1oKatowce in the south
P.
laslweer., bot ve been verv blsv lve(2).
havenl canlacredvou i1)
r
in Wa6aw rom where Im sending th s
west of Poand (3) ... . .. a rew days, a.d ive (4)
quite
promisns lve (5)
email lvisiled severa nrms when lwas in Kalowce and one or rhem looks
soiiv
fa.lory. and Ive gol some product samples rd show you
Unfortunatery Ihaven\
hel th€ suy in charse (6) ....
....
He wasn r th€re - he s (7)
td cdansk,nd
should be
... b€6n lo cenlral Europe? Everyth ng rs
.... Have yoL (s)
so, the trip has been q! re successful(3) .
going
on. Anvwav L enaL vou aga n rsrer . rh6
ve (1o) ........... seen so much bullding wo.k
chano ng very fasl
week to lel you know what's happening.
Regards, Steve
B sin.e
c jun
C being
2 A qoinq
B been
5 A yet
B a ready
6 Atln
7 A going
B a ready
B gone
B yei
c lln
C been
C now
c b-.ing
c jun
B sin.e
C ever
D sotar
D gone
D yet
1
30
A Past simple o. present perfect?
a The pastsirnpleis usedto describe.ctonsin a compl€rediime perod.
The presentperfectis lrsedwhen the time p€riod ncludeeth€ presentTh s can be a s tu€t on
which5tartedin the pan and continlesto be rrue ln rhe p€sent, feexperenc€untitnowor
the pfesentresultof a pan actron.
(.ompleted:now I ve in anotherplace)
I lived in Milan nany yea6 ago.
(a stuaton that naded in the pan and cont nues n
Ive lived in Milan since 1998
the prese.t:I nill ve rhere)
( ie experence:the tirnewhen I ved n theseclties
I've lived in both Milan and Rame
s not m€ntioneddnd s not irnportant)
t've spoken to ny bass,and he'sasrced. (pretent rcsuh of past acriof)
seeunit3 a T me phraseslsed wlth the part simplefeferto a part cularpoint n the pan: yesterda,/asr
nonth, a few yeats ago, in 2042
T me phrasesusedwith rhe prcsentperlecr nk the pan 1othe presentthisnanth, evet,never
alrcady,just, recently,since
seeunir5
Lookat this example:
LojasAwti6"ds, a cl'ii't oI tlill\a stots ,t Btd:il, hashod d;fii 1ti.!sincerhanid-1990s.
Althaqh lr stotcs
ttufr(,t)n)litdbility
has beet had h1d.lrar h&,r. ol . hw
.q(nak arnl6
dr.titc ptthasc pti... In 1998it begaad tutiondlkat\nc[ivt. It rcdr.ed th! tun[( oJuarcho$$
did sold 2-1t'pnntuitct !a6 to Cdn.fi\n (Fnrd. (ebusine$fonun$rbsn.)
a Thetime wod for refersto a periodoi t me. t can be lsed w th eilhe.tense:
1lived in Milan for fou yea6 when I was at unive5ity (now donr ve there)
( stlll iv€there)
thave lived in Milan fot fov yea's.
a Thechoceof tenseoflendepends
on thestualDnandwhereourattentio.is:
We'vewon the.ontftctl (recent
news:theevenis oresent
in mvmind)
Wewon thecantta(t. (te ng a nory:th€eventfeesdistantin myrnnd)
B Present gimple or present perfect?
a Thepresent
simplels usedin two rnainwaysrfacts,andhabitsor staresn theprcsent.
The
prcs€nt
perfectmakes
pastandpresent.
a connection
between
About t\,\onillion peoplelive in Milan. la la.I)
I have lived in Milan far twa yeas.
(a pemaneft st.te - alwaysliveihere)
(l arrived there two yea6 aqo and si live there now)
C Present perfect continuous: form
a The presentperfe.l continuolsi5formedwith the presentperfectol be, and the -/hqform ol
the veft. Negatives
arc formedwth nor.
t've heen (haven't been) waiting here far norc than an haur
Sh.'s been (hasn't been) waiting he,F all normng
a
arc fo.medby inveriingthe subjectand hdye.
Questions
Im sotry I'm late. Have you been waiting long?
6 PASTAND PRESENT
2 3T
D Present perfect continuous: qses
I
The prcs€ntp€rfectcontinuousdescribes
an actionor sluation in progress
frcm the pdn !p to
'ndde
bet\Een slove!'iadfld the Ltkrainehas beeairqssing
ju\t Us$9 klillion. (SloEnia Busine$ Week website)
steadilr sint 1992,.lhen it tatalle'l
a The pesent perf€ctcontinuousoften emphasises
the lenqthoi t me of the action:
Ive been trying ta contact her all day
a Theactionmay b€ finishedor continuing,we on y know by th€ stLration:
(the waitinq is f nished)
I've been waiting for an hour! Wtryare you so late?
t've been wainng for an hour and he hasn t anived yer (l will cont nue waiting)
a The presentperfectcontinuouscan be Lrsed
for r€p€atedactions:
phoning
her
marnins,
t've been
aI
but she'salways in a meeting.
E Present perfe<t continuous: time expaeisions
a Typca tirneexp.essions
that are lsed with the presentperlectcontinuousinclude:a//dayfor
manths, fot ages, lately, rccently,aver the last few yea6, sin.e, far
ForeirkliJen\urcR hdre be.n expaadit! thenbBi'pssir Japar bt ahbut15% ainudllyoret tht
p*st fo'E r.|rs. (Businesweek lvebsite)
F Present perfect or present peife(t continuous?
pedectandpresent
perfect
a Oltenthereisverylittledifference
in meaning
betlveen
thepresent
l've wotked/been working hetefot thteeyea6.
perfectif ou"
a Thechoceof ienseoftendepends
on whereor.rallenton is,Welse the present
attentions on the present
res!.r
t.
(theiinished
l've witten therepott.
rcports in mymind)
perfectcontinuous
f ourattention
ison theactonin progress.
Weule th€presenl
l've beenwiting thercport. (theact ol wr ting is in my rnnd)
har. beeneteatedat dn astoblshitu
Ih theslobaleaao'nnrbeh oJree,I yedtsia" eokryaties
lata.Can?a esu,hnhhau bed opdatingJotflanf yats tuitha .ta ehi\ikrat. flawcxploinr
theposribilitie'.(worldtndeorJinewebsite)
a lf we givedetails
of howrnanyor howmu.hwe do not usea contnuousform
l've wdtten thfte rcpofts thisweek.
l've done a lot of rcsearchan this.onpany.
Natnaq
indexh^ beaJalliisJot
tlwe ueeh\,41d
thd, iLt
TheE haolog.hea'y
b iou 3la.4lawet
Math peak.ShnetoI .o,tpakiesafl,ont'd,gpaotfteLltrharefallefl bt a thM or a hd$ aft(
paft warnkgs.(wshhgton Posrlvebsite)
32
6 PA5I AXD PNESEIIT2
5 Practice
ExerciseI !
lh4lerliDethe correctwords.
1 yes'e.dayt phonedlI'vephonedthe bankaboutmyovedraft.
2 | wo* here/havewotkd heresincethe endof lastyear.
3 Yol.rrraxihasjust anivedIjun affieed.
4 We |e enjoyingou. trip- We tave nadel nade a lot of usefulcontacts.
5 /1€seen//sawHugh
Hoppera fewdaysago- hes€ndshisregards.
5 We yv€ntlhaveb€ento an intercnings€minarlastweek.
7 Today
hasbeehlwasreallybusy-andits onlylunchtimel
8 Today
hai beefllwasreallyburjrlt3 7 pm- l'm goinghome.
9 I'.rl af?id Pattizialeftl has/e/ithe offacean hourago.
10 l'm afraidPatriziaisn'thete- she/eftlha5 /ertthe office.
Exe.cise2 I !
Complete
thesentences
byputtingthevefusin b6€ket5intoeitherthepresent
pastsimpleor
simple,
presentperfect,
js doingverywell.Lastyearsales............*a..A-t-..$p.........
(Soup)by15%,andsofar ihis
I Thecompany
(goup)another12%.
yearthey.....h4y.9..4e1g..!r!0....
(op€rate)
(setup)
2 We ......................................
allovertatinAme ca.Recently
we ......................................
kenchesin PeruandEcuador
(notlook)likethe ght block.Areyousurewe .........
3 This......................................
(come)
to the rightaddress?
(you/see)
(leave)
4 ......-...............................
mylaptop?l'm sure| ---'--''--,---'.'....
lt hereearlier
(ust/meoAndrewf.omSales.
(you/know)him7
5 | ......................................
......................................
(nev€r/speak)
5 | ......................................
to him,but | ...-..'.'--------.hisassistani
on the
Gpeak)to
(wo*) for WorldCom
(be)there
7 | ......................................
now- | ......................................
for morerhan
(you/know)
fiveyea|5....................................... Worldcom?
81......................................(work)forWorldComsincelastyear,butnowt............
jobs.....................-.........-.......
(you/hear)of
change
anyvacancies?
Exercise
3 !!l
@to
Complete
eactrmini-d'alogue
by puttingtheverbsin bGck€ts
intothecorrect
form.Oneverbwillbein the
present
perfect
pedectcontinuous.
andthe otherin theprcsent
UsecontEctions
wherepossible.
1 A: What3thematier?Youlookworriedl
B: yes.I am.| .1.Ye...-he4t-\...k++!l{...41.
and| .......:.y.*...|rP}if#-......
tuok at)the(ontractin derait,
{notice)a lot of potentialproblems.
A: oh, su.has?
(phone)
2 A: l -....-......-.......-................
Ca.olallday,butthere3no.eply.
(go)to HeadOffice.
B: I expect
she......................................
A: Oh,yes,I folgot.
(yousee)it?
I A: 'Tosca'
iscomingto theOpetaHous€.
....-.......-..-......................
(lookfoMard)to itfor ages.
B: No,notyet.shallwego?| .........................-..-.........
A: 50 havel. Whataboutnextweek?
(youprcduce)
4 A: Howlong..........-....-..-.................-.
carsat thissite?
yearsB:
Aboutfour
.-.-.....-..---'..--*We
in plantandmachinery
{inven)twentymilliondollars
.
A: Oh,andhowlongwillittaketo recoup
yourinvestment,
do youthinkT
6 PASTAND PRESENT
2 33
.A,,
Exercise4 A
Cor.peteth s dialogue
by pultingtheverbsn br.cketsintothecoreclforrnofihe pans nrpeor present
(ontracilons
perJecr.
Use
wherepossible
(ior. see)vou ii)r ascsl
!r. roRrr Hi. suc.I (r) . ...114f.e1:t.
tqql
lti. r.'o.lrn sor\rI (2)
. (nd/ire)in rouchNjrhanyone
recenrly
...I
(
b
c
)
( - r .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . .r . . n ! b u \
lrcroRri ()h. \'lDt hale \ou beer up to dE?
\ V t l l .r o r k n o s I ( . r ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . f l c c ) n r v J o br i J . r t r , x r _nv) t h r t I
(5)........ ....
. . . . . . ( . t r n )s o t i e c l a n cac sa g p h i . J c \ i s r e r ?
! r , ( x , A Y c sl r c n , c D r t cl or u ( . )
nr
\ v c l l . , r( 7 ) . . . . . . .
..........tJ1k)rlt)trlrurthrtlsr_\tr.lloNij.sonrs?
t . ) x r e r l l !d , r i . n l tv e r r\ o f t r I ( S ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(hr
t).lbn' . . t\ nuch hrrder \rofk rh.rD1 (1))
lrNo/do) rnrthng lik.
(1r)rsr'.) (lr))
( \ o n . e v . r / b r ) 5 c r fc n + , l o ] c d l
v ( r o r r ^ N o . . e \ e r r. l r l N u s hI ( l l ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(. o r i c nd r ! ) k )r b o l r i t s o ,r v h . h! r \ i r b c c n
\Vcll.rtthchcqinrin{l(l:) .. . ...
r o ! k n o \ : r c o r l . t h t r rI ( l l ) . . . .
A n d s i n . . r h c nI ( 1 1 )
bu xnic ofrh.r) (15)
\ {' . . . l i r , r , , . .
. . . ( h N e )r K , o r r h . . . q o o , cl h c n t s r r d ,
. . . . . ( k r d \ ) n , . n r x n !, v . r s . l i k c T n l J i c r . L .
. . . . ( h . , ! e )x l ( , t o r ' i n r . r c sr.i o r nd i l T ( r . . t . o n i r . n i c s . . . . . ( l u o m . ) r . t U 1 . ,c, r \ r . . , . r ! .
( . r l r ( . ( h/ ( l ( , )d r . r l ( 1 7 )
. . . . . . . . h \ 1 r )i , i . r ( i v e |i'i(,
.i
(ls)
I).!rr) Mord)h ., .o!fl.
! xrrh\ .rgo.l,ur I
. ... (,ior/sro i|v rt|licr
( ) h . , 1 . . n\.. 1 1 .( l ' ) )
u
t
)
.
,
$
e
h
\
i
r
.
$
i
d
)
c
M
,||I.\ ()i!.r, \L{trk?
t,ut)
(
l
1
r
)
Y.s.l
.
( i u { / h , , t r h ) n \ V r , l , l ! { { 1 r i ! , ) , 1h r v , , i l rl l f , . k l ( n , kr r i l
I(l())
.url tcllnrcsh.rtvou thirk ofit?
Exercise 5 A
?a 12
Loot a1the qraph..ri readthe p.ssaqeabourtechnologyno.ks Compete the text by pltt f! nre veros ,r
br.clels nlo rhe coiiectform of the pan ! mpleor presentpeiecl
(watch)Us stockmarkeis
Europea invetors (1).........h4-v,e...1,.4'tllPd...........
neflously over the last few months. The preblems wirh US te.hnology dd
(beCin)lasiMar.h, and sincethen
teleco"trtlsstocks(2) ..............................-.-.....-.-.................
sharepric6 at.ompdia like lntel,Appleand DeX(3)..
(crash).ove! thesunner au thse gidts (4)........................................................
(annoluce)
lower thd exp!.ted profits, md tnvesios fear that delldd for PCs in the higliy
(peak).Now it's the turn of
developedUS market(5) ..... . . ... . . . - . . ...........
Edopem stftks. On Monday stock in companieslike Cemdy's SA? dd
Finland'sNokia (6) ....................
.... .. .....(falt)sharply.sAP
(be)doM 3% in lrdkfln, md Nokia
@.....................................................-.-..
(8)--............-.-.......................................
(drop)7%in Helsinki
But therc was $me ged nes s fo. invetoF vesreday Yah@l
$295 mitioi! tp from $115 million a yed edlid. Yznel reIi6 on ornie advertising for most of iis ituome, dd this yed it
(11)...................................................--.
(gain) sig.i6@! Mrket share in E@pe ad (12)
(manage)10achieve the
...................
pGition ol top Web'navigationconpdy.
Anatysts believe that the mdkei (13) ...-.-.........-..---*--,-.,..........(noi/hit) the bonom yet. Edlier this year jnvestore
(1.1).-..................................................-.
(buy) dy tntemet stels that wde available,catint a st@k mdket bubble-Now ifs jusr the
opposite.Invstors (15) .............................-........................-.-.
(beome) so nero6 that they are e]ling everythin& even if the company is soud
md the siock lools cheap.
34
uture 1
a wi
We can Lrsew// + the infinitiv€(w thout to) to rcferto the future.M// ls usualy shodenedn
speechand informalwritingro'll.Ihe rcgariveol willis wan't
We usewTto talk aboutfutureeventsth.t we seed5 rdcL5:
ln June we will bring out twe new nadels.
'11'.
all cl..ttkity ',ppU atnpdkas to buy a spe.A.d
sovonnut aill soot impose an oblirdtior
p(entds. oJthcit poln Jron rcfleunbt. sonrte'. (cua.dian websrlc)
We useM// to talk aboutfuture be efsl
Lyrth bdi.as tlnt fkbolsatioi aid .otsolidatio in th. tihiolosy sc.tatwiII crcat! d .qrcdt.l
dqrdd.fu kw d"1 pdrefil ha66.'Sto.k ,fldtkets
uill hd,. tl .ow t lot nor nd'F.t
.aptali$tion and t d .r itd']{ltJ oiU ha,e kss of d tok'jd),r Lr,.l,. (Obscrvcr wcbsrtc)
We car add perhaps
I naybe or probdblyto make the b€lief esscertan:
Ttu .li6t lda afjob la$s futthn( ioh l'. ,nryetsi, (;unan bdslnq will prcbablyb. h tlt
Cny oI lindot. @trsinsswecklvcbsire)
Noticethai probabt come!afterwil/ bLrtbeforervon't
He'llprchably agreewith yau.
He probahly won't aqrce with you.
We can usenil/ wth an introductoryphraseto 9 ve othermeanngs.Forexarnpe,a persona
opinion(/ th,nk)or a hope(/ hope):
I think we'll prcbably open a subsidiaryin Russianext yeal
I hope he'll agtee with yau.
ty,7 can be usedior instanldecisions
and thoughisthat corneinto our headat the momentof
sPeakng
I' wait fat you outside.
I' phone yau tamanaw.
B Going to
a We usethe ved be + gorngto + the i.finitiveto m.ke a conneclionbeiweenthe presentand
a We usegolrg ta for plansand intentions.
Thesearc thlngswe havealreadydecd€d io do.
I belie,ethdt Cree'tpan is goins to lorpet bt.s.T'et dft tone tisr oJliqtidny ptuh1effiin the
dedit ,1a*ets at hi\ pon tu 6ft, a i sntut enbal hanh ftspondsby easingoedit. Q'IewYotk
Times $'ebsite)
TLel|nc In rre fLlurecan be -ea or disunt.
I'm going to call FionaCla*e this afternoon.
We'te going to open a faatoty in Hungary nexryeat
a We Lrsegoing to to makepredictions
when thereis someevdencein the presentsiuationi
(l can seeit)
Be Grefult t* 9oin9 to fa .
I think weTe going ao |oset/]lsdedl (l vejust he.rd somenews)
7 FUIUFE'I 35
C Presentcontinuous
a We can us€rhe present.ontinuoustenseto ratkaboutth ngswe havearr.ngedto do in the
future.Thereis nearlyalwaysa time exprcssion.
Ann is leaving tonoffow norning
HSBCare moving to new prenises nextyear
seeunirs1 and2
Theaffangemenls
areoft€n socidlarrangements
or dppointmenB.
What are you doing an Tuesdayafternoon?
l'm seeing lackat tuw, and after that I'm meeting ny bank nanager
D Wilt or going to?
a Wll/s usedfor instantd€cisions
Goingto isusedfor plansand nienrions.
aK, t knowwhatto do.fll .a/lane (aninsiantdecision)
Datou havetheinlornation for Jane?I'm going to catl her rhlsafternoon.(anintention)
a l4rl/is uledfor general
beiefs,op nions,hop€!andth ngsthespeaker
teesasfacts
I n surethey'll like the new design
ln the futurc,narc peoplewi wotk fromhone.
a When'v/7s usedwitha ph€selike/ thirk and/orwordslikeprobab,rhenthe belief/op
nion
becomes
lesscertain,
likea prediction.
I think you'll like thisidea.
Thewo d wi prcbably endin aboutfi@billianyeaE.
8utif th€e isircng evid€nce
in theprerenr
situarion
thengo,inq
to is usuay usedfor
(lcanreeblackclouds)
Ithinkit'sgoing to Rin.
We'rcgoing to nake a losson thisptoject. (t haverhe figuresn tront of me)
a Thereareoccasions
whenwe canuseeitherfonn:
]n ny presentation
I'll talk/rm going to talk about threemaih arcasFitst,...
Hercthespeaker
couldseeit .s a fact(w/, or an ntention
Golrg ro).
a W;t s moreusualin w.tt^g. llandgoingta aE noreusuain speech.
E GoDg to or present continuous?
a Forfururepansand.nangements
thereisofrenlirtled fference
golngro andrhe
between
preeent.ontinuo!s.
rm going to givelrm giving ny prcsentation
on Friday.
a Golngto canslqgenthatthe detaihof theafiangemenl
havenotbeenfina sed.Thepresent
continuous
cansirqqest
thatthearrangement
is morefixed,wirha rirneanda pace.
I'm goingto meethin nertweek.(justaplan iimeandpacearesiill! nknown)
I'm meetinghin at tenin ny o#tce. (a definite,fixedarranqement)
F Time expressions
a Cornmontime exprcssionsfor ihe fLrtureinclude: tomoftaw, the day after tanarraw on Fiday,
at the weel,end. nen w?pk. n a htu ddk ine.
=-F
:F
rFnEl
7 Practice
1 llI
Exercise
1-{ with their usesaFo.
l/atch sentences
d) a futureplanor intention
a) a futurefact
situation
withevidence
in thepresent
b) an opinionaboutthefuture e) a prediction
fl a futurearrangement
c) an instantdecGion
1
2
3
4
5
6
l'm goingto askmy bosslor a payrisenextweek.
E
n
isrightnow
l'm sorrytohearthat.l'll findoutwhattheproblem
n
l'm sorrybut I won't be heretomorrc,w-l ll be in Paris.
join
you
n
want
to
ut
for lunch.Do
Angela
l'm meeting
Ll
Theirsharepricewill probablyrisewhenthe marketre<overs
going
n
dilticuh
to
increase
sales
it3
to
be
with so mlch competition
Exercise2 | |
@,t
underline
thecorcctwordsin eachmini-dialogue.
morning?
1 Ar Areyoufrce nextTuesday
B. Sorry,1'llhavell'mhaing a meetingwith Sue.
Thu6day?
Ai oh, dght.well,,^hatabout
2 Ai Whatareyourplansfor nextyear?
S: We'I open/We'rcgoingto ope, a newfactoryio Hungary
interening.
A: Thatsounds
3 A: Whatdo youthinkabouttheirnewma*etingcampaign?
B: I think ,?'/ probabt suceed/ it! gobablysucceeding.
Ar Doyoureally?
4 Ar Whatabouttomorrowat aroundlive thidy?
gt OK,I'll seeyou then.ll'm seeingyou then.
A: 8ye.
quitea lol
5 A: Soasyoucan5e€,l'vebe€nthinkingaboutthisproblem
you
you
going
arc
doing?
to do?lwlEt
8i Yes,I see.So,#,at ate
A: Resignl
6 a: ltwouldbe niceto se€younextweel,
B: Yes,it would.Are,1,u doirg antrhinglwill you do anythtngon Wednesday?
E x e r c i s3eI l l l l
flture form Choose
by puttingthe velbsin bracketsinto the mostapproprlate
completethe sentences
berweenw,4 goingto and lhe present(ontinuous.
(buy)seasram
vivendi.......it...4-o.ir4..Je..b4y.......
1 Haveyouheardthe news?
(meet)Andrcaat ninenextThursday
ihe station
momingoutside
2 1.......-....-............-.-..-....-..............
(be)
late
.. . . . .. . .. . -.. .
3 l'vejusthada €allJromRichardhe .....................
(be)
year
ihe
companyS
centenary
yea.
-...........................................-....4 Next
..-... ...... . .. . . . (have)
ana.cident
5 Thistaxidriveristerible-He .. ...... .....-.-.
(probablv
replace)
manyintemational
...
...-..
.........-...-.............
videcronfe.ences
6 ln thefuture
meetings.
(test)the newmachine
sometime
nextweek
7 We ........................................-.........
(go)
ro Manchener
on Fdday.
8 | ........-...................-.......-.........-...
. (notbe)lon9
. 9 wouldyoumindwaitingfor a momenl?
| ..............-'.'.-....-...................
7 FI'TURE1
37
Exercise4 !!!
@ 14 Completethis dialogueby puningeachof the verbsin bra€ketsinio the future.ChoosebetweenLail/and
going io. Sometimeseither answer may be possible,but decidewhich form is the most natura . Use
contractionswhere possible.
IoANN^, Pleae, come in, h.E . se*.Would you like a dlirl? Cofee? Minenl water?
(lne) a cos€eplease.
oh, r (1) ...............:!!...b*ys..................
Jo NNA
Lucy ... could )ru neke tm cotrees?(siglts)We , th3nk for comiry this morning. l
(2) ................................................
GeD }lcu why I sked )ou here.Um, asyou know, thde
(3) --------.....
..... ........Oe) sone bis chmgs itr the company.In facr,{€
(4) .................................................
(Gtructue) the whole depanment.
(5)
Yes.I ktrow.when
................................................
(n/happen)?
(be) finihed by rhe sumer. Um, the thing n,
lo NN^, Ererythiry (6) .
under the Ds structureyou!job o) ................................................
(probably/disappeu).
Realy? Is that cEtain?
(have)a meeringn€xr wek ro linaliseall the plans,
Jo NN^ well, we (8) ................................................
and ofcou.sc I (9)
dont have to uorry
. (leg you know what we decide.Anyway, you
oh?
Gotr€ealrives)
(ofted
Jo NN^, w€[, a! I w:! s.yingyou dont heveto worryWe 00) ...............................-.----you a newjob.You(11)................................................
(har€)morcresponsibiliry
andrhesabry
(12)................................................
O€) muchbcncr.
Thatl wondertul,
thrnk you verymuch.\v}lat€)acdy(13)..............................................
(rhe
nN job / involvc)?
. (€xpand)
the wholecustomcr
scrvices
arca.Ifyou
JoANN^ Wc[, wc (14)
acceptthejob.you (15)
. (be)responsible
for the new team.Um,
(meen)a lot norc work,ofcoune.whardo you rhink?
it (16)................................................
(n€cd)! dayor two ro rhink aboutu.
It sound!gre.t, but I (17) .
prcblem.
(18)
NN
,
Ofcoune,
no
Look,I
. (nor/be)in the ogice6r
Jo
-I(19)
the Dextfew d4
. (visir)our subsidi$yin Hungary.
(20)................................................
(you,/ha!!)an aiswerfor me by nextweek?
Yes,I(21)................................................
on Mondala
Give)you lny decision
Exercise 5 [ |
Complete
thisemailfrcma PAtoherbossby puttingtheverbsin brackets
lntothefuture.Choose
between
!v,i/landthe presentcontinuous.Usecontractions
wherepossible.
I ve booked your flight to Slovenla. You (1) ..-.I_z,..le4y!.64._
(l€6) on Tuesday 3rd at A-45 in the mornlng, so you
(2)........................
(arl€) in Ljubljanab€fo€ lunch.sonsn€ (3)........................
(be) at th€ €irportto me€r
you. Yourfret meetlngis with AlekaanderP@kar, and you (4) .-,...--................
(s6€) him at 1 pm at our to@l
otfie- He (5) ...-.....-..............
(prcbably/take)you out to luncr'-Afrer lunch you (6) -.......................
(novdo)
anythinquntll4 ph, so you (7) ...,....,....,....,.....
(have)time to qo to ih6 hoter.You (8) ,,...-....-....-....-...
(stay)al the
Interconrhental,which is in a very @ntral lo€tion. | (9) ...,..-.-.--.--. (go) to the travel agents to pick up the
ticketsrhis aftem@n, e I (10) -....--...--.........-.,
(give)them ro you tomo@.
uture 2
A Future: time expressions
a We usethe presenirmpl€ or the presenrperfecr(not w//) to referto th€ futureafterthese
wotds. when, after, beforc, unless,in case,as soon as,until, by the tine, the next tine:
when I see hec I'lltell het yau called.
we I discussit again aftet you get back
As soon as I've finished the rcpon, lllenall it to yau
Yau can wait here until she comes back
Notce that a {ulureform (wil, car) s u5edin the otherp. ( of the 5entence
B Presentsimple/continuous
a We olt€n usethe presentsimple(or presentcontinlout when we talk aboul evenls n the
futurc basedon a fixedlimetabe,prcgrammeor caendar
tim s planeleaves(is leavind at 12.15
Our bossrctires (is rctinnd nextyeat
C Future continuous
a Thefuturecontinuousis lormedwth w// + be + the -ing forrnol the verb:
arryofi.\ tuill b. ii'cstibg i Chi n atli
Ok. hn\ hdt is clct it lht tuat.aid larynkrhr.!
(Asixrvcck
vill
dllo',
r/r,x
rd.
wcbshc)
thdt ttu na! lawn t't
a Thefuturecontin!o!s de5crbesan activityin progre!5in the luture
we often ure ii whenwe comparewhal we aredo ng now wth whal we w llbe do ng in the
fulure.Thereis nearyalwaysa lime expression.
Nextyeat I'll be working in aut SaoPaulooffice
where will you be wo*ing in slxnonthl time?
a Thefutureco.t nuous6 often uted to saythat somethingwill dei nitelyhappen:
we'll be holding a meeting soon, sa we can makea decisianthen.
D Future perfect
a Thefuturc perJec(is formedwith w7 + have+ pastpaniciple:
8y the tine I retirc, nl have been in banking far ovet thirty yeaa.
ptodted by hadniotdlhantfadwinr ootdtide Mll
By theyetu2a20 fu ,ol ,tc o.fsoods
prcboblybeat led\tluie ,t' it n hday.Brt ih tfu US, IIE nMreo.fna {a,tu s in CDe tuhnh
n sill oroundlioA or so,will ha"e sh nh to 5%. (lndusrrvweekwebsite)
a we lse the future perf€ctio look backfrom one poift in th€ futureto an ear er evenlor
periodof time.We oftef usebyor by the tme with the futureperfect:
By the tine we prepareour proposal they' have found anothet supplier.
By the end af the yeat we'll have sold arcund 1,AAOunits.
a
r is commonto lse. simplew;flform in pl.ce of the future perfect,athough somep€ople
th nk th s is not grammaiic.lly.orrect:
By the tine we've preparcd ou prcpasal thel find another suppliet
By the end of the yeat we'll sell arauntl 1,000 units.
t
We usethe continuousfom of the future perfed to look b.ck from one polnt in th€ future.t
an aaviy in proqrcss:
Nextyear we' have been nanufactwing the sane nodel for ten yeats.
A FUIURE2
39
E Was going to
goingra 1snota futue form.We useitto referto somerhing
a Waslwerc
tharwepannednthe
pastbut didnotdo:
I'n sorry lwas going to phone you thisnorning, but I had to seeaneal out clients.
Other ways to talk about the future
a We often usemodalsandrelatedvelbslikeshou/d,be likelyA could,may,miqhtro rclet ta
thefuture.seeunit13.
O W-Ausethe verbs pect, hope,intend,wouldIikq pla4 warafollowedby an nf nitive(ro do)
to referto thefuturc:
Cettflan dutot dketBMW b pldnniry to hciE a Wdftt ai pla in Cehtal .r Eatem Ewope
by the hiddle of2001- aid the Czecl' Republnis ho ng to get the oitb.t. (pegnepost
Noticethe negativeforms:
lexpedlhope I won't ...
We don't inEftllplanlwant to ...
a We.an usethe velb t,rinkfollowedby '/l
I think/don't
think I' changeny htenet Se"/i(€ tuavider
We can usebe due to for thi.gs that w€ expectto happen:
Mrwckh, utb hit' CE\ 'flandatory
rcfie,nettdgeof 65 nert no th, hatbtilt CE intnAnerna\
Nd1o'npony in stock'natketlalMtian.Hc k dle to nan thr ctt chdhhdnd thiclexc uit?
9f CE i the ncrtItu ddys.(WallStreetJourn.l Eurcpe websirc)
We can usebe about io for thingsthat will (will not) happenverysoon:
A laok dt It sto.knia'tet Mluatio'tsolbir tolxude hosys s,.h as Citeo and Onde showthat the
po.eofdtulopncnt i nct! te tulofy k not cboBtt6 doo (Fo$es.comwebsire)
Seeunit 14 a
h mod€rnEnglishsha////r€...2 are usedto makesuggestions,
not to feferto the futLire.
shall I open the window?
shall we neet again nen week?
sha//is stillusedfor the futurc in formalsiluations,for exampleegaldocumenb.
"I uaja,
going h nt,'w.4
I danr tub t . tuta.
ofa,,4r&natutt
tuht.'
Bu|,
40
A FUIURE2
8 Practice
E x e r c i s1eS S H U g g
Underline
thecorrect
word'
1 Iamotrcwnl inteNiewtrll be inteNiewingcandidates
all moming.
2 we willhavenavedtwillbemolng to ournewp€mises
in August.
3 We will haveno\/edlwillbe mov,,ng
to our newpFmisesby August.
4 WhatUmedoesJourtrainlwilltov trainleave?
5 Don'tforgetto turn ofi the lightsbeforeyou are/eaving/youlea\,p.
6 We <an'tsendthe goodsunlil we'vereceivedlwewillre.eivea fim oder.
7 we wil be rcpayinglwilha!€repaidthe bankloanby December
A Uresstheyle/theyllbe morereasonable.
w€ llhaveto brcakoff negotiations.
9 I wasgoing to witelwas w',rtngto them,but I forgot.
1A lhopellwillhopero beableto speakat thepress
conference
myself.
1l Ou.visitorsaredi./eto affiveldueaniing ar 10.30.
12 lhopelwon'tlldon't hope/7be latefor themeeting.
/7be latefor themeeting.
13 | thinklwon'tlldon't thrl?k
14 Whentheconrract
,i/wz be ready,
l'll letyouknow
15 Willt/Elshall we b'eakfor coffeenow?
16 Sorrylcan'tspeaknow I'lljusthavell'njustaboutto haye. meeting.
Exercise
2 fiEn
l+ wth anendrngaFh)
Complete
ea(hsenren(e
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Please
E a
takea seatuntil
Theywon'taccept
ourorderunless
Helenwantsto seeyou before
Youwon'tseeHelel1.
8ythetimeshearrives
AssoonasHelenarives
| cafl waitlThistimenextweekl'll
l'll havea suntann€xttimewe meetll'll
I q l
l'll
Sorryabouithis.In a fewmoments
t
n o rDfRihalisfeadyto seeyou.
! o
! a r
!"r
n o
n ;
you'llhave
left.
we givea bankguaranie€.
havefinished
andw€ canttsk.
i'llaskherto phoneyou.
havejust
comebackfromcreec€
be lyingon a beachin cfeece.
Exercise3mnHp
Completethe sentences
by puttingthe v€rbsin bracketsinto the righttense.Choosebetlveenthe present
s mp e (/ do), future .ontinuous (i7 be dolhq) and future peded lt'll have dane).
(past.
Bythe time allthe p.pe6 are ready,the deadline...-Lrj!!...k.v.g..MttreC....
(,eave)
(arrlve)at 3.45.
2 Theflight .-....-....-....-....-....-.........-.......
at I pm and ............................................
(see)Nicktomorrow so lcan give h m yo!r message.
I L...............................-..-....-....
(finish).
4 Thistaxl is so slow Bythe time we get therethe meeting............................................
l
(play)golf w th . client.
5 Sorry| can'ts€€you on the 15th | ..-..-...................-..................
(hear)
6 won't do .nythinquntil | ..............................-....-........
from yo!.
(nari).
7 Huffy!pl Bythe time we affive,the play ......................-......-....-..-......
(you/learn)
8 what ...........-..-....-.-..-....-........
by the end of yourcourse?
9................................-.......-...(you/us€)theconfercncercomnexiTuesday?
1 0 W h e n| . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - . . . -. . . . . - . . .(.s-e eh) i m ,l ' l la s kh i m .
2
8 FUTURE
41
Exercise4ACDF
An economisthdsprepareda sho.trcpod abouth s co!ntry nextyear Reddit, tlrenchoosethe correct
alternatve{rom A, B, C or D beow to completethe report.
12 6onth e.onni. Iote@t
The Cennd Bdk (1) ...S....keepintcre$ nr6low next Ieaf nr orde. to $lmulte economic srowth,.nd so
ve {2) .........the c.oroNr to continuc grc$ns rt about l%.Thi5 neans tbr mcnPloymdrt (3) .. '!
mon secors of the econonr,v next yer Exchange ntes ar vert difil.ult to lredicq bui the curency
(a) .........cmain st.blc.
sonE nnporeDr eventsfe (s) .........take pl,cc in thc poliricd neH.The President(6) .. Gll eledions
The
wirhin the next twele monrhs.and50 by the nnddc ofncxt yca! fie electioncamPrisn (7) .
sovcrnmenr(8) ....... . on i phtfon othonsty rnd.onPcicnce. rnd t (9) .........int oducc rcfor$ to lhc
.. ,
lcsrl sy*cD so ihdjldges.rn nr!€stiste thc mnuseofprblic fundsmore e6ily.'Whenthrt (10)
inrc.n*ioml nNr$or co.ndence shouldincPse nPi.Iy.
B s l i kn g l o
I will beei f. ng
B w i l lp r o b a b y
Cw
ta n9
C being
ial
p
r
D s cbaby
Dw
D expecting
D6dungto
7
Aw
h a v eb e g l n
8
Aw
beioughl
Bw bebegun
Bw beiighling
D will begrn
Cw
fLghtrng
D w l l h a v ef q h t
Exercise5ACDE
a g r o u po t n e w
r l a . , 9 e c o m p a n ys e x p l an n g t h ea p p r a | s d l s v s tteom
1 5 T h eH l m d nR e s o u , . eMsa . a g e o
"F
employeesComplelehE ialk by pun ng lhe verbs n bracketsinlo the r ght tense Choosebetweenthe
p.esenrs mp e (/ do),lutu€ cont nlous (/7 be doi.q). lutu.e perfect(/'//havedore) ...) '|as going to.
' Y o ! ra p p r as a n t e r v e w s ( 1 ) . . . . . . 4 [ q . . . . ( b e ) ! n f . / a rE
. hr , r n s o r r yr h e y( 2 ). . . . . . . . .. . . . . - . - . (be)in February
blt we had io ponponelhem Sorryabolt lhat Um, d!ring Febr!afyyoLrr ne manaqetr
( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (. .c o L L e c t t)hae i n f o r m aol n t h e yn e e df r o r ny o u ,a n db y t h e t m ey o ! m e e !f o r
- . - . . - . . . . . .(.p r o d l c ea) c h e c k l i os ft p o n t si o r d i s c l s s o n
t h e i n t e r v e Wt h e y( 4 ). . . . . . . .
(5)
your pe.forman.edur nq the pan
you
. ...............-.-..- -. . .. . (d6cLrss)
RLghtUm, n the Lnteruiew
year.nd any iesuesreat nq to yourfuture needs,et slch .s trarningBythe end of the rneetng hopethat
a b l e c t v erso r n e x t v e a t
y o ua n dy o ! r l i n €m a n a q e r( 56 ). . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.a. .g. r. e eo)n y o L rpr e r 5 0 n o
both n terrnso{ salestarqelsand professonaLdeveopment s that dear?Y€p,OK,qood Oi colrse there s
- , . (happen)to the rnarketthat we
somef e|ibilty in the targets,n .aseany'lhinq(7)
. .
cannotpredct We rnayaso have. budg€tforyou to do somet.anrng.afteryo! (8)
( q e t ) r e a] ? b u s J r i n
(
9
)
( c o m eb) a c kl r o my o l r s u m r n ehro l d a y sb u l b e f o r ew o r k
.....
. .
september.
ls that OK?Yeah.Good
. .e. .e. .ta.).q a i nw i l l b el n O c t o b e t
A f t e rt h a i , l h en e n t i m el h a i w e a l ! ( r 0 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.m
when d like somefeedbackon yoLrrtrd n nq, as by then any cou6$ that you do
( I I ) ... ....... .... ..
. . . . . .( f i ns h ) l.st h a tO K ?Y e a h ( 1 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G e n d ) y o l r
f e e d b a cfko r n ' rns€ a r etrh et i m e W e , e t u ne s sy o ! ( r 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.h. .a. .v.e ) a nqyl e s i o n s ,
t h n k t h a t \ a . O h ,n o E r ,y e s l { 1 4 ) . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( h a v ea) w o r dw i t h y o ud b o u ty o u rh o d d v
pLans,
but you probabydont know th€m yet. Couldyou emaLme wlth yoLr reqlen as soonasyou know
assive 1
A Form
a To makethe passive
we useaob€.nd a pastparic plel
tntelproducesnilians af chipseveryyeat
Mitlionsof .hips are prcducedeveryyear.
Our supplier is shipping the goods next week
Thegovenment nised interest rctesby lo/d.
He was asking ne some difficult quesnans
Theyhave chosen the new design.
Rasawi give a pressbnefing tananow.
we.an arange a loan within sixdays
We nay give you sone new salestaryets
Thegoods are being shipped next week.
tnterest rateswerc rcised by |ak.
I was being asked sone difficult questians.
The new design has been chosen.
A pressbiefing will be given tonanaw.
A laan can be aranged within sixdays.
Youmay be given sane new salestaryets.
a Theobjectin the.ctive senrcnce(nillionsof chips/interest
ratei)movesto the front in the
passive
sentenceand becomesthe subjecr
a We fofm negatvesand questonsin ihe sam€way as in actve sentences
Thenew design hatnt been .hosen.
Has the new design heen choten?
B Uses:fo<us on important intormation
a
n the activesenrences
abovethe pe6on or organsaion who doesth€ acrion(/rrel/Ihe
90v€rnrrerf/Rosa)ie imponant
.
ln the passive
aboveihe pe6on or organaaton who doesthe acrion s nor
sentences
m e n t o n e d t. n r i g h b
te
clearfrom lhe siiuation
Innead,rhe mponanr nfom.tion is e ther rhe actions(ralsedlchoser)
or the thingsafiecledby
the adon (Mi bns of.hips/rhe goods/A prcssbiefirg).
a
Sludytheseexampes:
A
larye propottiot oJwo d ntl ltodtuior it Sewtdted tu th. Nlihlle Ed\t. (culfBusines
"ery
Masazinewcbsrte.)
Hereihe writerwanrsto ernphasse
the amountof o . Who did the acton (ge,lerate)is
cear or
me North Aneiedn Frc. TtadeArcd (NAFTA) uds cstahlishedin 1993 b link the Linited
Stat.s,Ca adr dtd 14.!ko in d fi.. rrddeasteenet. (LatjnTnde websrte)
H e f et h ew r l t e rw . n t si o s a yw h e n . n dw h y t h e a c l o n h a p p e n e d
Whoddtheactton
(estabrsh)
is not rnpo.tant.
D.utstltc PostAC nill ofet ntush^ dtut prie di ot tsand bakr\ thdres.s lart aJits plaa,ed
nfiidl p,blt ofe E. These i1'edtio* toill be ofercd n) EkiL ihre\kE in EU .ounti6 who nke
a ertll \tliniptio . 0fi/a11
Sftet Jou.nal Eurole websne)
Hercthe witer wantr to glveintonndtonaboLrrrhe incentives.
Who wittdo ihe acton (olfed is
nol rr.portantor not known.
r
9 PASSTVE
43
C Uses:sysiemsand Processes
and procedures:
to talk dboLrtsynems,pro(esses
a we often lse the passive
Tje bdnq, tvd to nnhe hzh ukisky tnkesdhort \oen nasths to gto ih thefeld. Ia Auqun the
'nallry', dh 4k i.nt
bo cy L' hdtrsteil d,,t thenW tu renfu d bryle al flonths.me nett ttzp is
.hettnby Iull of ttatitiat. ]t rirc a i.h, watu fd,o"t to th. whisq dhd d'ses thes6ih ta ptud,ce
narh6, whnh oft eofwte.I to suSa6at a ld@ ndgeaJth. po.e$.The tudhe.lbdtev k Bted Jol
abort thtee oeclJ dlengtowd htoiofi dnd pld.ed irto htse 'esteh ihn n is mked unh hot
utatetto 'ldk. a 'utott'.7 he tt@nis .ooleil, then dn into orothet vesselHM, yust is addetl' dn.l
the ttdth is tnned inta !.!art p@.l!.nE d deat liqrid cdlledthe tuth' It i\ distilLdtianthdt nt$
thistudt\1itlto ehkln. I'1 tlistilli':a, the liqtid Lt h@ted tntil the spi tutns to lnlatt' thett
.o"derced trdtkit o liryid. By \av, Scotchuhis@ nust 6e agedi" odkbardsJot nt leostthtee
y.d6 (Adaptedfrctu De!%r'sScotchwhisky {ebsite)
ln a prcc€sswe usewords tke:Fnsylfistof a , Then,Thenextstep
s.e akounit4s a To showa sequ€nce
Ne4 Aftet that, Fina r.
Firtt of all the finishedproducts arc .he.ked fur qualiry, then thev arc packed and sent out
fron ou wareholse. Aftet disPat h we allaw custanen ta lollow the progrcssof thetr arder
on ou lntr.,net.Finally, we get a digital inage af the signature of the pe,sanwha rcceivesthe
qaadt sa that this can be checked latea if necessaty
D Saying who does ihe a<tion
thatdoestheactonis not
exampes
abovethepe6onor organisation
a In allthepasslve
mentoned.
li we wantto savwhodoerihe actionthenwe useby:
Thegoodsarebeingshippednext weekby our suwliet in china
A pressbriefingwill be glventananow by our lnfotmatton officet RosaMendoza
h ai a awplataLfditetul
Tt.fd'ton' it ttdfcd br thc loral peopleuho uorhedthelebeJorc,
(Busnrcss
lvcbsitc)
News
Atncricas
,dJiJ.
E Transitive and intrantitive verbs
seearso
unit2r a Verbswhich usuallytakeoblecls.rc calledl€nsitiveverbs(e9:help) Verb5which do not lsually
verbs(eq:/oot)
takeobie.tsa€ calledintransitive
you?
t
help
A: Gn
B: No,In iust looking.
Dctonaies showthis informationwith T or L.Someverbscan be both transtve and
inilansitive.
Onlylransitiveverbscan be madepaseve
RaiseA
lnterestrateswerercisedlastmonth
lnsease (T/l) lnterest rateswete increasedlast manth
lnteren ntes *ereei6Ae-up la* nonth.
Go up (l)
44
9 PASSTVE
1
9 Practice
Exer<ise1 g
Complete
eachsentence
witha passive
verb.Youmayneeda negative
form.
1 Somebody
damaged
the goodsin tlansit.
Thegoods...........-.L|ei:g...dA|$a4ed.............
in trdnsit.
2 Thousands
of peopleseethisadverteverydal.
Thisadvert_._...._...._............................................
bythousands
of peopte
everyday.
3 Theywill notfinishtheprojectbytheendof the month.
Theproject.......--------......_.._._.._................
by theendofthe month.
4 Theyhaveclosedfifty retailoutletsoverthe lastyear
Fiily.etaii
outlets................
r rhetastyear.
5 We arc reviewingall of our lT syslems.
All of ourlTsystems
...........
6 Wecannotshipyourorderlntilwe receive
payment.
Yo!rorder,,,,...,._._.._............_._......,.,....,.,..,........
payment.
untilwereceive
Exercise2 g !t
Decide
if it isnecessaryto
lay whodoestheaction.tf it is nornecessary
(tossit oU. tf tt is necessary
plt a
tick(/).
1 | don'tthlnkyourproposal
willbeaccepted
ry+€€pl€,
2 Thecompany
wasfoundedbythefatherof thepresent
chairman.
/
3 All olr machines
areserviced
by highlytrainedtechnicians.
4 Thismachine
isn'tworkingagainllt wasrepai€dyesterday
bya techni(ian.
5 Theconference
wasopened
bysomeone
fiomthe London
Businesr
School.
5 l'll be shownroundthefacrory
bysomeone,
andthent,ltrneetthesales
team.
E x e r c i s3eI E E ! l
youmayneeda negative
Rewrite
thesesentences
usingthepassjv€
if it ispossible.
form.tf it s not possbe
(because
th€verbis intransitive)put
a cross
L
I OurR& D department
havediscovered
a promising
newdrug.
..4...Fr-qxiti14...^e.}|...d':$4...h4t
.-bcs.^..dits-"J.g.!:gd*..,b.rx....'"!.c...R*D..deEa!:
2 Theinflation
ratew€ntdownbyO_5%
lan month.
3 O.e of our bestyoungdesgneBcreatedthis line
4 l'm sorrywe can'tdo that.
5 Something
veryinteresting
happened
to melanweek.
6 We?espending
morethana milliondollaGon advenisinq
thisvear
7 TheAccounts
Depadment
maynot authorise
thispaymenr.
8 | workedasa (onsultant
for fourvealsafrefmvtvt8A.
9 PAsSIVEI
45
Exercise4f$[
to do
howthecompany
usesqu€stionnalres
iswritinga trainingmanualthat
explains
a marketing
manager
pastive.
putting
prcs€ni
frcm
in
into
ihe
s
mple
theverbs
the beow
rn.rketrcseaKh.
Complete
thetextby
d€5i9€ sendbacl
distribute otfer
put
outrource analise
(1) 4!:g d,eti4^ed'. by a small
of people
to ask.Thenthe questions
Firn,we c.refully
s€l€cta sample
(2)..........................-.....
intosequence
andgrouped
Next,the questions
teamwithinthedepartment.
(3)
print
questionnaire
to
everyone
In the
the
and
it
....................-...........
toqether
bytopic.Afterthat,we
to us,butwetryto collectasmanyaspossble
sampleOf cou6e,notallthefoms (4).........................-......
(5).......................-........
people
Fnallv
gift
to
who rctumtheforms.asan incentve.
Sometimes
a small
(6)...-............................
bylh€ ma(eting
andthe informaton
we enterallth€€sultsontoa sprcadsheet,
(7)
to an
co
ection
.-.......
. ..
thedl(ributionand
depadment.
lf we ar€usinga veryla€esample
Exercise
5n P
herlefier
sch€dule,
thencomplete
Lookat theextracifromherplanning
Helenisnartingherownbusrness.
(haslha!€
prcs€nt
p€rfectpassive
beendone),
choos€eitherthepresent
to a busin€ss
advice
service.
(,s/a/ebeinqdone)or a modalpassive
form(e9:shou/dbe
done).
contnuou!passive
loan.
Contactbankto affange
Findoiflcespace.
orderif necessary
Equipment
needed?
etc,
Printbusiness
cards,
station€ry
etc.
Decorate
office,orderfurniture,
press.
in locai
Place
advedsements
peiod.
for Chistmas
Review
staffingneeds
I am wrifFg io arange m interiew with one of your businessadvi*F io discussmy busine$ sta.t-uP.
I've analy*d ihe market very cdtully and I believe thai I have a Soodbuiness plan- I can give you a
few details of my prctress so fd.
I've had *veral meetinss uth ny banl, and a lod (1) i4'-..*f.n..4!.-r.-a*4C-(acute) l've fomd some
. .... (will/need) thercbeloreI.an
ofiicespacein a Soodlocation,arthoughsomework (2) ........
move in. I've reviewed my equipment neds and in fact sone sPecialseditens (3) .
(fint)dd will b€ readyin a weekor
(order)at the nom{t. My businesscardsl4).............-.-....-..-....-....-..
(shotnd/6nish)by the end of
60.This weekI'mbsy decoratingthe offi.e,md I (5) .-.-.......-......-....-....-.-.....
I klow that roon l'l] hale to advertie in the lftal PIs, dd PerhaPsyou co!]d advjse me on ihis matter
(might/ need)
Iielly, I'd like somehelp plaming my stalfingneds - extrastaff{6) ...-..-....-....-...................
over the Ckistnas period-
Heler'Clradwick
assive 2
A Uses: linking to previous information
a Thechoiceof activeor passive
oftendepends
on howwewantio conrnuefromthe orevious
,v!:!9 !9!!!!'\ o"e at ..rnany, besttna6n busne,5nch.lHe)founded
sApn te72"hel
workingfor tBM.ladive)
was founded by HassaPlattnerin 19/2 after he
B Usesi being formal/impersonal
a The passive
ieoflen used n bLrsiness
correspondence
wherethe wrirerwanil to be impersonal
Compafe:
acnvEmorepersonal
We orctercd twenty fitter units frcn you on the 16th March and the cauriet detiverco men
yes@tdayUnfartunatety,when we opened the package sameonehad damaged two at the
uni6 Au production depaftnent needs these ite|:ls uryentty.
PAss
vEmorermpefsona
Twentyfitter units werc odeted from yau an the 16th Mar.h and they were detivere.l
yesterday.Unfortunatet)t vr'henthe package was opened ttr'a of the unns had been
danaged. Theseitens are needed ueently by ov prcduction depaftment.
a
Passives
are frequeft in formatwiring generaly,e9: repodsand ]eg. docurnents.
Other
anguagen fte text will a so be fo.mdr:
Cofhdd af E"rylryrctl
(i) Of.t afotploynutt.'tlt t)lflr Day h. exptesedttn( y t it mat b. implied bf .and]|.. rl
ntrst be.onnt1tiate.l h rhc dttloye.'nt alf.t taa bc pithdhw at My trr. Lcl& aa(tj!di.(.
() Wntc" CotulititB.Atct th..onha k na.t., oery orploys mnsthegiren d r,i lr rrat.ifl1!
ol tons r"d..iditio s oJd'lor',a,r. (Busnc$ Lnrk lvebsne)
sleun,22 a P.ssvesare used n phrases
w(h lrto r€portwh.r peoptesaid n a fomatwayr/rrvas
said/agreedthat... .
I
Try1ofifd a balancebetweenactiveandpassive
forms Toomanyp.rsveforms can makea
letteror reportd tficLrltro undeEtano.
C Passive+ infiniiive
a Theveds berbyeexpectknow rcpart,say,thnk, suppase,
undeatanddreoften usedin the
present
s mplepassive
followedbyan infinitive
(rodo).Ths useiscommonin news.eporls:
TlE Hngatidn to oDryis ex?e.t tl to erpatu! 6% ow &e kert ,uo yea6 as tisik! lteftBatt
a.tuts Euope lJaansde ord for lotdlly ptui!.ed .a^ dnd rejigaatas. Ca,sunet pti@, arc pftdicted
to ti!. bt at onMl dueroseo.f7% 'text yeat. (cebd websire)
a To reier io the past we usebetieve,exped, ercwirh ta have done.
Mahy i"vestnut bdnl5arc helided to ha,e srnded tos6 ih the high yietd, ot,j,hk,, boatt
'na*et h tMt honths. (FT-con websire)
a To rcier to an acrivity in progressat rhe momenr we use belieye,expe.t, etc wirh aobe dolher.
En5soi k know to be lookiry at the pasibithyoJoutsoutinritstao price,
ehtry-teret
phoaesin
1i'ipar. (Econon;i vebsire)
2
10 PASS|VE
47
D verbs with two obieds
a Someverbshavetwo objects.We can:
give/ lend/ offer / prcnise I sell/ sendltake something ta somebocly
baok/buy / keepI naket pteparcl savesonething lar sonebody
a
verbsin two ways:
we can usethes-a
In activ€sentences
(with fo)
/dsay€ar
ABBgave a larye orderto u5
(without ao)
A88 gave us a larye otder lastW.
Theform without tolfor is moreusudl
o
Oneof the objectsbecomesthe subj€ctof the p.ssve sentence,
Eachway cdn be madepassive.
the otherstaysasan objed.
A larye oder was given to us W ABB iastyear \wiIh ta)
we werc given a la,ge oder by A88 lastyear. \wilhou\ to)
again,the iom without tolfor is morc usual.
Have something dgne
per9on,
e9,a technician
or accountant,
doessomeworktor us,we can
a Whena protessional
vsehavesomethingdone:
we haveov a..ounts atdiffd by KPMG.
we had out officesrcdecoratecllastyeat
weTegoing to havea new ai conditbningststen ins|llled.
Yaumun haveyou computersche.ked fot vnuses.
a Wecanlse get in placeof havein mottcasesThisis mor€niofmal.
we got thecontractche*ed by ou lawyeE.
F lo he born
passive
meaning.
lormbutdoesnot havean obvious
a Io be bornis a passive
I was bom in Utuguay
'Som€ people, Re|nlon, a.e t o.n to pU3hthe enveloPe,
.nd sorne are bom to llck h."
4a
to PA5S|VE2
10 Practice
Exercise1 ff.
Readeachstater;nt 1-5thenchoose
whichsentence.)
or b)should
fo ow pura tck (/) bythecorrcct
1 Chevron
andTexaco
aregoinqto mergeviaa S35billionofierby Chevron.
a) Senior
fi6t discussed
executives
it a yearago.
n
b) lt wasflrstdisclssed
year
byseniorexecutives
a
ago.
A
2 Theprocess
of economic
unionin Europe
isproqressing
quickly.
a) A commissionef
fromspaincalledPedro
Solbes
isdire(ingit
n
b) lt isbeingdkected
by Pedrcsolbes,
a commissioner
fromspain.
n
3 Pedro
Solbes
is Eurc'pe3
for economic
commission€r
andmonetary.tfai6.
.) He s direciing
thedifficultprocess
of economic
unio".
n
b) Thed tficultprocest
of economic
unionis beingdned€dbyhtm.
n
4 Novartis
shares
.oseby32 Swiss
francsin Zu ch yesteday.
a) Theyaregoingto launcha newd.ugcalledStarlix
laterrhisyear
I
b) A newdrugcalledStarlix
isgoingto be launched
bythem aterthtsyear fl
5 Starlix
isa powe.fulnewdrugfor t€atingdiaberes.
a) Novartis
aregoingto launchit laterthisyear.
!
b) lt s 9oin9to belaunched
Novanis
year
by
laterthis
n
Exercise2nFN#
lblbdioq the correctwords.
1 | hadmy catbe rcpaied/ epa[ed yesleday.
2 Profits
growltogroryby 10% in thenextquarter
areexpected
3 | wasbornlbarn) a lil].letown just outsideDijon.
4 We'regettingthe machines
c/earedlbbe c/eared
tomorrow
5 TheBoadisthoughtto be denanded/haw
denanded
hi! resignation.
5 We havethe components
assenblinglassenbled
inJawan.
7 Whereexactlyh€reyou bonldid you bonl
8 Sheis supposedto beenlookinglto be lookinglot a rcw tob.
Exercise 3 g
Compete
the second
sentence
so it hasa similarmeaning
io thefirstsentence.
1 DavldGillfrcmMarketing
lentmethisbook.
.......... .....-.-1..r.41.-.1-e..^1.....................
thisbookby DavidGi f.omMarkering.
2 Thissample
wasqivento meat theTradeFair
................_.....
thissampte
ar theTrad€
Far.
3 Theypromised
usdelivery
wiihintwoweeksof ourorder.
we ..-....-......................_..............._.
_......._.......
withintwow€€kof ourorder
4 A 'Fxtilef rm nea'Milanm.deih6 fabri(for u5
._....................
for usbya textitefirmnearMitan.
5 Thisorderw.s sentto usthrcughourwebsite.
........_.._..........
rhisorderthroughourwebsite.
6 lvy secretary
bookedtheflightfor me.
....._......._......
tor meby mysecretary
10 PASSIVE
2 49
Exercise4 B
Cornpet€the reportbv pultng the verbtin br€cketrnto the presentperfectactive(hasdon€)or passve
(harbeendone)
+r16
Bnzn (1) ....1!4t...b-a.-e.l..t$t..fQrled.... (,*-f.*t
f,"n ao economy bded on sosi,r and coftic inro a
leatlingindustrial porver,and ths (r) ...... .lgt. !14rP?^qd.... (hrpp.n) owr a rhb,cb
o'e,
e . e n , ) " r ^ i n i l J h o , ,t
\hor omc penod.
............ brrn" und. .onnol.J,,dfo,aLi di,-ct
n M s t D e ' r r ( a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G
. . .n.c. .o. r. m s € ) .
Thc covernncnr (5) .... .
.
.
(privrtne) nDny srtc-owned companies,aDd they
(6) ....
...... hho,/invest) r lot ofD,oney h .dvanced intosffuctue.In an attenrpt to
decenrahe the econoDry,CaDrpims sis chosen to bc B.rzil\ lT opital,.nd car production
(7) ....
.
.
-
.. .. (n,ovc) trlvr! fion rad,tion.l centresto st.t,\ s!.h rs Rio cnndc do sul
i n t h e s o u t h .N o o n e p e t e , r d ' t l , ! t J I t h c o l d p r o b l c m s( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .{ .s.o. .l.v. c. .)b, l t B B z i l
. r i n J l , u l , r r r . rn . p L . c ' n r h e $ o r l d $ c c
Exercise 5 C
Readthe articleabout ManchenerUn,ted,thencompletert w th the verbsin the bracketsPlt the f,6t verb
n i h e p r e s e n t 5 m p e p a s v e ( t o b e d o n e ) a . d t h e s e c onnddsvuetr.bb e i o r m o i t l r en f n t v e ( r o d o , t o
be donrg. at ta have done)
Manchester United: just a game of football?
But scnior.rccutivcs
,r,
rt tu$oted
to
have
(supposc/h!!e)
belweenl0 nrillior and
30 millionsupponers
throughout
rlc world.
thecapacityofthe stadiumtrom55,000
G ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .seats
. . . ro 67,400se{ls.Bul this
(know/looka0 othe.wrys to geneatc
( 6 ) . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.t.h- .i n
. .k. ./.b. e
.u.).
goodinvestmenr.s
incomcarrhenonerr. Forexample,
the
ir will generllcncarly
. . . . . .million
. . . . in addiriondornoverannually.
c l u b( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !7.5
In Norway.for exanplc,onc ir cvcry 140
people
(2)....................._._._._._._._
(bclieve/dcvelop)
--c'conrnercciniriatives
supponerTicker
Gay/be)a regislercd
saleslnd merchandisirg
confibureove.
lhrouBha se.icsofalliances.
Coslsat the
hall of thcclub\ revenue,
wilh
club conrinue
ro jncrcasc.
A few yeds aeo
t h ec l u b( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
lclcvisioncorributinga funhe.20./,.
t30n on a ple to expand
kepod/spend)
The dain coslsrr fte club de the salarics
ol'
theplayen.Lrsr lelr thetem\ captain
(?)................................................
(ur.lerstdnd/negotiate)
a lburyearcontrocr
worthovereightn8urcs.
Exercise 6 B
Thetwo emarhbeow arev€rys rn ar, but lh€ one on the rght 6 more mpersondlCompleiet by !s ng
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(1)........lJ4:..I-elCiY-eC........
th s mornng.Yourorder
(2)....................................-...
by ouf fulfllment
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(3)........................................
expectthatthe package
to you
with n 10 workingdays.Our currentprice ist
(4) ...........,.,.,.,,.,...................
as an attachment.
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odals and related verbs 1
A Modal ve.bs: torm
I
UnitsI1 14 d€alwith modalverbs.Modalverbsar€can,could,wi , would,nay, night, shal,
a
Modalverbsarefollowedby th€ niinitivewlhout to.
a
Moda verbshdveonlyone form. Sothereis no 5 in the thifd persons ngutarand thereare no
ve.b t€nseswilh lr9, ed, etc.
a
dr€ madeby putt ng the mod.l in ffont of rh€ subject.Negatives
Questions
are madeby puning
-r'f
not immediaiely
afier the modal(oftenshortenedto
n spokenEng sh afd informawrtren
Engsh).
Can
L..?
Coutd1.. ?
tcauld nat (cauldn t)
wouldI ...?
Iwau|.jnat (wauldn't)
t shouldnor (shouldn't)
Moda verbsa.e auxiliaryverbr-theyare usedwth othermainverbs two modalverbscannot
a Modalverbshaveno n{ niiiveform. nstead,we useolher expressionske b€ rble fo (for can),
have ta (lot nust) and be likely ta (lor nigh).
|'d like to be able to speakbeter french. (NOT #d-lik€+e+a€+p€sf()
Modalverbsshowthe speakerS
atttude or leelingsaboLrra stuaion Forexampe,how
probab e or necessary
so.neth
ing s. or thar ihe speaker 6 ofieringor requestng somethng
The lame mod. velb can be lsed in dillerenrwaysand wirh difierentmeanngs.you on y
kfow lhe meaningircm the stlalion. Forexarnpe,could:
lcould get to wo* in 30 ninutesin ny lastjab. (ability:pastrime)
Could you passthe salt, please?
(Gquenpresent
time)
(uncertainty:
That could be difficult
fuluret me)
B Ability
a Totalkaboutabilitywe useca, andcar't(orcarrorif form.lwitinq).
WeGn getthat informatlanfrcn the Net
Canyou delivet in tu\/aweeks?- No,we can'I
'IJ ue rahnot ptodre in ,Mre thdt both .dpnies
thc e$er( oldk Hus.lian nntion dhd is
tonin.ilq,ller ath$t rillptoduc n i'B2dd'tiid Hufatid Prn e MinbtetViktu A iiinhis
\peth t.stedry. (Cennal EuropeReview Nebsire)
t
Car't s usedfor all th ngsthar we are not .ble to do.
I can't speak Gernan
Forthe spe.i.lcaseofth ngsthat are prohbited(noi attowed)byrutesor awswe canaho !s€
t n tott tau .an't/munn't smoke h th't drci
a We sometimes
usebe able/unableta i,s\eadoI can Theyarecommonin wriring
Fo' tlt jr! trre nt yedn ue ate notu able to gene tegtueth iktetldlly, natjrst thraugh
d.,trdirionJ.(IDterDitionalHeraldTribune website)
11 MODAIS AND RELATED
VERBsI
51
c Pastability
we usecould.
a Totalkaboutqene€lpan ability(notlimitedto oneoccasion)
I .ould speakFr ch quitewell whenI wasat school.
a Totalk aboutonespecificpan actionwe usewd5lwe.eableto ard nanagedto.
I was ableto/managed to installthe newsoftuarequiteeasily.
Congasnanageilto dn thbufh abott t900 billionaJthebtdtet sfiplusin thethteenontht al
soleddirgry to thit etutioi; thirh ofuhat it diqht do in 4@led^: (NewYorkTimes website)
Butto talk abouta specificpan actionwith a verbof the sense!(see,f€e, hear undeatand)we
I could/was abletolmanaged to undestandmastof what hesaid.
o In negativesent€nces
andqvestionswe cdnusecould,waslwercableb atl nanagedta.
I n sorryI couldn't/watn't able to/didn't manageto cane ta the restauantlastnight
I .ouldn't/wasn't able toldidn't manageto undeRtandwhathe neant.
could you/werc wu ableto/Did you manageto dealwith theprcblen?
D Wil and willingness
seeunit7 a l/i// isan auxiliary
verbusedto referto thefuiule.Butw7 alsohasmodalusesthatcanreferto
rorrlirrlQdI rherLrru*
the oresent
or thefuture.
S e eu n i t1 3
ft/ o,r rspdnn nik nqaslnDro"5ah.!l a
seeunft r7
M// can be lsed for instant(ommentsmadeat the momentof speakn9.
(a spontaneolsdecision)
I thinkl' 9o hone now
(an offer of help)
t'll give you a ltft to the station.
t'tt give yau ny full suppon /h the m€eting. (a prcmise)
(ofdering food)
I'll have the rcast lambto makea requestor offer something.
Wil/canalsobe usedin questions
(a request)
W l you hold the lift fot r.,e, please?
(otfering somethn9)
wi tou havesone nore caffeez
a
whercw7 rcfersto the pres€ntit expresses
the ideaof 'w lingness.
n manyof theseexamples
"HereatJMNetworks,
werecognize
hard
someday
well rel,vard
it."
norkandmaybe
52
11 MODAU' AI{D REIATEDI'ERBS '
11 Practice
Exercise 1 g
Undeinethecorrecr
words.
1 Dotiu can/QD]9! @ne tothe meering
nextweek?
2 I cancame/ t canto cometo the meetingnextweek.
3 lwon't.an't/be ableto cometo the meetingnextweek.
4 Satrykat I didn t @uldlI couldn'tcometo the meetingtan week.
5 Sorrythat / wasn'fabletol/ wasrt ablecometo the meetinglastweek.
6 Doyou wiIlWiI you shcl.vmp how to log on to the netwo*?
7 Whatwe candolcan we do?
a I hopeto canlto be ableto tly directlyto Duss€ldorf.
9 I mustspeak
/ I mustto speakwith Mr Rejnerassoonaspossible.
10 I nanzgiedtoll couldspeakro Mr Reineryesteiday.
11 ThehotelwasOK,bur/ naragedto couHheatatotof noisefromthestreet.
12 I managedtoll couldtakea boattrip on Lak€LemanwhenI wasin Ceneva.
Exercise
2 E!!
Completethe lentenceswith can,<ant, could,<oudn't gr be able to.
t h afraid| ..........S3A:1..........
hetpyouat themomenr.
2 I don'trhinkt'll ........................_.......
cometo th€ meeting.
3 Thenegotiations
brokedownbecause
we ..,.,.,.,,.,,.._.,.,..,.,,,,.,.,
agreeon the p ce.
4 | ................................
seeyouwerehavingproblems,
soI didnl interrupr.
5lfyo!................................makeafirmordertoday,weshoutd.............................
5 | ind Ponuguese
verydifiicult.| ........-..................._...
understand
it, but | ................................
speakit.
7 Sory | .................-..............
se€younextweek,but I might............................_..
maketheweekaft€r.
8 A: Willyou........_.......................
go to thetrainingsemjnar?
B:No,l ,.,,.,,,...............,.,,,,.,,
t'mverybusy.
9 l'm sorry| ...-..........................._
cometo yourtatkyesterday.
I hadto sortout a probtem.
t0 | ................................
skireay wellwhentwasin myh,venties,
butnowt,mout of practice.
E x e r c i s3el E
Matchsentences
1+ with then usesof ur.4it.
a) ; futurefact
b) a belieforopinionaboutthefuture
c) an innantdecision
d) anofferof help
I
2
3
4
5
5
7
8
e/
0
9)
h)
d promEe
orderinq
food
a requen
offeringsomething
I thinksales
willpfobably
improv€
in the spring.
E
l'll giveyoua handwiihyourb.gs.
n
Willyougivemea handwiththesebags?
n
OK,l'llphonethemrightnow.
!
l'll havethe panjriedfish.
n
l'll bethereat sixo'clockOonrworry| won,tbe lateD
n thespingwe'llhavetwonewproducsreadyto taunch.n
Willyouhaveanotherglass
of wine?.
n
,I'I MODAIS AI{D RELATED
VERBsl
53
Exercise
4 !!sl@
@ ts
usingphrases
fromtheTinbelow
Comptete
tnetetephone
conversation
canyousend canI callyou canyouhear canI helpyou can'tsee
€€{fdr{p€ak*e rculd youhold couldyou rcpeat couldyou speak couldyoutell me
l'll need l'll put one l'll beon l'lljust90 I'llwait l'll plt youthrcugh l'll qetbackto you
cood morning, ihe TechStore,tlis isJon speating(1) ..8o..!.1C....1..r.re4k'..fe...
someon€
in customersenices,please?
Er.Yes,
of cou6e,(2) ........
how (3)..................
.. . ........ ?
Customer
SNices,Markspeakirg,
(4)
I'm caltingaboutyourn$ SansungD\'D plalers. ............ .. .. . . . .. ifyou ha\€
anyin stock?
the line Please?
(s) ............................................
andsee.(6) ..........................................
Y6 no pmblem,C4 .........
(9) .................
.. ...... ... .. to
lny on the sheh€s.
Heno?I (8) ............................................
(10)
.............-.-,-----.........back?
checkth. orderstrtuson the compute.
numberis 05821067.
My nme is SiraHall andny telephone
Certainly.
up?
Itt
a
terrible
iine.
Sorrv(l l) ............................................
m. now?
ls thatbetter?(12)............................................
(13)
.... the numb€rPlease?
.....................-................
Yes,that'smuchb.trei
.. thisnumberaI morning.
ofcourse.ltl 05821067.(14)........................................
got
in
right
noq but
any D\Ds
srock
sorry I canl tel you ifwe've
thereanythingelse?
(15)............................................
assoonasI havethc information.Was
latcst
(16)
.
...
...........
me
a
copy
ofyour
catalogue?
Eaycs, ................
yoursddress?
........ in the Postto you today.Whatt
Ofcoursc,(1? .............-................
It's 25 tudley t ne,Lowcr . . .
Exercise
5 EllE
1-14
in thefollowingunits.t!4atch
eachsent€nce
manyol the modalverbs
covered
Thisexercke
introduces
wirha meaning
al'n).
1 l s h o u l dd o t .
2 | shouldn'tdo it.
3 lcando it.
4 Lcan'tdo it.
5 | mustnl do it.
6 | don't haveto do it
8 l ' l l d oi t .
9 l ' l l d oi t .
tr
.nn
n
n
n
n
n
!
n
!
n
10 | mightdo it.
11 would you liketo do it?
12 Couldyou do it, please?
13 May I do ii?
1 4 S h a l l ld o i i ?
a) lil necessaryto
do t.
do it.
b) lt3 not necessaryto
c) sorryit3 impossible.
d) lt3 forbidd€ne) | havetheabilityto do it.
0 l'rnofieingto do it.
g) lt3 a goodidea.
h) tt3a badidea.
i) l'm invitingyou.
j) l'm askingperrnission.
k) l m rcquestifgth.t you do it.
l) lpromise.
m) Perhaps
lwll do it.
n) l'm makinga suggeston.
54
odals and related verbs 2
A Necessity (obligation)
a Tosaythatsomethrngis necess.ry
we us€havetc reed ta aft nun.
I have tolneed to speakta Janebeforc sheleaves.
We nust finish the neeting by elevenat the latest
particuldryin writingwherethey allexpressnecessty
O A threeformsareverysimilar,
iob galion)
In sp€echth€rels a 5malld ffercnce:
Haveto aTl needto the sltldtionmakessornethng necessary
Yauhave to pay the invoiceby the en.l of the nanth (th.ts the companytule)
MuJt- ihe speake.peEondllyfeelssom€thingir rnportant
Youmust stap watkingso hard ( mte nq you)
'We nBt p.dll d lp eoiofl)' i\ l,ft o,. tlitt.rtio" .f |ift d
6 !,haL,Md it is lty tu Mcaa
@tdi rlftt it is th( \i,Uk i'ott i'ipnttort ore'sdidPrntc Mfi6r.r Orr.ir. ((lerrrxl E{rcpe
Tomakea questionwe normdllyusehavelo or needto ll we usenust for a quen on we caf
soundannoyed,pdrtcuarly J we slresrmustin spe€ch
Uhtodunalelf;Imust/have ao/need to ^otl\ tmseterval
Da you have to/need to wark this evening?
Munyou work this evening?
Hdvegot ta a.td 'll haveta arealsoLrsed
for ne.essrty.
They.re rnoreinforrna
got
You've
to/You'I have to cantact them ds saon as passtble
B No necessity. pe.mission, prohibition
a Whensomerhings not necessary
we usedor't haveto anddanl needta
Youdon\ have to pay ight naw We.an giveyau crcdn (yo! arc freeio choose)
a Whensomethn9 s pemitted we usecan and be allawedta
Yau can parkyour car hereat the weekends,but nat duinq the week.
a Whensomethinqis prohibiiedwe use.an'r, be norallawedta andnustn t. Mustn,ti\ marc
usualwh€n
we aretellingsomeone
wharnol to do
Youle not a owed to pa,t ar a darbt. tetto \ra
Youmustn\ talk about politicsif theylnviteyau to dinner (l'm tellinqyou)
a
Nolicethat haveto and musthaveeimri:rmeaf ngsin theiraff rrnaiveforrnsGecronA above),
but diflerenlmeaningsn the r neg.tivefoms (rhissection).
I have to/must leavenaw (rt'sne.esraryfor me to le.ve)
I donr have to leavenaw (it'snot necessary
| havea choi.ewhetherto eave)
(it'sprohbited, cafnot leave)
C Necessity,no necessity, permission, prohibition in the past
O To t.lk about necessity
in the pdn, we usehad ro and neededro Thereis no pan form of
I had to/needed to speakta Enna about sonething, but Ive fargotten what t was abaut.
if Totalk aboutno necess
ty in the pan, we used/lJn'thaveta/didn t heedta
Yau didn't have to/didn't need to take a taxi t could have Dickedvau uD in nv ca.
12 MODAI.S
ANDRELATED
VERES
2 55
a Tota k .bo!t pefmisson in the pan. we usecould wasa//orvedto.
]n ny lastiob I couldlwas a owed to usethephanefor pesonal.alls.
a Totd k aboLrtprohibitionin the past,we usecouldn't,wasnt allawedro.
tn my lastjob I couldn'tlwasn't a owed to usethephonefot peEonalcalls.
D Opinions and advice
a we use should, should not \shouldn't), oughr b and ought not te (oughtn't ta) Io gi\e an
opinionor recommendation
aboutwhat s the ben thingto do.
We shouldlought to investmorc heavilyin naketing
Bf ttidnirht Kenn.d),had 265 electotdl
i6t Jaw Jtot of dctary. Nixon wd,L't ludy ta
"ates,
.ahede,tuthe lturyht heshotld nftkesoheki'd oJnotene$tb hn suryorktsi" thc balhoan
dounstdit\.
Keine4,udt.hedthiso Tv'why shotu lrc @tade?'K.nfledfsdidto hk aides.'I
Mrl/"'!.' (wahington l'osr website)
O Whenwe use)lcu sp€akinqto someoneelseour opinionbecomesadvice.
Youshould speakta your boss. (its my advicero you)
(secton A).
Notethat advlceis likea weaktypeof necessiry
Youshould/ought to go to the doctor (advi.e:t3 the bestthing to do)
(sirong adv cer it3 rea y necessary)
You must/have to go to the dodot
a had beftet(not)it $ed lor st.ongopinions.f/ad is u5rJay contracted.
l'd better not inte upt him while he s an the phone.
Ithink you'd befter ca then straightaway.
E Past criticism
Whenwe usetheverbsin section
D in thepast(+ have+ pan partcpe)we meanthatwe
ddnt dotherghtthingandnowwearemaking
a c|tcsm.
Weshould have seenthe dan9e6a long tl|r,eaga.
Weshouldn't have spentall theadvettising
budgeton televisianspats
Youought to have mentioned that ea iet
F lreed to
a Ne€dto meansihe sameashaveaoGectionsA/B).
You have to/need to sign this fom in tuvoplaces, herc and here.
y youre goi"S tojufltp into the LIK nn*et akd btune a, iflpottaht pldfu, ya, nee.l to hare wibe
n'ot rctdilsin n'e 16-17 !/ie rd,€e. (NewYorkTines website)
a Noticethe two possiblenegativelorms
Yau don't need.tolneedn\ wah far me I l cone along latet
a In slriclgrammarthe two neqativefoms havedifferentmeanngsin the pan.
I didnl need to anive at ser€r. (we don't kfow when I arrived- maybelevenor ater)
I needn't have adived at seL€n.(we know when I arrved- seven- but it wasn'tnecessary)
But in everydayspeechwe often use dldr'r need ro for both cases.
56
12 MODAI.SATD NEIAIED VERES2
12 Practice
Exercise
1 !!!!
!
Matcheachs€ntence1-12with oneof the formatsentences
a}-t.
1 lcandoit.
tr
2 lmustn'tdo it.
3 ldonl haveto do it.
4 lhaveto do it.
!
!
!
5
5
7
8
!
!
!
!
9
10
11
12
lcouldnldo it.
| didn'thaveto do it.
| hadto do it.
lcoulddo it.
| shouldhavedoneit.
| shouldn't
havedoneit.
| shouldn't
do it.
lshould
doit.
tr
n
n
n
a) lts necessary
b) ltS not necessary
d lts allowed.
d) ltl notallowed.
0 lt wasnlnecessary
g) lt wasallowed.
t Doingitwouldbea goodidea.
t) Doingit wouldbea bEdidea.
k) Doingit wasa badidea.
Notdoingit wasa badidea.
Exercise2 !
Complete
thesentences
withmustor haveto. Botharepossible
eachtime,bui oneis morenatuElirja
spokencontext.
I | -.-.........................._
remember
to emaitStev€
andthankhimfor allhishetp.
2 Sorry| ................................
beginsin fiveminutes.
90 now,themeeting
3 You,.,,.,.,,.,..,......,.,..,.,.-.
yourtaxlormby 31 January
4 You.,,.,,....,.,.,....,.,,.,.,,.,..
try to be morediplomatic
whenyou,respeaking
to Tim.
5 L...............................
go thedentistnextFriday
morning,
sot,ltbea littlelaie.
6 | €ally................................
go thedentist_
t,vehadthisawfutpainfor two davs.
E x e r c i s3eI I I I
Decide
whethereachpairof sentences
hasthes3memeaning.
WdteI for identicalor
neafy identical,
Sfor
similaror D for completely
different.At the endfiere will be nineof t, two of Sandthreeof D.
B
'I You'd
go
better now
Youshould9o now
2 Wedon'thaveto cutthe budget.
We mustn'tcutthe budget.
3 Youshouldhavea rest.
Yot/oughtto havea rest.
4 Youcan't smokehere.
You'renot allolvedto smokehere.
5 We mustsignthe contract.
Weshouldsignthe contlact.
6 Youmustbeherebefore8.30.
Youhaveto be herebefore8.30.
7 Youmustn'ttouchthat key!
Youdon't haveto touchihar kejr
8 Youdidnl haveto givea tip.
Youdidn'tneedto givea tip.
9 We haveto work harderon this_
Wemunwo* harderon this.
10 | oughtto leavenow.
ll Youshouldn't
woayso much.
Yououghtnoito worrysomuch.
12 | mustw te theselettersno\/.
l'd b€tterwritetheselettersnow
l3 | couldn'tusetheemail.
ldidn'tne€dto usethe email.
14 Wedonl haleto decideyet
We donl needto decideyet.
,I2 MODAIS At{D REI.ATEDVERIS 2
57
Exercise4*S#
a Pe6onnelManagerwroie to expldincomp.nyrules.Th€nusethe notesto
@ , " Lookai thes€notesthatgave
on th€irfir( dayatwork Chooseftomhaveta, dant
to somenew employees
competea briefinghe
have to, can, tan t, should ot shouldnt.
hdrrt, Ie ve buildi^4 dw-iY fira drill
til^ letter 4b.i i !&rti{
te^d lbliday {orr to perrouel iM*edi^tely
to rcrk extrA t@Kt, +^kz 3 '.,eek, I'oliday,
blu^teer
,rcka out ide buildi^.1
164 b^rt, t^ke all lblid^y tila to42lt\2r
v^ke t+-^++ w*l^o^rt,
^t'.t^t zxczttiw
tFe r ID l\tAA o{ de+artveat
li'!z
+ire
Mli.zt
lolid^tt,.e
d
head
o{
dept.
ahout
rctice to
'Um.Exclseme.6oodmorning.
to explain
to youallsome
I ve.alledyou10thismeeting
Er,goodmorning.
ts notourcompany
thatwe havehereUm,lLrsiof all.workinqhoLrrsr
of thebasich€althandsafety.ules
people
healthUm,
andcdnendanget
houls it makes
unproductve
poli.yto makestaftworkexcessive
oi 48 hoursperweek,
(1)...........S44J...........
makeanyof theirnaii workmorethananav€rage
manageE
(2)
these
hours,
but
thev
volunteer
to workmorethan
although
anyone ................................
of stalf
(3)................................
to saythattheywantto do this.Anymember
signa Ietterlrcm thecompany
(4)
head
oi
.
.
.
speak
to
their
..... .
whoisworriedihattheyareworkingloo manyhours .........
peryear,butyc(5)...............................lake
ol thr€€weekl pad holiday
a minLmum
um,a empoyees
d. l. . . . . .
tfhi (e7ihr) .e.a. .o
( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t a k e a l l t h s h o l l d a y o f f i n o n e b l o c k .gsitvae
(8)
.
.
...
.
sendther
possible
holidays,
they
.
..
.
abou theI
altholgh
department
asmuchnoticeas
untila fewweeksbeforethey9o
holldav
formofl to persofnel
Next,
er,firedilk.Wehaveafiredillaboutoncea month dontignoret.You(9)..... . . .. ....
e a v e t h e b u i d n 9 i m m e d i a t e l y t h a t y o u h e a r t h e b e l l , a n d o f c o u 6 e y o u ( 1b0l )o.c.i.kh. .e. ' ' - .
(11)........................
readihese
ihebliding.Empoyees
thrcughoul
I reexits.
Firenotcesareposted
notices
regularly.
In thecaseof a realli€, don'tpanicandfo owthefi€ procedures
insidethe bu ding,although
is notperrnttedanywhere
for yousmoke6,l'm alraidthatsmoking
Andlastly,
thefrontdoor.
yo! (12)---,---.-----.
smokejun outside
No ... Y€s
Doesanyonehaveanyquesuons?
thinkihatcove6eveMhinq.
Exercise 5 F Ci
@ ZO n f uslnesmanis d€scibinglis trip to L.gos.Completethe iext w th hrd to, didnt haveto couldn't,should
haveot shouldnt have Eachphraseis usedtwice.
' (1 ...tlle$Jd...h4,v.4...rravelledon the I 0 am {lisht, but when | got to the airpodlhev to d me that the
)
catcha laterflight Th€nat the check'ind€sktheyioLd
and
fighl was overbooked l(2).....-.......-...............
.letoneof
m e t h a t ( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . .t.a. -k.e.b. .o. .t.h.m y b a g s a sh a n dl u g g a g es,o | ( 4 ) . . . . . . .
neafly
an hoLtrat
in
it
deayed
me
by
as
I
had
my
diary
t,
and
qo
was
very
atlnoying
in the hold,which
them
al the otherend.When I got on the planelwanted to userny laptop,bui oi cours€
baggag€reclalrn
(5) .........................-......unrilafteftake ofi. Thefliqht attendanttold m€ io turn it off .nd saidthat
'd
(6) ........................-..-....
k.own not to useii. To be honest just forgoiten,and he (7)
. . .. - .
9o
beenso rlrde.Er,it was quitelatewhen I finallyleft Lagosanport,so t was lucky (8)
(9)
with
. traveled
. .. . .. . .
to any meelingsthat.fternoon. And, lookingbackat what happ€ned,|
paving
for
the fllghr so I
problems
my
company
was
with
overbookinq.
And
have
a
ot
of
th.t airline they
( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .c. h
. .o. .o. .s.t€.h. .e c h e a p e sotp t i o n .
odals and related verbs 3
A Degrees of probability
a We can usemodalsand oiher phrases
ro ta k aboutihe probabitiry
thdt somerhingwil hdpp€n
in the future.5€etableafd followingsections.
l00%
cedainty
will, be ceftainto
95-100% d€du.tion must can't
aoyo
expectalion siould, ought to, be tiketyto, shoutdn t, aught not ta, be untiketyto
30% 70% uncedalnty nay, night, coutd, may not, night not
ao/"
B Certainty and deduction
a Weusewil/andbece,ranaoif we arccertain
thatlomethn9 willhappen.
Thenet! Jaquarwill be launchellat the parisMotor Shaw.
a We usewon'rwhenwe arcce(ainsomething
w tnot happen.
In mtry Christiane
is on halidayShewon't be backuntit the 14th.
a Wecanuseprobab,anddefinitely
wrh wittandwan,r Norethewordorder
She' p.obably he at the neenng
sheprcbably won't be at theneeting
a WeLsemusrandcan'rio showrhatsornerh
ingisverycearain
becaus€
t is togicatThissoiten
called'deductiof'.
Thetes na answerfrcn hetphone.Shemust be in a meeting
Baththemeetingroomsareenpry. She<an't be in a neeting
Notethatcar't notmu'tn't, s usedhere.
C Expectation
a Whenwe expectthatsomerhing
wil happen
we useshoutd,
oughtta ot be ]jketyta
Theyshould/ouqht to aniveat about4.30.
Ourprafits arelikely to imqove nextyear
Litbot shocld be a t"mkt
poiflt it1 Ettopein uanotik poti.y. (Econonist
website)
a Whenwe erpectrhatsomething
wiit not happenwe $e shautdn't,aught notto ot be untiketyta.
Thereshouldn't/ought not to be arryprcbten.
Mt Blai\ Usbailrdtegyit .flihcv to he o'o rh ta haLtE ,tetoiaration
it BitaitL'srcktiotlrhi!
,"dr F!'oF. Gcononistwebsne)
D Uncertainty
a Whenwe are lnc€rrainwe usena| night ot coutd.Ihe meaningis,perhapl.
We may be able to delver in tdo weeks.
I might havesome norc newsfor yau nert week.
It.ould take a lang tine to arcnge the finance.
Theleis no impodanrdifferencebeiweenihesemodatsin th s contexr.
a The negativeformsaremay not andnight not.
fiday is not a good day for the |r,eeting.I nay/night
seeunir11
Noteth.t could,oi is not usedwith this meaning.
not be in the office on that da,.
13 MODALS AND REI.ATEDVERBS!
59
E Degrees of probability in the Pasl
+ have+ pastpartc pL€.see
a Fordiffercntdegreesof prcbabilityin the pastw€ Lrse:moddlverb
a
(youth nk something
Noticein the tabl€thdt Wllelon't ha!€ + pastparticipleis an assLrmption
is true althoughyou haveno pfoofl. ForcerBintyin the pastwe iust usea norrna pasttense
lik€the pastsimple.
You'll have seen our new madel. lt's in allthe shops
assumptlon
Thercwas no ansv'Erfrcn her phone She must have been in a neettng
deducton
Eoth the neetirg roons wPte enpq She.an't have heen tn a neettng
lhey shouldlought to have aftived by now I hope they haven t got tast
expectation
uncertainty
assumption
Yes,I seewhat you nean now I .ould have heen wang abaut that.
weTe anly Iive minuteslate. The talk might not have statEd vet
You won't have seen our new nodel lt's not in the shopsyet
Cjtisttr6 corld have b..fl dn snhappyoB latt rar afyo, odercdWsents a,lit! Mdtv . stanos
uer still waitinrlot rilt to dftive lo'a dJt.t th. holiddfs hd erriel (Industr/Week webslte)
'Possibilittt'
ideasin English:
because
lt rciersto two different
a Becarefllwiththewod 'possibility
studythese
examples:
andability.
unce(ainty
(there
wiLhappen)
thatsomething
uNc€RTArNryisa chance
It's potsihte that the shareprke v/ill rccover'l= lhe sharepricemight/(ould r€cover)
powerto do somethrng)
A8ur (thementalskillor physical
prcduce
8a0 caBa nonth. (= our lactorycan prcduce. )
ttt possiblefot ou factoryta
c andD of thisunit.Forabilityse€lrnt l l
seerections
Foruncertainty
we usecould+ have+ pastpadc p e.
a Totalkabouta panpossibility
t could havebooked an earlht flight, but it left at 7 30 in the manlng
Thisisan oppo(unitythatdidn'thappen.
+ harc+ pan particlpe
we usecould,1't
Totalkabouta pastimpossibility
'
t coutdn't havebooked the ea er llight it wasconpletelyfull
/.4F
"Well we'vetried everythingelseI supposewe could try and improve
theptoduct."
50
13 MODALSANO REIATEDVERBS3
13 Practice
E x e r c i sl eH n g m
Undeinetheconectwords.
1 Lookat thoseclouds.
I thinkit can/ellfulmustBin.
2 That3impossible.lt
can'tbetmustu't
belnaynotbe true.
3 Welldonel Youmaybelnust belmight be \lerypteased.
4 NextThu6dayis a possibili\y.
I night bet.an,tbelnust be f.ee in the afte.noon.
5 I'm notsurc.l munnorbelmaynotbelwont be abteto gettherein time.
6 lh.t can?be/ nustn't be/ nay not be Daid. Hes away ar a conferen(e.
7 Lisaisn'tat heroffice.Shecanbelmustbe/mustn't
be on herwayherc.
8 Lisahasnt afiivedyet.Sheshouldbelcanbe/.an't be hercsoon.
9 Theres
someone
in re(eption.
tr canbelcoutdbe/mustnlbetheengineer
10 Satry,lcantlnaynotln?hrcometo yourpesentation.
t,mbusythatafternoon.
ll l'm notsue whereSueis.Shecoulct
be/nustbe/ca,be at tunch.
12 l'v€ ookedeverywherc
fot Sue.Shecouldbe/mustbelca,be at tuich.
Exercise2EACE
Matcheachsentence
1-7 wirha similar
sentence
a}{).
-rhey?e
1
likelyto do it.
2 Theymight/could
do it.
3 They're
almoltcertain
to do ir.
4 lhey'lldefinitely
do it.
5 They?e
unlikely
to do it.
5 Theyleveryunlikely
do it.
7 Theydeflnitelywon't
do it.
tr
!
!
n
!
!
n
a) rm suretharthey'lldo it
b) I m neaiysurethatthey'ttdo it.
probably
c) They'll
do it.
d) Maybe
they'ldo it.
e) l'm suretheywon'ido it.
wont do it.
0 Theyprobably
won'rdo it.
O Theyalmostcertainly
Exercise3HFEH
Complete
thesecond
sentence
soit hasa similar
meaning
to thefi6t sentence
usingmun,might,canot can.t,
1 Deliver
bytheendof themonth?yes,tthinkit3 possibte
to do that
Deliver
bytheendofthe month?yes,tthinkwe .............!_4t............
do that.
2 lts possible
thatwewill losethisclient.
we .........-......................
losethisclient.
: 'm slrethis snt rhe ght road.
Ths ...............................betherightroad
4 l'm sue youworklatemon nights.
you................._...._...._....
worktatemostnights.
5 lt3 possible
thatl'll seeyouromorrow,
butIrn notsure.
1..-...,.,...-....-....-......,.,
seeyoutomorrow
6 ltb possible
for the newprintertoprint20 sheets
perminute.
Thenewprinter..........-................._._.
print20 sheerrperminute.
7 l'm afraidihai l'm un.bleto go to rheTradeFairthisyear
lm airaidthat| ..............._...._._...._....
go to theTrade
Fairthisyear
I suppose
youareKatePerryHowdo youdo?
You........._...._.................
be KatePerryHowdo youdo?
VERBS!
13 MODALSAND RELATED
61
Exercise4 E F
MatcheachsentenceI 8 with ls meanng aE)
1 Hewon'thavearrvedyet.
g
a) 95 100% probab ty of hiearrival
b ) 8 0 % p . o b a btl y o f h i s : r r v a
2 He' havearrivedby now
3 He can't havearfrvedyet
c) 4M0% probab ty of hi5affival
d) 0% probab ty of hisarrval
4 He rnght havearved by now 5 He cou d havearrvedby now 5 H es h o u l dh r v e . r r v e db y n o w
7 H e m u s th a v e : r r v e db y n o w
8 H ec o u l d nt h a v e . r r v e dy e 1 .
-
Exercise5ABCD
Cornpelethe arlkle wilh the wordsand phr.sesirom the hstbelow Thegraphsand deas n the t€xl w
dei nitelywon't
i5a mon certdn to
r..]*€t-{€
will definitely
Unfo.iunately inflation b Soing tlP
steadily.Ii (4).............'.-'.'.-----
arcpurow
trt......!1...1i.ts9!y..-te....
reach 6% by the end of the
year However the Sovernmenl
(s)..................,........,............
iake pani(
1.s million by the end of the yeai
Thi6 (2)........................................
be
idsuein the countryat the momenl.By the tine of the next
even
ele(tion unemptoyment (3) '.*-........-.--------.
falt betow I miuion
it all depends on the wodd
rntht
e(onony and is impo$ible to
predict with
any cerlainty.
(Rin(e the be8iMins of this year
\runemployment has fallen from
2.s million to 1.8 million, and
good news for the govennent ag
unemployment i6 a very imporlant
s unhk€yto
measurcsas inflation is sinilar to
th.t of its tEding partie6 and {6),.,,.,,,,,,,,,,..,..........,..,..,.,,
rctur to levels of the 198!s when rates of 30%o! 40"/. a year
Exercise6ABDE
I i^
""
Ma.t n and Annehaveanved at.heck-inat He.lhrowAiporr. compeie the r dialowe wrh nust, night,
can't,musthave,night haveor can'rhave Useea.h word onceon y
N,^rrN
()h Do.l crni fird lrv prsport.
You'rcjoking.
\BRIN
N o , r e a l l lt:s n o t 1 I rD r - \ ' b r i c t c a i e .
well. ir (1) ......Yqtt .....be i! vour othe. bas. Qui.k haver look.
I!\ nor lhere.where otr errth is it?
M.rrrN
Wcll, I dont knorv Do rou rlrink rou {2) .................. . leli rt it home?
T h a t sn n p o $ i b l eI ( i ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .d. o. .n. e . I c h e c k e dI h a d i t u r t h n e f o f f t l n c s b e f o r eI
vrrrrr
leli the housc.
^or{rN,
OK, ciln do\rn.wlut about .he.king lour .oll pocke$?Youneverknov, it
( 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. e
. rhere
No. it snt Thl B ridiculous.We'resoins to missour flight.
L o o k . - v o u( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. .e. .I o o k i n si n t h e r i s h t p l a c e
Ercuse me, sir.]s rh.t \our pasporr there on the ground?
iNrrN,
O h , , v e ss,o r ! s . A h , I ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d r o p p e d i t r v h e n I q s l o o k i n g f o r t h e t i c k e t s .
odals and related verbs 4
A Dir€cuindirect language
a Choce of langu.geoften dependson rh€ sociatsruaron.D recttanguageis rypicatof nfomal
situatlons,
for exdmpleconveGaiions
betwe€ncoleaguesIndirecrtanguag€ s typica of lorma
situatiofs,fo. examplelirst meeringswh€rewe havero be po te. In gener.t:
- prere.t fonns (cd,, wil4 are more d rect than pan forrr's \cautd, wautd)
- sho.tlonns (Cdnlou)are mofed rectthan tongformsltwondet if yau cauld)
I Requestg
(asksomeone
a Tomakea rcquest
to do lomethn9)we usecan,coutd,wil, woutd.Wecanaoo
thewordpossrbtto maketherequest
morepotite.
Couldyou (possibly)apen the windaw,please?
Will./Wouldyou givene a handwith thesesuitcases?
ii,olresnt so.ial6iar
vith iddL^tpp?rclds
Qtstio : My ptoJ.siok
!!ottc.Cat y"
/ecotnn.rdd ltd booki roadnodm di cRafldctiqr.a.: (TheTineswebsue)
unn15 a we usean indirect
question
to makethe rcquest
morepo te.
Do you think you .ould openthe window?
I'd be gftteful il you could apen thewindaw
a Wecanreplybyagreeing
to or refusing
a requesr.
AgleeingtSure.Noprablen/Yes,af couse.lYes,cettainly.
Retuting:Actually,it s a bit in.onvenientight how/t'm sorrybut that,snat passible
c
Requestswith mird
a Wecanmake. €quenwth Wouldyounlnd ... followedbyan ,lrg form.
Wouldyou mind rcpeatingthat2
'i\
I
&
.h@Pe'*i'@@gbFftab*
a Questions
withnrlrdmeanls it a prcblenfaryou?So,to aqreero a request
we say,no,.
A: Wouldyou mind openingthe windaw?
B:No,ot caurse
nat.
Torcfusewe usea phrasekeWell,AduallyIo be,,ronest
andgivea reason.
A: Wouldyou mind openingthe window?
B: Actua y, I n feelingquitecold.
14 MODAIs AND RELAIEDVEFBS4
63
D Permission
we use.aD could,mav
a Toaskif we cando something
Canlcould/May I changemYticket?
'har)
in uhkhpatkntsdleqftet.ddt thedootith d snilednd'
IlealthSeMce
lndgined Natia,Mt
osyo, rhi,k (Guadianwebsite)
ma! I hetpyot?'Fd t6y?L n'dynotI'es.fdt dtudy
question
to askfor permission
se€unit16 a Wecanlse an indircct
ts it all ight if I changemYticket?
I wonder if I could changerry tkket?
Doyoumindif I ? at wouldyoumindif I 7
a Wecanaekfor permissianwilh
Noticethefom oi thevelbthatfollows.
seeunir17
A: would you nind il t tnoked?
A: Do yo! mind if t smoke?
B:Adually, l'.1rctherteu didn't
B: No,of causenot
Weoftenrepeat
the modalin thereplv'but noticethat
to reqlests.
o Wer€plylike n r€plies
whenwe €py to Could/...2 w€ savcannotcou/d
A: Can/could I speakto yau lot a mament?
B: Yes,ot .ouEeYou Gn
E Offers and invitations
Wauldyaulikene to,l'llal\dLetne
a Toofferhelpwe useCan/Couldlshalll,
fot
I
nake
a
caPY
Shall
You?
Wouldyou like ne to giveYoua lift?
I'll give then a ing if you like.
Let me gtveyaua hand.
ng a
withchoicesWer€plybyexpress
/*e or shortphrases
a Tooflerthingswe useWooldyou
At woutd you like teaor coffee?
* t'd rathet have coffee,please
A: Antthing to dtink?lea ot coffee?
g I'll havecoftee,P|ease
A: what would you prcfer?
B:I don2 nind.
we useWouldyou liketo . ?
to do somethlng
a To nvit€somebody
would you like to cone with us to the restauftnttonight?
or relectrng
them.
by accepting
a Wecanrepy to offersandinvitatlons
AccepringThankyau verynu.h. llhanks I'd apTe.iate that lThats verykind of you
That'sverykindof yau,but.../Thank|butl(an nanage
Rejecting:
F Suggestions.
we useCauld,ShaI,what abaut,Howabout,I think welyou
a Tomakea suggestion
forrns:
andlet3. Noticethediffe.ent
should/could
shonbrcaknow (staterneni)
should/Le*
have
a
think
we
we could/l
(queston + v€tuwith _ng)
now?
having
a
short
break
What/How about
(qLreston)
sha we havea shott breaknaw?
question
a Weoftenuseihe formof a negative
we/lrlhy
not
try ta rcnegatiatethispart of the contract?
don't
welwtry
Couldn\
'Dsoibirs n1tl!t'etakeshots. tYht dot\ lot! bq thebusiflIvschoal
usehistarydboutus?
E ery*irg is thez.'- NieolsHark, CEO oJSMnh (SundayTimeswebsite)
by acceptLng
or reFdrngih€m
a Wecanreplyto suqqenrons
Acceptinq:vet / rrlrt L4€rhouldda that.lThats a good idea/Yes,let s da that
R{e.rlng: I'n not reallysureabautthat-l Thatsauntislikea goodidea,but ..
64
14 MOOALS AND REIATED VERB' 4
14 Practice
Exercisel*mggm
Undedine
thecoffedwords.
I l'm verybusy.Wouldyou .r'indb givelgjrizg ne a hand?
2 Wouldyau/Shouldyou helpme .arrytheseboxes,please?
3 Datou likelwould tou likesomemoresoup?
4 Mayllwould laskyoua peGonal
question?
5 Ho abourweblkltalkingto another
supplier?
6 Arcyouhavlngproblems?
Willt/ShallI helpyou?
7 Aleyo! havingproblems?
let mel/sha//helpyou.
A Wouldllcould lbonow you. copyof ihe FT?
9 | rhinkyoushould/you
playi.ggolf.
canspendlesstime
10 Ercuse
me,couldyoulmayyoutellmewhichnreerthisis?
11 Doyouthinkcould/// corldopenthewindowT
12 Doyoumindif I openlopenedthe
window?
13 Wouldyoumindlf loperlopenedthe
window?
14 Wauldtou signlPbaseto s/it, yournamehe€?
Exercise2 X
Matchtheformsl-3 withthe usesaF<).
1 WoLr
d youlikea/some
... n
you
2 Would liketo ...
n
3 wouldyoulikemeto ... t]
a) offeringhelp
b) otferingsometh
n9
c) invitingsomebody
to do something
ExerciseSFHH*
Matchsituatonsl-6 with ouestions
aFo.
1
2
3
4
5
6
E
f
Makn9 a request
Askingfor pemission
Ofiefinghelp
Offeingsomething
hvting somebody
Makng a suggestion
a) Wouldyoulikea coftee?
b) Wouldyou kerneto carryyourcoffeefor you?
c) Wouldyouiiketo comewith usfo. a coffee7
d) Couldyougei mea cupof coff€elrornthecanteen?
e) Shallwe brcakfor coffeenow?
f) ls it allrightif I helpmyseif
to cotree?
n
n
n
n
Nowmatchsituations
gtsm).Yo! canlookbackat thequestions
7-13withreplies
p.rt to
in rheprevious
hep yoLr.
7 Aqreeing
to a €quest
8 Refusing
a request
9 Expressing
a prelerenc€
10 Acceptng anoff€rof help
11 Accepting
a suggestion
12 Rejerting
an offerof help
'13 Rejecting
a suggestion
n
n
n
n
n
!
n
g) Adually,I think 'd ratherhavewaterif yoLrdont mind.
h) Of course,
no prcblem.
i) Actually,
l'm reallybusyat the momenr.
j) l'rnnotsurethat3a goodldea.
k) OK,let3do th.t.
l) Thanks,
l'd re.llyappreciate
that.
m)Thank,butI canmanage.
,I4 MODAT.5AND REIAIED VERBg4
65
Exercise4ffiHHlS
@,,
ceorge isvlsiing Fernandoin sao PauLo.
Completethe diaoguewlth the phrases
from th€ llst be ow.
+e++Fe shallwe I should would you like would you lik€to woLrldyor.rlike m-"to do you m nd
vyouldyou mrnd I do'r l mind of cour<p o'.oJae -ot I d dppr€cicte.hd(
IsNo.Ple*e.comen.(l)......9-e3.Y9.............ukeyorr.oii.lr'sgood,o,<"youl
Itt rery nice ro be here in S:o Paulo.Thanl you so m ch for yo11rinvitaiion to come ud
seeyoor company.Itwasvery ki!d.
FRN^mo Not at el. Itls my pleasure.(2) ............................................
some coffee?Or mineralwter
I d prefernineral wter. please.
FlrlN^Mo, StiI or spa.kling?
o h . ( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. .e. i. t. h. .e. .rw
. .o. .u. .l d b e f i n e .( 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i.f.I. . . . . . . . . .
just ruke a quick c.l - I didnt 8ct . chanceearlier.
r4RN.Mo, (5)
Go right ahea.r.
Oh, rheret no sign.l. Never nnnd. Un, yotr hevea wonderfrl building here.It looks re.Iy
nnpressivelion rhe ourside.
FEkNANDo,
It's very nev - we only moved in lasryear.It's designedby ouc of our most famous
rrchitccB,Ce$r Pelli.(6) .................-..........................
show you .round l.ter?
Tlunk. (7) . .
r.EnN^NDo,
Now rhen.(8) --------
--, -,---(9)
set down to business?
your
int€rest
teling ne . lirde rbout
in our mxrket?Whrt exactlyrre your long+erm
objecriveshere in Brazil?
Er, perlmps(10) ............................................
begin by expl.inins i little.bout the history of
o u r c o n r p a n y .hI a v ea s b o * p r e s e n t a r i o n m y h p t o p .( 1 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s. .e. .e.i t. ?
.....
RNANDo,
(12)
Exercise
5Sffi[fffi
Readthefo owingmpolitedialoque
between
a hotelrecept
onn and a guert
Re(eptionist
Guest
--rrI Givemeyournam€.
2 lt3lessop.
lt3 lessop.
t-3 Spelir
4 lt! !E-s-S-O-P
r Le.veyourpasipod.
6 Ol w.nr an Farlvrornrnqcall
? Of courre
9 lt't lrcm seven
10 Also,lmustleavearnessag€
thirtyuntilten. a/'>
fora colleague.
r+
11 Doyouwaniapen?
12 Thank
you.
Nowrewrtethefollowinglinesfrcmihe dialoque.
Thewordsin b.ackets
will hep you.
pre*")......14+.v...1...ku*...yegr...a4Ng,..ele4t9.?.............
Lin€1(May/have/name
L i l e 3 r c o - d / s p e l l / r h d t / Tpel e o s e. l. . . . . . . . . . .
Li1e5 rwould/T _d/yourpas>port)
Lr1e6 /Do/rr'nl/book me/e.rly nor^ n9)
l F e 8 f l w o n d e r / y o , / L eTl e
l w h e r ). . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
L e l0 lwould/l _d if l/mes5dqe/colleague)
uestions1
A Yeslno questions and answers
a
+ mainverb.
Questlonswththe dnswefyesor no areformedwth an aux aryvelb + sLrbject
Theauxiliarycdn be do, be hayeof a modalverbllke can,will, wauld Shortanswersrepeatthe
Present
simple
A: Do yau speakFrencha
Present
continuous A: Arcyau staying at the Metropole?
A: Did you .he& all the invaices2
Pastsimple
Pastconlinuols
Pan pe.fedr
pedect
Present
Wlll
Can
A: Wereyou living in Romeat the tlnet
A: Had you alreadyleft when I phoned?
A: Have you seenmy new PalnPilot?
A: Wi yau be back befote lun(h?
A: Can you spe.k F.ench?
B: yes,I do./No, I don,t.
B Yes,tam./No, I'n not.
B: Y6, I did /Na, I didnl
B: Ye| twat./Na, twasn't
B: Yes,I had./Na, I hadn't.
B: Yes,I have./No, I haven't.
B: yes,I witt /No, I won,t.
B: Yes,I can tNa, I .an't.
Haft\ik\ duJlkrtidr bectttishtt rN tlr $t etpl. tl tkns? Do youd..eptyalk n o ydt
l.tBA t olrdfi pirh,tt ary ttork.V.tic.t(? Cat yot Sit. rlt'litdr(. ort dtluittdt th. h6t uutt
ol flni'r lh.ld$hip!? (tsusinessweek
rvebsue)
.
Thema n verbbe comesbelorcthe lubjectin a qlest on
ls it time for the meeting?
Arc you rcadya
B Question word questions
a Quenionwordsare:what,when,whete,which,who, whose,why andhaw
'|fu
kt),t. tk'dKtuu h th,lnrn. eill ht ta
Oi( dod,ar l).!tu,,ith th. qBtirt'Whdt
do I na ?'drd ktr'How do I p.tsrddelt.!".^hit.
],Ntlt? Ou l\h |ith ttu qAtnu'tt/hat do
thq,pant?'rrd thot 'Hotu&n thi\ beuatu h).fui'na.n a\Mnu larya!? - t.nr D nku
(lDdusrrvweek
stbsirc)
a Afterthequenionwod we usethesamesirucrure
asa yeslnoquenion:
auxilafyveft +
suDtecl4manvero
Present
s rnpe
Present
contnuous
Pastsimpe
Pasrconnnuous
P.stperle.t
Prelentperiect
Can
Whendo you usuallyleave wo*?
whi.h prcjedsarcyauwo*ing on at thenanent?
whosecatdid youhottow?
Wherewercyoulivingat thetime?
How nu.h rcsearchhad you done befaretheprcducttaunch?
Why have yau decidedta cut ba.k on tnvestnentthisyeat?
Whenwi yau be ba*?
Whatlanguaget.anyau speak?
c Questionphrases
a We oft€n Lrsewhat.fd '?h,.h wth a noun:
What time arc you aftiving?
What areas do we need ta cover in the neetinq?
Whdt settorrlaakptuflti\itlrdt tlti' ti'ft? I hat impliutiots u,otttjtherebeif the priceoJoit
.a.l.hua to ri.? (Businesweek website)
'15
QUESTIONsl 67
Whtlr is rnoreusualwith peopleand organisations,
and when thereis a imitednumberof
possible
answe6:
Which .ustoner seryice rcWsentative wereyou speakingto?
which couier seNice did we use last ti.r'e?
which way is it?
a we can usev"hich ot ot Mich one:
Whi.h ot the Woposals dtd you accept?
Whi.h one did you accept?
We cannotusewrafin this wdy
a We can mak€ phraseswilh haw: how many,haw nuch, how old, how fa, how often,
how long, how fast.
How often do you travel abroad an business?
How long will the meeting last?
Hop itnportant dft thc tttnicipdl clcctions?IIou nr.h $11the Bn;i1iot rarant gtotr ext ydt
ond h1il,dt ote6? (LatinT.rde websitc)
D Question words as the subject
O Sornetimes
thequestion
wordistherublectof thesent€nce:
Who did you neet in Argentina?(j,ouis lhe subj€d)
(who6 lhesubj€ct.
Who metyauat theateo.r?
),ous t1eobject'
a Whena question
wordislhe subject
of. questondo not usedoldoesld/d.
(Whatand i4lhoarcthe subjects)
Whathappened?
Whowork hete?
(youand/ arethe subj€ctt
what did yau do?
Whodo I pay?
a Notethatauxiliaesotherthandoldoes/dld
pronoun
canbe used,butthereis no subject
because
thequestion
wordisthelubject.
What has happened?(NOTWh€+;t+a€-)
what wi hawen? (NOIv/h€+.it+,ill-...)
E Negative questions
quesuons
politely.
a We!9e negaUve
to disagree
But dofl't you think thatdfercflt etietiethaved difefttt appetiE
al so'ial
fat so.ialcohaslo|
dkryrtion?Isfl't thct a liuit i| uhat o . .att ittnods.e
ion tte US ta Eutupain tem! of theneu)
eord,"r? Gconomistwebsire)
a Weuseneg.tivequestions
whenwe expecttheanswer
to be '.o'. InsocialEnglirh
thismakest
easierforthe
otherperson
to replypoltely.
A: Do you like Japanese
food?
B: No,not really.(rheanswerseemsverystrong)
A: Don't you like iapanese
food?
B: No,not really.(theanswer
seems
molepolite)
I
questions
Weusenegative
to showsurprise.
Don't you acceptAneian Express?
6a
t5 QUEST|ONS.t
15 Practice
ExerciseI [$!
Undedin€
theconectwods.
1 Spokeyou/Di!!&!J_5,4"kwith Latayenerday?
2 Whatdid lata say/saidwhenyouspoketo her7
3 Ar DoyoulikeScotch
whisky?
B: Yes,l like.lYes,l do4 Ho\\ wo*s thisnachine?ldoesthisnachinework?
5 Who setup l\,4icrosofttdid
setup Mkrosoft?
6 Whensetup Micr6oftldid Microsoftsetup7
7 Who ditl telephonenelte/ephoredme thismorning?
8 Whotou Elephonedldidyou re/ephone
this morning?
Exercise 2 [
b(pandtheAndyouTquestiontro
makefuttyer/noquestions.
I ve seenthe newstoday.And you?
'HAye..le!.a...le.s^'the_. AcIr.{ ,te,dAy?
2 | workfiom home.Andyou?
3 lcan lndeBrandGerman.
Andyou?
4 l'vea readyhadlunch.Andyou?
5 I be backin timefor lunch.Andyou?
6 l'm enjoying
rheconference.
Andyou?
7 | ag€edwith her AndyouT
8 l'veneverspoken
to Pierre.
Andyou?
Exercise3 E
Expand
questions
the,Androu2
to make
fullquenion
wodquestions.
1 | know
Jimfromuniversity.
Andyou?
.89.w......d.e....tn
.."k^ew-'Jj}.3.....
......
........
......
..............
.....
Exercise4 E
Wrte . questioffor eachansvrer.
r
z
3
5
6
7
I
............!{.irer...d.e...y.o..g..4-e!...!e..r.c!:k?
G€tto work?At about8.30usually.
DonelI h.ven'tdoneanythingl
Thereport?I put it overihere.
Here?stayherebecause
rhepayisgood.
Yesterday?
lwasfee n9 .wf! .
'rnstayifg.t
Staying?
the Ritz.
Reporlto? | reponto BobTaylor
Thisbag? thinkit! Hel€n3.
'r5 QUESTTONS
1 69
Exercise5 ffS
Rearrange
thewordsin eachgroupfromthe listto makequestions.
Thenmatchthemto theanswers
below
to makea complete
dialogue.
y€!-bs4p,esehe.e-afe-€*youdid do that wh.t before ale for how younaying ong
lke whats it
beenhow havelong thereyou workinq arive did whenyo!
yo! what do do
stayingyou wher€are involvetravel n9 job doesmuchyour
to is f rsi this Lyonyourvisit
1 A: Are ye$ herg .e^-...,b*tiMt;,?...............
6 A
B:
Yes,I'n hereon a salesrrip.
B:
No,I ve been here once benrre
B;
I work for a urdl biotech company-
B:
A couple ofdils aso.
B:
About four yea6, I suppose.
B:
Unnl Friday.then I go back to tle UK.
B:
I was in pharmeceulicals.
B:
At the Hoiiday Inn.
Yes,guhe i lot. I orvel all over Europe,
but especialyin France.
B:
It's vcry confortable acturlly rnd the
restaunntis good.
5 A :
B:
Exercise6f,fif
@24
Completethe daloguewith qleston wordsand quenionphrases
frcm the list below
\^,baf*jFd-€+ how often how far
what (x2) wh ch (x2) whose
JoE:
JoE
JoEi
JoE
how long
how many
how mLrch
So,tell me about your newjou. (r) .......W..h6J...Kind...ef
......*o.L ; ir:
Itl, in siles,like my lastjob, bur it's a bigger company.
Really?(2) ...........................................
peoplervork there?
I supposerheret about 60 people in our oftice.
. . .................-.....
holidly can you t ke a year?
Oh, yeah.And (3) .............
Twenry-fourdaysa ye.r plus public holidays.
oh, rtDrt much bene. rh.n )our lar job. And (a) ..........................................
is it frcm your home?
We[, ir's reellynor rhar f,r and I dont hrve ro carchthe irrin to work every morning,which
is gieat.
Oh.lucky you. So,(5) .......-.......-............................
doesit rakeyou to get to work in the
'norning now?
loE
JoE
JoE,
JoE:
Abour 20 minuresby c.r
Wow.lr soun& perfect.(6) .........................-....-..-......-...
time do you startwork in the morDings?
About nine. But sometimes I have ro go on salesrips tt the weeken.ls a well.
O h ? ( 7 ) . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . . .. . . . . . . .i.d. .e aw r t h a t ?
I dont knoq ir's Just somefiing yoo have to do.
And (8) ....-.......-....-..-.-............-.......do )ou haveto do it?
About once a motrth I thinl.They'.e going to give me a company caJ.
Realyl (9) ............................................
model are rhey going to give you?
JoE:
JoEi
Joli
A Go]f,I rbink and I cd choosedE colour
oh, and (10) ............................................
coloursde there?
well,I can choose berween black ud d*k biue.
only rwo! So, (11) ............................................
one do you prellr?
well, ddk blue soundsberrei rhan b]ack-
uestions2
A Question tags: form
e A quenon tag is a shortph.aseat th€ end of a natementthat turns t lnto. quenion.lt invites
the otherpersofto repy.
a Questontagsar€tormedusingaux iaries(do, be haveor a moda). An aff mative staternent
usuallyhasa negaivet.9, 3nd vice-ve6.
You speak French,don't you?
You don't speak French,do you?
You went ta the conference didn\ you? Youdidn't go to the canference,did you?
You can meet him tononow, .ant youa You can't ,'eet hin tanonow can you?
He5 here,isnt he?
He isn't hete, it he?
B Questiontags: use
.
a
Hereare five possb e usesot quenioniags presentedn a dialogue:
A: You havent got the salesfiguresyet, h.ve you?
B: Theydon\ haveto be readytillftiday,do they?
A: You'rc not going to leaveit until the last minute again, are youT
B: Well, I haven't had any tine, have l?
A: 5a it wasn't yo! gatng hame eatlyyestetday,was it2
k€questfor nfom.ton)
(confirmalon)
lattack)
(defence)
Ga(asm)
lf we usea negalivenal€mentwilh an affirrnalvetag, we often erpectihe answerto be no.
A: l'n going to needan interpreter
B: Af couEe. Yau don't speakFrcnch,do you?
Thisform car be morcpo te becauseit ir easierfor the olher personto repy no
A: Yaudont speakfrcnch, doyou?
B: No, soffy, I don't
a A negativenaternentwith an afiirmativetag can alsobe us€dto .sk peope for thingsin a
Yau couldn't give ne a hand, .ould you?
Yau haven't got any change lot the pa*ing metet, have you?
c
Question tags: other points
a
lf the m.in velb in the ltatem€nl s nave,you makea t.g with do.
Youhad a neetlng this noning, didn't you?
Whenhave!sthe auxiliarythe tag is with haye(asnorma):
You've just been.taAustria, haven't you?
a lhe r.g with I n/l an )saren't.
I'm a faal, arcnz l?
a Thetag wth tet3 s dral/.Thisis a sugqeston.
Let's brcak fot @ffee naw, shall we?
C Atter an mperativewe can $e will you?at wan t you?
Havea seat,wi you?
Giveme a call latet, won't you?
lt the imperative5 a requestwe can usec., you? ot 6uld you?
Hold the lift fot ne, can you?
Passne that file, .ould you?
16 (luEsnols 2 7l
D Replyquestions
we do thisto showinteren,
to replyto whatsom€one
says.
a we canLrse
a shortquestion
Themeanings likeRea/r7or /5thatrrue?
surpseor uncertainty.
a: I went ta HeadOfficelan week.
BrDtdyouT (interest)
a: I .an't installthe newsofthzre.
B:can'tyou? (sumrise)
A: I thinkthey'reatwing at ten.
no
B:A/e they2 (uncerta
of
vetblikein a questjon
tag,butthereis no change
a Thercplyquestion
usesan auxLiary
to
negative
dffnrnauve
E Indirect questions
witha phtase
likeDoyo, know
a Wecanbe morcpoliteor lentdtive
bybeginning
a qLrenion
Doyau thinklfue|,Dayou nind tellingne, Couldyau tell ne, CouldI askyou, l'd liketa knaw
t waswonoennq
Do fosJeel tit ns! in i"tcf.st k o f.rtt oJinjcatedrc.ditinr? Cat p" gi'e neYak\ prcfLle
lal
hdsb(n 'otkilqhd
ion-Us,Jusdlc)?
Abo,ya, Mtioftd thatloLe
theCl6sof'99 (icn'inority,
k doin!
to xqnghe lt ittctuiNpo!tunt.Couldyol tellm. a bit moredhoxtuhat thesthool
wcbsitc)
o, //rdrfio{r? (Businessweek
question
isllkea normalsiatement.
a Thewordoder of an indir€ct
lrd lec1-:
Doyou thinkyou could callne a taxi?
diecl: Couldyou .all ne a taxi?
^dned CouldI askyau hot\/oldyou ate?
diecl: Howold arc you?
wordor modalverbwe $e if ar whether
o wher€thereis no question
indned Doyou knowif iane stillwork herc7
dke.r DoesJanestillwo* herc?
F Prepositions in questions
lollowingthe man verb,andth s i5
a Theprepositlon
comesin thesamepaceasin a statement,
ollenat theend.
Whoarcyou waitingfor?
Whatareyou lookingat?
Whetedo yau cone tuom?
Whatwetetheytalkingabout in themeeting?
G what is it for and what was it like
a we usewhat... for? io askabouta purpose.The meaningis'why'.
what is this switch fat? {= Why s this switch hele?)
'how'.
a We usewi,af ... ,1e?to ask it somethingis qood or bad.Ihe meanng s
what was the confercncelike? (= How was the conieren.e?)
72
t6 QUE5T|O|{S2
16 Practice
Exercise1 E t
Add a qlestiontag to eachsentence.
1 Wetenearlythere.
Arsa:t..we?
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Youknowthe Brazilian
ma*et..........-.-......
?
Youw€ntto Brazllin March,..................
?
Youhaven't
beento B€zll.................l
He'sneverbeento Srazil,
..................
?
Youwon'tbelate,..................
?
Harry
isn'lgoingto retire,
......--..............-..
?
Wehada goodmeallast
night,....--...................
?
Im late,.........................
? Sorry
Letbmeetagain
soon,....-.....--.............
?
Exercise2 I
Makea question
witha question
tag.
1 Aska colleague
if hesentthefax.Youexpecttheanswer
to be 'no'.
you.....d!C-r\.:t..r.-?^C..tig-..t4r,,..CiC...yqf.?.............
2 aska colleague
if he sentthefax.Youe)(pect
theanswer
to be ,y€s,.
YOU...........,,..,,,,.................
. . . . . . . . , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . .?. . . .
youtenotsurehisnameis Mr peters.
3 Aska stranger
at theairportif hisnameis I/r Peters.
YOUin4me..........................
...........,,,,,..:..........
?
4 Yourccognis€
someone.
Youaresurehisnameis Mr Pete6.
Yourname..................,,,....
,,,..............
.......,,,
?
5 Youg-essrrat Brotec
havecan(elled
ther orde
Eiotec..........................--..
..............................
?
6 Yo! areverysu@rised
thatEiotechave(ancelled
thekorder.
Exercise3 E
Underline
thecorrcct
words.
'I Couidyoutell mewhat yout
a/e
terns of paynentlwllclnjgLpAl@gLarE?
you
2 Do
knowwhee th€ na*eting seminatistis thenarketingseminar?
3 ld keto knowhow canwelr€ canfinancethis proje.t4 CouldI askyouwhy]€u leltldid you leareyoLJtasriob?
s Doyouthink could/// coulduseyourfax machine?
Exercise4 [ I
Rearange
thewodsto makequenions.
1 io wherc.re goingyou
2 f'or who didgeryoutheinlormanon
.......
3 ln whichfundsdo investyou
4 likewhattheweaiherwasin Sweden
\tu,zre are
"an
aoi*a lo2-
t6 QUESTTOI{S
2 73
Exercise
5 SS$
@Zs
queniontaqs.
competettreseaialogueswith
A JoHN,
JoHN:
B DAN,
Hi, Martha,rvere due to meet next week (1) .......^fg$:..!P-........ ?wen,l'vejust
remembered that l'm on holiday then. Can you mk€ another time?
Yes,when are you free?
. .. . .. . .. . .. .... ?
Um,leCs meet a foitnigh! on Tusday, (2) ............
Yes,
rharl
6ne
a
fortnight
on Tuesday.
Let me look in my diary.
. . . . .. .. ?
LDn wi]l be lrrivins at the omc ar two, (3) ......................
No, at thtee
Oh. right.wel, he! been herc before,so he shotld know how to find the otrLce,
( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?. . . . . . . . . . . .
?
But th.t {tl beforewe moved bundirys, (5) ..-...................................
oh, yeah. I'll etuil him with directions to get here. then.
C srer,
There desigrBneed to go to Norton Snnthit ofiice in Cuildford today They ve got a
. ?
fu nachine there,(6) ............................-....
Yes,but it's not working. I'll sendthe document to then by first cla$ !ost.
... ?
I t A b e q u i c k e ri f y o u s e n ti t b y c o u i e r , ( 7 ) - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . .
Oh,yes.I'll sort that out nov.
D uRIDcEr
This guote for the partsis much cheaperthan the other one we had,
',
(8)
""
Yes,'ruch. It! very stnnge.Theyhavent lbrgotten to include deliverycosts,
(e)..................................
?
No. everythingi' includedrn t})e prre.
R e a l l y ?I t a I l o o k r o o g o o dt o b e r u e , ( 1 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?. . . . . . . . . .
Um, yes,wel,lett give rhem a rry !nlv.y.
Exercise
6I
Puta tick(/).
Choos€
th€mostlikelyreplyin eachsituation.
withthelanguage.
I lf go to ltaly,l'm goingto haveprcblems
Youspeakltalian,dont you? n
a) Of coLrrse.
b) Of course.
Youdon'tspeakltalian,do you? E
yousaidtharourcompetto'shaoa o€n€rp od-cl tr'.' ur
2 In rhemaering
Ll
a) WhatlI saldthat,didn'tl?
b) Whatlld dn t sayrhat.did1? n
abroad.
lthinkshe3working
3 haven't
seenAnnfor Eqes.
hasn'ishe? n
a) Yes,thatt right.She3gota tobIn 5parn,
b) Yes,thatt ight. Shehasn'tgot a iob in spain,hasshe?n
andthere3stillsornuchworkto do.
4 Ihe d€adline
lor the pfojectis Friday
aren'tweZ n
a) tS not lookinqqood.Werc goingto makethedeadline,
arewe? n
b) Lt3not lookinggood.we'renot gongto makethedeadline,
to somemorecous(ous?
5 Doyoumindjf I helpmysell
iood,don'tyou7 D
a) No,of cou6enot.YoulikeMoroccan
food,do you? n
not.Youdont likeMoroccan
b) No.of coLr6e
6 We haveto be at theaiQortat nine.
a) Youwil be late.wontvou? n
b) vouwon'tbe late,willvou? n
onditionals 1
A Conditions and results
a Compdrethesesentences.lhe1f...'cl.lse is the condiiion,and the otherp.rt of the senrence
1
2
3
4
5
it
f salesir.rease (gen€rally),we 'rake nare prcfit.
/fiales tncreas€ (next quanet), we' nake norc prcfit
/fsal€s increas€d (next q€net), we'd make norc profit
/f sal€sinffeased (last qu aftet), the Dire.rot should be happier
tf saleshad indeased llast quarter), t e DiTe!.torwoutd have been happtet.
seftenceI ir aboutsomelhingthat s alwaystrue SeesecrionB beow
S e n t e n c2e s a b o u ts o r n e t h i nt h
g a ti s r e a s o n a bl il ky € l y t oh a p p e nn r h e l u r u r e . S e e s e c t o n C .
sentence3 s aboLrtromething that is imagin.ryor Lrnlik€ly n rhe future 5€esecton D.
a
Senrences
4 and 5 are aboui the pasr Seeunii 18.
a With a ltypes of conditionakthe /fc ausecan comesecond.
we' nake nore prcfit il salesin.rcate
We'd make nare prcht if salesin(eased.
I tf we setl .,, (always true)
a when we want to talk aboul th ngsthat arealwaysor generay trLre.we use
tf/When+ p-€sen\, prcsentsimpleor rnperaiive
(res!t)
In th s type ot condilionawe arc not rcfering to one specfc event
IJ tr.plc ,nd.rstand tJnt d1n!. k k(6sdry,thcy hare a" apt.tit(.l't h . V yo" do"'t gct tfu
I'.n $aplc i o r tanrydry,
),an Wdr sgcts. 0lusincs wcck uebsite)
a
n the condirionclautether€can be a varielyof prcsentfom!.
When you fly businessclass,you get nuch more legrcon
(presentsimpte)
ff interest:atesarc ising, bahkloans becane more etpenjlve. (presentcontinuous)
When you've finished the @u6q you get a Gnificate.
In ihe res'rltclaueethere..n be a preseftiirnpe (tasteramptes)
or an tnrperative
when yau fly businessclass,don't dink taa nuch of the tree alcahal
a
Noricethat we .an usee ther tf o. ,vhenwh€rethe meaf ng is ,everyi me,
C ff we sell ... (likely future)
' r ..:. L. a Whenwe wanrio talkaboutfutureevenisrharw I happen,
or areItkeyto happen,
we use:
"
/l+ present, tltlre or mperatrve
(condron)
(resut)
{ tle .o,1ptu'ne dedlfails, tuhok ot8 !'har l,l'ilt hap?eflat Eq,itabteLifa? (.leleg^ph
weDnrel
a ln ihe conditionclauseiherecan be a varietyol pr€sentfoms.
lf yau incrcase your orde, vrEll give yau a bigget dis.ounr
(presenrs mp e)
lf yau'rc meeting her at thrce,I ll jointau taterat abourfour (prererrconrn!ou,
ff I've made any mistakes,I llcone.l then tater
(presentpedect)
'r7 coI{DtTtoNAls 1 75
(lastexampes).
Inthercsultclause7is common
Wecana souseotherfutureformsor an
yaur otdet yau'rc going to get a biggerdiscount.
lf yau increase
t he doesn'tgEt thejob, he'll have done a lot af wotk fot nothing.
lf anyone fron Head affKe calls,say I'n in a meeting.
a Theexamplesaboveare abouttlvo actionsin the future.lf ihe resut cl.lse refersto lh€
presentwe us€a presenttense.
lf anyonecall, I'm in a neeting aI norning.
lf you needne, I'n wo*ing in the raon at the end of the cotidat
D lf we sold ... (imaginaryfuture)
i h s 5 o r t e r . a e o 'ae . o n d . o r d 1 o r a W h e nw e w a n tt o t a l ka b o u tf u t ur ee v e n t tsh a ta r ei m a gn a r yun l i k e loy r mp o s s i b l w
e ,e u s e :
f+ pastsimpleor conlinuous, vnuld/couldtnight + infinirve
(condition)
(rcsuh)
'ortsoutt
If oe dd alLoJnis st"f ouseLfts,
wewo"ld hot'eto hd't dt
s n hc orly sohnion.
I.dn 1,000p.apl.uql]3ins
hcre,'
cstinnxs
Atddi. (BusincsWcekwebsite)
a h thecondition
clause
we canusea pasts mpl€or pastcontinuous.
lf tau wanEd a quantirydiscount,yau'd haveto ordetat least1,000units
ff tou werc sti speakingaftet an hout, theaudiencewouldprcbablybe borcd.
a Notethepastform n thecondtonclause,
butrhefuturetirneref€renc€
E Unless
a Unle55
means
thesameas/f... not
by tl'c bclicltltut nless Polandjoiksth( E,bpeahUnior, thit&s
Polithrttittdcs at dok'inatcd
(Lc
MondeDiplonDriquclvebsuc)
eano,lylet uo6c.
whrchhavelhesamemeaning:
Compare
thesesentences
lf he doesn'tanivesoon,he'll niss the stattaf the ptesentatian.
Unlesshe anivessoon,he ll n'ks the staftof the presentation.
F Other modals
seeunit13 a Themodalslsed in this unit are mainlywll/ and would.We can Lrsea othermodas like can,
cou/d musr etc,wilh lheir normalmeanings.
'On va',t tbansb.
&z! anat n iflk UME
76
l7 COtVDtTtONAtS.I
17 Practice
Exercise
l HUEE
Underline
thecorecrwods.
1 )l wgk/we wouldbe tate.thevtt start/theyd naft withourus.
2 lI we will Ekeltake a raxi.we'I aftivetweanrc soonet_
3 f we workedleloutdwork to( ADC.we'ltgetlt\e d ger a bettersatary
4 Wheninflation
wlgolgoes up.ihercwooldbel6usually
prcssure
on sataies.
5 tf we don t hurryl$/on,thurry,we woutdbelwe'ttbe tare
6 lf yauchangelarcchangjngyov mind.gire ne/you will givene a mg.
1 Unless
yauclkk/woutd.ti.kon thaticon,/tditntrtvlon,tprint out.
a ff yauardetedI otderon rheNel we atwayswir serdljerd an emaitconfimation.
9 ll I lend/ wi| lendyou rhir book,whendo you rerur,/ wil,ou returniI?
l0 lf youheardlhearanythingin ihe nextfew days,/et me/teftingne knaw.
Exe.cise2 E E
Readthesesentences
anddecideif theevents
aretikety
or imaginary
Compete
thes€ntences
by puttingthe
verbsrnbrackets
intothe prerentsimpre+ q4ilor the pan simpre+ vv'uld.usecontracted
formswherepossrbre,
I lts notfar.tf you.........f.o.1Jp.y......
.. (fo ow)thisroad,you.......11!..Serg......
(comeltothest:ion.
2ll|...........WAt-...........lbe)onrheBoadotthis(ompany,t......'..d...4!."44e.....largue
mercet
: lf you.......................
.....(hav€)
anyquesrions,
| .............................
(dea
) withihemartheendor my
4 lf thecol]llcil
........................
_...(ban)
a caBfromthecitycentre,
there.............................
(fot be)so
5 At
Bi
6 A:
B:
7 A:
B:
8 A:
B:
I haveno ideawhattheoth€rsidea€ goingto propose
in the negotiation
tomofrow
Neithef
(know),
do t.tf | .............................
| .............................
(te) you.
Mytrainleaves
in fortyminutes.
lt onlytakes
tenminutes
to rhenaionbytaxi.tf you.............................
(teave)now
you
..........
(catch)
..................
it.
lsthatthetime?| reallyshoujdbe going.
lfyou.............................
(wait)
a momenr,
t.............................
(give)you
a tift.
Wouldyouliketo qo to Engtish
evening
ctasses
with.ne?
l'msorrybuttcan,t.t,mreay busy.
tf | .............................
(have)
mo.€time,L................
(love)to.
Exercise3ffifrlS
Completeihe sentences
with the orrect pan of possibje
forms,a) of b).
1 lf the banklendsus the money,...4... it in oew mdcnrnery
Z
a) we ll invenlwere going to invest bJ we'd invest/we wete investing
When .........a tot of orders,we atwaysemptoyexirastaffin the factory
3
a) we'I gettwE got b) we getlwe ve gat
lf ........ this projectagain,lthink t'd do it differenrty.
4
a') | was statting/t started b) II stad/rve statted
fthe computer€rashes,
.........someonefrom rhe IT departmenr.
a) Wu'd.al/you ate calinS b).a\|/tou I have to catl
17 CONDlrlONAlSl
77
Exercise4lEEgEl
@ru
Paula,a marketingmanagerof. .ar manuf.cturingcompany,ista k ng to her coll€aqueLuis,a production
managerCompetetheir conve6ationwith the wods from the list b€low
will(x2) won'r (x2) would (x2) wo'rldnl unless(x2) be is isgoingtobe don't ddn't
PAULA Lu;. Arent )ou worned aboDt the proposed srrike?
LU,s, WeI, sure...
ura
You see,ifthe factory workes go on strile, we 1r1..............i.!!.............
t"'. ' loi ofprcducrron.If
we loseprcduction,we (2) ...............................
be,ble ro $pply all our customers.
p uA
Y e s . Ik n o \ b u t . . .
And iflve (3) ...............................
supplyour customen.they'll probablybuy other makesofcr
(a) ...............................
nrket
share
Ifthat happens,our
go down.ltl not lookitrg good.
pruu
we[, that'srjght. but ...
And whatt more,jn niy experience,when workersgo on strike there (5) ...............................
a
brd ronospherefor norths afteruatds.
you can come to an ag.eemenrwith the workerr soon,there
huLA So, (6) .............-.................
(7) ............................
a lot oftrouble ahead.llyou wanr my advice,(8) .........................
rry caelirl.
Look, dont vorry
hula
Dont 1vorry?
Yes.Look, dre workersk.ow that the success
ofthc companydependson this new modc-.
( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .e. y. .'.e. s. .r u p i dt,h e y ( 1 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s. .o. .o. n
. . .s.t.r i k e .
r lLA
Oh?
No\nJust imagine- ifit sold reallywcl, lve (11) ...............................
increaseotrr rnarketshan
and our profiK. Ifth.t happened,we (12) ...............................
needto nuke so tuanyjob cuus.
A n d i f w e ( 1 3 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .h. ...v. e
. .r.o. . c. u r j o b s r, h e t a d e u n i o n s( 1 a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. .e. . . . . . .
Druchhappier
p uLA \ve[,I supposeyou've got a point.
Ex€rcisesHglH
Youae talkingto a iiiendaboutyournewjob.Useyor.rthoughts
yousay.Putthe
to complete
thesentences
pastsimpl€,
velb n brackets
lrto eitherthepresent
simple,
mperatve,
w7+ infnitiveor would+ infintve.
You think: Peopleiay thaf hardwork usualyrcsul5in prcnotion ih thiscampany.
Yousay:(1)Th€ysaythatif you..!9fK.. (work)had,you.49!. (qe0promotea
You think: / wantto showthen that |'n good at rnyjob n that I canhavenorc job se.uitl.
(give)mea permanent
Yousay:(2)| hopethatif |
. (do)mybesi,they............................
contract
afte.a fewmonrhs.'
You think: /'yebee, /atern the norning a few tines. lwish lcould workat the Leiriasitev/hichis nearcr
Yousay:(3)l'm sometimes
latefor wo.k.lf | ............................
{work)at the te r a ste,it
Youthinl|j Onethingwori6 l.-le.I hada healkptoblena fe ,ea. ago,but irc veryunlkelythatit willreoccur
Yousay:(4)lwonderwhat .. ...................(happen)fmyhea1thprob1em....................
You think: Maybe/t3 not a problem.ln generalthey seenta be veryrcasanable
abaut illness.
(mis,oneor hro daysbecause
Yousay:(s)Acrually,
if you...........-..............
of illness,
they
(notseem)
............................
to mind.
You think Goodby-..
/ hopet seeyou soon.
(fancy)
just...............
(give)me
Yousay:(6)lfyou............................
a drlnko.e evening,
a ring.
........
onditionals 2
A ff we sold ... (possible past)
a Wh€nwewdnito tatkaboutpan events
whichpossibty
happened,
we lse /l+ pan strnple
tn
thecondirion
ctause,
andanytenseor mod:Jin rheresuttctause
ff you went b theneetingyesterdayyou probabtyheard thenews.
tf you missedthe M pragranmetastnight you canbonow therccordingt nade.
B tf we had sold ... (imaginary past)
th , ! l'pn .a .Lr; rh d ..ndr o j
a when we wanr ro tarkabout pasteventsthat are diff€rentro whdt realy happened,
we use:
/f+ pan perfecr, would + haye+ pan pafticiote
(condition)
IJ Clr di a,d Cop hdt 'uon thectc.tioi,theyaocti! haoeprcnote.t
ie hddcqqnetkfiL\wnh
otho nrtion! in the sd,t vd),dr a,,/.. (yahoo Busnress
Nevs website)
TheF,soflena suggenron
ot crli.isn or regrer
lf theecotlomicsituationhad been befter,we woutdn,t have lostsa nany custa',es.
a A conlracled
? in speech
caf be/radin thecondttonor w?u/din the.er!tt.
lf t'd done an MBA,t'd have h.d note oppottunities
a The€xamples
abovea€ abouitlvoacttons
in rhepasr.frhe reruttcauserefers
to rhepresenr
we usewould+ infinilive.
ff I had done an MBA,I woutd be on a highetsatarynow
C Conditionals without if
a Welse lltor somerhing
thatmighthappen
in thefulur€,or somerhing
maginary
We use
whe, tof something
thatwe knowwil happen.
lllcallyouif t geta chanca(t,rnnotsureif I wi phoneyou)
l llcal youwhenI affive. (twilldefinttety
phoneyou)
Wecanuseeithertor evhen
wherethemeaning
is ,every
t me,.
If/When anyoneringsny nobile, I get a photogaphof the pe6anan the scrcen.
a In intormat
lpeechwe sometimes
useInaqlneor juppostng
in ptaceof li
tmagine/Supposingyou had a mi ion do ars,how woutd Wu investit?
a we canuseproyldedrhat,praviding,an conditon that astongas andsa tonga5for empnaes.
Themeaning
is,il.fd ontyif,.
As tongar tte s.,au te.lnrotosy,
b"s tant,ril bntin,eto hei deuo.t. (SlndayTines
Nebsire)
a Wec.n useln .aseto tatkaboutdoingsomething
ro avoida possb e probtem
tarerTheresutt
ctaLrse
usuay.omesfirstandoftenusesgolrq ro.
1n gotngta qiveyou ny nobite nunbet in caseyou needto canta.tme
seeunit17 a we useunle$to meaffnoa
1a coNDIflO ALS 2
79
D wish
o W€ use/ w;h to exprcssregrctor dissatisfac(ion.
a Forthe pesentandfuture,use/ w,shfollow€dbythe pastsimpleor contnuous
I wish we didn't haveso nany neetings.
I wish I wasn't working nextv/eekend.
a Forthepasl use/ w6h followedbythe pdstpertect
I wish we had advedisedon teleisianI wish I hadn't eaten the oYsters
a
s mp€or wil/
i thewishisa goodone,use/ hop€tollowedbythe present
goes well
I hoPeyou Prcsentatian
I hope the neryPrwiI be a success
be, lrse/ wsh /.ould
thatisdifilcuhor imposs
a lf lhewsh isaboutdoingtomething
got
phone
a nobile
I wish I could contad him,but he hasn\
ort in speech
s.W€stress
a We.an replace
/ wrh with/f ont for €mphas
the
oYste6.
I
hadn't
eaten
lf only
lf onlY I .ould <ontadhin
E Modal verbs in conditionals
in unit17 wercwith tafl.Butothermodalvetbt kecan,could,nay,night,nust
seeunnsr r r4 a Theexamples
sentences
andhavetheirnormameanngs.
in conditional
andshouldarecommon
If fot d.al oith t]t! Mi.ldleEdttlou mnst bed'dilableta youttttsto ett an Sdttrddvtdttd
Tnde m.grzine)
s',,/q6 (overseas
IJ th! ctto veft Mdk i" thc lo,E tcnk,.ohrya,i4 f,ight 'Lau do.tat tcit tltitc to iluclte
pradtui'itf dr.l lo,oniots,night pu ttc btakeoi thenltnttrral rcJonnt(Le Monde
diplomariquewebs'te)
aJ.\ot.a .fnD, 'hkh uav sa
Co"tpaq CEo Mnhocl Cdpell.tsQnnE cd on th. rceflt decLine
'Ifra't
ara
dott't har. d towd lrutinettplan'lou
potnlat a, theU.S.sto.h'hd*et r.fat
"to!'tht
.annot s'e.eetr.'(lnrerMrional HeraldTribune website)
a We often usepresentfotmslke Mand ca, with likelyfutlres, and pan lorms ke would( d)
and couldwnh TagrndryIulur's
(likelyfuture)
]f yau sign nov/, we'll/can delivet by Fiday.
ff yau signed now we'd/could delver by ftiday. (imaginaryfLrture)
a
becalsemodalskeepthek norma
But it is a so commonto find mixedtenses€quences
meanings:
If Hrngaiai Ianrds r'pond to .omPetitio,bl itryto'iflr pnd$tieiry dnn b.o!flins ,lbr ennie"l
at ndthctifls, hey .otlil ha'e .t birzet ttture oJ theu1*ct. (BusinessCenlnl Europe website)
with a prcsentfom (respond)we might exp€cl can Howevercould k used here wirh is
(candoesnot exprcssunc€rtainty)
normalmeaninqof uncertainty
F fi I were you, -.
parlicular
y whenwe giveadvice
futLrres,
in placeof f/ warln im.ginary
a w€ canuse/t/ evere
wlth the pftate lf I wereyou.
ff | werc you, l'd wait until tonurcl /.
l'd be nore carctul,ff I were You.
a0 ta coNDtnoNALs2
18 Practice
Exercise't EEffi
Underline
theconectwords.Thisexercise
includes
revision
ot imaginary
futures.
1 tt yauphonetllhadphonedne yesletday,
t hadtoldl@lLfuE_ildyou.
2 lt you tooklwouki haveta*enmoreexercise,
youmtghtfeellhadfelt better
3Ilimwauldhavelistenedlradlineredmorecarefutty,hewouldnthavenade/didntnakelhat
4llwedfaundlvvefoundsuitablepremises.'ve?hayemoved/wehadmovedeatiet.
5 lf peoplekeptlhadkepttheirofficesmorctidy,it m/?hipre5ertlpr€jent€da betterimageto our visirors.
6lfl'dknownltwouldknowabourtheirfinancialprobtems,Iwoutdntdolwouldnthayedon
7lfoutsidehadbeen/wasbetterprepared,wesucceeded/coutdhavesucceededtrlthenegotia
8 | weuldntl won't wotryif I am/ weteyou.
Exercise2 !
Complete
thesentenceswith
thewordslromthelistbetowEachwordis usedtwic€.
when aslongas in case unless
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
l'll speakto youagain....._.Jif!!9.n......
l'velookedat thecontEctin detait.
yourfeturnflightopen.......................
Leave
rhenegotiations
rakean extraday.
Wecanstarttheprojectnextweek.......................
everyone
agrees.
Wecanstartthe prcjectnextweek.......................
anyone
dilrgrees.
TheBoard
willbehappy.......................
priceremains
ourshare
high.
your.eceipt
Keep
youneedto return
.......................
rhegoods.
Thenewstockwillarrive,,,,.,,,,,.............
theCh stmassales
arefinlshed.
We'llprobably
makea lossthisyear.......................
ralesimprcve
tf the lastquan€r
Exercise3 E
Undeiinethecofiectwords.
1 | wishI ha9lL3tklllk/didnt d/,inkso manywhiskiestastnight.
2 Theres
solittlespacein here.I wisht ha!€/hada biggeroffice.
3 | don't feelweJl.I wishI could*aylwill nay in bedthismofiing.
4 | hapeyauenjoyedlenjoy
yourselves
at the theatretonighi.
5 l'veb€enwaitingthirtyminures
for the bus.t wishI took/ hadtakena iaxi.
5 | mun getin touchwith Sue.lf onlylknolknew nernumberl
7 I'm not a goodtypisi.I wish| rculd tpetwoutd type betlet.
A I wish)im didn't intenuptldoesr't/hterrupr50often in meetings.
9 | haveto finishthis€portbytomo.ow tf ontytuvoutd
havelhad-r]o?time.
10 Enjoyyourholiday.I hopeyouhavelcouldha€ a goodtime.
1l Thatpresentation
wasa disasterll wishl coulddolevoulddo ii a agajnl
12 l'rndisappointed
Wth thiscamera.
IwishId,?n'abtylhadn
t boughtt.
18 COlrlDlTlONArs 2
8l
Exercise4Sffipl
@,,
Patrckand Jurqenarc discussing
a negotiaiionthatwent wrong. Completethe dialoguewith wordsfrom
the list b€low
1+ ds lonqas n case unless(x2)
pr!N(
ll 'd (x2) .an would hav€ 'd hdve woLrdn't h.ve
J u r g e n(, 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ . . . . . . .y. .o. u. v e g o r a m o n e n t , ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I. .h. .a. v. ea w o r d w i t h
ir doesnt take too long, I've got a meetingin five minutes.ls it
J@GEN, Sure.(3) ...........................
about that contracr that we lost?
p,trnrcr Yes.Whatwent Imng? Do you think we (4) ...........................
got the dealif ve
( s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. .t.r.e. .r e da b e f t e .p . i c e ?M a y b ew e ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l.o. .s. r.t.h e
N o . l d o n i t h i n t t h e p r c b l e n ru o t h e p r i c e .
.r -N
pArRrcK No?Well,ws it a poblern with the deliverytime? lr we O) ............. . . givm a
shorrerdeiiverytime. (8) .
...................
been nore succe$ful?
JURGEN,No, the deliverytine w.s OK.
p aRrc( Hn1n. th;is s$ange.Werealy should find out what vent wrons (9)
situationI'ke this happensin rhe lirrure.Youknow. (10) ...........................
we learn frcn our
iose morc orders.NosrJurgen,tell ne what do yot.
misrakes,
wc (11) ... .. . .-....-......-....
think could rcaly ha1,€happe.ed?
they didnt like out salesrep.
JURcEN, Well, nothing,(12) ...........................
JURCEN,Do you know who it was?
Mr'{rcR Er, n was he.
Exercise5SStffi
in thefuturc.t\,4atch
histhoughts1-4 with hiswordsaFd).
A supper s thinkingabouta negotiation
1 We'€ likeylooffer; lowerprice
lf we do,success
i9possible.
2 We'€ likeylo offer.lowerpice
lf we do,success
i9certain.
3 Perhaps
we'lloffera lowerpri.e.
tf we do,success
is possible.
4 Perh.ps
we'lloffera lowefpice.
lf we do,success
isceriain.
E
n
n
t--l
a) lf we offera lowerprce,
we'llgelthecontrad.
b) lf we offera lowerprce,
we mrghtgetthecontfact.
c) lf we offereda owerprce,
we'dqetthecontract
d) lf w€ otfereda owerprce,
we mightgetthecontract.
Thesames!pplieris ihinking.bout a n€gotiationin the past.Matchhjsthoughts5-8 with hiswordseFh).
5 Weotfereda lowerp.ice
n
That's
whywe slcceeded.
6 Weotfereda lowerprice.
That'sprobably
whywesucceeded.
n
7 Wed dn't offera lowerprice.
n
That's
whyw€falled.
8 W€didn'toff€ra lowerprice.
n
That'sprobably
whywefailed.
e) lf w€'doffereda ow€rpric€,
we'dhavegot thecontract
a owefprice,
t lf we'dotrered
we mighthavegot thecontract.
g) lf we hadn'toffereda lowerpice,
we'dhavelostthecontract.
h) lf w€ hadn'ioffereda lowerprice,
we mighthaveosttheconiract.
erb + -ing or intinitive 1
A verb + -ing
a Someverbsdreiollowedby an -inq form. Someof the commonesr
verbsJo ow beowl
As nrnrfd.ttte6 .oisidet aqtornatingtun iinihnior dan ek,thef\hotld not late tilllt d tL.
{e.,itaiett of p{enal @ntact.(Indusr,vweekwebsire)
A a n1dirli1.1!e6 aE .onernc,t cownterc nill postpone hryinr 6$ ,rtil dJi! r.ttJ,r,
)het
n1ea,aet 22% s.te' tdx a, atuasB erpe.tedb JA . (Busines Reiew Weekly websrte)
Vd,i det Hoeue,CEO oJ Royl Altold, rp.nds 5A pet ,e t aJhk tihc ,arellirg dd geuirg onto
th. les.lloar
a! Mrh 6 posible.Ash. erplans:'I a!'a|y gera goodfrl.fot thelon asI watk
nrol,d'. (Eu.obusnress
Nebsire)
sayf9 .nd think ng
likingand dislikins
phraralverbs
phrasewilh car't
other common verb!
cornrnonprrrasee
admit", considet*, deny*, descibe, inagine", mention,, suggest'
dislike,enjoy,fanct (not)nind*
carryon, give up, keepon, put aff
can't beat,can\ help,cdn't rcsist,can t fa.e, can,t stand
dvad, delay, finish, invalve, keep, mist postpane, practise, risk
tt s not watth
spendlwaste ttne/ money...
Thetes no pant ttn)
Someof lhe verbsin the listcan alsobe followedby a noun.The5einctLrde:
admlr,dery
inagine, suggest,dislike. enjoy, fancy, keep,nind, prcctlse
The Minister admifted taking a bibe.
and
The Minister adnitted his nistake.
What do you fancy doing this evening? and
I fancy a nice, caid beer.
Thegroupof verbswth can?canaho b€ folowed by a noun.
I can't bear avant-gatdejaz
We Lrsemnd in queslionsand negativesentences
A Da you nind waiting a noment?
Go and comeplus-,nqform are ofrenusedfor sportsand outsde.ctvtes.
I often go skiing in the wintet
Do you want to .ome shopping wth nez
Somevebs and v€rbphrareshaveto dsa prepostion. Thesen. ode taak faMard ta, abiect
to, be usedto, get usedta, rcspordto. Prepostonsarealwaysfollowedby rhe,lrg form.
t'n looking fotward to seeing you ,ext week. (NOT{€-!ee)
After a few nonths in the UK t got used to dtiving on the ief. (NOTt€-d+ive)
B Verb + to + infinitive
a Someverbsae fo lowedby ro + nl nitive.
'PCCW has opo4 \tdkd tl1t it aisha to
becone tl| bigett braadbdnd
ptaq ik A:id,' tdt'
RnhahlFe{'son,a tele.a aulyll nt Hon! Kang ,Ihat hEdtltit .annotdnoi b stand stilt.'
(AiaNeek s€bsite)
'And bt r,o*iry torethervith t
rufs at lBirl, Kaddhd,d to on, tue'E a.t,d r manatin! to
iaprote rhe loal tpply kse Jat an o.ft\.' ilys ldrn. Reys, heal af Hfute -pdekdtul\pnnkt
ote,atio,i (clobalBusinessMagazine$ebsire)
'19VERB+ -t\rc OR INFI |rIVE i
pltsn!and decisions
ain, arrange, chaasq decide*, intend, plan', preparc
€xpectations
promisesand reflsak
denand*, deseNe, exped*, hope', want:,t",/ish*,wauLl like
fail, guarantee,affer, prcnise*, rcfuse,thrcaten
other common verbs
a3
agrce', .an I can't affotd, lean*, manage,pretend*, seem*, tend,
ttatn, wai
a
Nolethat verb+ to + i.finitiv€is alsouled in thesecases:
'infin
1 Toexplainwhy we do lomething(the
tive of purpo5e')
l'n Glling to find out if you stock spare parts. (NOT i€++€Ji"d-€s+)
2 Aftef a quenionword
Gn you show ne how to get on to the lnternet on this @mputer?
3 \Nirh used to, be gioing to, be able to, be allawed ta, have to, need to and aught ta
C verb + obiect + to + infinitive
O Thefo lowingverbsarefollowedby an objecl+ to + infinitve.
advise', alow ask,.ause, encourage,exped, fahld, farce, help, invite, otder, pay, prcfe,
peEuade, renind*, teach*, tell', tQin, want, warnr
Rtsid dll ask th. Patu Club oJ ercditots to postpofle lte sir tq oJbiLatutl drftt lnts at t.
npaltnur of dtbr. (Delovoj Pete.b!.s webrre/
Li dkopelsradedJour banks,i".Lt.lrtg HSBC Holdtgs aid Bdtk oJChihd,to lend hnn
811 I'illion, o rcco l ii Ho!'r Ko'9. (Asialveek trcbsire)
D Make and let
a aftermateand/etwe usethe bareintintve wthout to.
I madethen che.k everythingvery.atefully.(NOTl-fid€-lh€tr-+€-€h€€k)
Theylet us have all thesefrcesanples.(NOTTh€F€l-*+€+eve)
E Verb + that clause
a Theve6s markedwith an an€iskr in sectionsA. B and C can ako be followedbv a that
ca!se. In everydaylpeechwe can leav€out the word lhat
t sugqested(that) we could speakta Elizaabaut it.
I suggened speaking to Elia about n.
We de<idedto cancel the neeting.
we decided(that) we would .ancel the rr,ee,ng.
rhey tald us (that) we should wait.
"Gentlenen,l9e ca ed thismeeting
lo discussabs6nteabm.'
a4
i9 VERB+ -lrVGOR lNFl|{lnVE'l
19 Practice
Exe.cise1 g g
!4ledi!e the corect words.
1 We canl affordto ml$/m,sehgthisopportunity.
2 Doyo,Jfancyto qolgoing for a ddnkafterwo*?
3 Areyouwaitingto uselusrngthe phone?
4 lt's not worth to spendlsperd,i?g
anymoretime on this.
5 We decidedto c/osedowrlc/osingdownthe factoryin Belgium.
6 Youprcmisedto deliterlderr€fli?qby April,and it! now Ma',.
7 | cot\sideted
to calllcallinghim, but I decidedit wasbetterto write.
8 if we don't decidesoon,we riskto /oiel/os,l4gthe wholecontract.
9 sheagreedto prppar€lprqpan?lg
somefiguresbeforethe nextmeetng.
I 0 l'rn sorrythereseemsto belbernga misundeBtanding
here.
11 ls Mr Messier
busy?OK,I dont mindto waitlwaiting
for a fewminutes
12 He 'el.Lsedto signlsigningthe contractuntil he'dspokento hisboss.
13 [,4ay] suggestto postponelpostpor,l4g
the meetinguntil nextweek?
Exercise2 E E
Complete
thesesentences
withtheverbsfrcmthe listbelow.Choose
eitherthe-,i,?9
tom or to + infinitive,
git€ write fly feceivemake recogniseadvertisehelp think speak
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Theyageed........1S..r!\4....-..
usthirtymo€ daysto paytheinvoice.
Hepretended...-.........................
m€,butldonl thinkheknewwho
twas.
There5
no point.............................
thisbrandon ry it wouldcosttoo rnuch.
Weteo(pecting,,,,,.........,,,.,,,,..,,,,.
somemorestockearlynextweek.
l'lljoinyoulaterI needto finish
..........---................
thisrepon.
| learnt
.............................
Portuguese
whenlworked
in Brazil.
I workin publicrelations.
Myjobinvolves
........................-....
contactwiththe media.
| canthelp...............--............
thatsomething
isgoingto gowrcng.
| canl afford.......--.-..................
business
class
allthetime.
| can'tp.omise
youwiththisproblem,
.-......................---..
but t'lldo mybest.
Exercise
3 tr
Complete
thefollowingsentences
withverbsfromthe listbelow.lnclude
an obje( in everycase.
€dvi5€ remind peEuade expect help encourageforce
j.tgd..-yg..19...
1 l'm sorry| missed
wo* yesieday.
rhe doctor...44.v.
stayin bed.
2ltriedto.....................-............comewithustonight,buthesaidhewasbusy.
3 Couldyou........---.............-...-----.
callHeadOfficelater?| miqhtfoEet4 lf youemploya ecretaryit will .............
.........dealwirhallthepaperuork.
contactm. $rre timetoday.
6 didn'tfeelvery
confident,
butshe.........................
.. applyforihejob.
7 Thefallin demandhas...........................---....
makesomeof ourbestworkers
€dundant.
19 VERB+ -t tG OR ll{FlNlTlVEt
E5
Exercise
4 Eg E
@ 28
Completethe mini-d:alogue
by puttingthe verbsin bracketsintothe rcffect form, using-tngor ro +
My computo's (6hed.It keeps 0) ....d9..'.1X....(do) it.I have ro sare my dodments every
few minutesor I rtuk (2) ..................(los€)all th€ mrk I'vejust done.
Have you got enougb dtuk space?
(cnsh) so often.Look,
Yeah,I hare.I reallydont know wbatt causingit (3) ..................
(do)?
you'rc good at computen.vlat do you advisene (4) ..................
(fix) them.You'I hew to askan
wel,I don't krcw.I ha!€nt been t rined (5) ..................
IT recbrician (6) ..................(come)and havea look at it.
(cal) a technician- rhey'I be ryes and
Han.You knovathere'sno point CD .-................
L.. I reallycet .fford (8) .--.-----
(waio a day for someoneto come,I'm ffily busy.
(do)
Why don't )ou phone $e helpdeskthen?They'f adviseyou shat (e) ..................
Oh, yeah. I supporc sq
(esk)Sophiero help
And ifyou're rEdly thacbusy,heE you €onsidcr€d(10) ..................
you, she ha$'t got a lot ofwork at lhe momcnt.
Oh,ha$tshe?Th.r'sgreat.I'askhcr(11)..................(r}?c)upthisrcport.Thmk.
Exercise5 I E
in a company
thatmakesmobilephones.
choosea verbfromthe ligt
complete
thisemailthatcirculated
-ing
or infinitive
with fo.
belowandusethecoffectform,
if{eA,i€rv be pay pretend €ceive refer show take talk worry
all stetl in Production d
um€lkt.bout h€alth rbks trcm mobll6 phonoa
AJoumalkr r.om th€ masa2n6 TochnolosyR€viM wants (l) ...,.i,Q..i\t4djg|!'.,,.6om6on6 trom Prcducrionaboul h€6lth
to him ov6r lunch on€ day nei week.
dsks ior moblle phono u6€6 rrcm radialion.lt wirl hvolv6 (2) .................,,....,,,...,
H € B o f i e r e d( 3 ) . . . , . . . . . , , . . . . . , , . . . . ,-,a. .n. .y.r. c l u n t e e 6 ?
In myopinion its nor wonh (4) ..-.....-............-......-,
too mu.h about lhb a6lh6lat66t r€a€arch6hoE rhat th€ n3ks seem
(s)...........-............-.....
th€re'3 no p6bl€m at alr. I
minimsl. Buton the oth6r hand its no sod (5)...--..........--....--....--.
would suggastsimply (7)....-.................--.....lo lho E@nr €porl trom lh€ Nalion.lsafBty Board.
us lh€.rlicle bsfo€ its publish€d,and hes pomised
An,e6y, hes kindly agreed (a) .--...--....--..,,,.......--..
(9).....-......-......-..........
your@mments on this matter asapa bslatrcodvi4. I l@k foMard to (1o).-....-......-.....-......-...
erb + -ing or infinitive 2
A Verb + -ing or infinitive: change in meaning
a Someverbsc.. befollowedby-ingo. ro + infinrtive
andrhenreaning
of thevefbchanges.
a REMTMBER
AND
roRcET
Weuserenenber/farget
dotngfor memores
ofthe pan(rheaclon
happentb€foretheremembering).
We userenembe./org€r
fo do for actonssorneone
s/was
supposed
to do (thercmembering
happens
befor€theacron).
ldefinitelyremember posting the lefter.
posr
+
rememoe.
Imust rcmemherto post the letter
.emember oost
l'll neverforyet flying into Taipeiairpoft.
ftying
+
forger
SotDlI fo.got to tun o{f the lights.
forg€t
turn otf
a REGRET
We useregretdol:ag
whenwe ar€sorryaboursornething
tharhapp€nedn thepasr.
I rcgrct saying no to thejob in Paris.
We ute rcgretta informlto te//whef we are9 v ng badnews
t fegfet lo inlorm tau thatwe ate unablela
a rRyWeusetrydoingwhenwe do sornething
andseewhathappens.
We userryro dowhen
we makeanetfortto do somerhing,
blt donr necessarity
succeed.
l'lltry talkingto hin andndybehe'llchange
hisnind. (t, do it andseewharhappen!)
l'll tty to talk to hin'but I knowhes@rybusytaday. (l maynot b€succesfut)
tast Scpt.ub.r,Bt ur tri..l to nc$oian a aldt-lnti J ,tcry,/ of D. \.h.\ Md Dt!,ttkt,! tttdil
opmtiott.Howw, hcudst s!.alJrr. (Businesweek
Onlinewebritc)
a sropWeu9estopdoingwhenwe endanaction.Welse jtop to do whenwe oivethe reason
Westoppedbuying fran tharsuppller (noww€ don,t buyfromthem)
lnoppeclto buy sonethingfot ny wife. \t stoppedn o.derrobuysomeihing)
a MEAN
Weusemeandolngwhenonethingrcsutts
in or invovesanotherWeusemeanto do \o
express
an lftention.
Glabalisation
meansbeing a<tivein everymajornatker (= invotvet
I meant to phoneyou, but I forgot.
(= tnrended)
ra 60 oN Welse 90 on dorngwhenwe continu€
do n9 sonrething
Weusego on io do whenwe
moveon to do something
else.
Theywent on tading eventhouqhtheywereneay barkrupr l= d d the ,.me thinq)
Altet leavingIBMhe went on to staft hisown companJ4
(= did sonrethnSe se)
B Verbs of perception
a Ve|bsof perceptionlnclude: feel, heat tistenta, norice see wakh. Theseve6s can be fo oweo
by an object+ -ng or a bareinfinitive(wthou o) and rhe m€aninqof th€ verbchanqes.
a
f w e s e e o r h e a r o n l yp a r t o f t h ea c t i o no, r i t c o n t i n u ew
! , e u s e t h e- h 9 f o r m . f w e s e e o f h e a r
the wholeactionfrom beqinningto e.d, we usethe bareinfinttvewithoui ro. Compare:
I saw her giving her presentatian
(ltaw partol thepresentaion)
give
presentation
I saw het
(l sawth€wholepresenrarion)
her
I heardthe machine
naking a nrangenaise.(t heardthe noiseand r contnued)
I head thenachinemakea sr.ange
,olse. (lheardth€ noisednditnoDoed)
20 VERAr -rlv6 oR INFINITIVE
2
c
87
Verb + -ing or infinitive: little change in meaning
a
Somevefts can be followedby -rr9 or to + nfinitiveandthereis litte chanqein meaning.
Theseinclude:begli cora;aue,intend, stat1.
What do yau intend doing/to do about it?
ln the re.ondqudttet,ahu the nd*et beganto go doM, ue befan s. in!, drcppiry oft eqritf
positionin thejtnd to otos\d 70% and holdinftheEnaintu in ath.Ihis tof,I ttdt dbleto
(lsiaweek websue)
l"ininize the inpa.t olkc dolzt'ft.
Tlt nsfihe/ of Cennn jobles @ inced to Jd in Febntary. (wal StreerJouinal website)
a We oo not uruallyhdvetlvo.tng fo'Ts logetrer.
h was na'ting to get da*. (NOr *a*l€g-g€{iig)
Tfu busitrs .onrttrity i dgdir natting to pal ,ery dote d ention to the cartutry\ ebrcni
/ledrd. (GiobalBusinessMagazinevebsire)
a Thev€lbs/ike /or€,prefet hdtecan be followedby eiih€rform. Io + infinitivesuggests
somethlfgis a good/badidea.Th€'tngform showsyourfeelings.
I like to do ny tax rctutns eatl)t but I don\ like doing them.
Whenwe usethe modalwouldwith thesevetbswe mustuseto + infint ve.
t'd prcfer to do it nyseff, if you don't nind.
like followedby to + infinitive(an meanthatwe do tomethingbecause
we think t is a good
idea,evenihough we don t enjoyit.
tlike to w te seveBldraftsbefotelwite the finalrepott.
D Passiveforms: -ing or infinitive
O Unit19gavellstsol verbsthatarefollowedbyeitheran -ingformor to + ni nitive.Onlyth€
activeiormsweregiven.
a Thepassive
iormof 'verb+ -inq'i5verb+ being+ panpartciple.
lf the sharepticefallsanynote we sk being |.Ekenovet by a laryetconpany.
a Thepassive
formof 'verb+ to + infinilive'
isverb+ to be + pan padc p e.
I thinkt desefle to be given a pay nse.
"Actuallt the boss is away on vacation - but he likes
to rcmind evervonehersstill in charee."
aa
20 VERE+ -rrVGOR lNFlt{lTlVE 2
20 Practice
Exercise I 5
Underline
thecorrcct
wods.
1 t'n sotry| lotgot teplu cal/r?gyou, but I wasea y busy_
2 I stoppedin Padsfor a few daysto neet/ neetng Henti.
3 We'vestoppedto m€€t/meetingso often. tt wasa wasteof time.
4 Lea.ning
a language
means
to belbeingintercsted
in thecutture
asw€ .
5 | neanttonakelmaking
somemorephotocopies,
but tdidn.thdvetime
6 Please
remembefto speaklspeakrigto Josiewhenyouseehe.
7 | don't rcmemberto saylsryr?ganythingtikethat.
a I ried to openlopeningrhewindow,bvt it wastoo highto reach.
9 l tied to openlopeningrhewindow,but it wasstill too hot in the rcom.
10 I ne\et lotget to giwtgiving myfi6t presentation
to the Board.
l1 Donl foEet fo /ookatl/ooklng
at theaudience
whenyouspeak.
12 Weregretto an ouncelanrourcing
thedeathof ourfounder.
Mr Obuchi.
13 rcEe\ to quit/quiftingmy t1/8A(ourse.
14 Thenewprcducti5doingrcallywell.
tthinkwe shoutd
it for anothefsixmontnsat
90 on to je///se//tng
l€ast.
15 FiEtl'l sayalittleaboutthehistoryofthecornpany,
thenI'[ goon to descrlbe
/descibing
ou ne\,
rangeof producls.
Exercise2 !
Matchthesituations
a)-d)to thesentences
t-4 below
a) I heardpadof yourconversation.
b) | sawyolr wholepresentation.
c) lsawthewholetour
d) I passed
themin thecoftidor
1
2
3
4
Sorryto intefiupt,blt I heardyoutatkingabout€-books.n
I hea.dyoutalkaboute-books
at the tnternet
seminar n
| sawBarbara
showing
thev'sitors
roundthelaclory
n
| sawBarbara
showthevisitoG
our newprcduction
tine. n
Exercise3 !f
Completethe sentences
with bFingot to be.
1 enjoy....hgi^,...takenoutfor expensive
meats.
2 TheMinister
denied
given
..................
a bribe.
3 ThelVinister
refused
questioned
.................
aboutthe bribe.
4 | expecr
.................
asked
sometoughquenions
aftermyprcsentation.
5 Doyoumind..........___....
pickedup at theanportbya taxi?
6 Howawfulllmagine
......_..........
askedto givea presentation
on a ropi. ikethatl
20 VERB+ -rrVGOR INFINITIVE2
A9
Exercise4 S p
@,"
Completethe m n -dialoguewith the correctform ofthe ve.b in brackets.On two occasions
both formsare
(1) ..1."-..tP94k...Gpeaking/to speak)to you aI day.we're
rHoMAs, Hj, Crla.I've b*" -*"i"s
(booking/to book) a tableat that new Chineserestaunnttonisht.
trying (2) .............-...........
Would )ou like to come too?
(stating/to starowork
Oh, rhaDk,lA re,Iy like to, but I was intendins (3) .........................
on my monthly salesaport tonight.
(coming/ to come) out with us?Just this once?
rHoM^s, Re,lly?Woul&t )ou preftr (4) .........................
Of cou^e I wanr (5) .........................
{soins/to so) out wlth yon ronight,but I leally haveto
(nrissing/tonis) dinner rvith you
get this report done.I m sor.y it tneans(6) .........................
gu)s tonight.
WeI, pcrhapsnext time dren.
Yeah.And next time dont lbrget O) .........................
Givins/to sive) tuc at narch notice as
posible beforehaDdso I can keep the evening6ee.
(wo.kibg/to work)
rroM^s, Oh. the troublewith you, Carla,is that you neversrop (8) .........................
(havins/to have)sone fun sometnnes.
You should remembcr(9) .........................
rHous,
L o o k , T h o r n ayso, u k n o v l d r c r l y l o v e( 1 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( j o i n i n g / t o . j o i n ) y o u , b u t l J $
(working/to work)like y do 2t the momcnt, you'll
rHoM^s, Ivell, ifyou so on (11).........................
(gertins/to gc, rc.Iy stressed,
rnd then you'll regret
srart(12) .........................
( 1 3 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(. n
o u t / t o m n s o u 0 o n y o u r s o c i alli f e .I t h a p p e n e tdo i G i e n do f
. .r.n. .s. .i n g
(having/to h!ve) a .ervous bE,,kdown
mine - in the end he wenr on (1a) .........................
crma,
(being/to bc) so drrnutic. I don't enjoy
Oh, come on. Stop (15) .........................
( 1 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.r.k. .i .n.g. ./ r o t x k e )w o r k h o m e , i t ! j u s rt h r t I l i k e ( 1 7 )
(finishins/to finnh) 'ny rcporis on ome.
Ex€rcise5 ifr iWN9,
completethis Letterby puttingthe v€rbsin bfacketslnto the coiiectform, -mg or to + nfinitive.
I am wnring ro complainaboutthe p@r senice rharI receivedwhenI wa! in your s|oe ld( week.Rec..dy you decided
(hke)
(1) ....t9..fe.$.o.Y9..
cuslonds(2) .........................
Gcnove)liseningi&ilnier i. yoursoEs, andyoursalessr!fr encouaged
(Etum) an, CDstharwe
(hce) rhen nst. Youinvit€dus(4) ...........-..,,,,.,,,,.
hone rheirchoiceof CDswiihoui(3) ...............,.,..-....
did n6t like. a. lone s ve kepi rhe eeipt s pmf or pmhe.
ln ny opinion rhis wts m excelle policy asn allowed .Dsione6
(buy)thingstharwec a liide ditrerem.
(5),..,.........,..,........
(risk)(6)......-..................
A consqueneof yourlolicy is thi cn$omenwill buyn@ CDs.Md thisnem (7) .........................
Gerun)noE thattheydonr
like. In iact l6t weekI broughlb&* eight CDs, nom lhe fouie.
I hadboughton ihe previonsvbn Your salesne retusd
(ure) theCDsbone jus
(8) .................
ne of(9)..,.,..,.,,.,.,,.,.,..,..
.......Gccept)sucha la4e nmbet sd accused
(b€)teat€dlre thisa I hadenenbeed
(10)....................-....
(copy)rh€m.I stunslyobjecred
ro (ll) .........................
( l2) ..,.......,..............
(lriog) theMcip6 wiih ne ed my dio6 PeE wirhintheEms of yourEudmlee.
(behave)
(thi.L)rhaitou *ill losea lot oi bnsi.essil you $ttr go on (14).........................
in this
I canl help(13).,.,..,.,,.,.,,.,,.,..,.,
w a y , a n d I a d v i s e y o u ( 1 5 ) . , . , . , , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ( d i n ) y o u r s t 3 f r (.1 .6.) ... ... ( d e a lw) i t hc n $ o n e sh a n o E p o x t em m n e r
A Repoied speech
a We often r€ll peopl€what otherpeoplehavesaid.Thisis ca ed rcponedor indircctspeechWe
veryrarclytryto rcportthe exacrwordsrhat someonesays.usuallywe givethe g€neral
meaningwith a slmmary
'Laak l've been phoning
all day and he'satwap jn a neeting. Canyou te hin that I'tt give hirr'
a cal sanetine nextvr'eek,p/ease?' (actLrawords)
) Sandtaphoned. Shesaid she'd callyau next week ltepon)
'Fran v'lhat lcan
see, the advellising campaignis a grear srccess., (actualwords)
) He said the canpaign wat a succel'. (report)
a
Notethe chang€of tensein rhe aboveexampt€sr
r1,//to wouldand i5 to was.
It |5 not alwaysnecessary
to changetefses.tf the sratementis n true we can keeothe sarne
Hesatdthe campaignwas a greariuccejs. (thecarnpagn is finished)
Hesaidthecanpaign
is/wasa greariuccess.(thecampa
gn i5ni happening)
seesecUons
8 andC beowfor moredetaits.
In wiiing we can.epeattheexacrwordsusinglpeechmarks(, ... ).
'l haveno futtherconnent to nake at
thisstage,'saidthecanpanypressaffjcerwhenhe
spaketo out rcporteryestetday.
Thisunituses5aldaslhe reporring
veA.Seeuntt22 for otherfeporting
ve.bs.
B Tensechanges
a Whentheverbtensechanges
it 'moves
back,in tim€
'l'mwotking for lgM'
'l've worked fot tBM
Report(lndirectlpeech)
She said she wo*ed far tBM.
Shesaii shewas wotklng fot tRM.
Shesaid shehad wo*ed for tBM.
'I had
wo*ed fot l?M
'l'm going to wotk fot
lEM.
'1can/wi /nay work
for lEM.
Shesaid shehad wo*ed fot 18M.
OR Shesaid she wotked fot tBM.
Shesaid shehad wo*ed for tBM.
Shesaid she was going to wotk for tBM.
She said shecoutd./woutd/ni9ht wo* for tBM.
'I've been wo*ing fot IBM'
Shesaidshehad beenwo*ing for tBM.
Khwi, a Vicnta-basedteleans .onpaty, sdid oi Ftiday ir uas enteing thaCzth tufthet by
aferins {hupet voneierui.{ throughttu l\tet,et. (c,echioday website)
Ed ier h thc oe.k, d ldbot u4io4 ttpott soidthat 751 dedthshad ousnd 'an thajob' in rta\
durins tl'e f,tt six toflllj of thn ycar,aptotu 521Jot the sltuep{iad Lst yat. (Intermiion,l
Her,ld Tribune website)
The ShodhqALh'inht Industry Co. \d d l6t ueek t uoatd issre 160 tui ioa shates tilti.ar
.fot
ok rhe Shot'slzi StMk E .hdnge. (ShanBheiDaily wED'rc1
a
Thereis no changefof musC mi1ht, could, shoutd,would.
a
Notethat ifthe.ctualwods werc in the pasisimple(worked),ihe repo( can changeor nay
a
Notethat thereis no.hinqe for rhe pastpedect(hadworked).
21 REPOR|EDSPEEOI1
91
C No tense change
if the inform.tion
isst Ltrue.
a Wedo not needto changetense
'Thesalesteamare doing verywellat the moment.
Hesays/saidthe teamarc doingverywel
whichis. waystrue
tenseif we reponsomething
O Wedo notneedto change
'Thercis atuvays
a peiod of uncstaintl afu a meryet'
Hesays/saidthereis alwatsa Wiod of uncertainVaftera neryet
D People, places, times and things
to people,places,tim€sand thlngsotten change,becausethe
a In rcpoftedsp€€chreferences
point of viewchanqes.
satdSue
---.'--=. --r=
ntseevou herc tomonow
\
--\
l @,ead you rcpad abaut this ptqe.r
)---\
l\
het.id
stre 5ardshe? s€e rre ahere tne next day He satdhe d reao my rcpoft about fie prclecl
a The examples
in ihe previotisparagraphshowsomeof thesetypicalchanges:
)nv
this aftenoon
a few daysago
Th ngs: thisprolect
'Rln.flbd
)
)
)
)
)
thete,at the office
the4 at tha ime
that day,on Monday
thedaybefote,theprcviausday
the nextday,the followingday,on Monday
)
that aftemoon
) the weekbelore thepteviousweek
) the weekaftet the follawingvr'eek
a a few daysbefare,a tew daysea iel
) the prctect
ubd I t.id I uB goirg ,o bebon6t
Thattut d bi&frt ti."
tuitbyqJ8
92
2I NEPORIEDsPEECH1
21
Practice
Exercise1 R
Writetheactualwords
thateachpeEonsays.Usecoritractions
whelepossibe
I Annasaidthatshehadakeady
finished.
(afnasactudl
words)..J.:v.e,..alr:ea.dy..fi
rsi.:lred
2 Shesaidhewouldbe backafterlunch.
3 Hesaidshewasgoirgto contactrheprinte6.
(Hisactualwods) '
4 Paulsaidthat he wantedto makea phonecall.
5 shesaidshewasmeeting
the bankmanagerat
eleven.
6 Pieffesad he had found olt aboutthe prcblema long time ago.
(Pieffesactualwords)' .
7 Davidsaldhe hadto be backin theoffi(ebythreerhirty.
(Davldlactualwords)'
8 Jansaidshewouldlet meknow
Exercige2 g
Lookat the actualwordsspoken.llhdedlle the correctwordsin the report€dversion.
1 (HelenS
wods)'l won'tdo it untiltomorrow.'
Helensald//Iie wouldn'tdo it until theprevioustfollo$/ino
day.
(PeterS
2
words)'lt3verybusyin herc.t'llcallyoutater.'
Petersaidit wasverybusyherelrhele,
andhe'dc.tlme/himtater
(The
3
sales
managetwordt'We received
yourorderlanweek.,
Hesaidtheydlwe'd rc<ei\edourlthei orderthe weekafferlbefore.
4 (l\,4e
Bowen3
words)t'msorryaboutthedetay,
flt dealwithth s now,
Shesaid5he//wassorryaboutthedelay,
andsheddeatwirhit rbht then/ latel
Exercise3 E ;
Rewrite
thesentences
in reported
speech.
Usecontractions
whe.epolsibte.
1 'l won'tp(,tit in thes?lesbecause
it3 sellinq
veryweii, shesaid.
shesaid.thE..ralald^:.1..ei,ri...it..i^..ille..r.^le{..bes4,{r.E...it
.w4:..r.Ellili4...,ve!-.y..r.e[,.....
2 'l'vereadthercpodandI dont undeEtand
section
4,, hesaid.
3 'WhenI finishmypresentation,
l'm goingto havea drink,,hesaid.
Hesaidthatwhen.--..-.......
4 'l'm p€paringthefiguresbutI won'tbe long,'shesaid.
5 'l likeplaying
tennit but I don'tdo it veryoften,'shesaid.
5he$id .............................
6 'l'm goingto visitour Polish
subsidiary
but t m notsurewhen.,shesaid
Shesaid
2I REPORTEDSPEECH1
9'
Exercise4 B C
pr€sentatron
aboutthe rcle of lhe ChiefExecutileOfiicer.
Readthe wordsspokenin a confercnce
Jatkwebh, one oJ the nostJa'hous CEos oJa tine, was head oJ ceneral Ele nfot twenE
fea$. But he was an exreltion. InJad, iooahnds o.fall najor eonpaniesuorldwide have
rc!|arcd theb CEO ow the latt frv years.What's lhe rcaton? The rcaton k that et?ectations
of Cno pufornawe areJar too high. Boads ofconpafties laok at the, CEo as a kind oJ
*pethao *ho ran nlve all ke conpany\ probkms.This prceessstdted ifl the 1980s, ard the
prolotve uAs Lse la.oca, "the nan who saved Chrysler Corp".Then in the 1990s, w had
CEOs fron the tednology sertor, like MictosoJt\ Bi Cates, or Cisto\ John Chanbers, uho
nanaged to produce cottantly lising sharepftes. But the lituation is uery dffercnt now dnA
ecoflonit growth is slopihg down.'
Now look dt waysto reportthe wordsto a co eague Byeachrentencewrte P/Ic (if the sentence5
Pos5be becauseoi lenre Changerules).P/sT(if the senlen.€s Possbebecauseit is 5t ]ru€)or (ii the
sentences Incorrect).
Thespeakersad that
I lack Wech was cEo of ceneralEectic lor twentyyears .P ITC..
for twentyyears ..
2 JackWech had beenCEOol GeneralEeclric
3 Boardsol companiesook ai lhen CEOsassuperheroes
4 Boardsol companieeookedat the r CEOsassuperheroes
5 Boardsof companierhad ookedat the r CEO5assuperheroes
6 Leelaccocanarted il a in the 1980s.
/ Leelaccoc.l'do ndrleo rl a In IhF 19808 FFl.((o.a l^.d bee. srdrled . in IhF 1980'
9 T h es t u a t o nl s d i t f e r e nnt o w . . . . . .
10 Thes tlation was ditferent.ow
Exercise 5 B D
On Frdaymorninqyou had. meetingwith someonelrcm yoLrradvensnq agencyat hB ofices Thewods
he spoke.re on rhe left The nextweekyou tel a coll€agueaboul ih€ d scussionUndenlnethe corr€ct
Theadvedisinooersonlwords:
What vou sayto vour colleag!e:
'Did you get my emaillrent yesterday
aboutlhis
'He raid he (1) hopeslbopedl'd got (2) hlsltry -ama
campaiqnwe ve beenworkingon? Lhopeso l'm
sorryio askyou to comehere.t suchshortnolrce,
that (3) he'd rendlhe'd Jent 14)yesterday/the day
fhelthls.dvertsingcampaign
berroreaboui(5)
\6) they've/we'vebeer wotk ng on. And he
for asking(7)melyou to go
apologised
(8) herelrhere
ai suchshortnotice- he sardt
b u t i t ' sq u i t el r g e n i .T h es t l a l o n i st h i s : w eu s ea n
outsde pr nr n9 company,and a few daysaqo the
workerstherewent on strlke.I m havinga meeiing
th s afternoon,but
wth a unionrepresentative
rhouqht shoud talk to you tirsl.
(9) /J/r17as
a lew days
urgent.Well,apparently
(10)aqolbeforethe pr nlersthey use(11)have
sonelhadgane or \rnke, and he (12)lslwas
meetng thern(13)ahli/rhaiafternoon.He sad lre
'
thoLrghthe sho! d t.lk io (14)melyou abolt it i rs'
A Say or tell
a We saysomethingand we te//somebody.
Sinon said he was .onfident abaut the su(ess of the Betaprcject.
Sinan told me the projen was going well.
l, We neverus€to betweente//dnd the object
He told me what happenedin the neeting. (NOT r€td-r6-rae)
We c. n u5eaoalter5ay,especially
when the actud wordsare not epoi(ed.
What dtd he tay to you?
lthink the bosswanted to say something to Susan
B other reporting verbs
.
Therea€ mdnyverbsto reponwhat peoplesay.Eachverbh.5 one or morepossibepatterns
Commonrepodng verbsinclude:
Verb+'lng form (unit 19)
Verb+ to infinitiv€(unit l9)
ddnit, deny,mentian,prapose,suggest
aqtee,ask,denand,de.ide,offet,prcmlse,rcfuse,
Verb+ object+ rc infinitve(Lrnt 19)
actuise,
ask,canvin.e,encou?ge,invite,ordea
rcnind, tell, warn
Petsuade,
adnn, agree,annauncelahswer'claim'complain'
canflrn, deny,explain,nention, pronise,prcpase,
Verb+ object+ rharcause
ddvise,assurc,convince,infarn, natify,petsuade,
rcnind,tell
Prcnise,rcassure,
Theydenied doing anything wong
I suggested changing au expotTagency
Sheprcmised to call me tomoffow
fhey rclused to lowet then price.
He advised us to wait untll ne\1yeal
TheyinviEd me to come far lunch.
Theyagreed (that) they'd wait.
She prcmised (that) she'd call ne tonanow.
1rcninded then (that) they had to pay a 25a/odeposit.
I told him (that) I couldn't nake the meeting next week.
O We usethe sametensechanger! es as in unit 21.
Cre.k t.l.ott fidltt O'l'E rbi theyiratbatio, toitta vith RohTabtun. OTE pomised thal
70!( tut of np ftlepho,t sy\te uotld bedUitdLii
tll.. )dd^. (Buch,rsi tslsinesweek
a We can .ko rcportwhat peoplerhinkor know.Verbsinctuderkrow nodce,think, reatise,
ek
5o y, I didn't rcalise you were busy.I thought you had finished.
22 REPORIED
SPEECH
2 95
C tt + passiveof a reporting verb
a We use/t + passive
of a reportingverb+ ihat to repot what peopl€ n qeneralfee or believe.
This s a formaluse,fo. exampl€ln a newspaper
story a sci€ntificrcportor a witten summary
of a meetinq
It w{t affiowced at the atferc cethat Aryentifld w6 lasinr Pesos$,0A0 flillian per onian an
gtuin plies .ottpdfttr with the ovetugeik the L^t tet yus.It uas pistetl out that ihkrkational
ptk6 hotl &t inptulc.l in two yeoR,but this eability hatl allouaddn inctedtein prcdnetiah.
flarinTnde website)
Verbsthat are often usedin this way are:
be agteed, be announced,be believed,be dained, be canfirned, be cansideted,be decided,
be estinated, be ererted, be feared, be lela be found, be pointed out, be praposed, be
rcponed be tumourcd, be said,be thown. be sugge5ted be thauqnt
D Reporting questions
(thisisthesamerue asfor
a Thewod orderin eportedquestions
isllkea nomalstatement
questions
indrect
in unit16).Tense
chang€s
followthoseglvenn unit21
'Whercis it?'
He askedme whereia war. (NOr v/h€r€-r.€.+)
)
I
Whe. we €pod quenionwod questions(whe4 evhaav/hy,where,haw,e\c)we uselhe
q!enlonwofd.
'Whenwill thegoodsative?'
) Theyaskedne when thegoodswould aftive
'Whyhaveyou salesgone dowh?' ) I wasask-ad
why out saleshad gone down.
'A yeard{0,I wd! atkcdhoa thit tro efsl nceer bctuen DaihtlerandChrysletuo"ld uotk,
ord I toid I wds&'nitiirfof thenturyeltonal
prcblehBThey
aeteboufldta haryen,asaw
cxpcnenccs
uiithSeathadsltotln.'-CEO oIvolb|aSen(DerSpiegel
website)
a Whenwe reponyeslno qres\ionslDoyou, Didyou, Areyau, elc)we ute if ot whether
'Do you speakFtench?'
) Sheaskedne if I spokeFtench
'4rc yo! going to
) He askedme whether I was goingta payin cash.
W in cash?'
questions
a Notrce
in theexamples
thatreported
haveno questonmarkin writing.
E Reportingcommandsand requests
a Commands
.re reDoded
wiih rel/andthe infinitive.
'Takeus to theairyoft.
>
shetold the drivetto take us to theairpaft.
'Dont wotry l ll dealwith it.
>
Shetold me not to wotry.
a Reolests
withaskandthe infinitive.
are.eooded
'Wauldyou nind waitingfot a moment?'
He askedne to wait
'Please
He askedus not to wait.
don't wait far '],e,I'll .ome alonglatet'
95 22 REPORTED
SPEECH
2
22 Practice
Exercise I G
Underlin€ihe correctwords.
1 Saly rold/ bltLqe Ihat she had lost the catalogue
pleasedon't saylte//anythinqabout t.
2 Thisis confidential,
3 Thisis confidential,
pleasedon'i saylte//anyoneaboui t.
4 Chrissaidlsaidme he mun leaveearljr
5 | saldltoldthem aboutthe meal,and th€yiaidlto/d th€ywould come.
6',You see,',told/saldsteve,'lalwaystoldlsaidyou'd get a promorion'
T You see,' told/sald steve, 'l alwaJ6io/d/sald yo! you d gei a prornot on ,
I Look, l told ta / said to her,'why don t you te///say m€ whar you medn?
Exercise2 g
Matchtheactlalwordsin sentences
l-12 withthe rcported
nat€ments
aFt)
tr
a) He advsedme to do it.
l
b) Heapologsedfof not doing it.
c) He congratuatedrne on doingit.
1 'Wel donelYou'vedoneitl
2 'Whome?No.I neverd d it.'
3 'l m reallysorry| didn'tdo it - I justforcot.'
4 'lf lwereyou,L'ddo it.'
5 'Wouldyouliketo do it?'
6 'Don'tforgetto do it!'
7 'Oh,| lee thatyou'vedoneit.'
8 'Oh,bylhe way,l'vedoneit.'
9 'Ohl I thoughtyouhadnl doneitl'
10 'l realywouldnldo it. lt couldbea disaster'
11 'l'll do it, youcancounton me.'
'12'No,I wontdoit. lt'soutof queston.'
the
n
tr
n
n
n
n
d) He invit€dm€ to do it.
tr
i) He noticedlhat l'd donelt.
j) He €fLrsedto do it.
l
n
n
e) He denieddoing t.
f) Ne nentionedthat he'd doneit.
g) He didn't realise'd dore it.
h) He promiredlhal h€'d do lt.
k) He ren ndedrnelo do t.
l) Newarnedm-. not to do t.
Exercise3 El Fffll
Rewrite
eachs€nr€nce
in reported
speech.
'A€
1
youon holiday
for thewholeol A!g!n?' sheaskedme.
sh€asked
me.if-lrlhelhcr...!...r..,4{..e
..h.olid6}
fer:..lhe..r.}ele..ef..Ara4r:i,
2 'Whai do the letteG'URf mean?'I askedhim.
I arkedhim
3 'H.ve yo! preparcdtheJigures?my bossaskedm€.
M y b o t t d s t e dn e . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 'Whenis yourb dhday?'I askedFrances.a.
l . s k e dF a ^ c e s c.d. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 'Did you femernberto backup the file?' sheaskedhim.
S ' e a s r e dh r r r . . . . . . . . .
6'Why haveyou turnedoff the airconditioning?'Ell€naskedrne.
tller asled ne
7 'Do you speaklialian?'th€yaskedme .t the intervi€w
Theyaskedmeat the inreruiew
8 'Howmuchdidyoupayforyourcar?laskedPabto.
22 REPORTED
SPEECH
2
97
Exercise4 c
t430
Re.dtheedractfrom a meenng,.hairedbyClaudia.Thenunderlin€the rnonappropratereportng verbs n
the writtensummarybelow
cLADh: Oh, hi. Takea seat... Unr, I d like to hearyour vie$ on the t.lks wele havins Nith BCP
$o!t the possiblemerger.Do you think we should go .he.d with dre discusions?
Well. Do a.tu,Iy I donl lhiDk \re should. Our comparry cultues are totrlly ditrerent. and I
can't seenrany opponmiries ro cut costsin a combined openrion. I'm sorry but I m 3gainstit.
But, Nigel, can'tyou seeth,r wer roo smaltto standrlone in the global economy.Theret
going to be ratron lisationin our narket and nN ls the right tinle to act.
cl.{uDr^, Un, right. How iong do you think it rvould trkc to integr:te the nvo conrpanics?
Ptubablyabout sL\ months,naybe oorc.
ThaCssix nonths ofcotrrpletechaosand frlling nrvestorconfidcnce.lti just too *ky.
.LAUDTAWell,I dont thini rvc haveenoughirfonrnrion .t thc momcnt. Pclhapswe colnd $et!p !
taskforce b look into the vhole isuc h more detait?
oauon
HDur.
Tony - $ould you bc willing to chair rt?
fron rhe other depftnents asrvcll.
OK, I I ch.ir r raskforcc,but I II need reprcsenBuves
o-^u, ^, Thar sholldnt be a problent.Whendo you thn* you'll be .tJle to set fie report .lotre?
Un,iD rbout six weeks.
Six rvcekslTh.Csridiculous.
(]a!ir^,
1
OK. {'e'll rry to get aI rhc ufo..ution togcdrcrin fou. $ccks.
llighr, thiCssellled.livc'llmect:r$in x month frcm todin srmc tnnc s.rurcp].cc.
in tlre
t wasestimatedlannounced
that il would takeaboui sixmonthsto ntegratethe two cornpanies
eventoi a mercer
2
twas rumouedlsuggested
that we couldset up a taskforceto producea reporton the imp cationsof
3
the merger
irom other
l\ wasprcpasedlclainedlhat the taskfo(e would be chanedby Tony,wth repres€ntatves
departments.
4ltwasshawnlagteedIhalthetaskforceshouldproduceitsr€portinfourweeks.
5
lt wasclainedlde<ided
lh.tthe nexi meeiingwould be on luly 28th at 9am n the rnan conference
Exercise5AF,D
the
4)is ta krngto a colleague
aboutlhe sam€rneetng ater n thew€ek.Undedine
Niqel(lrom
Exercse
his
report.
corectwordsin
'Claudiaaskedus tbat rar'e
g'vetagre our opinionsaboutthe mergerialks.| (2)told tlemltold
{l )
ro then that I thoughtthe wholething wasa badidea,but they rcfused(3)to /tsten/rnenln9.Of
courseTonydisagreed,
asusual-He(4)ioldBad thai we w€retoo smallfor the globalma*et.
andTony
Thenclaudiaaskedhow lo1g15)woulditlit wouldtaketo inteqatethe two companjes,
(7)sefttnguplto set up a t.sk
claimedit would{6)iakelto rdkesixmonths.Claud;asuggested
force to look into the wholethinq. ldedded {8) not sa]alnglnorfo ray an}thng. Tonyoffered
19)b chairlthathe would.ha,7the taskforce.Heprcposedthat the taskforce(10)reportlnglshould
reporfbackin sixweek, butllll) rcnindedthem that/rcmindedtharwe'd needthe rcportmuch
sooner.Anylvay,we decided{12)to rD€etlmeetngagainin a monrh.'
hrasal verbs 1
A Undergtanding phrasal verbs
'part cle' rneans
a Verbsare often 1oLow€dby particl€s ke back, oft througi up, etc, (ihe word
somelimesboth verband partce havetheirnomra meanngs Olher
adverbor preposition).
t mesthereis a new meanrngwhen the verband particleare put togetherCornpare:
It taok 20 ninutes ta 90 through passpattcantral. (norrna mean n9)
(newr.eaf ng = 'ook at carefuy')
Can we go through your proposalagain?
Theterm 'phrasalverbis usedforthe secondtype,wherelheverb+ partlce togetlrerhds.
3recommon n informalEns sh.
specialmeaning.Phrasalverb5
a
Sometimes
a phrasalverbhaslhe samemeaninqas a one_wordverb
find out = discover
90 ba.k = return 90on=connnue
The phrasaverbi, usuallymoreinformalthan the one word verb
a O l t e no n ep h r a s a l v e rcba nh a v es e v e r adli f f € r e nmt e d nn g s a n dt h e c o r r e cot n e s o n y c e a r
from the situaton
(= takingthe n€cess.ryactlon)
1 Danlwarry rn dealing with it naw
2 We deal nainly with Taiwanesecampanies. (= do businesswith)
3 Thercpartdeals with au. futurestrategry (= rsabouo
B Separable phrasal verbs
O With somephrasajverbswe can separatethe two parisand put ihe obleclbeloreor afterthe
could you fill this fon in, please? OR Couldyou ti in this fom, please?
now
out now oR l' pint out the spteadsheet
Illwint the sprcadsheet
i\,lrtioMrrti, tlx Ell\ a\rycrti{t, atrtr6Jnrt(arayr ,c ltilL o! ELI ntl!: ta k.cP d\rrrxt l,fle\
ttu 'nxrchrk' errs Fid.l:at 3C l;.trttt nr trl,?. (hrterltiorxl Herild
dopn.fallowin.t
Tribune Ncbsrre)
a Whenthe object s a prcnoun(me you, lr, etc)il mun comebelorelhe parucle
Couldyou fi itin, Please? \NOI t*a+)
I ll Nint it out now (NOTp|+€f€sf'1)
a Whenthe objec(is a ong phraseit mustcomeafler lhe partice
Cauldyao fill in the lorm that3 over therc on the desk, please?
t ll p nt out the sqeadsheet with lan month's tales fiqurcs now
a H e , e5 " h r o ' . o I n o n $ p a r a b l ep h r d . a l v € r b s
Haveyou ha.ked the data upz (= mad€a copyon yourcomputen
Wl you back ne up in the rneetlng?(= s!ppo'1,provde evdencefor)
Theyhad to.ut thelr advenisingbudget back (= spend lers on)
Our lav/yeRv/ill draw a new contra.t up. (= ihink about and then wr te)
Canyou drcp ne off at the rtationT (= take me n yolr c.r and eavem€)
Cauldyau li thisforn in, pleaJel (= completeby writinq informatlon)
I n trying to give smakinq up. (= stop do ng lt, quit)
ThecentralBankistryinq to keep inflationdown. (= controlit to slop t increasing)
Theyhad to lay 1ao workeBolf lan nanth. (= dismiss,makeredlndant)
list)
for t in a reference
tlooked thennunber up in vel/o'"Paerer.(= searched
(=
your
pick
Jtaiton2
coliect
me
in
car)
ne up at the
can tou
t ll pint the details out for you. (= pr nt from a computer onio paper)
I needto ing/call the prinrersup th;s afterroon. (= telephone)
23 PHRASAL VEFBS '
we ve set up a subsidiatyin Estonrb.(= established)
We'retryjngto sort it out now {= olganisejt, put it tighl dea with jt)
for)
he3 taken on too mu.h (= a((eptedr€sponsibilty
He3n/ess€dbecause
H6 sonwill take ovet the firn whenhe retues (= takecontrcl)
Ihe new cEo will be taking ovet in lanuary (= takingresponslbiliry)
away now? l= gertid of ir' disposeof it)
cant throw this newspapet
'no' to)
we tuned down thenoffer lt wastoa low (= €fus€d.said
c Inseparable phrasal velbs
thetwo partsTheobjectmustcomeafterthe
veftsw€ cannotseparat€
a Withsomephlasal
panKre.
E lca,Qtinones,HcddoI th. Arti-CartuptionLLtitdt theOECD, kld us thatthe hapd
'Covc tue tt woaldprcJetb dedlPith
siflsapot!eill sootrtign itsani-bnberyNto.ol
@npani\ .fton .oMh$ thdtale tigkatoristo thccanterion,'sh.soid (Busine$Tnnes
Sinsaporewebsitc)
t
ph|asal
verbs:
insepa€ble
Hereisa listof common
(=
I haveta call on a clientth,safternoon visit)
by chance)
Haveyou come acrcssa conpanycalledIMN? (= discovered
action)
Canyou deal with thisinwice p/ease7(= taketh€ necess.ry
wilh)
we've beendealing with Fedcofot a long tine (= doins busin€ss
(=
in
5E
/45ia
is
abolt)
with
+commerce
Therepon deals
witholt)
assrsia't(= tunctlon/manase
t <ouldnt do without ny peEonal
(=
care
ofl
Cantou look alter theofficewhilel'n out? take
l've tookedthtough my filesand l cant find it (= examinedcarefLry)
t'n sotryto tekeup sonuch of yourtine (= usean amolntot timeof space)
phtasal
Theydo not haveobjects
vedsareintransitiv€.
seeakolnit 25 a ManyinsepaGble
fhe phatocopiethasbrcken dow, again (= stoppedwork ng)
Yaunust chetkin onehout befaredepatturc' (= register'rcportyourarrival)
can!just comein fot a manent please?(= interupt the discussion)
HI thtough at ihe /astmonent. (= failed)
Thenegotiations
t thinkwe can9a by with a srnalletbudget. (= manageto do thing,
Willtou iustholdlhang on for a noment? \= watr)
He hadto step down afterthe.offuptianinquiy (= leavethe iob, reslgn)
y)
Shenight tum up at anynolnent (= arive unexpected
99
1OO 2' PHRASAI VERBS I
23 Practice
Exerciset B g
Choose
thebestverbeachtimefromA. B,c or D below
I Banca
di Romd.e. up anonlinebanking
seMcewithTelecom
ttalia.
A created B put C set D took
2ltsnotjustmyownpersonalopinion.Herearesomefiguresthat......upeverythngI've
A put B back C support D tum
3 Thisisa grcaiopportunit.Wecanljust......it allaway.
A removeB get C put D throw
4 | mightneedsomehelp.l'venever.......across
a situarion
likethisbefor€.
A come B been C found D discovered
5 Theirlong-term
strategy
is in c.isis.
Themergerhas......rhrough.
A gone Bfallen C collapsedD passed
6 lt3 greathavingyouin theteam.l don'tknowhowwe......bywtthouryoul
A su.vved B came C went D got
Exercise
2 nIXE
Complete
eachsentence
witha phrasalverb
thatmeans
thesameasthewordsn brackets.
Theparticle
has
beengvento helpyou.
I Didyou........fi^d........
(dscover)
out... whytheyhaven'tpaidtheifinvoice?
2 Canyou.....................-.
(wait)
on ...a minute
untillfindtheinformation?
3 Youneedto....................-..
(compete
in... thiscustoms
declaration.
bywriting)
4 Anymorequesiions?
(contin!e)
OK,l'll .......................
on ...wlth mypresenration.
5 Youneeddetermination
(quit)
to succeed.
Donl ...........,.,,,,,....,
up ... now
6Inmyjob1.......................with...alotofpaperwork.(takethenecessaryaciion,han
7 lf youlike,1can.......................
(collect)
up...theparcelon
mywayhome.
8 Cani .......................
bact ...to whatyouweresaying
a fewmoments
ago?(feturn)
9 Thkjobis9oin91o.......................
(use
up...monot themorninq. anamounr
of time)
10 lf MikePinker
arives,couldyou............--.........
after...himuntll| rcturn?(takecareofl
Exercise
3 X!
Underline
a//thepossible
wordorders
fromthefouralternatives.
Sometmestwo arepossibte,
sometimes
th.eearepossible.
I l'm too busyto dol wirh rh,sldealthiswlthldealythjttdeat it with tigti no\,\.
2 l'm goingto /oot up ihe info,.nEtionllooktheinfarnationupllook up it/laak it up on the ntemet.
3lnthecurenieconomicclimateweretryinqtokeepdawnourcons/keepourcostsdown
thenlkeep themdownas muchaspossible.
4 | couldn'tdo withoutmy nobile phoneldomy nobile phonewithout/dowithoutit/do it wjthout.
5 Heproposeda new produdlineto the Boad butthey turneddown theidealtuned theidea
dawnltuned downitlturned it down6l'llcallyoubacktomorowmorning.We'rejusttryingrosottouttheprobten/sotttheprc
h outlsott out it (ight nJ.v.
2:} PHRASAI.VERBS 1
'IO1
Exer<ise4ABC
C o m p l e tleh e € m a i L r s n !p' h r a s av e r b sf r o mt h € n b e o w t h a t m e a n t h e s a m e a s r h e w o r dnsb r . c k e r s
Ihree verbsneedio be pllinto an -nErform
b a c k ! p b r e : kd o w n c a l l o n c h e c kn d . a wu p d r c p o f f f n d o u r g e r b y
k e e pd o w n o o k t h r o l g h F € * + p p r i n to l t r n g u p s o f to u r t u r n u p
E
-
r",:'.-
"-, il.iF"r*; ""
""r,"",,
*,
=
-*'*"1
"'";"
*",rgr4qr.- l
MrYamanakawrbeanvinq€rrhearponarl030tom
...
rF
.. . (correctby cao r.om there a.d (2)
Hes sl6yins at the Mariott lwon\ be abe to (3) .. .. ..
c o u l ds t a yw i r hh m a . d m a k es o r e t h e r ea r e n o p r o b e m s( a )
l
canyou(1). ... F.ls!
.. (reave)at his rroter?
(a vel there unl about 1 pm. so perhaps you
. . . . . . . . . .k e g s r e r n g ) e r c
havero(5).
(manase)wdhoutmern
Y:11::1.::j::-""*ea,rernoon.soMikeandKarhw
rm q
(7)
ns b (6)
. (organise) lhe ilinerary ror my lr'p to spain next month. can you
. (hink about rhen wi,ta) a 'st or a our spanrsh cusrohers by (al ... . . .
..
our clstomer
accounls dalabase?
needs la lre booked
d
canyou(10)
..
w6 .e try ns to ( 11 )
(12) .
ke ro know exacty who
need io (9)
..
The printer keeps (13)
.. (examin ns)
al the moment so iusr
er crass
(sloppins work ns). and
( p r n r )t h e s p r e a d s h e ef l6 r
...
(elephone)lhekave6se.cyandcheckflishtrimesandprces?
(contror lo stop lhem mcreasing) ir.ver expe.ses
(d scovea prices ror Elrolrave
..
(vist) arso lhe flighr
did. r have a chznce 'o (14)
ca.y6udoirandlhen(15)...........
( m a k ea c o p y ) t h e f i t e
onro a disk for me to use 6n my 6prop?
Exercise 5 B C
31
C o m p e t et h r n e w s p a p e
a r t c e b y c h o o r n gt h ec o r r e cat d v e r bf r o mt h o s en b r a c k e t s
T R A V E LO N T H E N E T
Lani DillenChielExecutjve
of enrerel,
(olf/up/ou!l a quarterof its sl!llin.
bid ro
to call for Mr Dill.r's resignatioh,
En.a!elk
(ofi/dffi/oul)
sropped(r)......d.al!^.....
keepcosts(;l) ...,,...,,..,,...,,.. (off/do$n/out).
linrnce ofiicef Marthd Pip€rvill nor tale
yerlerdly in a dranelic nore for the
but lbese n€sures seR no! enolgh to
(6).....................
(through/up/on)the lask
on-linelravelaeency,
Revenues
at e.trarel
nake the conpanl p.ofitable,Diller had
of
a.e currenlly 15% dosn on the sane
period lasl lern and thet\'e had io
ben in negotialiorssith thelnterneipo.tll
(oye./up/out) their problebs, bu1 lhe
loHo to get exclusive
righis to ad!€rtiseon
nosi likelJ outcomeis lhrt e-travel$ill be
cut (2) ..................... (ori/up/back)thejr
advertising
budgelsererel!,Earlierin rhe
ih€ir sfterbur ihe dell fell (5),...,,..,...-........ laLen 181.....................
(ove./rp/out) br
(ott/ttrough/outJ at rhe l$t ni.ure, It
anolher cohpr.L perhaps onlinc .iral
tear
e-t.ayel laid
(3).....................seenslhat tbis ners frntlli forcedinvestors
t.ying
HiFly.cod. r
to
sorl
(7) ,,.,,.,.,.,.,,.,.,.,.
102
hrasal verbs 2
A Phrasal verbs + preposition
a Likeoiher v€rbs.manyphrasalverbscdn be usedeitheralonew thout an object,or fo ow€d by
+ object.
a preposilion
(phrasalverb
Any marecammen6?OK,shallwemove on?
usedalone)
shallwe nove on to the nert item on the agentla? (phrasalverb + preposition+ oblect)
a
Hereiea ln of commonphrasav€rb,of this type:
Can we b ng the neeting forwad to Monday? (= move ir to an €arlie. time)
Youg:o on ahead. t ll catch up with yau later. (= reachihe same p ace as)
we need to cut bzcvdown on our spendinq l= rcdKe)
Let'sdtop in on Davidwhilewe'rc in London. (= m.ke a short, nformalvisit)
verywel (= havea friendly€ ai onshipwith)
I gct on with ny colleagues
Let'sget on with the neeting (= conlinueafterstopping)
I cauldn't get through to directory lnqut€r (= contaci sorneoneby telephone)
It'shard to keep up with developments
in lT (= know aboutall the chdnS€sn)
AK, l ll move on to ny next s/de. (= changeio a new subjecl)
Cdn we put the meeting back to friday? l= mole il 1o a laler t m€, de ay)
can vrp put the neeting otf until frday? (= nave i to a aier t rne, de ay)
Canyou put ne thrcugh to Sa/etp/easez(= connecisorneoneby telephone)
Ithink the phatacapierhasrun out of to,rer:(= the.e s noneleft)
B Three.part phrasal verbs
c A few phrasalverbshavethreepadsand a th€e mun be used.The partsarc noi separable.
I look tot\lvard to seeingrou next week
Yor hnft ttuttcndovil, yotn obtLptdt 't,d' fe\.' dnd you havaspokotort in a charnont
Nou, t .fl ba(.x.dnir. .1..kior - no yo! t'!ar a tie? EttortedB nrc!i,l!t! u! thai rit! to
.ft ir anh dr$ dd( i, nt. hn(i.t i'dn\trt. (Chini Diily website)
t
Hercis a Bt ol commonphrasalve.bs
of ihis typel
lt s tine to face up to yout reiporslbrrt/bJ. (= not avo d)
lf it3 not su..essful,we can fa ba.k on plan B. (= lse f necessary)
Daes the rcuBe lit in with yout haliday plans? (= be acceptedw thout prob emt
l ll get back to yau tanoffow (= te ephoneyou aqain)
l'll get on to aur supplers ight awaf (= coniact)
1'll try to get rcund to rcading yau rcpaft today. (= 1 nd the time for)
tlook fotwatd to seeingyou next !,veel. (=thnkaheadwthpleasure)
I can t put up with such tude behavlour (= tolelate)
'Cole, ?€ v. d*id€d to cut ba.t on p6ple n.n€d Cole.."
24 PHRASAI.
VERES2
103
C Particle meanings
O Oftentherneaning
ofthe phrasalverb
isrelated
to therneaninq
of the particle.
Sennl dpplidnttulnties hdreonicisedtE EU for sddiflr oxt adusing sig&lsabartits
intentiontCd iddtesonpkin thatthey6nnot arry on ikdejkitelywith thecasu refow needed
to qudlifi,fot nqnbe$hip@ithortsotue
fn ddtefotentry.Theft,spd soneEU gorenfle,h rtuhl
to lut of erlatgenent
that
it
will
bcunpap dt oith the wk6, ol thdttheaeweahdtltt
fot J@
will 'nonpolie EU spendifs.(Econonistwebsite)
a Studythese
examples,
andnotethatapanicl€canhavesever.meanlngs.
back
/7 canyouba*. (= telephone
aqain)
t ll pay you ba.k tononow. (= rcpaythe money borrowed)
b€hind
Wemustn'tfall behindour competiors. (= be slowerthan)
t n getting behind with my lvork (= not do n9 asr'ruchasl should)
down
lnflationhascomedown by 2% (= becomeess)
t'n nlinq b cut down on fafty foods.(= reduce)
Thefactorywill closedown nextyear (= stopoperatng)
Theytumed down ou offer (= raid 'no' to)
Canltake down oneor twa detalls?(= wile on paper)
I noted down sone questiansto ait rou, (= w te on paper)
torward
Sheput lotwad an intetestnerldea (= suggested)
fhe n,eellngs beenbrcught forward. (= movedto an earliertime)
into
I'd liketo go into finan.ea,termyM8a.1=startworkng n.narea)
tE s realy into windsuning.(be nto = ikeand be inrerested
in)
oll
I shouldbe ableto get otf at aboutfiye (= leavewo*)
Gn youdrop ne olf? l= Iakemein yolr carandleavem€)
t'msotry| thinkwewerccut oft (= loseih€ sgnal n a phonecall)
Iheyll .ut off ny ele<tricitfif I don't pay thisbill (= stopsupplyng)
t leavemy computeton all the time.(= operatinq,work ng)
tt bok coldoutsidel'll put ny coaton. (= weat)
on
l'n goingta carry on workinguntTabouiseyer.(= coft nu€)
Shallwenove on?(= .hangeto thenexttopic)
t'll hand out sone catalogues
at the erd (= giveto everyone)
we sharc out theprcfiE eqralt. (= d vldebetweenpeople)
out
.
I I justwo* out thept?e for,,ou. (= calculate)
WeTetrling to sott out theprcblen now (- put t I ghr)
over
Gn we jun go ovet the detaikagalr?(= check/slmmarile)
t n not surc.I needto think ,t over (= th nk aboutit calefully)
through
Cantou go thtough yout ptoposalasatnT(= explain)
I've lo*ed through the files,but ,t3 not there.(= examned)
up
Theyptt up theqice {astmanrr. (= incrcased)
twasbtoughtup in thecounfry(= lookedafterfromchildto adult)
lnustwtiE up thatrepott.(= writeusingnotesmadeearlied
fhe conpanywasset up lasiyear (= estabished)
'O4
24 PHRASALVERES2
24 Practice
Exercise 1 !t
complete
withonewordfromlistAandonewod fromlistB.
thesentences
A: back fur.€C down in on out up up
B: on of {e to to to with with
1 l'm sorry| can'tmakethatdate-Canwe bing the me€ting
.f.r{!,"ffd.. ....i9....thisweek?
2 l'm sorry| cant makethatdate.Canwe putth€ meeting
............
............
nen week?
3l'mstartingtogetabitove&eight-l'mgojnqtohavetotakemoreexerciseandclt.-......
alcohol
andfattyfood.
4 Wereallyhaveto makethededsion
thisw€ek.
wele beginning
to run............
............
t me.
5 Firstl'lltalka littleaboutthecufientma*et satuation,
thenl'11move........................
outlinethe BoadS
thinkingaboutfutuEstrategy.
6ltbnotjustaquestionofchoosinga€ndidatewiththeightexpedence.Theyalsohavet
,,..........
thecomoanv
culture.
7 Everyone
in the R& D department
doesa lol of €adingoutside
workhours.
Thngsaremovingsofast
youreallyhaveto keep............
............
thefield.
8 We mighthaveto withdrawthisproduct
fromthe marketandface............
............
thefactthatit
hasn'tbeenthe success
w€ hadhopedfor,
Exercise2 I I
1-5withtheirendangs
t!4atch
thebeginnings
of sentences
al.€).
1 l'll lookintoit rightawayandgetback
2 l'm sobusydealing
withtheday-to-day
c sesthatI nevergetround
3 switchboad?
l'm tryingto getthrough
4 l'm notsurewhat3happening.
l'llgeton
5 Yes,l'rna lot happier
now I geton
E
n
n
n
n
a) to Philiplenkinson extension
3177buttherclno answer
b) with mycolleagues
muchbeiier.
c) to ourlocaloffice
andtryto geta
picture
clearer
of lhe situation
d) io youthlsafternoon.
e) to thinkingaboutthefuture.
Exercise3 I
Studyth€e possible
meanings
of theadverb
up a!<).Thendecide
whichm€aning
is mostcoselyrelated
to
theuseof up in the und€inedphrasalverbs.
positionb) increase,
a) in a high/noticeable
become
mofe c) compl€tely
1
2
3
4
s
6
E
A keyqoalfor Allianzisto buildup ils assetmanagemeni
business.
Manytechnical
issues
havecomeuo in thenegotiations.
| coulds!rm_!!the situationby saing that we?ein big trcuble.
l'dliketob ng upthequestion
of financinq
theoperation
in crcatia.
I needa newPc.l'venearlyuseduo allthespa(eon myharddisk.
programme.
Weneedmorecapital
to speedup ourplantmodemisation
n
n
n
n
!
24 PHNASALVERBS2
105
Exercise4 | l!
Completethisemailsentby a finanoaladviserto hisclientby choosingthe corect particlefrom ihe list
back behind d€,|,n in of off on on out through to up with with
stocG ln the us have @m€ (l ) ....-dcl\tr\,,. a lild€ si.@ | lasl @lacted vou. but in g€n€€lthe e@nomy i5 healthy and
int66t rates lf gFwih i3 too fast I lhhk ihey'll prcb.blv put this doclsion (3) . .. --,
rh€ Fed will pur {2) ..,,....,,,......whlch hav€ r€.llv fallen (4) -.,, ...,, ..... lh€ oth6r
lntll the third or tourth quan€r Th€ @l dang€r i3 with td@mmi
s6cto6. Basl€lly, the lel€@nh $cto. h6 run our €) ....,, .... ...... 5t€m. at l€53t in lh€ short tsrm We r€cohd€nd lhat
you cut (6)...,,,...,.-......on your e:pGue lo lhi3 3etor and *hch to en€rsv ard €teiling, whlch wli nt h nl6rv
( 7 ) . . . , , , . . . . . . , - . . . . l h € r € s t o r y o u r p o r t f o l l o , I n B l i t u d o E l I n @ t o B € B l l k € l v i o f a l l b e c k G ) . . . , . . , . .1. h e 8 €5 6 a s r t h a
. l!€ attach€<1.do@m6nl wiih sp.clfic suqg€Btlonsfor volr porttorio
cuft€nt marketrclaliliv edies (9) ....,,......--....
hlel m€ lroM. rFu €96 wih my €@mm€ndatlotu lllg€t on
when yo! v€ had . chan€ to go (10) .....-......-.,,,.
(11) .,,,,.....,,......
our b6k€E and theyll wo* (12)....,,,.......--..ihe comnl$ron lor buvlng and slllng th€ slocks.
Byth€ way, ih.nkBfordopphg (13).,........-.......rh. olher momlng. N@ llll€lvou gol on (14). ..... -.. vourwork
E x e r c i s5el I l I
@,, Comoletethetelephonecallwithphrasalvedsfromthelistbelowthatmeanthesameasthewordsin
brackets,
Somearefromunit23.
up go ahead go over holdon lookinto
callback cutoft getbackto getthrough breaking
pc++hrecg$ rangup sortout speakup
n-EcEr|roNrsr,
Good moming, Medi! Solutiont,how canI hclp you?
can vou (l) ..i{|1.. me ..lb.p.$h.. Gonnectlto christineMoreau,Plcase?
r'€cE!r'oN'sr,
OfcouEe,holdthcline...I'miorrycaler,Icant(2)........ . .. (nakecontact)
at the momenqthc line'sbu!y.Sha[ I askher to (3) ....... . .. .. . . . you
(tcl.phoneagain)?
...........................
Its OK,I'll leavea m.s5.ge
(wit) just a second$,hileI look for a pen . Right,
R'cEpnoNsr,OK, (4) ...........................
(s)...........................
(continue).
Derck
Richardion,Fomweston
SecuriryMs Moreau(6) . . ........... ...
My namei
ne.........................,.(telephoned)yesterday.Shewantedm€to(7
(iMstigate) the cct of inst ling an alrfm systemfor your PremisesI saidI d
(telephoneagain)het todatr
(8) ...........................
I'm sorry Mr Ricbardsn, the tine is very b!d, can you (9) ................. .... . (talk
.. (havingprcblemr
louder) ple.se?HeIo? He o? I'n sorry,you'te (10) ........................
with the signal). Hello? . . .
So!ry about thaL I'm on I tnin ming my nobile and we wete (11)
(disomected) h a hlmel. Er,y€s,asI sas saying,I'veruaged to (12) . .... ...... .
(orseiF). Can 'ou telt her thtt I'I sendher a quot.tion
somthing .....-.-..-.........,....,.
along vith a[ the othq deuils in the post?
Oh, risbt, er,can t j6r (13) .---.,..,..--...... (check)tbat asein?Yourname is D€rek
Richddson, Gomvestotr Seruity, ud you re going to seDdsome det.ils about u alarm
That3 right. Er thant you fo. your help. Goodb€.
106
erbs and objects
A Transitive and intransitive verbs
t
Verbsin Englishcaneitherbe tEnsitiveor ntransiriv€.
This nformationis shown n dictonaries
w th the l€ttersT or L
B llansitive verbs
a Transitive
v€rbsarc followedby dn obje.i Th€oblecrcantake a vareryof forrns:
noun: Da you sell stamps?
pronoun: /t3 too expenslv€.I can't affard it.
ret ex ve pronoun: 1enjayednyself at the .o.ktait part! yesterdayafternoan.
c ause: I de.ided that it was too tisky
a A transitiveverbis not compete without an object.
c
Intransitive verbs
a Intrans
t veverbsdo notldkean obiecr
Herflight hasaftived.lHet flight amvesat Heathrcw/Her ftightaftivesbefarcnine
(ButNOI f,le+{ight-€+ri}er|€ath{€*.)
Aut salesin Twkeyfell./Oursaletfell lastyeat./Ou satesfettdranaticattyin the US.
(B!t NOTesft€rapint {e r€-sa1e5.1i5+y€€+)
a lnrransitive
verbsincludetache,appeat,adve come,depaft,disappea,exjst,fat, 9a, happen,
hve,occur,tain,rcnain, ise, sleep,speak,wait, walk,wotk.
D Verbswith both transitive and intransitive torms
a Manyverbscanhavebotha transilive
and ntransiiive
form
I openedthe doot fhe daoropened.
Webeganthe neeting. Theneeting began.
Ottenyoucan eaveolt theobjectil t isobvious
because
of thestuaron or beca
Lrse
youhave
akeady
menlioned
it.
t parked(ny car)in front of yout offi.e.
(it) now
AK,IthinktundeRtand
a Verbswith borhforms nclude:accept,arswer:ark, begin,break,(hange,choose,ctose,caak,
decrease,
drcp, eat,end,explain,finish,farget,grcw, hetp,imprcve,incrcase,
knaw,tearn,
leave,neet, nau.e,openlpark' phone'read,rcnenbea see,staft stap,turn, undestand,
watch,win, wiE.
a Manyverbsarctransiiive
withonemeanng andintransrve
wrh.nother
(takeoff o) = to removean tem of clothlng)
He taaLotf h6 Fdet
The planetoak olt at 3 pm. (takeoff (l) = to leavethe g round and startftying)
t've rcrcvered the files from ke hard disk. (e-6uet fi = ro ger back somerhing thar was lon)
Theeconomyis recoveringslowly.
(rccover
(l)= to returnto norm.laftersometroublel
25 VERBSA'{D OEJECIS IO7
E verb + two obiects
o
Someverbscan havetwo objects,an indned object(d personwho receve, som€thing)and a
direc!objecr(th€thing someonegivet.
After a lat of negotiation they offercd (P) us IDO)a betbr deal.
Theypatd (a) the consultants lDo) a lot of noney
she sends(lo) you (DO)her ben rcgad'.
V€rbs lke thls include:award, bing, buy, cause cost, email, fine, giw, hand, leave,lend, nake,
offe, owe, past pay, post, ptonise, read, refuse, sel, send, shaw, take, tea.h, tell, wte
a
abovewe do not useio.
Noticethat in the examples
NoTth€y-€+tu{€d-.€-s5+M
NOTthefpdid+€-the{€r5ulr€€g-i.l€
t
object.This
Youcanoftenputthedircctobiecrfrlst,andin thiscaseyouuseto + indirect
importance
to th€ ndirect
object.
happens
whenwewanlto givespecial
Ihey afferedlDo) a betrer dealln to ou conpetitots.
Iheypaid \DO a lot of money lt]) to the .onsultants who <ameherc last month
5hesends(DO)h€t best t€gatds (tO)to you and yow tamily.
Bdrl$htul (DO) n@rcy(IO) to tloscbttnE setthaterpLdihau,thcJitul: nilLh. tpaid
(Busittss
AtukotZo". urbsit.)
areprcnouns.
whenbothobjecls
ThLs
strlctureisalsocommon
(lO)
(DO)
it
to u5.
Ihey ofered
a Someverbsmusthaveto + ndi€ctobject.Theycannothavelhe structuren thefirstparagraph
sheexpiained(DO)the sttuation (lO)to me (NOrexplsin€d-F3€+he'5* 'e)
I reconnend{AO the fish (lO)to you. (NOTre€€.FrFeFdJ€s+he-ii5h)
(DO)arother solution \O) to ut. (NoT5s99e5ted-s5-aFe*€{-5€k+eA)
Hesuqg€sted
'11t.!?akc
t .lotM.ttoAC didr't etttia(tO)to t.potteB(DO)thc pla8 to sellpatt
oJthedcpannte storechainKauJhoJ.Fn kfin( Allrcnctu tsl,sitc)
verbsin thisgroupindude:admit,announcedemonstratedescibe,explain,introduce,
mention,prcpase,prcre, rccannend, repeat,tepott,say,suggest.
F Verb + two obiects using for
a w,lh sone verb, we Lse for io Inlrodu.ethe -d 'ect obied in'IF.d o' Io.
I ve brcught a prcsent for you.
l've brcught you a ptetent.
I've left the rcport for you on yout desk.
I ve left you the rcpott
I ll rcsetvea table for six people.
I ll rcseNe us a table.
a Velbs with two objects that us€ for include:book, bins, build, buy, call, .hange, chatge,
choase,coak, iut, do, fetch, find, fix, let, keep, leavc, n'ake,odet, prcpare, rcseve, save
roa 25 vEhls AtrtDoE Ects
Practice
Exercise
t !!Q
Tick (/) the sentencesthat arc completeand cross(, the onesthat arc incomplete
I Youneed.
2 My headaches.
E
n
4 lt3 finallyhappened.
!
s lve €allyenjoyed. !
6 tsot.
7
8
9
10
n
Whatdid youget?
n
Thecompany
istryingto cut. n
tam tryingto wo*.
n
Hereminded.
n
Exercise
2 !l!
Tick(/)the sentences
thatarecofiectandcrcss(X)theonestharafeincorr€cr.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
We'veredesigned
thereception
ar€ato lookmoremodern. Z
l'll waitthe re.eption
areafo. you,
E
l'vebeenstudyjng
Accentu€on myMBAcouBe.
n
l've beenworkingAccenturefor fiveyea6,
!
Whatwillhappen
thecompany
ifthe CEOteaves?
n
Whowillrunthecompany
il theCEOlea!€s?
n
I'velivedLondon
allmytife.
n
l'velikedLondon
allmylife.
n
Theairportbusleavesthe hotetat eight.
n
Theairpo(busarivesthehotelat eight.
n
Theytoldusiastmonththatthedetivery
was9ojn9to U" tut". !
Theysaiduslastmonththatthe detivery
wasgoingto betate. n
year
Last we hadto fallouradvertising
budget.
n
Lastyearwe hadto cutouradvenising
budgetD
Exercise3 I
Eachpairof sentences
hasthesamev€rb.Markthesentence
T if it i5usedtransitiv€ly
or I if it used
intransitively.
Urd€rJirethe objectin the transitivesentences.
'I a)Canyou
seethewomrnin thebluesujtoverthere?E
youte
b) So
goingto cancelyourorder I s€e.
A
2 a) | hadto run to the pon officen
b) Herunsthemaftetingdepartment.
n
3 a)Ourfamilyhasman.gedrhishotelfor th€e generations.
n
b)Wemanagedverywetiwhileourbosswason hotiday. n
tr
tr
5 a)Thesales
targetwassetat 8 millionthisyearbut I thinkwe,llmiss. n
b) | efjoyworkinqabroad,
but I missmyfamilyandf ends.
n
6 a)Ours.lesdropp€dby 12% lastyear
n
b) ldroppd mylaptopon thefloor,but tdonl thinkirs broken.n
4 a) shelost hefjob lastmonthwhenthey restructured
the company.
b) Reallvadridlost by two goalsto one.
7 a)Susan,
do youknow Dr Gos.h€l
tromourMunichoftice?n
b) lt3 goingto be mo.eexpensive.
I know.
n
8 a)Youmustinvenif youwant yourbusiness
grow'
to
b) Farmers
who grew olivesusedto get a tot of subsidies
from the EU.
!
!
25 VERBSAND OBJECTS 1O9
Exercise4 F
Under n€ the corect words.
1 He /ent mel/ent to me the aruce about Turkeyfrorn lhe Econo.nist.
2 l'm goingto suggestthemlsuggestto themthat we postponethe meeting.
3 Ihey pronised ne / pronised to me a f ull r€fund if I wasn't satisfied.
4 | explainedthenlexphinedto dremthat lwasjust followingcompanypo cy.
5 This delay is causinErus problenslcausing problens to us.
6 | recommendyou rhe chickenlthe chkken to you lt's usudllyvery good n here.
7 | €port€d the laulf to dre te.hnicianlta the te<hnicianthe fault yestetday.
model.
8 In the end lso/d tiemlso/d to themihe moreexpensive
9 | descibed them the whoie situationlthe whole situation to them ln grcat d€tail.
1A Shetold neltold to ne that yourtrip io seoulwasveryruccessfuL.
Jennfer,.an intrcduceyou JosephLeelintaduG yau to loseph Lee?
line
12 1showedthe visitotslshowed
ro the v,j,iorsour new assembly
ll
Exercise5 #
orderto makea sentence.
Putthewordsandphrases
ntothecorrect
srticle
1 l/to Jacki€
frornihe marketing
depadmenvlent^he
I l-a^t the a.ticle t! J-^ckie {.ox the.y4.flse.it,}4 dep4lt|1.e^t.......
2 l/lackie/ent/th€articleaboutmarkeling
t . . . . . . . . . .
3 l/anemail/them/sent/yesterday
t
.
.
servrces
depa(menl/sent/yesterday
ema/to thekcugtomer
t.
5 l/the d splaymodelthatb beenin the window/sold/him
6
/the dsplaymodel/sold/toa womanwho camein this mornng
t........
7 l/my report/her/thismornng/gave
t . .
morning
8 l/my repot/gave/to he. secrclary/this
t.................
Exercise
6mm
with eitherto or for
Compete
the sentences
l'veleJta copy..f.gf.youon yourdesk.
1 Theyemailed
theirreply:..to''.
usthismorning.
you
give
this.........mysecretary
andaskherto makesornecoffee.........ourvisitors?
2 Could
yo!.
meetinq.
it.........
theBoard
Here,
l'llshow
3 l'v€prepared
a report.........
.........our
suppli€rs
n
Lodz
and
save
a
copy
.........
our
f les.
4 Pl€ale
wite a letter
5lfyouleaveamessage.........heronthsnotepad,l'lltakeit.........herwhenthem
you.
...theoffice.......-.
6 l'llbrinqsomesampl€s.....
7lt'llcausedamage.........ihecompanyifwechoosethewrcnglocation.........ournew
rneandl'llkeep
them.........
her
thedocumenis.........
8 Maryhasjun left.Hand
lto
e -ing form
Thisuniicove6usesof the-h9 formthatarenot mentioned
in units1 8 and19 20.
A -irg form as a noun
a lhe -tog fom can be usedas a noun(in this caseit s alsocalleda gerund).
Ma*eting rcquircscarcful planning.
a
lt can ako be Dartof a noun ohrase.
Conbining two financial groups su.cessfully is alwaysa difficuk task. (Businessweek
Onlinewebsiie)
nE Eality tow k thousatukoI maik,fM |t.ct:tdg6,kbphoie ulk dfttl Ihtemct arde$enin! inta
a @npo^y eueryday.Int ryHting that inJo'',,/,tion intellige l! so that ih. e$tomet geh what
it ne..lr k a uery.ohplet t6h dddndine a rery eotryld rot,.ior. (Eurobusinesswebsite)
B -ing form as an adjective
O The-ingformcanbe usedlikean adjective,
beforea noull.
My wo*ing day star5at nineand finishesarcundsixthitty.
Wearea smallmanufactuing companywith about50 enplayees,
a A smallgroup
of adjectives
canhav€eitheran -,n9formor an -edfor r.
Adjectives
ending-ingdescbesomething
we arereacting
to (outside
ut.
(inside
s€€al'ounir36 Adjectives
ending€d describe
ourfeelings
us).
Theneetingwasveryintercning. I wasinbrcsled in tout connents aboutCisco,
^ry wo* is quiteting at the nonent. Lastnight I wasreallytlrcd.
Otherexamples
are:boredlbo ng, excitedlexciting,
surpised/suprising.
C -ing form after prepositionr
O We use the -ingrform after prepositions.
wal-Maft becane successfulby se ing high wlunes at low pices.
We nevet laun h a new product without doing exAnsive natket research.
lnnead ot buying telecon shares,l suqqen you look at the biotechnologysedot
AtEr washing'the fruit, we soft it aKoding ta ize and put it into boxes.
Beforc s'€rting work at UBS,I wo*ed at CredisuisseFiatBostan.
seeunit46 a Therearc manyverb+ preposition
combinations.
We need to inven heaily in nanufaduing.
seeunita7 O Thereare manyadjective+ p€positioncombinations.
I d be very in'€rcs'€d in heaing yaur suggestions.
seeunit43 O Thereare manynoun+ preposition
combinaiions.
t needsone advi.e on doing businessin the Balkans.
26 THE'/I'G FORM lII
a
Becarefulwith the word to. Forverbsfolow€d by ro + infinitiveseeunlt 19:
we'w decided to use an our:tuleconpany.
And we useto + infinitiveto explainwhy we do something(ihs is called'theinfinltveof
We're doing this to rcduce cotts.
Bul we u5elo | -rngwhen to is d pr€po5it:on:
Outdoor pos1€6arc an akernativeto using expensiveTV advertisements.
inclfte: look fotuvadta, objectta, be used
Examples
Someverbshaveto usedas a prcposition.
ptefet...
to ..., respond to.
to, get used b,
l'n looking forwad to teeiDg you rext lveek. (NoI tesee)
He seemsto rcspond well to wo*ing undet pressurc. (NOTt€-,*€+k)
t n not used to having su.h a shod lunch brcak. (NOI r+have)
D -ing form uied to begin a clause
a An -ingclause
cangivemoreinformation
about3 noun.
ta betleftiontheEU ua at. I'ok dt Poland,h.ft th.t! dP ht)o
@ in d positioh
Vcryf."'fadns
nillio fdrs e"ryloyinf ovd 4 qrcttet oJthepopl4tiot, to ke th. ptobl.n at itsuolst
(Busi'ress
Cenrnl Eurcpcwebsne)
tntttt oo he
ubtk.rt havcbcctttoldtld ntdial tuetingsvith ov.6ens,olLeagus
UK-bdsed
Ohly t4l.s staf ttuwllifl! to .$entiql e stottt tt' neetirys
co .Iwtadthrctghlidcoco'ferchci'8.
Business
'nigazine)
tojy. (Sunday
dlt bcattouad
seeakounit2e
is likea defi.ingrel.tiveclause.
Thistypeof'h9 clause
opetatlng in Europearc |kely ta be takenover
A bt of the smalllntemetcampanies
(= whichareoperating
in Europe)
Aflicerat Accot
The\r/anantalking to Robett wilkinson is thechief Finance
(= who istalking)
ior an actionin the pasl.
o An -ingclause
cangivethereason
I wentoverto hi'l', thinking he was the manageabut he saidhe wasa salesassistant.
(= because
I thoughthewasthemanaged
Tqenegarversformedwithnot
Not being used to the companyculture, I faunll it had to fl in
for another
action.
a An -ingcl.usecandescibea background
situation
Walking into wott<thit moming I metCeliaMo usedta workin FErlonnel.
(= aslwaswalkingintowork)
isformedwithnoa
Thenegative
job
not knowing what to expect.
I stattedthe
4e"AI1thosein favour ofmoving the
decimalpoiDlooeplaceto the ngh:"
26 Practice
Exercise1 E 6
lvatchthe beginnings
of sentences
l-a withtheirendings
aI+)
I Manufactuing
in the UKhasbeen E
2 In theuK,theservice
sectoris now
muchmorcimportantthan
the
n
3 n the uK,services
much
arenow
morcimportant
than
n
prccett
4 olf manufactudng
tr
5 We'regoingto investheavit
n
6 car manufacturing
in Poland
is
n
7 Developing
andprcmoting
Polands
manufacturing
basewill
n
8 Developing
manufactuing
in Poland
willneed
n
a) manutacturing
secror
b) is nowalmostcomplerely
automared.
c) manuracturing.
d) in declin€
for manyyears.
e) n€eda lot of invenment.
in ihe Katowice
area.
D conc€ntrated
q) rnmanulacruring
overthenextfewyea6.
h) a totoi invenment.
Exercise2 tf #
For eachsentencein exercise1 above, decide if the wod nanufadwing is a noun at an adje.live.
Noun:
..!... ...... ...... ...... ......
Adj€ctive: ..7.. ...... ......
Exercise 3 S
Compleie
thesentenceswith
adjectives
lomed fromthevelbsin theti5tbetowin their-lngfo.m.
t*e welcomeconfuselast interestwear cut shop sell m€et
1
2
3
4
s
5
7
8
lt'sbeena very.........ti..
!^.,.........
day,I needa drinkto hetpmeretax.
There'ra.............................pointinlrcnroftheticketofiice.ttseeyouthereatsix
They?e
building
a new.............................
centre
bythemotorway
ext.
Nerpresentation
wasvery.............................,
perhapsa
ahhough
til€.............................forpe
whowe€ newio the subject.
Ths carpet
isveryhad-..............................
. andsoit willbeverylong-.....................
....
Thenewrcception
areashouldbe ........................--...
not
cold
and
formal
likebeforc.
,
-edgetechnology,
Thisis ..............--.............
youwon'tftndit anywhere
etsen Europe.
ltsdesign
isoneof itsnrongest
points.
.................._..........
Exer<ise4 &
Undenine
the cor.ect
words.
1 Thanks
for c.lling,and| ,ookforwardto m€et;rolmeefyou
at rheconference.
2 Thafksfof calling,
andI hopeto me€ringlmeetyou
dt theconference.
3 l'm expecting
to taklnqltake
thenainto workwhenI movelntothe newhouse.
4 I don't objectto tathglrale the train, but I prefercomingto work by car.
5 | canhelpyouwith yoursprcadsheet,
l'm usedto workinglwotkwith Excet.
6 Whenlwasin mytwentiestusedrowo*ing/workasa s?t€!consuttant.
26THE'/VGFORM'I13
Exercise5 t]
from ListA followedby an -hgform from lietB.
compl€teeachsentene by choosinga preposition
A: €fter without by of before inslead of
B:
l€ayiRg usng being qong lncredslngtakingover
Af-tef......... .............1.e+Vi14........
university
lworked in lT recruitment
for a wh e.
...................................
verynervousat the startof my p€sentation.
2 | was aware.
...........o
. .c. a l o p e n t o l s .
3 V o d a l o ng€r e w . . . . ....
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o. .n. ., .l ' d j L r sl li k e r o o o k a t t h i sg r a p hi n a t t e r n o r ed e t a.
1 .. . . .
5 f r t ' -u r g e n l c o , d r a l . Fi l l 1 e r em v s e '
6 The Fedis hopinglo rcduceinflation... ..
. . . . . a. , o u r i e
.. . .. interestrates.
Exercise 6 D
crossouttwo unnecessary
wordsin eachtentence.
Eluetoolh
arebasedin cambridge.
1 A ot of theI rmr{/Si€h-€re
developing
2 Thewomanwho s replaclng
KayWakerusedto workat Saachr.
wo.ry
n9
me
mostisthefluctualionn oil prices.
3 Thethingrhat s
_9
Trdde
4 hevisilors
whoarecon lh,sallerrconc e d.apdne-e
Deleqdto_
Exercise7 D
1-6 wilh themostappropiate
endng aFf).
Matchthe beginnings
of sentences
I
2
3
4
5
6
Speaking
to Mlke,
So,concluding
mypresentaton,
nsisting
thathebeallowed
to pay,
Of cou6e didn'tsayarythng,
ljlst tookit a Lfor granted,
| resigned
thenextweek,
t-
n
n
a) hegavehiscreditcardto thewaiter
b) | r€alised
thatihe stuationwashopeless.
c) l'd justliketo sumup theman po ntsagan.
to. onemome.t.
d) not regrettn9 myactions
e) notwilhingto offendh m.
thewofkthaiwas nvolved
t notapprecialing
Exercise8 D
partol eachsentence
Rewrite
u5ng an -,n9cbule.Noiethat nsomeexarnpesthereisa
the underlined
1 | got io the anpo.tal ten becaus€Lexoectedthe flioht to arive on urne.
| 9or ro t^e dirporrdl ten. ..
exF-eJt'^{ tfg fl14ht to arrrve oa tiva
2 | didn'r undeEtandrhe languageso Lfolnd it hardto get aroundon my own.
onmyown.
Ne:-t...q^Ce..a.ttA^di^4..!..fe..1*n4la*4,e.............
, ' torndt hardto setaround
3
.
InvesrFdf5,000indClrnaf-dbe.aus"IhopedrhllbeinaAc!
investedf5,000 in a Chinaf!nd,
4 4f.]_!cC5nltarexpelcn
l th nk I madeioo manyconcelsions.
I t h n k I m a d et o o m a n y
5
assumed
shewouldnlmindso I askedheraboutherannualsalary
l a s k e dh e ra b o l t h e ra n n u a
6 | sad yesbecauseI didn'i know it would crcateso m.nv plqblem5.
I s ao y e ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
114
A Make and do
a Thereare mdnycommonexp.essons
b.sed on mdkeand do Thereis no generalrule,although
often mdte is lsed foi a prcductor r€sultand do for a proces!or activty.
You make...
an dppointmentwith sb./ an affangenentwith sb. /sb. angry sad,etc./
an aftenpt to da sth. / sth. bene, /Mrer (comp.rat ve adjecrives)/ a bld for
sth. I a (all tc sb./ sth. clear/ a canplai nt against sb. | rcntacts / a de.ision /
a differcnce ta nh / an exceptian/ an effott / inquiies tan extuse / a gaad
inptession on sb. / an investnent /a lass/a ness / a nistake / naney /
a noise/a note af sth / a plan/ sth. possible
/a prafit/a p.omise/pragress/
sb redundant / senseaf sth. / a staft / a suggestion/ sure / yauseff understaad
Youdo...
the accounts/ yaur bestI business
with sb./ the cleaning,shopping,etc /
a coursein sth. / danage ta sth. / ecanoni.s at unlvesiry / everl'thingyou can
ta help / sb. a favou| / a job fot sb./ nothing / avettime / research / sanething
dbout I I a test on sth. / well, badly at sth / without sth. / wak fat sb.
Nolerith. = somethrngand Jb. = sornebody.
We usemaketo rnean'produce'or 'manufacture'.
P.odlctsaremade/, a count.y,madeby a
companyand madeof a materiallike planic,4eathet
elc.
We usedo to mean'periorman action'when w€ are rpeakng generaly.
Canldo antlhing to helpyou?
What did you do at the weekend?
'Tlt sto.knft*d is rhdt it k.yon liuct,ith that,'sa]t^
Ollild, CEO of NakiaCotp,'Yorjt^t do
th! I'tst ),ou tut on d .laily basis,ty to let lE tkht balai.( al tha lt
and Lr\-tthi a.tiofl!
'l'ltdt\
ttu onlf attitrdcto hdr. to droid losi"r sLlp Mnrcudfiir' (lDdu"ryweek wcbsirc)
B Get
a
6et hasthe followingbasicmeaninqs:
given
2 receive/be
I got this shift fron Harrods.
I got an enail fran Frankyesterday.
It s getting late. Shallwe ttop naw?
4 move/arrivesomewhefe t got tnto Salesnany yearsaga. I get ta wark at nine.
5 bring nh. b a place/fef.h
persuadesb. lo do (h.
8 t|avel byl..tch (iranspod)
7
Can I get yau anyrhing fran the dinks nachine?
I'm sorry ldidn't get that
Wetriedta get themto agree,but theyrcfused
| got a taxi fron the airpart.
Tiny.r'nurs dteaIdlolite t Lnto'iecdkat.A,tlsoon w,'11Le ahletoyt oneaJyaw aot1.And
t! /'{irdl (Forbes-comNebsite)(qet = obt.in)
Ned to get @hnatal to the I' anet Nlostue?Yot'l| prcbabb haueta dedli,ith Andtoly
Kdrd.ttrp} (Forbes-com website) (get = be.ome)
Mx BezassaidA nzat lon d lot oJ n'oicy oh it\ inresr$efltsin hath lirin!,.ofl akd Pett.eon.'The
ided wB ta let i" $nk!, and slakeyan clain ta a pdticrlar na*et caor.' (WeI SrreetJo rn.l
Eurcpe webslre) Get = move)
Mdke et/e yon ptu'flfuesu'o,1 get yo! itto tbtule. (Quicken.con websne) (qet = briig)
Is the bssiness{ot rs'lit), ttatue and eonjde* erotgh n let ah.t uefi won! ii the dat .otu
o6h ? I hdue'fly dasbts. (hnh Tides websile) (gei = understand)
27 MAKE D1O.GE HAW
115
C Have
or asan acton (= do somethlng)
a Weusetheverbhaveeitherlike'possess'
I have a ferrariand a \ftv Goll
I had an interening con/ersationyesterday. ladtan)
Whenha!€ is usedlike'possess'itis a stateverband so do€snotform continuoustenses.
t have a goad job in the Aty (NoT Fm+e+iFg)
seeunit2
t
Th s is verycomr.on in Erltsh
We can usehavegot in placeof havewhenlt means'possess'
English
l've got a good job in the Ct',Y
He\ got an MBA from lnsead.
of fiaveusedlik€
a Hereare someexamples
th ngs/ people
'possess':
hare a new carl jab, have tuvas,ne6, hrve a baby (= to give birth)
havelong haic have glasses
qualities havea goodsense
of hunou, havea lat of eneryy
peffonal
havean idea,haveanlno alternative,havea/na doubt
ideas
havea badback
havea cold,harea heada(he,
illness
/ njuri€s
esof iave in ts otherlse at an actionverb:
a Herearesomeexamp
eat/ dink / smoke havea coffee,havea glassof wine,havea neal, havelunchldinner,have
the steak,havea cigatene
havea meeting(= meel),ha"ea dink (= dtink),havea look (= laok),
have+ noun
(inneadof verb)
havea resr(= rest)
h.vea wash{= wash),ha!€abreak(= break),
havean accident,havean appointnent,haw a chance,havea dayoff,
otherphrases
havedifficultylin + -ind, ha\ea guess,havea holiday,havemrik( n yoLrr
coflee),havetime havesecondthaughts,havetroublel+ 'ing), havea
word
Havefun! Havea gaod tine! Havea nice day! Havea ga! Havea tty!
Havea rcst and you ll feel nuch befte.
Mr lLsodlc taidPtojln tnr\ haoetroubl nki,s aneybe&tt. of i^ ttu* fttordot uo*iir
(Fjnlncial Postwebsite)
oih t an,rD'e.Ituon'a5likeAIo/r./N.rldrtr drd S,, r\,trror1,Jr.r$.
Mr Hamat 1oanadr mabugt ad yoanatu ne oy
butlat dibt't mab ,nr fiou!.'
116 27 MAKE DO, GE', HAW
27 Practice
Exer<ise1 &
Complete
thes€ntences
withmakeor do.Youmayhdveto usea pastsimplefom.
1 I m sorrytheP.esident
is busy.
You'llhaveto ......11^.k-e''......
an appoinrment.
2 Theinsider
dealing
scandal
...................-...
a lot of damage
to hisrcputation.
3 | th nk France
Telecom
aregoingto .......................
a bidfor Telecet.
you....................
4 Could
mea favour?
you.......................
Could
somemorecoff€e?
5lthinkweshoulduseanotheragencyto.......................thecteaning.
6 Don'tworryjust................-......
yourbest.
Wea||.......................
mistakes.
7 OK,shallwe
.......................
a start?
8 Thebuilders
.......................
somuchnois€
thatit wasdifficult
to .......................
anywork.
9 We......................bu5ines5intheUkraineforth€eyea15beforewe....................
l0 We.......................
sometests
lastweekandtthinkwe .......................
progress.
l1 Wehaveto .......................
a decision.
Wecan'tjust.......................
nothing.
12 lhopewecansenda technidan
to .......................
thejobthisalternoon.
Exercise2 [
Matchthe usesof get in thefollowing
sentences
with meanings
aFh).
e) b.ing/fetch
given
b).eceive/be
g) pe6u.de
h) navel by/catch
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
E
Whattimedo youusually
getto theoffice?
Yo! mightbeableto getit a littlebit ch€aper
it yougo to a targefstore.
'm sorry| didnt quitegetthelan point.Couldyou
erptainit again?
Thefactoryisverybusy.
Wegot a lalgeorderfromTaiwan
tanweek.
CanI getyoua (offeewhileyouarewaiting?
Thisnewsoftware
is sohardto use.I don'tthinkt'ltevergetusedto ii.
I flewto Heathrow
andthengot a trainto Reading.
I couldnlgetherto signthecontract.
Sheneedsmoretimeto decide.
n
n
!
n
n
n
!
Exercise3 I
Lookat theformof thewod iaye in thesentences
put.
belowputa tick(/) if thesentenc€
s possibe.
(r) if t is noi possible.
cross
1 ltb OK,I dont needanyhelp.l'mjusthavinga look.
Z
2 l'm havingonebrotherandonesister
E
- she3havinga lorof €nergy.
3 She's
a goodteammember
I
4 Whynotjoinuslater?We'llbe havinga drinkin the b".
n
5 OK,J'vedecided.
l'm havingtheneak.
n
6 You'lleasily€cognise
Anna.SheShavingshortbrownhairandgtases.n
Exercise4 I
h threeexamples
in exercise
3 theword/rauecanbe replaced
byhavegot.Writetheseftencenumbers
27 MAKe DO' G4 HAW
117
Exercise 5 fi
wlth a wod o. phr.sefrom the list below
Competethe sentences
at€rnatve appontm€nt chance conver$tion break day otf dificulty doubt
th€fsh go headache ho day ook unch rF€€{'ng ume word
1 l'm havinga ...Yg.e'1ll{. . wrth my bankmanagerthlsafternoon
. o uw e n tt o G r e e cdei d n ' ty o u ?
2 D i dy o u h a v ea g o o d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?. .Y
......? Youwent to that Greekrcsiaurantdidn't you?
3 Did you hav€a good .......
. at thesefiqlrrcs?
4 lf you hav€d . ....................
, couldyou h
l'll do t today.
to look at the repol1yesterday.
5 | didn't haveany . ..................
y
6 I m sorrywe have10stop yolr rcdit. We haveabsolr.rteno..
and then meetbackherein twenty minutes
7 lts beena long meeting Lel! havea short............. .
. .i.t.h. .C . t h e r i n e
E o o t hd t t e n o t l o c k .
8 G o o dm o r n i n gI.h a v ea n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .w
. lt's normallyverygood in here
9 Lel me see.I th nk l ll have.... ...............
10 h.ve no .
..............
dt all that he3 te n9 the truth. H€'sa veryhonen pe6on.
a e l a i l isn h s p r e s e n t a t o n .
1 1 l h a d a l o t o l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .u. n. .d. .e r l t a nndg t h e t e c h n l c d
e n a t p i r i nl f i t g e t sw o 6 e m i q h th . v et o h a v et h e
. .i n k l ' L l t a k a
1 2 l ' v e g o i a b i t o l d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l t. h
.
..................tomoffow
l 3 l ' d h k et o h a v ea q u i c k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w i t h y o u a b o u l t h e n e w p r o d u c t l a u n c h .
1 4 H . v ea . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! l m s L r ryeo uc a nd o r t !
15 | had a veryinterening. ...................wilh Tonyoverlunchyesierday.
Exercise6 { I
iC'rr
Co r o er€ | e o. o9-. w tl a (o[eo form of nake, do at ger
a lot ofoveniore recendylA.c you hopins t
Helen,you've beer (1) ...q-o.11$...
( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. r. .o.D
r
o
t
e
d
?
.
thisjob very long ind I reniiywlDt !o
No, it!jusr rhat I havent been (3) ..................
( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .e. .s.o. .o d n n p r e s s i o Inn. d r e l a s tp l a c eI w o l k e dt h e y( s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. .l .o t o f
peopleredrndan!,iocluding ne
Really, rvhy was that?
nrto
very we]].Bcically they (7) . .
HtrLEN, well, the conpanyjusr wa\nt (6) ..................
a bis investmenttu Lxrin ADrenc:'
dimcultiesby exp"ndingtoo quickly.They (8) ..................
their
bui rhe\ hadnt (9) .................
( 1 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . . .e. n
. .o. u g hn o n e y .
EcN,
arketresearchproperly.So dreyjLNtcouldnt
.?
S o w h a i d i d y o u ( 1 1 ). . . . . . . . . . . . .r.h. .e. n
We[, it wrs difrcult for, lvhne,ihhough rhe companywas very good ro us rnd we
(12) ..................
a 10t othelp n app\ing for nerviobs.
Well. Jt l-r(r ,5ri' 'omerhing
And rhe redhdancl packagervasqulre good and I (13) ..... ..... sone nmney on solne
shas I d sold, so I had enough money to la5t me a few montl$ while I apPlied {5r other
lobs.
So. how long was it before you goi rhis job?
Well, abourivo montt$.I put my CV on rhe web,and I (14) . - - - quire a few rcrlies
. a big ditreren.e
At the time haviag th€ lntedet ar hone (15) ................
. ny
without it.I even(17)
Ye.h, it's great.isnt it.I couldnt (16) ..................
ELEN,
shoppingoD the lnrerDetnoiv --. me aDofer n\e next day,
an interview here.and ihey (19) ..............
Then I (18) ................-.
M d I a c c e p r eidr ( h r g h q $ r v
118
efative cfauses1
A Relative dautes
c
Relative
clausesareshorrphras€sbeqinningwilh wordslike !./hc rhardnd L/hichthat defne or
d"(,rbe p€oplednd t' 'ro. The'ec'e Mo tyoe
I
we usetheseto dentifyexacty wh ch peBonor thing we mean.
Definn9 relatve clauses:
The .andidate who we inteNiewed on Fiday is beftet than this one
The rcLative
clauses part of the noun phraseTheinformations fecessaryfor the sentenceto
a Non-defning reatve clausesrweusetheseto add extrainformaiionaboui a personor th n9
Cqdl.\, 'uhov Idther wcs s Grcek innigftnt vho entercdthe United Stdtcsaftet Wond
Wat II, Ehn .d ),.!I.r.1d)'
n' Cr..c ot d brliltes tip. (Interution.l Her dTribunc website)
part of the sentenceToshowthis
Ihe nformatiofmay be nlerening,but t is not a necessary
I n w r r n g w e u s ec o m m a s .
Non-deiiningcl.usesare morecomrnonin witing. In speech,w€ often I ve the s.me
r . f o r l d L o nb i l ! 9 r u i i n gl d o < h o d< . n l e n ( e 5C o n p de
Thesalesman,who was very helpful, said this madel was ln 5tock. (wrtn9)
'Thesalesmanwas very helpful. He sad this nodel was in nack.'
Gpeech)
a
Lookagainat lhe previousexampleRemernber
lhatwearet!n addinqextrainforrnatonabout
a s a l e s m alnf l h e r e s m o r e t h a n o n e s a e s m a n a n d w e w a n t t o s a y w h i c h o n e w e a r e t a l k i n g
aboul,then we usea dei ning relativecaus€.
'The salesmanwho I spoke to on the phone yetterday said this nodelwas in stock, but
naw you tell me that yau don t haveany. l've cone all the way herc to buy lt'
B Relative pronouns
a Thewordswho, whlch,that, whan and whosecan beg n . reativecause Theyare ca ed
rer.nvepronounr.
a Forpeopleboth who and rhat afe used,but who
The(andidate who they chosefor the iab has a finan.e backgrcund.
a Forthlngsor ideasboth rvhkh ard that areused,blt that is nrorecommon,especiallyn speech.
Theprodu.ts that you ardercd werc sent taday.
Thefaadtutorldes a,ottut ptublct. I'1. et topa itipdt! fi the EU\ si slend*et it uill ha,eta
to'1Jo1nta tlt Coh""o!' Agtittlhndl Paliry,uhi.h nahes ry 40% of a EU rcplatiots.
(Bushes Centr.alEuropelvebsife)
'Ih.
frht .fot srtuiualoJdai\' btsittcseill be&ai tiy t]1. a]]dii2atiansthat ada! flo't sdssflllf
ta the n.!, u,orldthat is developtrg. (Businesweek websire)
a The reatve pronoLrn
lvhoseshowsthat sornethingbelonqsto sorneoneor something.
Ive invited ta the neeting everyonewhose wo* is rclevant to this Noject.
The EurapeanUnion is an oryanisation whose poli.ies change quil€ slowly
He ortus 10A pet e!'t of this a,qany, phose sals hir .lose to $3 niUio,t i,t 1998. l{\ia.Inc.
r
In forma Efg ish I is possible
to Lrsewhom nsieadof who wherewho is the oblectof the
sentence.But n modemEnglishmostspe.ke6 only usewho
Ihe .andi.late who/whom we chosefot the jab hasan MBA in carparate finance.
2A RELATIVEO-AUSEs I
''I9
c Leavingout the relative pronoun in a defining relative clause
a We can leaveout whq whrch,ihat (but not whose)in a definng r€lativeclauseii theyare
followedimmediately
by a nounor pronoun.
The techni(ian (wlto) Tony spaketo said the ned^/o* was warkinq fine.
Thesalad (wlti.h/that) I had far ny stanet was superb.
Thisis usualin spokenEnglish.
y by a verb.
a We mustkeepthe relativepronounif it i! followedimmediate
The techmoan who spoke to Tonysaid the netuw* was warking fine.
Thesahd which/that cane with the fish was superb.
D Non-defining relative dauses
a W e m u s tk e e p t h er e l a t i vper o n o u ni n n o n ' d e f n i n cga u s e sW e c a n n o t l e . v e i t o u t ( t m a k e s n o
difierencewheth€rit it followedby a .oun or a verb)
The tethni.bn, who my.o eagues know well, said the netwak was watking fine.
The terhnician, who spent ovet an haur here said the neniwtk was wo*ing fine.
Thesalad, vhi.h he'd spenthours prepanng, was superb.
Thesalad, which had avo.ado in it, was superb
a
I h a t6 n e v eu
r s € dn a n o n - d e f n i n g r e l a t v e c a u s e .
Chile,which is an inpottant na*et fot ut is having some curency ptoblens
E Relative pronouns and prepositions
clause.
a Nomallywe pul preposilions
at theendol the relative
a) Thepe6an (who) I got thete liguret frcm saidtheywercaccurcte.
b) Unllevetis a .onpany (that/wllich) we know quite a lot about.
c) fhe pe6on (who) I spoketo wascalledPam.
in ftontof whom,wh,chandwhose(but
it is posslb
e lo pul prepositions
a Blt in jomal English
previous
examples:
not whoor thaf).comparcwilh the
a) Thepersonfrcm whom I got thesefiqutessaidtheywercaccurate.(forma,rare)
(forma,rare)
b) unileveris a canpanyabout whi.h we knawquitea lot.
(nconec0
c) Thepe6on t6-*he I spokewascalledPam.
pfonounaitertheprepoenton.
a Wedo not putanother
(NOTUnibverisa comp.nythatwe knowqunea lot abouti+)
t" At. @to 6
"Mtst D,sd, eal le t&! tww
dnrutkh
ngAt 1,6 d6t?'
120 2a REIAT|VECLAUSES
I
28 Practice
Exercise 1 S
Decide
wh€therthewordsin iralics
a€ defining
or nondefiningrelatveclauses.
WriteD or ND.
1 lhe manwho is in receptbrhasbeenwaitinqfor ten minutes. E
2 Ihe food,whkh wasveryr/ae,wasservedat the bar
n
3 Theprojector,whichhasd new bulh is overtherc.
n
4 lheprce.lotwhknhasanewbulbisovetrhete.
!
s Ihe trainwhich leaves
at a am doesnl stopat Bath.
n
5 Thetralf, wnlth/eaves
ataam, doesnlstopat Bdth.
n
Exercise2 q
Complete
thesentenc€s
withwha,whaseot that.
I lhe customer
...P|!€g...company
I visired
is phoningthisatternoon.
2 Themanual.................
theysentexplains
everylhing
3 lts diffcult
to say.................
thisfaxwarsenlby.
4 Thecandidates...............
CV5| lookedat thismorningwercallverygood.
5 | don'tremember
.................
I spoke1owhen| (alledyerterday.
6 Yo!r colleag!e,
................i metthismoming,hada different
opinion.
7 Toyota
isa manufactufe.
..,...,,,,,,.....
.eputation
isexcellent
allovertheworld.
8 Theconvact................youshowed
mebeforewardifferent
to thisone.
9 lcan'tremember.................
I inviled
to themeeting.
l0 Doyouknow.................
Catherine
worksfor?
I I Thecons!tarit,..............seems
veryyoung,isspeakn9ro ManinSommer
12 Theypromoted
themanager.................
sales
teamwasmostsuccessfut.
Exercise3 1gg
prcnounit youc.. leaveit oui. Puta rickat theendii yoLrrnln keepthe
Put. bracket
arcundthe.elative
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
lhe book(thai) youlentmeabouie-commerce
is reallynteresting.
Thecompanywhich
isour maincompetitor
isApollo /
Thenamewhichtheychosefor thenewmodeis Prima.
Themeetng room,whichwasn'tverylarge,became
hotandnufiy
In theend,thesales
campaign
wasthe bestthatwe'deverhad.
These
arethepeople
whosenames
appear
on thedatabase.
people
presentation
The
whoatiended
the
foundit veryuseful.
Thesupplier
whowevisitedlastweekhadbetterqualitythanthisone.
Richard
Branson,
who naftedwith almosinothing,is a rypical
entrepreneur.
ffelaaw€ek
istheEnglishlanguage
magazine
thatlreadmostoften.
2A RELATIVE CLAUSCS 'I
'I2'I
Exercise4 E.
lnformalsenten.€s,begnningds shown
Rewritethe formalsentenceas everyday
'l
whom
I went to the conierence
Thesearethe co eagueswith
.tLe .ce^f-ere^-cc..xith...
| . .t'.e^.t-..toThes€
arethecolleagues
forwhich we havebeenwatrnq
2 This s the br€akthrough
-hr, rLF
b ' e a l l h ' o u gw
r' e
b
3 That'sthe hotelaiwhich lstayed.
l h d lr t l e h o l e l . . . .
Richardis the pe6on with whorn I usLr.v dea
4 when I ca the accountants,
Richardit the pe6on I
When I callthe accountants,
5 Thisis th€ cataogu€{rornwhichwe choosethe sdmpl€s
l ' s i - ( h e . a r a l o gwu e . . . .
6 This s the arcafor which I am responsbLe
lhi, 5t e.'da
ExercisesBCE
or rmpossible
Wite Por '
is possible
Decdewhethereachsentence
from
we ecevedthecomplaini
1 Thiss thecuetomer
?l
from
thecomplaini
whowe receiv€d
2 Thisistheclstorner
thecompainl.I l
fromwhomwe received
3 Ths isthecustomer
the.omplarnt L-l
frcmwhowe received
4 Ths isth€customer
on
5 Thiss theprcductwhrchwe redependrng
!
on.
6 ThieLstheprcductwete dependrng
l-1
on whomwe'redependrng.
7 Thisir the product
L
on whichwete dependrng.
8 Ths isthe prodLrct
atpLccon
w|lhw1owedectare..eo
9 tre Lo.s.rtlann
wilh whomwe dealarecalledA pfraCom !
10 Theconsultants
l l Theconsutant5whowe dealwlh arecalledALphacom t ]
t]
Alphacom
arecalled
12 Theconsu
tantswe dealwith
Exercise6ABCD
aSto
a-d. Ihen decdewhethereachstatement
four r€lativeclauses
aa(iclewhichincLudes
Readthis newspaper
belowisTrueor Fase .bo!t eachrelaiiveclause.Wite T or F at the end
Yeeierday,the FederalReser€ made the cut in intest
.ar.E (a) whlch the sa*ets had beeflerp.ctins' The led
or Watl Stt€et had clGed. Th€ rca.non (.\ uhi.h ltill
follo@ o" the qfteh.! nt*ets i€ dif6.ult to Pleali.t, as
chai,ta\aa lD who uas back at hit daskyesteldav aftq a
shott ttip to lapat nade the a$ouncemdt afiet trading
tlne dolld - 6) @hih has bM trading at Lrounil 0.93
elms - has had a lot of bad news ovq the last Jew days.
:
1 The relativecause deniifiesa pe6on, eventor thrng
z I e r e l d l r vper o o u n r d n b e r e p l d c ewdn h ' l h d r '
3 Youcan eaveolt the relativepronoun.
b
c
N N T I
d
nr nn nn nn
lative clauses2
A Combining sentences
s
Lookat rhisexampleof two 5ho.tseparare
sentences.
t m taking a flight. lt goes via Frankfutt.
We can cornbne the sentences
!s ng a realiv€cause.Ihere aretlvo ways,but rhe meanrngs
arc the same.
a) l'n takinga fhghtthatgoes via Frcnwurt
OR
b) The fltght (that) t'n taking gaes via Frankfutt.
seeunnr4 I
Noteihat articlesoi1€nchangewhen sentences
are combned.
a) h;s, firghClikethe orginalshortsenrenc€,
because
rhe ftghr is nrenlionedior rhe i rsrr me
and thefedreseveraloflhem.
b ) h a st t e f l l g h tb e c a u steh e r es o n l y o n e n t h e s p e a k e rm
br . d
seeui r 23 *
I
Remember
thal we ollen leaveout rhe retatveprcnounkhad n spokenEng sh n ca5estike
th s.
Whenwe combinesentences
we do .ot add anolherpronoun
a) NOTIm takinga flight thal i+goesvraFrankfld.
b) NOTThe{ 9ht th.t t'rn rakinq..lrgoesvia Franklurt
B Use of what
6 We c.n ure the reatve pronounwnatlo meanrhe fh,rqfj) ihar.
I didn t undestandwhat she$/d. (= the ihing! that 5hesad)
What we needis a beftetnatketlngst?tegy. (= the th nS thar we need s)
Hrri,R a ttu hryt .otpratio,r .d,rdl .nr 0,r/.6 .I.r?ft$iai a\ttd 1.tu]tt) 1.$ alrtsh( ,t'^
torod{. d,tl a nat tuted rta*.tphd al idear.Corllohentiar ajias uhat tt! nadid .anryd i.s
do and, ir hn, what )'or ratl, ldtth, ad hcat. (tsrllliconrenrwebsite)
c
use of where, when and why
ll We cdn usethe rclativeadvedswhere whenand why with their normatmeaningsto dentify
whichihing we areralkingabout.
AM\a^ saidir dsdilndthto nde6td"d the rcasoflphf the Earcpeal Centftt Ba k had clt
/arei. (Obse('ei $€bs,te)
e We can leaveolt rarenat why,ot usethat
Do yau rcnenbet the day (when) t stafted wotking herc?
Do yau rcnenber the day that I narted wo*ing herc?
s
We mustkeepwhere,exceprwhen thereis a preposton at the end of the ctause.Inthis case
we leaveit olt or userhat
Thehatelwherc I stayed was quite cheap.
The hatel (that) I stayed in was qLtitecheap.
29 RELATIVECLAUSES2
i23
Relative clauseswith a participle (-,nt €df
verbform
verbform (with an -,10q
ending)or a passive
a Thereldtiveclausecanhavea continuous
(with an €d ending).
rhe peodewho aE ,makingdE rcal de<isionsate all at Headoffice.
Itle ptoducsthat we€ atta('irrg tttost lrtet€st l,l€rethe smaIe4 fightetnodels.
Pa$erye$vtho arc seat€din rcws H cannow boaid the aicraft.
long shalf-life.
Foodwrtitl, is sold h sDema*es needsa relativeLy
a In thesecaseswe cansimplifythe sentenceby leavingout bolh the relativeprcnounandthe
fhe pffiple making lhe rcaI d€f,itionsareal at Headotfice.
werc he fiEleL lightetnodds.
Theprcducrsattrading most inffi
Paitenge6ieated m rolrA t-P oannow boardtheaircraft,
W sdd in supetna*ea needsa relativdybng shelflife.
in itsstoesd&otedto horcehold
thespace
Asda,nou ow.n U Vr'al-Mart,is keento i,tnease
pftdntt. (Independentwebsne)
gooaL,
electicabandenteltaiwnent
rDrvt4 ss h.ad ol our rcquiritloB allvbioD'your aflr al
botrusb 10miliotr dollalB,llom whlchwc deduct2 mlllion
lor rh€ cofi.e tund.'l
T24 29 RELAM CLAUSEs
2
29 Practice
Exercise 1 X
Combine
eachpairof sentences
by including
thewod gjvenin brackets.
1 Lastyearwe int.oduced
a n€wljne.tts aimedat theyouthmarket.
(that)
Thenewline. .......1h4t..Yr?..i1!:.cd4c..d-..!4jJ..F.4i.........
isaimed,t theyouthma*et
2 ld ljkeyouto meeta colleague.
Hecouldbea usefuJcontact
for you.(who)
l'd likeyouto meeta colleague
.....................
3 A candidates
CVison yourdesk.Shedeserves
(whose)
an interview
Thecdndldate
.........
..........
..................
oese.ves
anrmeryrew
4 A visitoriscomingnextwe€k.5he3frcmourparisoffice.(who)
Thevisiror
............
.............
............
isfiomourpaisofi<e.
5 Tomtookmeto a restauEnt.
tt wascatted'Noodte
(that)
Heaven,.
The.esta!.ant
...................
............
........
wasca[€d,Noodte
Heaven,.
6 | h€ada man3p€sentation.
Hewaran investmenl
bafker.(whose)
...........
. wasanInvestnert
banker
7 He€ isa mobilephone.I wastettingyouaboutir. (rhat)
Hereisthemobilephone...
8 Overthercisa site.They?e
goingto buitda newfactory{whe.e)
Theste ..........,,,,...,.......... .
,.......
isoverthere.
Exe.cise2 n
lf thesentence
iscor.ectputa tick(/) at theend.lf thesentence
hasa wordwhichshouldnot bethere,
w e the incoffect
wordat theend.
1 Thewomanwholaskeddidn'tknowtheway.
....(....
2 Thefirmwhosetheirsrandwasat the backhadveryfewvisito6.
.tlgif
3 Tl^atwasthe,orgestmeetrng
i veeverbeenin
4 Theirainwhichit goesto Brussets
teaves
fromhere.
5 Th€products
whichsellbentheyarethosewiih nicepackaging.
6 Ths model,whichit waslaunched
lan year,issetting
verywell.
7 Everyo^e
thatI spore to advised
meto rryagarn
8 Thecompanywhele
Ius€dto wo it wascalted
tntertink.
Exercise
3 mfim
Underline
thecorr€'ct
words.Thisexercise
includes
somerevision
of unit28.
1 lhe llighl Whilhtwhot'n takingteavesfrcm Terminat
2.
2 SheS
fiomthecompany
products
wlkhlevhose
we diltribute.
3 Eteryane
who/whichwas
at the meetinq
wi eceivea copyof theminutes.
4 Message.Io
whomlwhoit mayconcem:
ptease
do notleavedirtycofJee
cupshere.
5 Therewe|esomeinteresring
ideasat the me€tingr,5at/what I went to.
6 ti norihe '.5r trm. rhatlwhdlrhevvFdonethr(.
7 ThatlwhatI likebestahoutmyjob isthe contactwith peopte.
8 Hasanybody
seenthefolderw,iarltharI tefron thisdesk?
9 Theroomwherelthar
tworkh.s verytitttenaturat
tight.
I0 TheroomwhereltarIwork in hasverytitttenatur.ttiqht.
29 nELATVE O-Atl'Es 2
i::
Exercise4 :B t
Completethe sentence!with what whichot vvho,at lck (/) lhe spacef the sentenceis akeadycorfect
I Ther€'sa lot of noise{romthe builde6... {....... -o," ng n"t, ooo.
2 Mike doesnt realyknow....!..Y(.1 hewants in hiscareer
goinqto the s.me conference
as us
3 | was ta kingto a man .................
as us.
4 | was talkingto a man ..... ... ......is goingto the sameconference
5 | a s k e dh e r. . . . . . . . . . . . .s. h ew a st h n k i n g .
d t o u r c a m b i d g el a b o r a t o r i e s
6 T hs i sa n e wd r u g. . . . . . . . . . .w a sd e v e o p e a
7 T hs l s a n e wd r u g. . . . . . . . . . . . .d e v e l o p eadt o u r c . m b r i d q ea b o r a t oe s .
....... was deveop€dal our cambrdge aboratoriet,s fantanic
8 Ths drug, .
.... developed
al our Cdrnbridqeaboratoies,is fantanic.
9 Ihis drug, .
l0 .... .........we neednow s bettefbrandrecoqnition
ownedby the company.
11 The 'assets ncludeeveri4hing..... ....
1 2 l d d n ' t r e a l l yu n d € r s t a n d . . . . . . . .h. e w a st a l k i n ga b o u l
Exercise5 A
,f,35
basedon the nolesbe ow Beginw th e ther who or whlth
Completethe arricleby wr 1 n9 rclativeclaLrses
TheBattlefor
LVMHrought
Tn 1999 BernadArnaLrltb
Ia
batte to take over Gucci,
dr whrch
.u^ b' Dsz^|co De lolc
",nc
De Sole recelvednews that LVMH,
( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b.o. .u. .g. h
. .t. . .w$
. h aAmault
d
andsell Ue busin6ss,or detend
5% of lts shares.Thls was golngto be
cucci by fiiding a tiendly 'wnt€ knight lo
GUCCI
t h e b a t t r {e3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .rescue
. . . . . . . .them.
. . . . They decidedto fight. The
D€ Sole g6theredtogethera team oi
modelsat ltle Glcci menb showin Janoary
peopl€
( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l.t. . . . . 1999
. . . . . . . .had
. *iite laces and teeth like
M i t e k n i g h( 8
t )....................................
arived in the iorm of FrancoisPnault,
( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P. .P. .R
.w
. .a. .s. . . . . .
very successlulin Ewope,but Pnaolt
Mnted a clranceto buid a globallroup.
Plnaultagc€d to invesl IJS$3 b on,
(10)..............................................
ln €tum Pinauitb group gained
new $rategc
. . . . . . . . . . . but he agrcedto leavecontrol
ncludedAmecan ia\4yerAllanTLttle6nd
D € c u l a(,6 1 . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .commltt€e,
. . . . . . . . . . . . Amault had accu'nulat€d of the companywith De sole and the
B o bs i n g e( r5,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meanwhlle
€p€sentatives on
a
rhe
Therewereiwo options:eithernegotiale sharcs
{?).......................-...-...........-......
I LVMNfolght a batllewith Gucci Gu..i was rln by Domeni.oDe Sole.
2 LVMHhad bolqht 5% of cucci'sshares.LVMHwas the largenlux!ry goodscornpanyn the word
3 Th s was goinqto be a baiile li wouLddecdethe futureof the indlstry
4 De Solegatheredtogethera teamof people.He couldirust them
5 BobSingerwas in the tearn.Bob Singerwas ih€ chieff nancialofficer
for Arnault.
6 The modes lookedlike Dracula.Thiswas meantto be a message
Theyrepresented
34% of Gucci'stotal stock
7 Arnaultaccumul.tedshares.
8 A wh te kn ght arrived.Guccihad beenlookinglor one.
9 Fran(oisPinaultwas the white knight He was the headof a nonJoodrcla grolp caled PPR.
10 PnaultinvenedUS$3billion.Thiswas . 42% share n Gucci.
ountable and uncountablenouns
A Countable nouns
I
A countable
nounhasa sinqular
anda pluralform.
Wecanlse numbers
wrh it.
onebank, thteebank
one solution, two solutions
ane mete, flve me'/es
one pe'Jon, ntuopeople
one child, three childten
B Uncountablenouns
O An uncountable
nounonlyhasoneform.Wecannotusenumb€6with t.
Whh OPEC dttikg oil predxctiona d demandttill ortpacir! sspply,it uoutdteen oil prk?t
hd1)e
howh.t togo but up Sahoo BlsinessNes wrbsite)
Herearcmoreexamples:
substances,
materjals
watet;dcq aiaoil, colfee,noney,steel,electicitr',food
abstractidea!
lile, fun, freedon,prcgtess,health,tine, trcuble
activities
wotk, tavel, sleep,football,help,nusic, rcsearch
hlman qualities/feelings honestypatience,sadness,
hopetrespect,couage
a Thefollowingnounsareuncountable
in English,
although
theymaybecountable
in oth€r
languages:
acconmodation,
advice,baggage,NEvbu: business,
cash,fngrsh (language),
equiryent, funitue, health,honewo*, infomation,knowledge,luggage,nachinery
noney,pemissbn,rubbish,scenery,
traffig ttavel,weather,wotk
a A few uncountable
nounseodin -s:
athletics,diabetes,
economic'gynnanis, neasles,news,politi<s
a lJncountable
nounscannotbecounted
directly.
However,
we cancountth€musng phrases
lik€
a pieceof, a bit ol an hen of a cupof, a glassof, a boftleof, a kiloof, a baffetof, etc.
a piece/two piees of advice a bftlnno bits of infomatian an item/two itemsaf netts
a botrle/two bot{es of wa@ a kilo/two kitosof i.e a banet./two banetsof oil
singular or plural?
a Countable
nounscanbesingular
or plural.
Thenew nodel is a big inyovenent.
Ihe new modelsarca big in ovenent.
Unrcuntable
nounsarealtrayssinqular.
Thenew equipnentk a big inproveff'ent.
a Somesingular
nounscanbefollowedbyeithera sinqularvelb
or a pt!ratverb.
Ihe conpanyislare doingverywellat the nommL
It depends
whetherwe tbinkofthe grcupasa whole(sinqular
verb),or ts indivduat
members
(pluralverb).Examoles
are:
arny audience,boad, connittee, rcnpany, data,hmily govemment,
graup,nanagement,
nedia, press,publh saff, team,union
30 COUNTAALE
ANDUNCOUN'ABI.E
NOUNS 127
ate:
o Somenounsonlyhavea plufalformandtakea pluraverb.Exampes
goolis,
poli.e
feelingt
renains,
scissors,
clothes,@nten1 earnings,expenses,
kans,
(ausers.
suffounotngs,
D AIan, some, a lot of, anV many, much, few little
countable
nounsonly.
a We usea/anwith singular
(NOT+hi5i5€n+F€r€5{i9
Thisis a goadproduct.
.)
noun,we usesomein placeof a, or simpythenounby itself
Withuncountdble
Thereis informatiot lsome infomation herethat is inportant.
founs.
a studyth s tabefor wordsbeforcplu.aanduncountable
nouns
usedwith bothplulalanduncountable
Usedwithp uralnouns
only
noun5only
Usedwith uncountable
sanelalot afl latsafl any
nanylfewtafew
nu.hllittletaliftle
we don't havemany noneElwe onlyhavea lew.ustome't at thistimeof yeal
Thercisnt mu.h infomation/Ihere s verylitde infomation aboutthisbudgetnen.
natemenis,
andanyiscomrnon
in n€gative
statements
and
a Somei! commonin affirmative
que5tions
l'w seensomethingsI like,but I don't haveatry noney.
il it isan offeror request.
Blt we canlse somein a question
yau
inftnnation
aboutout investnenttunds?
would
likesome/any
sentences
wherewe mean'it doesnlmatterwh ch'.
andwe useany n affirmative
l'm fteeall day.Callany time you like.
a Manyandmucharcoltenlsedwiththewordshowaid not.
Hou tnatryp.ople vill hdreI tunet dce$in 'e eo,nigyut!? Hou mrch rcoenseuill a siryle
indalD,,Iikc ttdt'cl,ca Itun r,. fi/er7 (Brilscontent website)
There'snot manyjobs/not muah wotk in the nanufaduing sectarat themoment
E specific and general meanings
a Somenounscanbe either(ountable
or unco!ntabl€.
Thecountable
lormhasa speclflc
formhasa general
meaning
meaning,
andthe uncountable
Noiseinsidefactoiescanbe a prablen.
Ihe nachineis malxnga stange noise.
ausinessk goingvrpllatthe nonent.
Ihis is a new businest.
Ihete kn't mu.h spa.ein ny office.
Therearent many spa<a in the Gr patk.
(offee (thesubttance)
a coiY€€(a cupof coffee)
(themsterla
paper
a papef(a.ewspaper,
conference
)
Fper)
(the
(for
grars
g/ass
materia
a
drinkjnq)
)
I28
30 COUNTAAIEAND UNCOUI{TABrI NOUNS
30 Practice
Exercisel llIl
llllledicc the correctwords.
1 HownuchlllqJaatypages arethereon yourlvebsite?
2 lslAre thercnarylmu.h bankswitha headofficein Geneva?
3 lslAre thetenaryl nuch trafficin ceneva?
4 Howmuch/ tlow nany in{omationhav€we got aboutthiscompany?
5 Wherelila/e the goodsw€ ord€rcd?
6 Thereisla/esomepeople
waitingfor youin €ception.
7 We boughtsomenewegu,pmentlegu,;Dment'
lastmonth.
8 We boughtsomenewmachiDelmachiner
lastmonth.
I Ihis is an equipnentla pi€f.eof eguipmertthat controlsthe speedof rotation.
l0 Thisisa ,nachinelapieceofmachinethal controlsthe speedof rctation.
I I Hegavemeanlsomeadvicewh(h u/aslhr'ere
reallyusefu,.
12 l'm afraidwe havenl9ot nuchI nany ri.ne.
13 Thenewsrslareon at nine.The€maybearl5omeinformation
aboutDavos,
14 We havesome/anyblueonesin stock,but we don't havesomelanyredones.
15 Youcanchoose
somelany
colouryouwant.
Exercise2 I I
Completethe sentences
with the wotd a, an, sdne nuch or nary,
good
1 That!.......4...... idea.
pogress,
2 Well,thats...............
Isuppos€.
3 Wedo somebusiness
in Poland.
but not ..... .,,,,,,,,.
.
4 Wehavea fewcustomerin Poland,
butnot . ..............
,
5l'dliketomake.......---........inquiyabouttrainingcouBesyouofferatyourcollege.
6 Canlhave.......--.........
info.mation
aboutt6insto PasT
you
7 l'll see in an hourldon't ha\,€,,,,,,,,,,,....
moreemails
to w te.
8 l'll se€youin an hourI don'thave.,,............
moreworkto do.
9 Doyouhave...............
trcublewiththe unionsin yourfactory?
10 Doyouhave..............difficulties
withthe unionsin yourfactory?
11 I needto claim....----..........
expenses
for myt p lastmonth.
jun a little.
12 Wedidn'tstudy.........-----....
economics
at university,
Exercise3 :
Lookat theundedined
nounin €achs€nten@.
Write5if it hasa specific,
countabte
meaning,
or 6 if t h.s a
g€neral,
uncountable
meaning.
q
I a) Doyouseethismaterial?
Thisis unbreakable
gbsE.
b) Whai a beautifulwinegla$! Wheredid you get it?
tr
2 a) Inthisjob,experien.e
ismoreimportant
thanqualifications. n
b) Thisisgoingto beane&elieDlel'll remember
for a longtime. n
3 a) Clairerunsa b!ji!er5 designingcompanywebsites.
!
b) lt! not qoodfor business
wheninterenratesaretoo high.
tr
4 a) YoushouldmeetMark- he3hada veryinteresting!lif€.
n
b) lifgis complicated
sometimes.
n
NOUNS 129
30 COUI|TABTEAl{D UNCOUNTABLE
Exercise4!l!!
ispossible.
below.Puta tick(/)if the phrase
Howmanypossibilities
aretherewiththe phrases
p
^{?
I
s
:
uo
F"
f{
1 | haven'tqot many
2 | haven'tgot much
3 | haven't got a/an
5 Thereis some
6 Thereisa/an
7 The€!
9 lts a/an
Exercise 5 I
on the right.
lvatcheachphrase
on theleftwiththebestphrase
1
2
3
4
5
6
acupof
a glassof
a bottleof
a barelof
a sheeiof
a sliceof
E
n
tr
n
n
n
a) wjneisacceptable
at a business
unch,butno more,
b) coffeeis a goodweyto staft the day.
getnuckin the photocop
er.
d papercansometimes
d) whiskycostslessat theairyod.
goeswellwithtomatosoLrp.
e) wholemealbread
on the@mnodityrnarkets.
D oilcancostUs$15-30
Exercise6lllll
@re
unaealne
wods in thisdialogue.
tnecorrect
^NGEL{, J.ck, have you sot (1) 4/ro € momcnt for a chat?
of course,eo ahcad. Now: a good time.
J^cx;
^NGEL^, There (2) iJ/z'e (3) d' /rdme impon nt work thtt wc need to do ove! the next few months
It should be (4) atr/Jd6r interestingjob, and I thinl you re the best (5) petrd, / peopleto do x
]rck
.\NcEn,
Oh, rcaly?
Yes.W.n, (6) a'la piece ofempty ldd hd come onto the rErket on ihe other side of town
Uh,huh...
J^cr.:
^NGEI.., And, ar yoo knova qe basen\ gor A nafy /n/.,
(8) d, /ro,rr ideal dPPortunity ro expand.
Yeah.We don'r haE much room here.
J cK:
mcra,
sP&e at our present site.Wel, we think it's
well. rere tbirking rbout building compleiely new offces.Wed like you to do (9) a /sone
resedch on the whole ida, and t]ten wite (10) a /sdne report on whether to go ahead or
not.AE you intelEsrcd?
WeI,I h2Ent got (11) rk
/nany experience of tltis kind of rhing. I ...
J^cr
isn'i
mprc
eke h@ who is suitable.
ANGELA, I know' but theE r€aly
Nctu
ADd we need to tuke (12) a pbg6s lttogBs on this m quickly a posible. we'E takins on
fifteen nev people iD Malch.
Um, ri8ht, but there (13) tr / e(14) naty/dlot of lt') infomdtiorlinfomatians to colllect.I We[, with thn new rcspomibili.y we might cor-sido reviewing you salary.
t ci
well, OK, it sound! like (16) drl,
NGtu,
inteBting
chalenge- I'[ do it.
ronouns
A Indefinite pronouns
a Wotdslikeereryone,
anythlng,
pronolns.Ihey
etc,arecalledindefinite
r€ferro people,
rhings
of pla(eswithoutsaying
exactly
who.whatorwheretheyarc.
People: soneonelsomebodyanyonelanybodyeveryane/everybady
na one/nabody
Ihings: somethiog
anything
evertthing
anytine
(allthetime)
a The€is no difference
between
the-ore formsandthe -bodyforms.
pronouns
O lrideflnite
arefollowedbya singularvelb,
butwe relerbackto themin a sentence
with theylthenltheiL
Someonei5 wailng fot you in rcceptian.I toltl them you wauldn\ be bng
well, I supposethateveryoneis readyfot theit cofleebrcaknow?
B Someone I anyone, el<
O Wordswithsone-andany-followtherulesgivenin lnit 30.In morcdeta:
AfFIAMATIVC 5EI{TENC'S
some"isverycommonin affirmative
senten<es:
Therc'ssomeonewaitingin rcceptbn.
particularly
Any-isalsocommon,
whenwewanrro showthatthereisno timitio ihe possbitiies:
Youcanfly anyyvhereyou want fron here,
DetpneAnazor\ letlsdlto .onh'e|t ot theBestBsy Epott,theoreany\ execatites
hate tdid
thef ft,ndir opetto ponne\hipswin' othelletaileE.'We'll talk uith anrone,,'aidWolM Je ton,
A dzor\ chiefi"arcial onier,tw eeebraro. Wan SrGerJournal website)
Compare
wth'some':
Wecan bringit to your officesometimetomorow (wedon't knowyei, burwe tet you)
Wecanbringit to teur office anytine tonorrow (theresno imit yo! decide)
4ny-iscommonin sentenes
wilh lf
lf thereis anything you want to know just ask.
Ary- jsverycommonin questions:
Doesanyone understandthe newsofhtuare?
sorre-is commonwith offe6 andfequests:
CanI giveyou a lift somewherc/anwvherc?
Compa€dry andsome. Any-emphasises
thatrhercis no imiito the possibitities:
ls theretomething I cando to help? (a nomaloffef)
ls thereanything I cando to help? (t'll do whateverI can)
31 PRONOUNS
t31
N E G A T i V ES E N T E N C E S
Not... any-is verycommonand meansthe sameasro':
Therc isn't anybody here with that nane- = Ihere is nobody herewith that nane.
Not... iome' is rareand hasa difi€renimeaninglo not... any'. Studythe exampl€si
He isn't someone I feel comlodable talking ta. (= He isn't a pe6on I fe€l ...)
Thatisn't somethingtd thoughtaboutbeforc. (= Ihat snl a thins 'd thought...)
c Everyonelno one, el<
a Wordswitheverymeanallthepeople,
in a group.
th ngsor places
A big thanktou' to everyone.Youall did a wondenuljob.
we handleeyerfthing for you, frcm designto delivery.
a fyeryone(withtwowodt hasa different
meaning.lt
means
edc/,stngle
oneandis usedto
giveemphasis.
bothwods hdveequdlstess.
In pronunciation,
Every one of our dientsis impottant.eventhe smallestcompanies.
a Wordswith/lo- meanno people,
thrngsor places.
Nobodyphonedwhileyou wercaut.
Medmthilc,Allidn.tli.d to brit? D sdna toJlthctuith HI/B, ii ohnhAllinE alsohdsd lary.
ltdkt. l'1itid4y,th. i.lca oe
Online website)
nouhq. he.dtst HVB l,odtdke' l,ct! oppasedit. (B$inesl?eek
Doublenegatlves
are noi used.
Thercis nothing vr'ecan do. oR Theteisn't anything we can do.
(NOT+h€€i5n{-6€tltn,a+d€.)
D Reflexivepronouns
a The ref exive pronounsate: nyself, youRelf, hinself, heBelf, itself,ouRelves,youselves,
Notethat lhere is a plural'you' lorm
themse/ves.
a We usea reflexiveprcnounif the objectot the ve.bis th€ sam€asthe subject.
tn enjoying the trip.
Jill introduced ne to her boss.
I'n enjoyingnyseff.
ti intrcduced he6elf to ne.
in.lrde:
a Someverbsmay be.eflexivein your language,but arc usualynot in English.Examples
complain,
de.ide
dress,
feel,
hurry,
n'eet,
relax,
rcn'e|r'bet,
rcn,
sit
down,
changel.lothes),
stand up, wake up, wash, wandea wotry.
do not havea refexivepronoun.
Notethat actionsthal we do to ourselves
quickly beforc going out again.
hane
twashed
and
changed
when Igot
a We can r.rse
in pronunci.tlon,we nressse/for se/ves.
a etFxive pronounlor emphasis.
I mysell ha@n't seenthe new design,but I believeit s very gaod.
a f the meaningis 'without help'or 'alone we .an useby + reflexve pronoun.
Aretou doing all the rcsearch(by) you6elves? (without help)
I wanted to travel to the caference by nyseff. lalone)
I
Comparethe.rie/ves and each othet/ane anather.
Andrew and lessnaenailed ea.h othe one another
(Andrewsentan emailto lessica.afd iessjcasentan emailto Andrew)
Andrew and lesska emailed thenselves.
(Andrewsentan emailto himself.and lessicasentan emailto hersef)
Not loig dro eoflpaniesuer Jollrg ow eaehothd tryiflg to 'dot toht' thenselres.AdiaNet
brane Broadast.totn-.. and Sn Mmsystens spenthtillions tryi\g to okvince a all that it uds
'thedoti, Aot.od,' uhdteretthot nedrc.Ah,butthasedafs a/egore. (money.convebsite)
132 31 PAOI|OUI{s
31 Practice
Exercise
l llI
Complete
thesentences
usingthemon appropriate
wordsfromihe lln below
anyoneanythinganythinqeveryoneeverythingno one nothing someone
5€,T€thingsomething
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
rtsjustnor ght..$..reJ.l!!:"3.isworryingmeabourthis.
Ihe officeisempVIhere3...---..............-..
hereexceptme.
l m sofry| dontthinkthere3..........--...........
I candoto helpyou.
(thelelephone
lineisdead)Hello?lsthere.......................
th€rc?
.......................
seems
to bewrcngwiththe pdnterlts notworking.
ThereS
.......................
I askthemto wait?
to seeyou.Shall
hasa copyoftheagenda,
seethat..........,,,,,........
soletsbegin
(beforcrnoving
on to thene( pointin a meetinolsthere......................
eise?
Good,.......................
isgoingaccodin9
to plan.
youcouldsaywouldmakemechangemyrnlnd.
No,l'vedecided.
.......................
Exercise 2 f I
Underline
thecorectwods.
1 Wecan'tblamearvonelnoonebutourselves
for thismess.
post
foryou
2 Ihees anythingl
nothingin the
thismorning.
3 Ihe@lsn't anythingI hothlhgin the pon for youthismorning.
4 Anyonelsomeohe
calledfor youearliei but I don't knowwho.
5 sn'tthercanwvha2lno!#preto go that3 openat thistimeof night?
6 CanI atkyouanythinglsonething?
7 Ihete'santone/someone
on the phoneto speakto you.
youwant,it won't makeanyditference.
8 vou car do anythinglsamefhlng
9 sorry | don't knowanlh ingI nothing aboolit.
10 No onelsomeoneknewwhat to do, so I usedmyown initiatve.
Exercise 3 f,
Complete
thesentences
witha wordfrcmthelistbelow,in a suitable
pronoun.
forrn,anda r€flexive
d5k blame enjoy exprcsshelp hurt introducernake preparcteach
1 I keep.....4tki{-\4......
.-....r,1).r.df...whatIwoulddo in h s situ.tlon.
2 lr w.s a gre.rhohdayWereally..........
3l.mes..............................................Spanishbylisteningtocassetteswhiledrvn
4 Becareful!
Don't.......................
ltt veryheavyl
.....--....-...........
I
s Paula
knows
a lotof Frcnch,
butshecanl.......---.............
.......................
veryeasiy.
please
6 Ladies
andGentlemen,
.......................
...............
.......
to morecofiee.
7 t!4ary
.............................................
fora shock.
l'mqoinqto resign.
8 Letme...--..---.............
-------................
. MynameisSusan
Conway.
yoJr
9 lr warnl
l.ulr.Donl .......
...............
10 AnnandNick!G€attoseeyou.Comeinand............................................
31 PRO|{OUNS 133
Exercise
4IIII
!!ods.
llnlledjle the coffector mo61appropriate
I Noone/ikeu@ to discoverhiddencosts,doe5hel!b-!!ey?
2 | feltlfek nyseffquiteneNousat the startof the presentation,
but aftera few minltes I rdaxedlrelaxed
3 We'lld€liv€ryourpirzasornetine, sonewherelanytimeanyvvhete.
4 | rcnenberlren@nbernteff when lfiBl shrted wo*ing here.ldways usedto worylw9rry nrself if
I wasdoingthedghtthing.
to theoneson the invoic€s.
We'€ goingto haveto
5 Thefigurcs
in thissp€adsheet
dont conespond
aheakeveryonelewryone.
registraton torms.
6 Everyone
haslhaveto meetin the lobbyat nineo'dockto colleclh6llhei conference
anywherenearMilan,
7 Romeisn'tsomewherel
l'd liketo go for holidaysin August.lts too hot for methen.
8 Romeisnt somewhere/anyulrere
Fir5tI met Peter,then ater
introduc€dthe/tte/rcs/eachothe/ to meyesterday.
9 Yourtwo colleagues
metsusan,
otherto meyesterday,
Petertold mea litt e about
10 Yourtwo colleagues
introducedthernse/veslearh
whatSusan
does,andSusan
toldmea littleaboutPetet
Exercise5 I I
@37
complete
thedialogues
withthewods frcmth€ litt below.
anyone anything anMere
som€thing somewhere
everyone everything ev€iANhee someofe
I rnus haveput it down
I cant nnd my mobilcphone.I'vclook€d(1)...-e.W.n*lml9r...
(2).....................,but
Ijust can'trcmcmbcrwherc.Oh, how annofng!It couldbe
(3)......................
(5)........... .. . .. in the companyha!
h"spickedit up by mislakc?
Perh:ps(4).....................
phone.
(6)
.....................
could
havepickcdit uP.
the srmetypc ofmobile
B
cuy
ruru,
Seleshl\€ droppedby 50%in Asiaove! the lrst 12 mon&s.
we cando to increase
sales.
Thercmustbe (7).....................
(8)
(9).....................
.
I
cant
think
of
elsewc on do.
But what?I'!€ tried .....................
Exercise6 I
@38
in a hotel.complete
whatvickysaFby usingthev€rbsin
vickyandherhusband
chadesarestaying
bEcketswiih or withouta dflexivepronoun.
'charles,
(remember)you
reon
comeon,tryto 0) ...e41ey..)€ltrt-e.$..
Gnjoy)l(2)........Re1|94b.e..n......
(3)
(help)
me,
holidaylLook,whydont you ..........................----....to anoiherd nk,90 on ... Goodness
Er,haveyoutlvo
rherc3DanielW€stlakeoverthere.Whaton earthis he doingherein Marrakech?
(4)..................................
you'd
wth DanieL.
Whydon'1
Youknow,
havea lot in common
lrr,e0before?
(intrcduce)
you90 o!€rthereand(5).....--.....--....................
io him?Whileyoudo thatl'l go backio
(change)
I
in timefor dinner.
I don'tknowSometimes
the rcomand(6).....................-.----.......
(7)............-.---....---........
you.anever(8)..................................
away
whenyou're
kelax)
{ask)whether
134
eterminers
A Determiners
a A determiner
isa wod usedin frcntof a nounto showwhichthingyoumean,or to showthe
quantity
of something.
Determine6
include:
a/the my4out;this/that,
all/nost/somelany,
nol none.nuchl nanyl a littlela few, each/ every,bothI either/ neither.
O Unils30,34 and35 alsodealwith deteminers:
someot any?nuch ot nany?lu1\ 30),a al
(units
theT
34 and35).
o we do not usea determiner
if we aretalkinggene|ally.
seeunits30 and35.
Ourlfhote/'ome computeEare expensive.(padicularcomputeB)
(computeB
Compu|€'sarea paft of ereryone's
life.
in gene6l)
B AIl, most, many, some, a ftw
a Befopa pluralnoun
w€ ca^usealllmostlmanylsonela
few.Notethestructures:
Alllmost/nanylsomelafew employeashave25 days'paidholiday.
Alllmostlnanylsomelalew of the employeeshave25 days'paidholiday.
All the enployeet have25 dayspaidholiday.(NOTL4€sr+h€--ltr4eny+h€- . )
Wecanusemy,Jr'our,
elc,in placeof the,andwe canusepronolnsi
Alllnon I nanyl sonela few of ou employeeshave25 days'paidholiday.
Alllnostlmanylsonela few of then have25 days'paidholiday.
se.aGolnir30 a Beforcan uncountable
nounsimjlar
5tructures
arepossible.
WeUsemuc,rrI p)aceol many,
a ,h/e in placeof a feq and/l for thepronoun.
Alllmostlmudrlsomela little of the inlonnatlon in thisrcpad is usefuL
All/nrstlmudt/somela little of it E useful.
a Wlthsingular
nounswe do notusethewordsabove,
exceptfor a fewspecial
express
ons.
aI day,all night
C A/ meaning 'ev€rything' or 'the only thing'
O Wecanusea//i subje.t+ velbto mean'everyrhing'
or 'theontyihing':
(all
=
That'sall I knowabouth
everything)
A we needisa siqnaitrc.(all=theonlything)
a In modernEnglkhit isunusual
to usea//asa single-word
subject
or objecr.nsread
we use
ewtything.
All the prcparationsarelEvetything is goingwel| (NOTA*+5-g€;ig-,*e+.)
t wantto hearall your newsleveryth,hg. (NOTt ,,€n*+€+€€+-a{.)
32 DETERMINERSI35
D No, none
a We can lse no with a singularnoun,pllralnoln or uncountabenoun.
No employee hat norc than 25 days patd holiday.
No new ideat were put forwatd at the meetingTherc was no uteful inlonnation in the repod.
a We do noi useno ifthere is anothernegativeword.In this casewe useanl.
we haven't disnissed any emptoyees. (NoT t{€+a*i{-di5,.uls5ed-f,€+FfbFes.)
a We do not lse no ol lnn€ad.w€ use/roneofor noneon its own .s a prcnoun
None ol the employees have more than 25 days' paid holiday.
None hdve nore than 25 days pad hohda).
a Toemphasise
the ideaof nore we can ure Noneat allot Not ane ot Not a:
A. Haw many people .ame?
B: None at all! / Not one! / Not a single pe6on!
btlou the 1,500 htdtkIt thefRt tihc y.ltetdnJ.
Cnnny.\ Nekt MarktAll Shrt it'd.t dtoppetl
a
itt
lt
top
20
sto.la
lnued
r
Not sinzle!o.k
!ai,. (YahootsusiiessNews wcbsitc)
E Each, every
a Themea.n9 of eaclrande!€ryissinrar andofteneitherwod is possible
Theya€ both
folowedby a singular
noun.
a Weule eaci whenwe thinkof themembers
oi a grcupasindrvidla
s, onebyone t s rnore
andcanmeanony two.
usualwth srnalergroups
Makesue that eachparcelhasa label.
wilL
Maflarenct ?,rsrLtdnts
Saktt'r ad Cloheno$ L"ou Ey hdveto hi'c thehbftndprcfiLc.
l'ut ir thce o tune5 vill detemtife hcthuhclc eohlpati$ar
.lcbatc.a.h .ftht\ statcgy,
'tucc'sJ"]in 4 hbtaslobdLize.l
,o'il. (asiaweek
website)
a Weuseeverywhen
wethinkoi allthem€mbe6
tog€ther,
andil susuawitha argernumber
Salesha,"einqeasedevery year fot thelastflveyeats.
I belbveevery wod he says
a Wecanuseeachol blt we cannotuseeveryof
Eachof the par.els needsa label
a Eachcanbe Lrsed
or at the endoi . sentence.
atterthesubject,
The parcelseachneeda bbel.
Theparcelsneeda labeleach.
F Botlt eithe,' neither
a We usebott eith€rand reltherto referto two things.
a Sothmeans'the one and the othei. Notethe structures:
Both emails/both the emailslboth ot the enaik/hoth of them arc inportant.
The ennils ate both importana I ve rcad them both.
a Eithermeans'theone or the othef. Neltherrneans'not the one or the other'.
l,/bnday or Tuesday?Yes,either day/either of the days is fine.
Manday or Tuesday?I n sorry but neithet day/neithet of the days is convenient.
This i' a ne of a radble - ohe thdt nay Ff ofJot both, oke,at fleithet aJhe nN onpdnies.
(Fortune websire)
136
32 DE|ERMINERS
32 Practice
Exercise t g
Matchthe phrases
from the Jistbelowwith an approximat€
value.
F€n€-€t+hem monofthem
a few ofthem manyofthem
1 0%.tgt}.c..9l..tlt-g.r
2 5-250h.....
.......____......
3 2 5 - 5 0 4 /_0_ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . .
sonreof rh€m
attof them
4 50 750k
5 71950/a
6 r00%
Exercise2SHHEH
Undernethecorrect
words.
1 Therewerenonel4em€ssages
on theanswering
machin€.
2 Thekeyaccount
manageG
eachlevery
havethekownlisrof clients.
3 NotorelNotno qu€stion
hasbeenanswercd.
4 someoflsomeihe renauEnts
havesetuice
includedn the pice
5 Someoflsomerenautants
havesetuice
included
in the price.
6 Sorrybut I can't heareithetlneitherol you prcpetly.
7 Eachourcustoneslourcu5tome6
eacthavea separate
fiteon thedatabase.
8 | can't comeat the weekend.l'mbusybothdap/everyday.
9 All oflEveryof the liles are(orruptedby rhe virus.
10 lcan'tseerolanysolution
lo theproblem,l'm
afraid.
11 Thef ight andhotelarebooked.AlllEvetythingis otgarised.
l2 We gavethe salesrepseacha nobile phonelanobile phaneeach.
13 Everyoption hasbeenlEvayoptiorshavebeenerylorcd.
14 OK,lihinkrhatcovers
a///eve44hlng
on thatpoini.shallwemoveon?
Exe.cise3HAnFF
Complete
thesentences
witha wordor phrase
fromthe listbelow
a (x2)
any
no
i€l-€n€
none each(x2) every(x2) both ether(x2) nether
I WesentletteGto sirlycustomers,
but .l9i-.''o..19
rcpliedl
2 | can'tgo.Thereareonlytwo flights,andthe.eare.................
seatslelt on ................of them.
3lcan'tgo.Thereareonlynvofljghts,and.................ofthemhasanysearsteft.
4 .................
I wanljs . bit of peace
andquietto finishwriUngthisrcport.
5 l'v€phoned.................
storein theYellowPages
andtheyare.................
outof siock
6 Wehavethreemodels,
and................onehasitsownspecial
fearurcs.
7lw.snervousatthestadofmytalk,butafterthatlenioyed.................flrnLrie.
8 l gotthreelette6,buttherewere..--.............
foryou,t'mafraid.
9 l gotthreelette6,butthercweren't......---........
foryou.l'mafr.id.
10 TheTradeFairisimpod,ant.
Weneed.---.............
SueandMikeon thestand.
I I Bothroadsleadto thecitycentrc.
Youcaniake.................
one.
12 You'vebeensixofthe bestirainees
thdtwe'veeverhadon thiscours€.
Theben of luckio............
ofyou in yourfutue cdrcers.
12 DEIERMINERS 13'
Exercise
a llll!
Rewritelhe se<ondsentenceso it he a similarmeaningto th€ fir5t sentenc€
andconiainsthe wod in
bracketssomesentences
ha!€lwo possibleans{/e6.
r We ont havea w€ekle{t. (all)
.-...4I..t*c..kr.,o-..lef
.t-..if-.....aweek.
2 All the participanrs
will be sentan.agenda.(€v€ry)
.........will besentan agenda.
que6tion.
3 Nobodyat all 6ked a
Gingleperson)
.........askeda question.
4 Thisideawont work,andthe otheronealsowon't wolk. (neither)
......wiltwo*.
5 Notall the audienceunderstoodhistalk. Gome)
.........'rnde6tand
histalk.
(none)
5 Not oneof mycolleagues
speaksGeman.
....,,,,,speakGeman,
7 we onlywant a wEakerdollar (alD
.......,,a l^/€ak€l
dott6r
8 NodocuftenBwerc insidethis parcel.(any)
There.........--.....-------....................
inside
lhisparcel.
(neilher)
9 Thehotekwele bolh unsuitable.
.........suitable.
proposals
10 Thetwo
areintercning. Ooth)
,.,......inteEsting.
11 Theseitemsaren'texpensive,(none)
,........erp€rsry€.
12 l'msorrywehave
none.(alD
absolutely
l'msorryv\€have
Exercise
s IIII
@ 39
Complet€thisartide by choosingth€ conE<tahernetive
A, B or C bel(M.
Boththem
2
3
5
6
A
A Eitherof them
allits
A Eachtheyar€
A
I
Bolh ofthem
I
fleither of company
I
most its
I
Both th€y ate
B allol
B most ol
A
A
B the only thing
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
Everyof them
all of them
Neithercompany
muchits
Theya€ both
bssessivesand compound nouns
A Possessive adjectives and pronouns
a My,touL ek, aE adjedivesandcomebeforea noun.
Thiswasnry/yodhe hislour/their suggesrion.
l'n lookingfor a street,but l.an't renemberia name.
M,ne youli,etc,arep.onouns
andwe usethemon thei.own,
Thissuggestion
wasnine/youtslhe6lhis/oun/thei6. (no'lts'fom)
a We canaddo!l/nto a posse5sive
adjectivefor emphasis.
W own viewis that weshould90 aheadwith the proied.
B 's (apostrophes)
O Weuse3 to showthatsomething
belongs
to a pe6onor organisation,
Manyotherlanguages
lse ofin thesecases,
Weadd3 evenif thenameendsin s.
TheCEO'Soffice
Fotd's cars
Charlesbaddrcss
Withplu.alnouns\re addlhe aponrcphe
only.
The Chin.s. gounn nt's NattonalArdit Ofr.e heldd ptes otfetcnceih De.ekbe/to qall
ot1ik wo* dkdauditors'i'uettlgdt,,8 in thealntryThe audito$aft anongthe .enrftl
axthoities' ost important w.aponrin theilefo s to cleatup ftalpndie by b,linestpeapledfld
olfrd;/r (Business
Beijing onliDe w.bsne)
Wecaf usethe 3 fom withouta followingnounif the meaning
iscear
Ihe prajectwasa teameffoit, but the oiginal ideawasHelenS.
(- Heen3 dea)
o A special
useof 3 isto refs to someone3
home,a shopnameor a placename,
(Jack3
I'll be at ta*'s thisevening.
house)
I'n goingto Smithl. Doyou wantanything? (theshopcalledSmjth)
I nust go to the dlemis(s/do@t'sldenri5fs. (he placewhereth€ywo*)
lf thereis no possession,
we do noi usean apostroph€Epsonpintes on specialofferl (NOr Ef5€fi+rii*ef+)
Thereis no apostrophein possessiv€
adj€rtivesor prcnouns(sectionA).
(NOTgk€ir5-€€l€er)
Apostrophes
canbe a shortfom of /s or ha5.
Es a bvdy day. (= ft is)
ft's beena pleasuremeeting)€u. (= lt hat
33 POSSESS|VES
AND COMPTOUI{D
NOUNS r39
cof
i
Weuseofto showthatonethingbeongstoor withanother
th n9.
Theendof the steet. (NOT{h€4.e€+t-€nd)
Thetime of the meeting. (NoI th€-4€€{n94+Re)
he h! tvtopagesof the rcport (NOT+€r€F€d;.ld!r-F*€- €51
ph€s€swithofandexamples
a Herearesomecommon
of nounsthatfo owl
(fliqhts)
(payment)
a meahodof
a chorteol
rhestrenglhof (the E!ro)
a nunber of llad.a'sJ
an errorol (udqement)
a strokeol (luck)
the paceof (change)
a tood ol (compiaintr)
ihe success
of (theproject)
a p,e.eof(advice)
a /ackof(fundt
thetimeaf (afti\a)
the/eyelof (commitment)
a rdrgeof(colou6)
d wa5kof (time)
Therearesomeexceptions
a Section
B saidthatwe use3 for people.
to thisrule.We nomally
us€ofwith longphrdses.
Thisis the eftrailadtlrcssof the salesrcpftsentative who .ane yestday
(NOTThs is fte 5a/€5-€Fr€rm€ai€rj!€ €aff
)
possessive
people.
formto showa conne<tion
Andw€ canlse a... of... +
between
She'sa calleagueof mine. OR sne'srry colleaque.
Shes a frimd of Stephen's. OR 5he3Stephen3fr'end.
a Wecanuseofor apostrophe
for places
andorganisations.
Pragte
OR
Pragoe3
historiccente
Thehistoticcente of
the futureof the company oR the company'sfuture
D Compoundnouns
a A compolnd noun is tlvo nounstogetherCornpolndnounsarc commonin Eng sh, and are
partcLrlarly
commonin businessafguage
't nn ako repa thdtmdmfa.lulnq- dc'pik nt. .-. .s.hdrge fttc rrcu,16t yut l,t 1.6 ptl
ddnrJa.tu.is!
ptodtttitit!
by
1.4pctd
ta
d
nanlactrrisg
dpotu by I1.8pct
cit;
ste
(The
.cnt.' Chan.cuorConlor Blowf\ hudsetspee+.
Tinres websue)
a Whenwe uset/vo nounstogether,the lilst noun s likean adjectiveand describes
the second
It was a management decistron.
fhese rcsearch rcsults a.e very interesting.
Haveyou seenthis sales rcport?
Ihc whale .ompany st.atew t5 wong
1]d$Iot'niis toditioial otdennr o dk/'ib'tiof {oesss
sipifuart .ost redBetions. (Connecris website)
itto e-@mnerce solxtions leddsto
Thelirst noun is usuallysinqular:
retludions in .ostt
cott rcductions
the law rclating to companies .ompany law
a We can usemorcthan two noL,nsTo understand
the meaningnart at the end.
an exe.utive seard company (a companythat searchesfor executives)
a govemment taining cou6e (a courseof trainingprcvidedby the government)
(a launch in the market for stocks)
a sto.k ma*et launch
a
we cannotusea compoundnoun.We haveto useol
In certainfixedphrases
lreedon of choice
la.k of confidence
the price of success
the cost of progrcss
a
Somecompoundnounsarewitten as one word.
database
tinescale
salesman
netvwrk
workhop
bookhop
140 33 PO55E5S|VE5
At{D COMPOUT{D
NOUirt
33 Practice
Exer<iset #
Underinethe correctwods.
1 Theyoffef reasonableprices,but Im not sure about tbei!/theirs quatily.
2 Excuseme, is this you./you6 seatT
3 Ex.6e me, is this searyou you5?
4 lsthis penyouls4ours or mine?
5 We do all oulse/veilourown designand p.inting.
6 We do allthe designand p ntingouselveslourown.
7 Theofflceat the end of the canidotit nylnine.
A My/ nine afl ce is aI \he end of the coffidor
9 lt's not teallyherlheA decision.
10 Thecommitteehad lal/t3 final meetingyen€day.
Exer<ise
2E E
Rew.ite
thesentences
withapostrophes
wher€necessary
1 Susan
sho!d knowthatitsMarFdecision,
norhe.s.
-<$taa..
the.$!C..!rlP.
}"-..i..fat-.
.itlt...M/..!:y.:r..
de.
sirie^,..
^et...krr,.......
2 Alic€!lfiendr.amesBill.Hesoneof Merilltynchstop analyns.
3 Toyotas
dealon itscompany
carsis betterthanour:.
4 lwent to mydoctors
andhescomputesedallthepatients
records.
-asrtsown parlicutar
5 ltsimpola.r to recognige
thateverycomoany
culiure,.owever...
6 My bo!!! PAreadsall the customers
lefiers.
7 Lookat thosetwo M€rcedes.
Onesourdlrectors
andtheothers. visito6.
Exercise
3U
l\,4ake
two compound
nounsfromthenounsin eachgroup.
I protitscou6elraining.ompany
.9err4^y..pr-o.fii52 naff forecanmeetifgs.les
3 cad storecrcditdepartment
4 lnternet
salesummer
access
5 fiqurespriceinflation
range
5 survey
m.rkethourrush
7 t€{hnology
keyscarinfomation
8 assistant
shopfailurcpower
9 shopiloor
workingworkerlunch
10 inslranceoancontEctbank
11 te.turescostsproduction
product
12 ma*et marketing
budqetledder
.ir4i^i^{..S.p$n:e.
!3 PTOSSESS|VES
AND COMPOUI{D NOUNS
r4l
Exercise4 ffi
Complete
thes€ntences
with ph€sesfrcmthelistb€low
eriorof foodof lackof levelof m€thodof paceof
rangeof strokeof *5t€-€f
l
2
3
4
s
6
7
8
9
10
peceof
twentthere,buttheywer€closed.ltwas
a complete
.....f...ar.l9...o.:1.....
t me.
.................
interest.
Theproductlaunchisa disaster
There3
a complete
...........
judgement.
Youshouldn't
havetoldthemthatinformation.
lt wasan .............................
facilities
for thebusin€ss
trav€ller
O!r hoteloffe6a wide.............................
unemployment
in ourcountryjust4%.
We havea relatively
1ow.....-.......................
inforrnat
heard
a veryinterenin9....-........................
ontheotherday.
justaithe
luckl
Wearrived
iqhttime.whata.............................
Thereb
....inquiries.
Theadvedisement
hasb€€nverysuccessful.
a ........................
very
reliable
There5!ts mustbecorrect.
We useda
.............................
dataanalysi9.
Thingr
soquickly
in thisfield.The.... ......................
dangeisveryfan.
arcmoving
Exercise5EEIU
Rewrite
thesecond
sentence
soit hara similafmeaning
to thefilstsentence
in ten minltes.
I l'll seeyouin the roomwe useJormeetings
tntenm nutes.
t'ttseeyou...i1...tk..r,^.e.9ti14...uee..x..
2 Thispendoesn'tbeongto me.
Thi9isn't..............
3 Thispendoesn'tbelongto me.
Thispenisn't...............
4 These
documents
beongto James.
These
are...........................
at theconference.
5 l\,4argaret
metoneoi hercolleagues
.t lheconlerence.
Margaret
meta .............,,.................................
6 what isyourbosscalled?
name?
what...........................................,....
7 Youshouldconsult
an evpelin lawaboulcompanies.
..........................
Youshou1dconsu|t..................
law.
year
fo.last
8 Thisgraphshowsthefigu.esior sales
Thisgraph................................................
for lastyear.
9 Ljustsentan emailtooneoi ourcustomers
ljLst sentanendilto d
l0 l'm qoingon a course
tqt6'n managers.
l'm90ingon .......................................-.........ourse.
Exercise6 U
compound
nounwiihthefi6t word n
Crossouttheonewod in ea.hgrcupthal doesnot makea common
1
2
3
4
5
sales for€cast/fiqlres/*ede/tarqet
market forces/sector/check/sharc
price offer/list/ran9e/ise
brand irnage/leader/loyalty/process
tax relief/benefitr/output/allowance
6
7
8
9
10
produd manager/range/fe.tures/share
gn/ line/agency
advertising sogan/campa
production market/in€/capaclty/target
working condiiions/tr€nd/ho!6/lunch
stock opton/d€cision/market/€xchange
rticles 1
A Articles
a A/an is calledthe indefinite
drticle,
andwe useit to inrrcdu.enew nformation.
Ifie is.alledthedefinitearticle.
andwe useit whenthelistener
kiowswh ch person
or th n9
we aretalkingabout.
'Noarticle'isthenovnby itsellwithout
an anicte.Weureno anicbwhenwewanrto spe.k
generally.
a Compare:
I rcadan intercstingreport /astweek. ('epon is mentionedfor the I rsrt me)
Haveyou rcadthe tepott | gar€youT (thelistenerknowswh ch r€port)
Reporb aresentout fout timesa ,€ar (speaking
generally)
B AIan
a Weusea/a, to intrcduce
newinfomation.
Thelistener
doesnorknowwhch person
or thtng
we areialkingabout.
a Weusea/anio referto something
for thefirsrtime.
We nust havea meeling nextweek.
I havean ideaI'd liketo dbcuts.
a We -sea/anto referto oneof a Eoupol rhings
Gn you passne a papet dip frcn that boxbyyout side?
a Weusea/ar to descibesomeonesjob,
but notareas
of business.
Fionausedto be a teactrcL but now she'sin nanagenenttraining.
a Weusea/anto describe
something.
It'san inbrening idea.
Caircis a very Ug city.
Thisis a betl€r ptodua.
a We usea/anin expressions
of measurement.
Percanalsobe used.
tuvicea/ pernath
3,OOO
uni6 an/per hout
Wechargett OOan/ pethaur
'one',
a A/an mean
sowe cannotusea/a, with plurals
or uncountable
nouns.
Canyou givene sone infornatior? (NOTinin{e#i.ti€u)
CAoran?
a We usea in frontof a consonant
sound,anda, in frcntof a vowetsound.
consonantsounds:
a nanaget,ajob, a univeBiry,
a one-waynreet,a Eurcpeantaw
an idea. an empbyer. an ho4 an MBA
O In a similarway,ihe is pronounced,S:/beforea consonantsoundand /61/ before. vowe
I 14!
34 ARTICLES
D The
a Weuseihefor oldinformaton.
it iscearwhch person
or thingw€ aretalkingaboul.
Six hanl$dtenlpt\tedih bsti,lgd stakein Ped\ Bdn.olitino.m@ dteNo h Anei aa ba kt,
nditutior,aftthu n E.uddoredk
andtheothun Pturidk.me sit harc
onei a ftajotSpdnkh
Nes Americd
beetiftvikdrostu4,Irtina\ boalaat'dhid4 theendoIMdrr- (Business
website)
a Weoftenknowwhichonebecause
we m€ntioned
ii before,usn9a/an.
Wenust havea meeting nextweek.The meetingshauklfa.us on the auditoB'repatt.
I went to an intercstingshow lastweek.lt wasthe Pais Spnng co e.tion.
a Sornetimes
we knowwhichonebecause
it is.learfromthesituation,
or it s shared
knowedqe
and stener.
fromthelivesof thespeaker
Where's
the newspapet? (weknowwhi.honef.omthesiuation)
and stenerknowwhchmeetng)
Themeetingwillbeginat ter. (bothth€speak€f
Notethatin th s casewe canus€theto referto somethn9for thef rstt me.
a We useahewhenther€s ony oneoi som€thing.
lt ls clea.whichonew€ aretalkingabolt.
I ll speakta the bosswhenhe getsback.
a We usethewith nationalties
andothergroups.
I reallyadnite the lblians far thensenseof design.
Thegovennent is tryingto do moreto helpthe poo|
seeunn37 a we uselhewlthsupenatv€s.
Thisis the bestqualitynaterialwe havein stock.
E No article
a Noadcleis usedwhenwe arelalkinggenerally.
'Health rnd saJeryat ulatkThe.lit't i"rc oJthcAsa'.y Mdgazine
Iednoesan a e dtled
.'d He.lth atwork websie)
A qgtion of.o'B andbenejtr:'. (EuopeanAgencyfor Saaety
.
P T U i A L N O UI ' I S
Comparel
I sentthe emailsthk norn/h9. (weknowwhich€mails)
I usLallyrcplyto emailswthtn 24 houri. (emas in general)
a uNcouNtAaltNouNs
Comparel
Theintomation in thisrcpottgivesus the
power to tatgetaut adveftising.
lnformationispower
(weknowwhichinformatoiandpower)
(information
andpow€rn general)
The insu|ancebrsinets is dotngwell.
Rusiness
is goingwellat thenoment.
(weknowwhichbusiness)
(busn€ssn qenera)
The negotiating wasa bt easierlasttime.
Negotiatingwith suppliegtakesa lot af tine.
(weknowwhichnegotat ng)
(negotiatingn geieral)
isto usefhewith pluralnounsandlncountable
a a commonmistake
nounsusedn . genera
oftengrow faner (NOTThe+m€+l-€€nF€F1€5)
Smallconpanies
Forne faotballis likelife. (NOTForme,+h€{€€{b€{Li5.lil€+h€ .)
seeunit35a We us€rio articefor mostcompanies,
countres,
statesandcities,
I wak lor HBSCin Hong Kong.
LosAngelesis in Califomia.
144 !4 ART|CLESt
34 Practice
Exer<ise
l AEg
Undeninethe correctwords.
1 Where3a&he fax theysentthis moming?| can'tfind it.
2 h.ve anlthe appointmentat a/ihe bank.
3 | had a/t e veryqood holidaJa
A/Ihe weatherwas maruellour.
4 l'vebeenworkingso hardthat I needa/the break.
5 Theyarea/the largestmanufacturer
of light bulbsin a/fheworld.
6 A/Ihe pr€lentationwas a/tfie g€at success.
7 Can I glveyou a/dre lift to the station?
8 l thlnk I needa/the newpairof glasses.
9 We needto reachd/the decisionassoonas possibl€.
l0 The€ mustbe anlttp answerto a/the prcblem.
11 Mlkeis arlfie accountant.He workson anotherltheofter sideoftown.
l2 Hisofiic€ s a/the biggestone in a/the building.
1: Whereisa/the documentthat we were lookingar just now?
14 The PartugueselThePotll,gLesepeople aE very gaod negotiators.
Exe.<ise2HEFS
Puteithera/anor a dash(-) to 9howno adicle.
I ....;.....moneymakestheworldgo round.
2 Sheila
drives
.............
French
car.
: Ritaworksin ............
lnsuGnce
agency
in ........
. Llsbon.
4 ............
health
isthemostimpo(ant
thingin ............
life.
goodtirnefor ..........,,
5 Thi!s ............
sales
o1newcars.
6 Thisisthe number
to callfor ............
information.
7 I vegot....,.,.....
colleague
whois.......,,...
systems
analyst,
8............productknowledgeisveryimportantfor............sal€srepresentatve.
9 Heis ............
engineer.
Hestudied............
engineedng
at universlty.
10 Weproduce
............
f!llsales
€podfourtimes............
year.
Exercise3;FlHgH
o-t eilhe'a/a4 ttp or ; dash(-) to showno article.
] lle.. .talansl.aveqrveru5 4 lor ol ..:... buqrre5s
2 . . . . . . .m
. o s t p e o p l e t h o u q h t t hi a
t wt a s . . . . . . .v.e r y q o o dp r o d u . t .
k
3 | h f e L od
glaso
s l . . . . .w
. r n e. r . . . € v e n r n g
4 l w i s h l c o u l ds p e a k . . . . . .E n g l i slhi k e . . . . . . E
. .n g l i s h .
5 As soonas ........Helengetr off ........plane,askher to g ve me ........call.
5 ........smokinqis fot pemitted in this area.
7 Thercs........visitof.t ........receptiondesk.
8 When | .fived at ........airport,I had ........drinkand waitedfor ........flight.
9 w . n t . . . . . . .a. c t i o nn, o t . . . . . . .w. o r d s .
1 0 . . . . . . .p. e 6 o nw i t h . . . . . . .M
. B Au s u a l lgye t s. . . . . . .g. o o dj o b .
11 l'll get you ........co{Jeeftom ........machine.
l2 Marlecomesfrcm ........France.
l
34 ART|CLES
145
Exercise4ABCD
/
40
C o m p l e tteh i sa r t c e w t h e t h e rd / a , , t h e o r a d a s h( - ) i o s h o wn o a d i c e
HOWCLEANISTHEIRMONEY?
'Money launderhg is
(1)...lh-e....
nane silen ro
( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . .!.e. .d. . e q u i v a l c n t who know very linle about
each other. ( 13) ..............
to about 47. of gros world
world-s
otrc of (2) ..............
(?) ..............
probien has
biSgcn linacial prcblems:
cspcciallybecrusetlreywdnL
t o m n r i m i s c( l 7 ) . . . . . . - . . . . . . .
paymenlsysled
a m o u not f ( 1 8 ) . . . . . . . . . .t.a. .x.
irremational
i s c r u c i a Lt o ( 1 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . they pat. h ihcse brnks
r h e r ei s ( 1 9 ) . . . . . . . . . c. .u. .l .t u r e
stsbiliry of rhe wolld s
movinCmotreythathasbcc!
grosn handin hand with
obtained illegllly
into
( 3 ) - . . . . . . . . . . .f.o. r e i $ b a *
accounLs
$ thar(il ) ..............
( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . .g. .l o b a l i s a t i o n . iinancial markets, but i1
of don't lski don t tell .
prriicularly with
a h o p r o v i d e s( 1 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A n d ( 2 0 ). . . . . . . . . . . .b. .r g s e J r
and
pcoplc do nol kno! where
c o n l r o l sa n d ( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
il has conrc tiom, Puinrg
delelopn'ent
of(l I ) ..............
(9) ..............
lifiing of crpital
( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . .v. .a. .l u eo n D r o n c y
l.uderirtg is oi cou6e !e'y
dillicull,hurrhc lnremarional
MonerdryFundcsrinr.lcrlrr
i t i sh u g c- p c l r t s S l r . i l l i o n
orPonunnyfor cnminah ro
private blnking is offshor!
is
Private bankilg
( 1 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .b. e s t - k n o w n
hundering chrnnel. Clienls
These.lloN moncy
systcnrs.
t o b em o l c di n ( 1 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of thcsc brnks are wellthy
secondsbctwccn balks in
ditietentprns of rhe world
p r o b l e nw i l h i n( 2 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
peoplewho wrnr thek lifairs
brnks. There arc around
5,000
ofllrhoE
bdnks
controlling
xbout$5 ldllion in
assers,rnd sonle havc no
physical prcsence!r rnY
hrndlcd wnh dis.rcrion.
ExercisesABCDE
tl41
Compelerhslntervewbelween.lour..n..dtheCEOolBotec.abiotechnoogycompanyU
a a .
t t b a t a d a( ) o . o \
o , , '
( l u \ o u b . g i Db ! r c l l n , g' n r ( 1 ) . . 4 . . l t t l . r b o u t ( l ) t h e . f . . . , t d h . r g . s r r ( : r ). . - .
W.ll. .s vou kno\\r Ii{ !c,,r se Dldc (-r) .. ... .l..ii,o. to nble our .pcr.,t,ors ftr
( i ) . . . . . ( ) n r b r r l c . . b c . i u \ c i r \ \ t f r i n r p o r i . l t i b r ( 6 ) . . . . . b i o r c c h n o k , g.]o r D i n i e \ n ,
.....vcry
r c . r u i r ( 7 ) . . . . r . L r t r s r si ; o n r ( s ) . . . . . L r c { ! n n c r \ t , d . [ r , w . t . n r ( e )
.orrp(trtr.lob\ nnrltr h.r. n Clitrrbridge,iDd lYc mtiv.,tt our .trdoFe\ by on-:tins
r h e n (r l r l l . . . . . . . r r r r t r . t r t j r i r r t r \ r d d ( l .i ). . . . . x c c l l c . t N l n k m s . o r d l t i o n s . W e ! c
built up (ll) ......c\.cllcDt rer!.lrd (e;. doing sonrcrcry nnportDi a..rch rn
g e n et h c t u p \ l
l l 3 ) . . . r i e l do f ( 1 t )
Ma.\ peoplesr! dri. (15) . . .. bLote.hnolog pronlscs nrorc drit it dellves. k drrt
Thrr nrar be fue D gcneril. bur (16) .... .. bnnechnolog!ihrr $t do i\ aher.ly
p r o d u c n r s( 1 7 ). . . . . . . . r . s u l t sL. a s r\ t . r \ c m a d e( 1 8 ). . . .. . .r m n r r o f i t f o r ( 1 e ). . . .. . .
liff trne. rnd (?.)J......relenue is nicre$nig rapidlt A1\o,s€ \,e re.endv niade (21) .
di{riburlon dealNth (12) .. .....lfge phrnnceulical companlThe,vhrle dre nukerLng
slill\ rhar \Le lack.and (2il ........prrtnership6 $orkrng Nell for both stles.Our aln
\!tte coniiden! of(25) ......Ncces
ne\i \ er n to .n!er (1.+) .....Aneri.h nu*et, r
rticles 2
Unit34 9 vessorneb:ec rulesfor aa(icles.
This!n r givesadditrond
potnrs.
A Place names and no article
a ln general,no a.tkle s usedfor conlinents,coLrntres,
states,ii.nds, mounran5, akes,cles,
parks,roads,nreets,rqlares,pal.ces,caitle5,cathedras, !t.tons and airyorts.
Eurape/Asia Ftdn.e/China Glifomia/Lazta
Crcte/Madei.a
Mant BlanctMaunt Eveten LakeLucerne/LakeMichigan Takya/Budapest
Centrcl Patk/HydePa*
Fihh Avenue/Chutch Steet
TtafajgarSquarelTines Squarc
Buckinghan Pala.e WindsorGstle Milan Cathedrcl Grcnd Centtatstation Otly Aipad
B Place names and the
a Notethat allthe folow ng lse rhe:
the Alps,the Sahanas,the Nethetlands
the RedSea.the Middle East,the WestEnd
(ButNOT i the pl.ce i! the nameof a coLrntry
or conrnenr trarce,
Phrasetwith 'of :
Po ticalconsiirutions
the Hausesof Pa iament, the South of Ftance
the hishRepubli..the unted Ktngdon(the uK), the us
Rversand can.lr:
the Amazon,theLaie, the SuezCanal
Oceansand seas:
the Pacific,the Atlantic,the Medteffanean
Roadswith nlmbelsr
the M6 (nototuvay),
the41
Ihearres.nd galleres: the Globe(fheatte),the Uflizi(Gallety)
Hotes:
the Maffiot (Hotel)
the fiffel lawe, the TajMahat, the White Hause
c
Special uses of the
Iniernatonalnslilutions:
Adjectives
to refer|o a qroup
the...of a/lhe :
Sornetime phrases:
Poinlrof the compass:
Payingrnstruments:
lob titlesand off cialtitles:
TheUniEd Nations,The World Bank,ThetMF
Theunemployeddo notre.eiveehoughhelp.
the endof an era,the staftof the prqect
n the past,at the moment, in the futurc h0 at present),
the t960s(decades),
tt€ 2tJt century(cent!ret
in the notth/east/south/west, ln the south"west
I play the piano/guitar
TheMatuetingDhe.tot,the pime Ministet,ao ...
(BLrt
NOTtite+ n.rnerPrmeMinistetTanyBlatrsaid...)
Cit),Sndpnors:attu tlnt rtide.fot the L$ne$ tua,eleL(asia-incnaga,ine websile)
HWo Alpe-Adlia-Banh hd\ bee, hi h4, !rces'jt
Crcatia a,er the pastJaw fea6.Arodi g
h Dt. Wolfgatg Kuhe@r th. Chaitnat oJ the Board, thit 'res is du to eorenrdtjng
lJ,sn1ets
a.tiritie!on theAbine-Adidti. ma*et d d dtoo'nryroadb"sinest
pdnne6. (cebd
35 AitnE
2
i4t
D specialusesof 'no article'
a We useno articlewith:
Comoanvnames:
Yea6,month5,days:
Specialtimesof the year
Someparrsof the day:
ol tansporl (n gene?lJ
[,4eans
(in
Meals genetal):
I wotkfot A..enturc'
in 2wt, in July, on Thu6day
at Chdtanas/Eaner
at nightlmidnightlsunset \BW thenoning, the afternaan)
by ca Exi/trainlbus on foot (BIJTon the t'drnb nome\
Dinner is at 7.30. lBUf Therew6sa dinnetat the
conference)
oi the
wh€nthepumose
+ no adide'with certain
buildings,
a Notethe useof 'prepostron
theplaceitself.Compare:
buildinq
is moreimpodantthan
(thespeaker
in whlchone)
is notinterested
I spentlwo daysin hosPital.
(one
spec
f
c
hosp
tal)
for
dE
hospital.
supplies
equipnmt
lvlycompany
'p€position
andno articlear€i
Otherwordsof thistypewhichuse
pison
I
I bedlclasslcoun
in lto hosDttal
atl towo* lschoollunive6tvlseaI hone
Notehowwe use'home':
be at hone, go hone (NOTge+e+€rie)
Gen€ral.nd specificmeanlngs
meaning
nounon itsown t hasa general
a whenwe usea plurelnounor an uncountable
meaning.
whenwe put fte in frontit hasa spec'fic
fhe ca6 we makearebuilt to last,
Carsare nuch saferth6e daYs.
fhe sryeadshea'!for MarchandAprilate here.
I don't undeswd s eaclsheats.
The peoplein rnyofficearc allveryfiehdy
can
be
diffiarlt.
Paople
me flsh I had fot lunchwassuperb.
go
llaee
Money nakesthe worlcl rcuncl.
W got the moneyI gaveyau?
fhe dodrlng buttnessis veryconpetitive.
Te'ir i" sirgdpoftateabttldantandrwnably pricd, buthad tofnd dunngnsh ho'ts' whaflit
nins a"d bealee 11pt cndnidnirht. Th. .arlJ Jmm th. *irytort to the ..ntql b'tstness
ditrrlet eostarcundt12. (asia-incm.gzine website)
144
35 ART|C|-ES 2
35 Practice
Exerciset I lIl
Underline
thecorectwods.
I Wewent to eEalrheP/iaandsawLeaningTower// e:49!j!gI9v9r.
2 CretelTheGete isverybeautifulat thistime of year.
3 My sonis in hosp,ta//thehoip,ta/andcan't go to school/theschoot.
4 Youcango frcm HeathrowltheHeathrowbyunderyrcundltheundergrcund.
5 tlelnut Kohlllhe Helnut KohlwasOancelkrl theCharcel/orwho heloedto rcunireGernanv/ the
6
7
8
9
I0
ll
12
1:
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
We flew overAhslthe Alps andsawMont EbncltheMont thnc.
h nearfuturclthenearfururevideoconfeEnces
will replacemanymeetings.
l'rntiredlThankgoodness
it3timeto go homeltotome.
New Yo*llhe l.lewYo* is in UnitedStates/theUnitedStates.
| lsuallyhave/u/,chlthe
/unchat abootone.
I usedto work for Deu6<heEankltheDeu5cheBankin Cityof LondonltheCityof Lohdonal staft/the
nart of mycarcer
My sonwantsto 9o to univeEityhheunive6ityaftethis e'€ms.
Doyou knowtake WindemercltheLakeWindeftnere?
n\in LakeDisttict/theLakeDbtict, in
nadl-westlthe nofth-r\/est
of EnglandltheEngtand.
| boughtthissuitfromEondSteet/theEondStrcet.
TheGovernment
shoulddo morero helpthepoorlthepoorpeople.
On our trip to U(/fhe UKw€ tou.edaroundsourh-east/the
south-eaitandvisitedCanier.bury
Cathedral
/ the Canterbury
Gthednl.
Theywouldn'tpay,so we took themto cou.i/lhe coud,
JohnlThelohn is at wo*lthe wotk at homentt thenoment.
We t.avelledto /tarlthe ltaly by carlthe car.
DanubelTheDanubeis the mainrjverin Certla/Eu,.opeltheCentralEuroDe.
Exercise2 I
In eachpairof sentences,
fill in onespace
with theandtheotherspace
witha dash(-) to showno arlicle.
I a) ..--j....profitsareincreasing
acrcss
everydivision
of the company.
profitswe madelastyearwer€up in comparison
b) ...!.i.'e..
to they€arbeforc.
2 a) ...........
information
inyourreportwillbeveryusefuttous.
b) ......----.
infonationaboutthe Kazakh
marketishardtofind.
3 a) ...........
visitors
shouldsignthei namein thebookat rcceprion.
b) ...........
visitors
fromGermanywill
beanivingarrcn.
4 a) Thismaqazine
articlegives...._......
advice
aboutwhichnock to buv.
b) Thankyoufor...........
yougavemelanweek.
advice
5 a) ........ bondsI havearealllonqtem investments.
b) ...........
bondsarea safeinvestment
wheninterenratesarefalling.
6 a) ...........
French
expoGto the ren of Europe
areup4% thisyear.
b) ...........
French
arcwo d leaders
in theluxurygoodsmarkei.
7 a) ..--.--....
manasement
isan art,not a s€ience.
b) .....---...
managementare
blaming
theunionsforthebrcakdown
in neqoiiarions.
15 af,flclEs 2 t49
Exercise3 ll
I
so it hasa similarmeaning
to thefirstsentence.
Completethe
second
sentence
1 TEceyisthe teamleader
rracey!.t-..1.19..!.e,4d9i--.
ot ttre team.
2 Yourgoodsareon a shipat the moment.
goodsare............--.-............
sea.
At themomentyour
3 Ihe meeting
hasended.
Thi5is...................-----....
meetrng.
4 Briqhtonis at the bottomof a mapof England
southoI England.
B ghtonis ............................
5 Doyou havethe Internetat yourhouseT
home?
DoyouhavetheInternet..............-........,,,,,
6 Wewalkedtothe nation.
foot.
Wewentto .,,.,,,,,,,,,.........,,....
people
7 Weemploy250
atthe moment.
present.
Weemploy250peop|e..............--............
8 Danielisstillin hisoffice.
work.
Daniel
isstill.........---................
Exercise4llllll
Thisexercise
includes
some
complete
thefollowing
tertswitheithertheor e dash(-) to showno article.
revition
of unit31.
150
djectives and adverbs
A Adiectives and adverbs
*
An.djectivedescribes
a noul].
Lastyeat we had a significant indease in prolits
Lastyeat prcfitt were much betle. than thisyear
If yat rdtl bir gdii6 ot ttu sta.knwk.t yot ittl o tory-rdrd /ie,'. (Thesheer.com
t
An adverbeayshow (qulckly),when\tanoffow) at where(over.her€)somethn9 happens
G Adverbsca. comein dfferent poritions.'How' ddverbsuru. y comeafrerrhe verb
We planned evertrhing vety.arefu y
Ihe ercnony is g.owing slowly.
Frequency
adverbs(!n t t) comealr€rbe afd .uxitiares,birt befor€orherverbs.
She has nevet anlved late
she never goes thete
Olher'when' ddverbscan cornebeforeor aller u,e vero.
Lastyear ourprclits rose ghtly
Aur profitsrcse slightlylastyear
It we havereveraladverbstogerher,the usuatword order s:
H O W- W H E R EW
, HEN
Our prcfits rcse tlightly in Getmany last yeat
r
(NOT ta4yeer]€-€€+m.ay)
As wellas describing
vefbs,adverb!can a so descrbeadjectvesand otheradverbs.
It's rclatively expensive. (adverb+ adjective)
He affived extenely late. (adverb+ adverb)
a Adverbs.realsocoveredin units1,3,5 and 7 (tme expressions);39
(roo,erough);40 (rime
wotds likein/an/at, far/sin.e,by/untiD:unirs43 and 44 (tinkngwo.ds,which nctude
'lentence
adve.bs': ,hily actually,tn generat,clea y, anw1y): and t)ni| 49 fttends: satesgrcw
steadilyall lastyeat).
B Form of adverbs
t
Many'how' adverbsareformedby addinq-t to an adjecrive.Atew add-y,-aly, ot -ity,
dependingon the spelllngof the originaladjective.
slov\t slawly slight Jtghtly
caretul - .arcfull,
full fully
dftnatic dranatically
steady steadity
a
som€adverbsand adjectiv€s
havethe sameform. Examptesin.tude
fast,had, early,tate,hiqh,
low rbht:, wrcng, dally/ weekly/ nanthly tquatterty
Thisis a fast nachine (adj.)
rhis nachine soes very fast (adv)
tt's a had decision.(adt)
Hes wo*ing veryhard at the manent. tadu.)
Notethat the adverbhdrdt is nor relatedro the meann9 oJiard.
tt\ so naky t .an hadly thlh*. ('hardly'= almosinoo
NoteLhdrgood (
ddjecliveano /e/, s an adverb
"n
Shes a good negotiatoL
She negotiates we .
36 ADJE<TTVEsAXD ADVEF'S
I51
Gradableand non-gradableadiectives
hat, warn, nild, .ool, cold
large/big, snall, tiny
are 'gradable. We can makethem strongeror weaker
in th€ middleof the sequence
Adjectives
w th word! ike very d bit, quite, reasonably,relatively,€xtrenely.
The weather was quite hotl.o/d (NOr qsi*e+€iliF94re€"iF9.)
The nealwas very gaodlbad (NOr Yeqf€t€e$e€tle*{C.)
'extreme'.with theseadjecuves
we
are 'non'graddbe' or
Adjectives
at the end of the sequence
The talk was absolutely excellentlaMul. \NOI v€ry-€i€ell€na.)
D Order of adiectives
a Whenwe havemo.ethan one adlectve we ure thE order:
wondeiul, lovely,nice, diffi.ult, inpoftant
Opinion
Size
Otherqualities
ase
Shape,pattern,colour
origin,nationality
Mateial
Type(whatkind?)
Iarye, snall, lang, shatt
.heap, clean,quiet, fast
new old, secand'hand
cnculaaflat,stiped, rcd,black
Ften.h,)apanese,anerican,kandinavian
wooden,netal, plastic,steel
(phane),ecananic(palicy),safety(device),
investmenr
thitd-geneQtian
(bank),fa.e krean)
canbe nounsusedasadiedivet
a words n thefinaltwo calegories
a Herearesomeexamples:
iype)
a lo-page Ameri.an legal cantrad
Giz€,nationality,
(quality,
age,rype)
a last new sportscar
an efii.ient wo dwide distribution netwotk (opinon, size,iype)
(qLra
type)
ty,quality,
a.heap.ileaneneryysaurce
E Adjectives ending -ing and -ed
endinq-i;9 d€sffibesomethingwe are readingto (oltside !t
a Adieclives
(insdeus)
endirg -ed describeour leelingsand reactlons
Adiectives
Theneeing was very intercning. I was lnterested in your idea about outsourcing
Atio Onli'Ic peside,'t Ke"ifl Randolphsayshe doesnot ase tute o the tuub! qf crstonus
'I 4n irturcstet in qtdliry sa*etinr"
he k flot tullf intdst^d in n.ttt na*etn.a
beedute
'We
hdre 100,000alstoftett,tuhkhis ai intcftstin! unb!,bnt I an nat
P.itldolph!q$.
ess
b^cd o' ,dr" (blsiness review veekly rvebsite)
tha
brci
,xanagins
&A
Va-\
Other pai6 like this .re: bored/boting, confusedlconfusing, ex.ited/exciting,
nrcdt ing
,"t ,n"ruuut.inallr,g. <utpisedtsu,pnsino,
t touhdh ca.rrrens qrite s!ry sing t tudssutpised bl het€nnent.
W
'irc worcathanyouhlnk,
Itgo€Edownto he ktd foor."
52
36 ADJECTIVESAND ADVERES
36 Practice
Exercise 1 * #
Completeth€ secondsentence
so it hasa similarmedningto the fi6t sentence.
1 Th€rewas a s ightfdllin profitsin Ap l.
fell ,li4[tlY
. Apnlpro'rs.......
2 Therewas a dramdticimprovement
in our sharep ce lastmonth.
L a <m
r o n l ho - s h d r ep r i ( p. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Therchdsbeena significantdrop in demandfof oil overthe an few months.
Demandfor oil .....
4 Let'shavea blef pausefor coffee.
........overthe tastfew monrhs
L e t ' s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... f. o
. .r c o f f e e .
5 Ther€hasbeena steadyirnprovement
in the inflationfigures.
T h e - f a r o nf r g . € s
6 Therewat a dow recoveryin consumerconfidencelastyear
Corjsumer
confidenc€........
7 Therehasbeena gradualrisein unemploym€nt.
.. .... tastyeaf.
unemp|oyne.t .................
8 Thee hasbeenconsiderable
growth in KoreanGDPoverrecentye.rs
O v e r e c e nyt e a r sf o r e a . lG O P
...............
Exercise2 S *
Undedine
thecofiectadjective.
I coudn'tdo anymo.eworklasrnight.twasjusrsolhdltirtng.
2 I don'tthinktheaudience
likedthetalk.Theytooked
boted/baring.
3 | don'tthlfk theaudience
likedthetalk.tt wara bit borcd/boring.
4 Yournewmulrimedia
project
sounds
reallyexcltedlexciing
5 \or laok warnedlwotrying.ls anythingthe matte.?
5 Theirprofitslaslyearwe'e exlnemely
largelenotmous.
7 Ther profitslan yea.wereabsolutely
/a.qelenolmous.
8 Thesilesfigu€slastmonthweteuerybadltenbte
9 Warsaw
isabsolutely
cold/fre€zlng
at thistimeol year
Exercise3 !fi
Compeiethesenlences
withonewordfromrhelistA andonewordfrom st B.
A: badly completelyeasilyextemely heavilyquire unexpectedty
rve{
B: delayeddesignedheipful iJleqaliate riide promotedrccoqnisabe
1 Thissutcaseisvery..............'.411..H4d..e.............
. ttwJ tastfor yearsandyears.
youseeihe adveris
2 Thenewprcductis being..............................................
ev€rywhere
3 Thiswebsite
isvery.................................
..........._
. I can,tfindtheinfomaUon
I ne€d.
4 YoLr've
been.................................
............
. I really
appreciate
it.
5 Ourofficesarc.....................................-.......lookoutforthe
argeftags.tthefront.
6 I'msorrymyflighthasb
...........l,llcattyouwhenlarrve.
7 Tdkng brjbesi!.............
You'lloseyourjobif rheycatchyou.
8larivedatthepesentation..............................................dndmissedthefirstpan
36 ADjECTIVES
AND ADVERBS 153
Exercise4 D
Puteachgroupol words nto the bestorder
I odjashioned
€ a r g em . c hn e c u t ln !
^ l^raa old-{arhio^ed otti^a
M^chr^e
2 woodensquareheo ca(ons
3 new packagean amazn9 sottlv:re
4 p e r o da t f : n s l o n t h r e em o n t hd f f i c ut
5 clrLps
computerTawaneseh qh-q!: ty
6 d str.tegywe -panned nvenment
7 accesscheap nternethighipeed
8 a n e w r e v ou t o n . r yc o m p u l ehr a n d h e l d
9 a powderwashinqnew wondedul
l 0 a w f u p l a n c c h e a ps o u v e 1
n9
Exercise 5 A B
wih a word lrcm the n below At th€ end of eachsentence wr te rdl. (adlectve)
Competerhe sentences
or adv (adverb)to show how the word n lhe gap s be ng used
good we
'
!\p
eqo
lan
q o
hard hard h€rdy
ian
oo-\eo
Mo^Tnry
a^\pLe
ate *€N+ht
ate
Io.
d
....4dJ
010,6'
2 ' , n rr o r r yy o u rg o o d sd r eq o i n gt o a r r v e . b o ! t a w e e k
Halent you got anyth,ngeafler?
I TharI iqhr 1m€ e too
,
r
.
e
lpnQ4r'oioo19.D..
4 r."rr' I
keepmy eyesopen
5 | wds 50 I redthat co! d
d
i
5 T h eh o t e w a !
, b ! 1 w e d . t k e l h e i o o dr n t h er e n d u r a n t
b e t t e rc a n dd a t e .
7 r ' sa
c h o i c eb. u t t h n k C a r . B t l - r €
gel
everything
f nishedon i rn€
lo
E had ro work very
9 rn sorry, do. t lndeEland Yo! re talkr.gloo
I0 AF l..F o,..e"
e ,l r,1S .-9o S^ong
Exercise 6 A B
42
R e a dt h s r e p o rar b o u tl h e c o . v e r q e n .oef m o b e p h o n € as n dh a . d h e dc o m p l t e r su n d e rn e e t h e rt h e
or adverbe.ch t me.
adlect,ve
seems (1)54us/rtds.jy,
but some
ll
I I peoplee salking mud wilh a nobile
$on!', a handheld .omplter like a lall! t
pager, and even a n.tebook c.nputer sidr
a \2).artetrrionlkatndniannthlkeyboaidas
TheNet:anywhere,
inthepalm
anytime,
ofyourhand
well. Thesedigital devi.es are conlerging
\3)tupilhttidu,
but
hanltacturers are
ro w
Io! $nting
enails.
findin8 it dilfi.ult to get all the pa.h to
19)d!.u/ditr
inreSrare (4)rropalpDpajy.
s€arlinEforanadd@bmkoEyorscolinE
contenponry
(l2)aafrdJiry and (rl.irapl.,trry0,
but srill
allow phone conpanies to nake a prolit.
(14)qri t/qd.Uyh
nobile phon6lml (5)8mdludr,aF Flatiely
throu8h a .ontact xir is (10)sl@rlo
(6)B!odla.iJ at endhg short text n6eE6,
alhough onc you find the 1@e you ce 6U
ma, ad lie nmuiactureE who suc.eed in
the pe@n (11)diatldi@try by jnsi torcning
Settingoerythin8 (15)flghlryeily ae Soingio
mke (16)I'rSr,rAdJy prcEts.
blt
don'r wort (7) gmdlu?ri as hedheld
conputers. They lack nemory, s)ncho6e
(8) l,adlladl] sith daklop PCs, and ae not
ry,
theph@e nun$er oI olN the bi8 ise in the
tuh@ is Inieftt a(K - it needsto be fast,
nrhEsmnovhsver-e
L\is
A Comparatives and superlatives
a We usethe comparatveform of an.djectiv€to comparetwo sepaErethings.
Comparclve: Model C40Ais more poweiul than nodet C2AA.
MadelC2OOis less poweiul than madel C4OO
We usethe superlatveform to saythar ofe rhing in a grcup hasmoreor essof a quatitythdn
Supe ative:
The most poweiul nadet that we nake is the C6AA.
The lezn powedul modet that we make is the C200.
B Form
tl Theto.m dependson the numberol syllabesin rhe word and the spe nq
Comparative
Sup€rlative
Onesyllable
cheap
cheaper
nice
nicer
One syllabeendlng
vowel- consonant
biq
One/two syllables
ending-/
rcky
iskiel
easy
easiel
Twoor more
syllablee
noden
expensive
mote/tessmoden
morc/less expensive
bigger
the btggest
iot
the most/least nadem
the most/teastexpensive
A fid,.ltit"E .o,tn t is atu oI the longst ahdmostsophistieatell
tld ntucnot!uilLavetsitn.
(Ent.cprcne!rhnemrtion!llvcbsite)
a Notethatone-syllable
adjeclives
endingin s ngt€vowet- sinqte
consonant
doubte
thef nal
consonant,
andlhal -y becornes
i
big - bigger flat - flafter wet - wettel
easy- Pasie. nosy - hoisiet happy- hoppiel
o Sometwo-syllable
adj€ctives
.an Io.m n eirherway.Ex.npesirclrdecteve,cannan,nanow
palfte,quiet,sinple tied.
comman commonerlmorccommon the .onnanest /the l'i,ostcannon
I
NotethaiIong.djectveshavebothnole/most.nd /ess//easr,
butshorradjecrives
ontyhave
o Notethefollowinorffegular
lorms:
good
better
tar
rheber.
the wotst
fanhet/fulther
Jdpdi\ e.o"o"'), is @ah.intr. h' .l'r,e\ af reco'eryio'n the uo^t ttowdotuhsifte Watd Wot II
dt leui'ts sn'alletd t1rnaller crcry /dl (Yahoo tsusines NeNs lvebsire)
3t coMPARll{GI
155
C Other points
a We uset,an to link the thingswe arc.ornparing
Thisyeafs profits wll be a little hlgher than lastWar's
It's a lat morc difficult than I thought at fi51.
seeunits35and37a
a
form.
we useaheor a possessive
Beforca superlative
Thisk theloutlDigicon's nost pawerful madel
adjectvescan be usedwithout a noun if the meanng is clearfrcm
comparativeand superldtive
the.ont€xt.
Thehlewl of seMiceis good, but ours is better
Digicamprcduces a rarge of nodels, but this one is the most poweiul
a The presentperfeciwith everis often usedwith sup€ atives
Thisis the mon powEtlul machine that vtP have ever prcclu.ed
Thisis one ol the best mealsI have evet eaten
Tlp Btdzilid,i !ry.ri'd'/]ct .l'di, Pno d. Alt@r ryatted d ltoit oI USS167 )ht tdst vcdr,the
NNs Americas$ebsite)
ldrgst i! haseoetMd.. (Business
D Comparing equal things
a we can comparetlvo equalthinqswirh (/urt)a5... a5.We savthat two thingsarenot equa
do nol change.
with notas .. a5.Theadjectives
The C600i is Aust) as powe.lul as the C5oo.
The C40o is not as powerlul as the C600.
'Ii?
k i" ailtncct irc ahout'ryply and doi|id io'dd,ie nk L Pally is as sinpte as nt.
(Gulf Busines Mag.,ine wcbsitc)
- j6t not aslood ds n $ed to tr( (Bustrlesswcek
h\ !iI\ zoodto bc knu oI ro/t totpotation
E Comparing actions
at theendoi thesentence.
we canuseanauxiliary
action5
a wh€nwe compare
fhe C6OO
runsfastetthanthe C400. OR TheC600tur|Jfastetthanthe C400does
OR Youvedonemote work thanI have
Yau",edone morcwotk thanme.
156 37 COMPAR|I{G
I
37 Practice
Exercise
l IltI
Underline
thecorrect
words.
1 Thenewlineshouldbe50ptofrtableaslasJ|lgijabbjjrhe otd one.
2 Thishandsetis tlre mo5tprofrbuelthe n,orcprcfitablewe,veevermade.
3 ThisveGiofof the programme
is the mostrecentlrecenfer.
4 fte guarantee
isa yearlongerrharlrhatwithourotdermodets.
5 Nothingis wo6elworstthandsring a flight b€cause
of traffic.
6 Thisprinteris oneof the benlbefer on the ma*et.
7 the meetingwasnt /ongas/as/onga5| thought.
8 Todaythe sha.ep ce is mo€ t€dlwoAe thanit wasyesrerday.
9 l'm soary,
thejourneytook /orger fianlahe /ongestwe expected,
10 We'll be theE soon.lts not muchlar€flfur|fie..
Exercise2lIII
Complete
thesentences
witha comparative
or superlative
fom ofthe adjective
in brackets.
Include
ar,,
othernecessary
wordsfikefhe,mote, less,asot than,
(big)sofrdrinksmanufactlrer
l coca-cola
is ...!.1-e--.hf4395J...
in theword.
2 Thiskeyboard
isquitediffi(ultto
use.lt!.............................
onet,musedto.
Gmall)the
3 Theconference
wasa ljttledisappointing.
tt was.............................
(intereninO
texpected.
4 Yesterday
(hot)daj6of theyear
wasoneof .............................
5 | thinkthissuggestion
(good)theotherone.
is ----..............-_-5ltlimpossibletochoosebetw€enthesetwoproducts.Oneis............................{go
7 TheflEt foundof negotiations
waseasy.
Thenextwillbe.............................
(dfficut).
8 We?eonlya smallcompany.
(targe)the
We?enot .............................
marketleaderin oursector.
9 Thisyearoursales
(bad)tastyear.
figureare.................__..____....
(bad)caseof corruption
10 Thisis ...................-.........
we,veseenfor yea15.
Exercise3lllll
Putale suitableword
in eachspace.
1 Wearebigger....1.14!\....
GNC,but Satcoare......!!9....biggest
in themarket.
2 | c;n seeyoueitherday.Onedayis .............__._
good.................
theother
3 Nobody
knowsmoreaboutelecvonics
.................
Ti
4 Ofcouuel'llspeak
to him.ltsthe.................
tcando afterallyourhetp.
5 solly,5% dis.ountismy.best
ofter.tt3the ................_
| cando.
6 Heis oneof the.-...............
diflicultcustomers
thaveeverdeattwith.
7 Everyone
els€hadwo*eda lotlonger
ontheproject
.................t
.................
.
8 idonl thinkthatthismarket
is-................
risky.................
itwas.
9 Ihe restaurants
arethesame.
Thisoneis ......._.........
asexpensive
.................
thatone.
10 Thisestaurani
is betterfor us.tts ..___............
asexpensive
.................
thatone.
' 7 C O M P A R I N G1
I57
E x e r c i s e 4 A BC D
Comp ete the secondsentenceso t hasa similarmeaninqto the fi6t sentence
lhan P.Lr
1 D.v d s a beter technician
pa!l s nor
1]t-..ieed,.4 t?eh^ici1'.^ 4{......... Davd.
dnalynthan Caro.
2 Nobodyat KBN s d better nvestment
. . . .. . . . a t K B N
caro s the
you
repo.t.5
3 l haven'tread.s manyseclons ot the
4 lexpectedthe rneelingto .n longer
-...
pr
" e r . g d i d .a5 Olr tra n ng bLdgetisnt as b I asyours
' o u ' d , n i n gb - d o "
.. ..
given
B morermpo.tanlthan th s one
6 No present.ton ve
7 Thisspeakers more nlerenng lhan the .rt one
The an speakerwds not
8 late e$ ih.n Georqe
did
I d dn't
n.al on sk s tha.lane
9 N o o n e n t h e t e a mh a eb e t t e cr o m m u
10
hsverarelyme1a more nleresln9 person
Exercise 5 A B
?f43
abo!t nvestmen
o tp t o n sw i t h t h e c o m p a r r t i voer e ! p e r a t ! el o r m so f t h e
C o m p l e lteh e n r a g a z naer t i c l e
in brack€ts
adlect,ves
lnvestment
choices:riskandreward
lr this rFoo $e1F gornt ro ooh at l5e three mai. typeso'
loals
l i n r e : r n e l L s : c d c .t - b d i h a rc o u r l s Jb, o n d s( l o n g r e r m
that glve a fxed rate of rctum) and stocks (equities).The
stocks. Funds that invest in developedecofomies are a
( 8 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(. s. -e. .n.s. .i b Lceh) o j c et o r m o s ip e o p l e ,
as the markets have more liquidty and it s
( 9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(.e. .a. .s-y.f.)o r t h e f u n dm a n a g et o
r buy
\ L ) . . . . . . . . . . . . * . P : t . . . . . . . . . (. .s.a i e )i s c a s h ,a n d t h e f a c t t h a t
and sell. Blt iher€ are also emergngmarketfundsthat invest
this has less rlsk than the othefs meanslhat it also has a
in counties like China,Indiaor Turkey.
Thesemarketsare only
( 2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . .( .l .o.w
. .).r.e. t u f n .l i y o u w a n t a
(
1
0
)
(
a
- . . . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . .g. .g.r. e
. s s r vnev) e s r o ros r
( 3 ). . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . .(.g. .o. .o.d. .r)e t u r ny o u s h o ud . o n s i d e r r o . t h e
a l l a s t h e y h a v e m u c h ( 1 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - (. .h-i.g. .l .r.)
bonds. These are fxed interesi investments,and are a
volatillty.
So wfar is Lie Ll2)...................................,Boo
when interest .ates afe talling- The
a balance.In the
( 5 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . .(-r.l.s. k y ) f o r m o f i n v e s t m e n t solution?[4ostlinancialadvisorsrecomrnend
much middle oi your career you can afford to have a
s
stocks. They offer the chance of
. .r. g
. .e. .p) a n o i y o u r n v e s t m e n r s
( 6 ) . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(. g
. .r.e. .a. .tp) r o f i t so v e rt h e l o n gt e r r n , ( 1 3 ) . - . . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . .( .l a
but you might make a loss if the companydoes badly.The as slocks,pehaps 60-€0%,with somebondslor stabilltyand
' o r e r e r g e n c r eA
s .( v o Jg e r( I 4 l , , , , , , , . ,. ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , . .
{ 7 ) . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . - . . . . . . . - . . . (. .b-a. .d. .)c. a s e s c e n a r i oi s t h a t i h e c a s l
can (neai retkementyou shouldconsiderswitchingmost or your
companygoes bankrupt and you lose every'thing-You
youravailablecasl_
reducethe risk by investlngin a tund ratherthan individual rnoneyio bonds,and increasing
( 4 ) . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(-a. -t .i .r .a c t i v eo) p u o n t h a n c a s h ,
padicu arly
A Large and small differences
.
We can !s n9 adverbsof deg.ee(seeunit 39) to ralk abourdffercnces.
Product Product
A
B
llsinomore... a,rrdn
5224
$300
$200
$200
$120
$ 180
$200
$200
$400
$200
$200
$450
Ais a bit/ a liftlebit/shghtlymoreexpensvethan B.
A is cansiderably/
nuch / a lorlfar moreexpensive
than B
U s i n gd 5 . . .a s
a is nor neart ar expensive
ds B.
A s,almanl nearly/ not quite as expensiveas B
A is nrlce ai erperslL€ as L
A is more r,ia?rlwlceas expensveas B
Forig cilnr!. r'd*.x dr.I ntorc nldtilc dtu| Mfrdktdhb than @ntoditi.s ndrkets.
(Afriqn Busnre$Dusrzine webs,te)
a We can lse ev€, to emphasise
the compdison.
by rht
lapd,t it a ftutry .fitl ..f lisribtto^, i/,oksnh^ dd othct,tid. eh?r. Ih. dislttdtia causad
htnt.t corl.lb( e"engtatet th.n ih th. US. (FT.conrvebsirc)
B Other stru(tures with comparatives
a Wecansaythatsometh
i9 is increasing
or decre.s
ng by usingiwo comparattves
tinkedbyano.
ThepeRonalpensions
natket E grcwihgbigget and bigger
hvestoRarebeconng morc and morc sophistkated,
a Wecansaylhatonesituation
depends
on another
by usingrheandonecornpararive
fo owed
by theandanother
comparative.
Thelonger the strikegoesan, the morc diffi.ult it wittbe to find a sotution.
TIr bilfet the.onpd y atu|thc latget i$ asu,the!rcatet hc oppota'1tyta ye ttuken.tors
.If.iri.irr @usine$weekodine website)
phrases
a These
arealsous€fulfor compaingthings:
exacfly/justlalnost/neay/vinuallylmoreor less/rcught rhe same... as...
exactlyljust
lvery/norc/ less/quite/a bit/a ltttte ke
conptetetytquite/slighttyd JferentIrcm
.omparcdtoltn compatison
,
with
Ohliae/etaik^ aith 30 d,tploytsharcto olletexaet| the'ane tervi.eas ttudingraflpdnk\oith
hna@l
i'i bilions oI anos. (Connedis
website)
C Phraseswith superlatives
I
phrases
Theee
arecornmon
wiih superlatives.
Oneoi the
Byfar the/Easilythe
largest rctailing graups in Latin Anei.a .
latgen retailinggrcup in LatinAneri.a.
The second/third/fourth /aryest retailing grcup in Latin Anerica
The rc.essianthatfallotnd tlp dolb oisn o.f 1994 vas one of the wotst in Me'i.dn httary
(Global BusinessMrgazine vebsite)
2 159
r8 COMPARING
D Comparingadverbs
lo ow exac(ly
thesamerulesasadlectives.
a In genelal,
adv€rbs
hard,hardeLthe hatdest
Onesyllable:
early,earlieLthe earliest
Twosy abesending-)a
Twoor moresyllables:
effi.iently,mote/less efficiently,the most/least efficiently
o The adverb, wel/ and badly arc neq:r)ar
batlly, vwrse, the wa6t
well, bettet the best
as adlectv€s.
a We can usethe samestfirctur€s
ln the 1Tsectar peaple ate having to wak hader and hatder to get promotian
The qui*er we can sign the deal, the sooner vvecan staft prcductton
'nor
arfrnq ntat tlre US slotudow is dboutto end alftost as soonds it begdnnis\ thepai,t
ardrlY (Businesweek*bsite)
and superativeadverbswhen the verbhasthe form oi a prcsent
a We often needcomparative
partc pe (do,nq)or a pastparticiple(done).
Karea is one af the most rapidly developing counties in the vvo d
Thisproduct is morc atttactively designed and mote solidly built
'lL.
D.t Dei\th. tsdrkill be bettetplacedto tr i^ sttolg.otlranteEktia$hipt to hen.ftJNtk
th. t?stnmni'Ka d v&A booktdik"tly happetinr44osjEurl. (BusinesWcet websrte)
E Comparing nouns
nolnsusrngthewordsbeow
saeuni!r0 a Wecompare
'''
people,
customels,
bankt
norns (prcducte,
Countabe
(nat)
fewest,
as
nany
...
as
morc,fewe, the most,the
we havefat morc peoplewo*ing fot usnaw than tuo yeas ago
we don't haveas many produds on themaket as tua yeatsaqo
progress)
Iniomation,
nouns (t me,money,
Uncountable
(not)
much
the
least,
as
as
more,less,the most,
iessmoney
I n watkingasa freelancetnow andt eamconsidetably
twould
like
mu.h
time
fot
reading
as
I dan't havenearlyas
ULLY!1MkKet
lltt tAnehslhKetftflr tErE
Buf|7 ltftKEs
hLWMMne 1ftEA'0 MUul
150 3a COMPAR|I{G
2
38 Practice
E x e r c i sleF F $ i g G
Undeiinethecorrect
worcis.
1 Thenew designis considetably
note lightlljg\@trhan rheold one
2 Therca€ nearly
twiceasmanypeoplewo*ing he€ aslthanlasty€ar
3 Th€soonertheydecide,it's betterlthebetterlot ut all.
4 Ihees eachtine nore/morc andnore invesrmefiin Chinaeveryyear.
5 We havethe nearlylargenltheiecord /a4genmd*et sharcin Tlrkey.
6 Ths modelmight
be bettetfot yo,r.lr's
slightlylquite
lessexpensive.
7 Thisisourtuterlfanenselling
prcduct.
8 Ev€rythings
gettingmoreandnote expslsivetexpeniver
and expensiver.
9 lf needed,couldthis prodl]dionlinego nore quickly/morequicker?
l0 lt'sa littlemoreexpensi!€,
butthequalityismuchbefterlmorc
befter.
11 Oursales
year
this
arevirtually
thesameasliheequa/ot bn yeal
12 Thisis oneof fhe besf/thev!e//o4anisedconferences
l'veeverbeento.
Exercise 2 d ;
Wite a word or phrasefrom the listnextto a similarwod or phrasebetow
YrcNilly
a bit
roughly
nearly/...vift!44!!y....
To e or less/................
exadly
much
a tittte/........................
tat/.....................-.
)us\l
Nowcomplete
thesesentences
byw tingthe pairsofwords/phrases
ln thespace,
p same.
1 Theytesimlaf.They'€....I9,rXh1y.1-!,.PI3...?1...\e11....
2 They're
verysimilar
They
..............
thesame.
3 They're
identical.
They?e
.........
thesame.
4 X costs
$580andY costs
t600.X is....................................................
cheaper
5 X costs
X is....................................................
$400andY cosls
$600.
cheaper
Exercise3 m
Rewrite
eachsentence
(ddrg)or a pasrpadicipte
usinga supe.lative
witha present
parricipte
(done).
I Fewc.editcadsareaccepted
aswidelyasVisa.
visa s probauy........ih9...r.o..!..!..*j.d9ly...4slepJ#-........
(edit card.
2 Nomarketisgrowingasfan asChina.
Chlna
is.....................................................................
market.
3 Fewwatches
on themarketaredesigned
asclevey asthe newSeiko.
Then€wSeiko
h oneof ....
......................
watches
onrhemarker.
4 F€wof olf products
aresellinq
aswellasthis.
Thisisoneof our.............
prcducts.
............
5 Fewf.ctsaboutOracle
arclessknownthanthis.
Thisisoneof _.................___
.....lacB
abourorace.
6 Noareaof business
ischanging
anything
likeas|apidlyasbiotechnotogy.
Byfar ..................-... .
of business
is biot€chnology.
2 161
38 COMPARING
E x e r < i s e 4 A E : cE
A companywantsto movepremises
and ther€ares€veraloptions.Readthe deta s in the table
Possible new premises
size (square
metres)
rent per
square metre
Dockldnds
(.onverted warehouse)
2a5
5500
$120,000
CityView BusinestPark
300
$350
$125,000
12
NelvtownIndustrialAre.
310
$200
$105.000
30
distance from
city centre (km)
4
.unning .osts
per year
Now completethe sentences
wilh the phrasesfrom the n below
5l€htt
not nea.ly
by iar
ess
slightyle55 conrrderably
y the sdme
a lot mo.ethan tlvice roLrqh
a moslas much almostas mdny
tl'{htly
1 The threeoprons are allaboul the sarnesze, but N€Mown 6
2 l h e r u n nn 9 c o s t sa t D o ( k l a n dasn dC i l yV r e wa r e. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
than the olherlwo pacei
3 The runnng costsat NeMown are
4 There'5
.........
.. arqer
. . . . . . . . . .s.q l a r em e l r e sd t D o c k a n d s . sa l C t y V e w
..
. . . . . . . . . . .s. p
. .a c ea t D o c k l a n dassa t C t y V i e w
5 Theres
. ......than at ih€ othertwo places.
6 Therent at Nev!,town
7 T h er e n ta r D o c k l a n dsr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .e. r. e n ia t N e M o w n
is ..
ih€ c osertto the c ty centre.
8 Docklands
as convenrent
as C ty vew.
n terrnsof accessto the centre,NeMown is .....
1 0 Y o ud h a v ei o t r a v e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i.u. .r t h e rt o g e tt o N e M o w n
9
ExercisesABCDE
a'
44
-ao. ct the ldble en co'nol.rer'e p'ese^tot,o e\racl w tr ohra-es1on t e li-t belo^
tw ce .s m.ny
a lot
a little
iF-€6+apa+is€€-r'.iih hryce as much
roughlylhe same
ditlerenl limil.f
by f.r
contiderabymore
sales $ mil.
% .hange
Profit ! mil.
% chanse
50.000
42
5,000
150
Texaco
52,000
43
3,000
116
Exxonl/obil
210,000
29
16,000
102
Ch€won
'if we look atthe igur€sforthe oilseciorlaslyear.you can5€ethat the threelarg€stuS companies
alldid
verywell (1) .!l..S9Yp4dtel...t'{-t.1. ttre previousyear
Letssta|t by comparingchevronand Texa.o.Thensabswere(2)..................................
, athouqh
profit.Lookingat the year-on-year
trcndyou can seethai the
chewon rnade(3) ................-.................
percentage
wh€reasthe
changein saleswas very(a) . ............
.........betlveenthe two companies,
ln fact,Chewon3p.ofitsqrew
changeln profitswas quite(5) ............. .. . .
( 6 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i.a. s. .t.e. .-r- -1 5 0 o /coo . n p a r et d
o I167o.
Now lerSlook at Eson Mobil,the mafkelleader.The tableshowsthat Exxonis (7)
. ......--...........
s.lesas ch€won and Texacocombined,
the largestcompany,
with morethan (8) ......
pmfit. ln termsof percentage
figuresw€re
and exacily(9) ..................................
9rowth,Exxon's
( 1 0 ) . . - . - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l.o. w
. . .e. r.t .h.a. ni t st w o . o m p e t i t o 6 . '
A Adverbs of degree
,
Adve65of degreeshowhow big or lmponantsomethingis Theymdkethe meanng weaker
(smalldegree)or stronger(largedegree).
quite fairly,prev rathecrcannably,relatively
ertrenely,reay, very absolutely,
completeiy
Larqedegree:
Mdr( Fdliet k noteda' d sl@tly t@,nn Lat ali
Dr.gazinewebsite)
rery Aonate ,1dtk!t ipst.r (^six it).
a Lookat thes€examples
W th adtectves:
Wrth adverbs:
With verbe
Wirh comparatives:
tt was a litlle expensive/ Bthe. strcngetvery prafessionat.
tt was done a bit tate/ quik quicktylvery prafessionaly
|rca y tlisagree. fhey ve increasedthelr affer a lit{e.
ft s a bit/slightty/contiderabty/nuchl
a tot cheapet
B loo, enough, not enough
'moreth.n it necessary
a Ioo means
or good'.A/orenoughmeanstessthanis necessary
or
good'.Enough
rneansasmuchas6 necessary'or
3uflicient.
Thesalaryis too low.
Advefbs:
l'n mtry it goes too slowly
Therc'stoo mu.h work
a
Thesalaryisn't high enough.
In sa1y,it isn\ fastenough
Thereisn't enough time
Notethe potitrons:bo comesbeforeadjecrives,
adverbsand nouns;erough comesafrer
adtectvesand adverbs,but beforenouns
a We 6e too many/few+ puralnouns.nd roo muchl/1ft/e+ uncolntabt€nouns
fhete ate too many people intolved in the proje<t.
I think we speht too much money on the (onsukants.
a We can eaveolt the noun if the meann9 is de.r
Just a liftle nilk, please Not too mu.h
Thercare six.hai6.ls that enough?
C Other structurer with too and enough
After too and enoug, we can l]sea phrasewfth for.
TheirdelieErytim?s are too bng lor us.
Hare we gat enough .hans for everyone?
Aiter too and erough we can lse a ro infnitive.
Salesarc too slaw to make nuch profit.
We dan't have enough tirr,eto do evetfihins
Srntlt pfi, n,Ja/Dtatiat
te.lutoLog'
is jt{l nor n"patatlt douth o itt otut1to geretatea rjtdinetl
r.o/.rr. (FT.con s€bstre)
39 ADVERBS
OF DEGREE 163
D So and st|ctl
t
We usero andru.h for emphasis.
50 with adjectives
andadverbs:
Sucha with ddjec(ive
+ singuldr
noun:
Su.h/Sonary/So few with pluralnouns:
Suchlso nuch/So little with uncountabe nolns:
The neeting finished so qui.kly.
tt was su.h a qui.k meeting.
You have such fiendly.olhagues.
We sold so nany policies last nanth!
tt was su.lt good advi.e.
I have so much wotk to do.
'S$h a big nerfd h6 htry .ohpetittueihrylietions,' saysd seniot Cirhan
bdikih! etuttiE.
(Busine$rffeek onrine websire)
t
Solsuchand too aredifferent.solsuchexpress
an opinionwhichcan be eitherpostve or
negative.Ioo suggests
a dfficulty.thal somethingcannotbe done.
Thercare so nany people involvedin the project (its just my opinion)
Thercare too nany people invohed in the prcject. (w€ need to reducethe number)
solsuchcan be usedwilh that to express
a result.Ioo cannotbe usedwith that.
The neeting finishedso quickly that t was hone by 5.30. (NOT r€€€!i€kt+ha{)
Quite, fairly, p,ew or rathen
a Quite.tairlyandptettynean'amedium
amount.
'Likt htottbrtilctstt, trt'ft
.dttiott
dborttIMt ktitht onE in thc $t .ary1caf :la.a$,
fairly
y bktse oI'lk Alii" srndrtor.'(busnress
revicwlveeklywebsirc)
"'ar
a In AmercanEnglish
prettyis a common
wayol sayingvery'.
a Wecanchange
ih€ meaning
of gulrein British
English
bystress
n9the adjectve
in speech.
fhe
meaning
changes
to'very'.Thisiscalledund€Etatement.
Thercstaurant
v,las
meaning:
it wasOK)
WjE good. (normal
Thercstaurantwasqule g99g!.(unde6tat€ment:
it wasverygood)
a natherakome;ns'amedium
amount',but it oftensuggests
thatsomethig s bad,surprsng
of unusu;|.lt ismoreformal.
Its rathetlateto do anything
royv (lt3alinetoolar€,'m.frad)
(l enjoyedt, surprs ngly)
good.
Therestaurcntwasrathet
a W th a comparative
we canonlyuse/aiher,notqu,te.
Theneenngbok nther longer thanI expeded.(NOTqsir€-l€ng€r)
'absolute
quttemeans
r Withsomeadjectives
y' o. 'complete
y'. These
incllde:absurd
.ertara
different,hopeless,
inpossible,ndicubustighL sure,ttue, wrcng.
I'n quir€certainaboutthis. (= absolur€ly
certain)
Areyousurcthats qrite rtghf? (= complet€ly
fght)
'ntlJq
d, *.
r '64
raL ^q4
h4t dd y' y4 4t P e
14 'e44.ofia
t.4.'
4n'4t
164 39 ADVERBS
OF DEGAEE
39 Practice
Exercise
l XHH
Matcheachphrasel+ withtheph€seaFh)withtheclosenmeaning.
Becareful-some
arcsimar.
E
2 lt'squiteslow3lt'sEtherslow
5ltssodow
n
tr
!
tr
!
u
!
8 lts notdow enough.
a) lt3 comparatively
slow
b) lt'sslightlyslow
c) lt3 fairly s ow.
d) lt! a littletoo slow' m afrad.
e) lwant it to be evenslower
f) Theresa problem.
lwant it to befaster
jow
lt
really
is
very
9)
h) OK.Thatsasslowasit needs
to be.
Exer<ise2ll!g
lJnderline
thecorrect
words,
1 Thesalary
theyaresuggening
sounds
sogoodliooooodtobetruel
2 Thercwereso fewlsoftde customers
thatlwent homeea y.
3 Wecan'tpulloutnow Thete\too ,r,u.hltoonany moneynvolved
4 lt wassuchlsoa boringmeeting
thatI neartfellasleep.
5 Themeeting
wassuchl5oboringthatI nearly
fellasleep.
6 I hadto say'no'- thecoslwassonuchl toonuch lor thebudgetl wasg ven.
7 \Nehadso nuchlso nany new business
that we neededextrastatf.
I I hadso nuchlso nany rcportsto w te that I put the answefingmachineon.
9 We haveJo fewlro rftle infomatioathat we can't makea decision,
10 Themeetingwasso shoriltoo shortto coverall the pointsproperly.
11 Canyouhelpme?l'm notenoughEllltallenough
ta reachtheiop shelf.
12 Theresn't eroughmorey/ noney enoughir,Ihe budgettor youridea.
Exercise3tr[n
Completethe sentences
with oneof thesewords:too, erot"gh,sq such,much,many,little,few.
I lsyourcoffee.....-t99....hot?Wouldyoulikea littlemoremilk?
2 | had.................
.................
troublefindingsomewhe€
to parkthatI affivedate.
problems
3 | had.................
.................
finding
somewhere
to parkthatI arrived
ate.
4 Therewere.................
........-....---.
replies
to the lastmailing
thatwewon'tdo anoih€r.
5lhad..........---.---....--.-----..:..cashonmethatlcouldn'ievenbuyasandwich.
6 Thepriceof thejrshar€s
is.................
highto buyanymorerightnow
progr€ss
7 Weternaking
-................
thatwe shouldfinisha w€ekea y.
8 Weteexpecting
Thisroomwon'tbe large.................
a lot of people.
.
9lcouldn'tdoanyworkonthetrain.lwas.................ti€dthatlfellasleep.
quicklyfor
10 5hespeaks..............-.meto undernand.
11 Theypay.................
latethatwe won't.eceive
the moneyuntillune.
12 Thats..........--...-a goodidea.lt'lls3ve
usthousands
of dollars.
39 ADVERBSOF DEGREE 165
Exercise4 !E
usingeitherso..- that... or such... that... .
Lookat the tablebelow,then combinethe sentences,
1 a) Ther€w.s a big drop in theirsharepice.
b) Thedrop in therrsharepricewas verybig.
2
+ Investo6b€camev€rynervous.
by 25% per month
campaiqnwasveryslccessful. + Salesincrcased
a) Theadvertising
campaignwas a success.
b) Theadvertising
wirhin48 hours
worksverywell. + Mostgoodsaredispatched
system
3 a) Ouroder processing
'
ryilem.
b\ we dved verygoodorderprocesing
4 a) Thatcompanyhasverylargebankdebts.
b) Ihat compdnysbankdebtsarc verylarge.
+ Iheres a isk twll haveio cos€ down.
5 a) The Internetconne.tionisveryfd5t.
b) Thereis a veryfast Intemetconnecton.
+ Web pagesappeafalmostinstanly
veryneruous.
investors
becam€
1 a)rhere
wast$s..h..4..F14..C1-.9r..il...lherf..tkle..rIisg..lh4.i.
investo6
verynervous.
hi4...tl*t.................
became
b) Thedropin theirlharepricewas.................tq
.
sales
ifcreased
by2s%perrnonlh
was...........................
2 a) Theadvedising
campaign
................sal€sncreased
by 25%permonih.
b) Theadvertising
campaig
..........
mostgoodsare
ng synemworks........
3 a) Ou.oder process
dkpatched
w thin48 ho'r6.
arcdispatch€d
wthin48 houB.
......mostgoods
b) we have........................
...........
there!a riskit w haveto closedown
4 a) Thatcompany
has....
a riski w have
theres
bankdebts
are..........................................................
b) Thatcompanys
to closedown.
instantly
is................................
.........................
Webpages
appear
alrnost
5 a) Thelnlemet
connection
web pages
appeaf
aLmon
instantly.
..........
.......................
b) There
is ......................
Exercise
5mm
Cornpletethe secondsentenceso il hasa similarmeaninqto the fi6t sentenceand contansthe word in
brackets.
1 | d dnl buy that laptopbecausethe screenwas too small.(eiough)
lddllbt,ylhal
aplop oecdue th4 4raan v'^'^'t'' lar4e e^ough
2 The prcblemwas so difficultlhat I rcferredit to my Lnem.naqer.Gud)
I t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .t.h a t I e f e r r e di t t o r n yl i n em a n a g e r .
3 Thereweren'tenolgh copiesof ihe agenda.(lew)
There.....................................................................ofthe49enda.
fo. all the results.(little)
4 The€l not enoughspaceon this spreadsheel
t h s s p r e a d s h ef o
e ri a l lt h e r e s u l t s .
T h e r c s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
thatthey gaveus the contraciimmediately.
5 i was sucha good presentation
Go)
The................-......................................-.-.-........ih.ttheygav€!sthecontractimmed
6 | sod too few unitslan monthto get a bonus.(enough)
. . o. .n. .t.ht o g e t a b o n u s .
| . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l.a. .s. .tm
7 l'vegot su.h a busyschedulethat I can't m€etyou uniil ne( T!e!day.($)
. . . .t h a t l c a n ' tm e e ty o u u n t i ln e x t T u e s d a y
8 We'vesentout lots of brcchurcsand we' needto printsomemorc.(many)
. . . . . . .w. e ' l ln € e dt o p i n t s o r n em o r e .
W e ' v es e n to u t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(too)
9 I haven'tgot enoughtlme to prepareforthe m€eting.
''vegot-.....................--..................-.....................topr€parcforthemeetinq
M y s c h e de
! ...-..................
ime adverbs
A tn. on, at, no preposition
the noning /.tuneI the sunnet / the thnd quadet/ 1998/the sixties/
the twentteth century
oti
.t
Fri.laylfriiay noning/the 2nd of Aprlllthe seend/Chtistnas Day
thrcefifteenltheweekend/theend af the week,nonth, ei../night/
EasteaChristnas, e\c./ breakfast, lun.h, dinnel
no preposilion this morninglyestetday afternoon/last night/the day befote yestetdayta few
daysago/ last week/ tamanow narning / the day after tanarrow / next week
Thewod nbht hassomespecialiorms:
t vvakeup three times in the nighr (= during rhe n ghl)
tt happenedon ftiday night
l= one panrcularnrShl)
(= in generawhen it is n Sht)
Thehatelis quitenoisyat night
t
We can use/, fo. the t me t takesto complelesomelhing
Thisproductian line can uoduce 8A vehi.lesin a day.
We can a so usein to ta k about 'timefiom now'
Thenew afflces will be rcady in two montht/in
two months' tine.
B On time oJ in time?
t
O/r time.neansat the rightiime' /n tlm€ meafs 'with enoughtime'
fhe planetaak off exa.tlyon lirne. (notlaleandnoteary)
We affivedat the aipad in time to havea meal. (earlyenolgh to do somerhng)
ttsnnr.q prt lt at dkpakh.tlon ti'ne it tu siut)lat taskJ;tr\ a y L,.ttis*tanpa y
(ConDcctr \Lcbsltc)
C Foh since, during, aEo
seeahounn5 a We lse lor and slncewith the presentpe.fectto talk aboutsonrething
conrinuinqup to ihe
presentwe usefor to ra L aboui the periodof I me and shce to saywhen t staded.
t've lived here tor six nonths. (per od of lime)
tve livedhercsin.e tanuary. Foint in time when t narted)
We can a so usefor with othertenses,and sornetrneswe c.n leaveI o!t.
I m staying in the UK fot a year
The training peiod laned (for) sixmonths.
t
We.an ule dur;49to talk about perodsof time. OurlnganeweBthe question'When?'For
answeBthe question'How long,
I didn t feel neNous dunng rry prere,tation. (when?)
(how long?)
Shetalked for about thifty minutes.
t
Ago rneans'beforcthe present'.ltis usedwith the pan sjmpe.
tcane hete six nonths ago. (NOT 5in€€+*-rF€€{ha)
t
To refer to . time before another t me we use beforc (that) at pteviausly.
I came here six manthsaqa. Before that/Previously, I lived in Rone
40 TIMEADVERBS 167
D During oJ while?
.
Duni?gis a preposition
and comesbeforea nounph'ase Whiteis a nkinqword and cones
beforea causeGubject+ verb).
t naved into the na*eting area duing my time at Bacardi.
I naved inta the na*eting arca while I was wotking at Ba.ardi.
E By or unfin
a Symeans'onor beiore'.Untilmeans'upto'.
t need your repott by Friday. (on or befor€ Friday- perh.ps Thu6day)
She'llbe awayuntil kiday. (allthe time up to F day)
If hihg' haatrt clnnted dnft'dtiuly bf 2006, then Cenhal Euape .
pdrt o.fits drti-food b6i'tc$. (BusinessCenrml Iurcpe website)
udte laadbyeta a ldrye
Whenwe lse by we look back.Whenwe useunnTwe ook forwdrd.
By ten I had deaft with all ny e...'ails.
lwaited until ten and thenlleft.
F fhen, afterwardt
after, Iater
a Thenandafterwatds
arc\,erysimial lhen s usedlike,next,n a sequence
Afterwards
s used
like al a late.iime'or 'aftersomething
ekehashappened,
andcancomeal theendof a
FiEtwe discussed
lastnonths' sales,and then theadvettisingcanpaign.
We discussed
theproblem,andaftetwatds evertthingwasOK
It wasa long neetingand we went fot a dink afretwads.
Cooglcw6 gouirr vcry,ucryIast at lrc tin'e.W. rcalizetl.w rcededa lot oJdkkspda,an.lla tul
wrt ott drd botghtI 20 hatddiat $iry all oI ow oedit&d' rnd awTic ds'oedit.aftl!.Ptcuy
tao" aJt.tuadr, M rot souepnrdrci vestntutts
thtotqhStdilod Uti,cttity. (tsusiness
We€k
a After s uslallyfolowedby anobject.
After the meetingI needto speakto you.
Wediscussed
theproblen, andafter that everythidgwasOK.
a tatermeans'aftersometime'.
SatahJanesisn't hereat the nonent. Canyou cone backlaAr?
G Calendar references
I
ln the UK peoplesaythe tenth of )une at Junethe renihand wite Day/Month/year 1A/6/03.
a
ln the USApeoplEsayJuneren and write Month/Day/\ear 6/1A/A3
16A 4(' TIME ADVERBS
40 Practice
Exercise1ff
1 . . . . . i 1 . . . .+ p a r i !o f d d y( t h ee v e n j n g )
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .+. . l.o n g e r e l i s i o uhso l i d a y(sE a n e d
3 ...... . ... + me.l times(dlnner)
9 . . . . . . . . . . .+ y e d r s( 1 9 9 s )
rc ...............+dayslMandah
jj .
.......+ ddr€s(5 May)
4
t2
................+speci.ldays\mybinhday)
s .................
+ ong periodsfthe finereerrh cenrud
6 ............... + clocktimes(four fi,lay)
7
....... + day+ pad ol day lMondaynorning)
8 ... .....
+ s e a s o n( sd , ew i n l e r )
. . . . + r n o n r hC
s 4ug!5t)
B ................theweekend
14
...... ... thenoment
j5 ....... . ..... thatday
16 ............ theendoftheyeal
Exercise2 m
It is nowWedn€sday
aflernoon.
Putrhesephrases
intoorder.wiih 1 dsrh€rnondistanr
tf ihe past,and
l4 asth€ mondistantin rhefururc.
1 . 4 . . . 2 . . . . 3 . . . 4 . . . . . . 5 . . . . . . 6 . . .N. .O
. W 7 . . . .8. . . . . 9 . . . . .1. 0 . . . . 1 1. . . . .1. 2. . . 1 3. . . . .t.4
a/ a rewoaysago
b) tonight
c) in a fewweeks'time
d) in a forlnight
e/ n an houf
t) tastnight
g) tastweek
h) nexiweek
i) rhs evenn9
D thismornn9
k) thedaybeloreyenerday
l) tomorrow
eveniig
m) yesterday
morniig
n) thedayaftertomorrow
Exercise3tsHryqEFS
Underline
thecoffectwords.
I Sorry| wasor.rtof the offi.e tLi:Bltjtg/in thisnorning.
2 'll glveyo! a callrexih7e€klat
nextweek.
3 8ye.l'llseeyouthedayaftettamonowlthe
nextday.
4 W€ havea secuityguardio lookafterthep€mises
at thenbh at night
5 lt3 veryimporiant
to .rriveat meerings
o, tiDelrr r/r)re
in rhiscouniry
6 I yor ani\ean tinetih tirr,ewecanlatka titttebeforcrhemeetng staa(s.
7 Thejointvenlurehasbeenoperating
successfutty
for/duing \hrceyearc.
8 We hadoneor tlvo problemsforlduting rhe sunmer.bul thtnqsareOKnow
9 I startedworkingherestnte twn yea5tt yoyear5ago.
l0 Themarketcrashed.
Lu.kiiythadsoldmyshares
a few monthsagolbelore.
11 During/WhileIhe meeringI madea lot of notes.
12 During/ WhileshewastalkingI madea lot of nores.
13 lt happened
during/whiledot comshaEswer€boomingin 2000.
14 t happenedduringI Mile the dor-.omboomof 2000.
1s We hav€to finishthisprcj€cr
bylurtl theendof rh€month.
16 llavetowoAlalerttbFhereunrl/byeighr
t-5 evF^19
17 Wercviewed
thetrainingplans,
anda/?erlrhe,
tatkedabourthe cost.
18 We hadlunch,andafterwardrla/rer
I showed
themroundthefactory
19 Afte\/ardslAfter lun h I showedthem roundth€ facrory
20 | cant talknow.I ll c.li youlaErlafteMardstoday.
/TI'TIMEADVERBS 169
Exercise4 S
perfect.
Makeanswefusingfor or sirce
r.rsing
Horv/org andthe present
Makequestons
lo^{
(How
Hob
Mw yor' }]CfKeg l'gl-4L
I O
lonq/yoL/work'e'e),
t trx...'.r"tk,........
A: (abour
sixmonths)....................F-"r.4!e!
(How
in Portuqal?)
...
2 Q:
lonq/you/have
a rubsidiary
A 0998)..........
Middelhoff/be
cEO?)
............
3 Q: (Howlong/Peter
r l L Fs l . 4 o f a s _y e a , . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . . . .
4 Q: (How ong/yourcompany/hdve
the sameLogo?)..........
a r t w e n t yv e d r 5. ). . . . . . . . . . .
5 Q: (How ong/youlown yourIelekomshares?)
A /privati,ation)
A
6 Q : ( H o wl o n g / y o/uk n o wA l e xs c o t t ? ) . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . .
A: {aoTtrer
7 Q : ( H o wl o n g / y o u / l l vi n
e t h i st o w n ? ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.
( l w a sb o ' n ). . . .
Exercise5kQfE
Vdr 45
complete rhe d alogue w,th one ot these wods.loL since dunlg, while, aga, befote, aftet, afteNvards.
rNiErivrE\rnlwcll, perhapsyou could bcgin by telling us a lide bn about your careerhntory?And
*e'[ tnovc on ro your cu.renrjob.
0) ...6-f.-19ry6.':C1..
ALEss^NDRo
Yes,ofcourse.Well,l g..tdurtedfroln Bocconi Univcfsity in Milan five years
( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .I . w
. .u. ts i x y e . ! s ,i n d
. . .r s a t B o c c o n i( 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. .b. o
(a) ...........................
rhat period I worked brieny asan analystin nly unclet cons!ltlncy
firh.
yo! lcft univcrsiry?
rNrr'rv,rwE,!,Uh, huh.ADd did you tuanagero 6nd.job e.sily (s) ...........................
^ L $ s ^ N D R oW e I , e v e n r u a l lIyw " s o f r e r e d , j o b i n a n l t a l i a nb a n k ,b u t ( 6 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t h a t I h a d
qone a long tirne.It wasnt easyfindingjobs
beenlooking for wo'k O ....-.......-....-....-....
in lt3ly 3t rhar rime.you know,but luckily ihe si arion hasgot much better
( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .e. n
. ..
rNrERvrEvER
Yes.likehere.So how loDg did you work at the bank?
about rwo ye,s.
rr-*sam,xo, well,I worked there (9) ...........................
rNrERvrEmrTwo )€irs ... and why did you lelve?
{Es^Mrc,
I enjoyedmy rine $ere e lot.And (10) ... .. ... ..-..-.. ..-.. ... .. . I wasthereI learnra lot of
rechniqus for financial an:lysis,,nd imporrDt ski s like te.mwork. )ou know But I
wanted dre c}"nce to do somedmg not chalenging in an international enEomenr.
...
rNrERvrEVER,
Uh. hDhk had been my drcanrto wo* in an internationalcompany(11) .............. .... - .
icsmrc,
leaving s.hool.
Wel. you've applied ro the risht place. So what did you do ihen?
well,I decided to tele a risk and rnore to London.That srr abour nvo ye$
rwRuEMR,
( 1 2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Did you have a job to go to h London?
nnrvrwrn,
I leli lr.ly I sentmy CV ro a lot ofdifferenr lsencies,but I
No. (13) ....-......................
^LEssANDRo,
I ws actuallytiving
thought that rr mdd be eatierto find ajob (1a) ..-....-....-..............
how much competitionthere wasl
in LoDdon-Hah. I only realised(15) ...................-......rMERqEvR, Well, yes.
r6s.Nrc,
somemonthr. I found aJob at a bank iD the
Anyaq. eventualy,(16) ...........................
Ciry That's where I'm vorkins now
170
A Linking words
a We usesomellnkingwordstojoin pd.$ of sentences.
Theygiv€d strucrureto rhe sentence.
E x a m p e s i n c l l d e a r d , b u t , b e . a u i e 5 0 . U n i t s 4 t a n d 4 2 d e a t w t h r h s k i n dnokfi n gw o r d .
a We ule other linkingwods and ph..sesto makea tink acrosssentencee
and pardgraphs.
They
ve
a
srructur€
ro
our
whole
argumeft.
Exampes
inctlde
Firstty,
genetat,
9
tn
Actuay, tn other
words.Units43 and 44 ded/with rhis k nd of tinkingword or phrase.
B Addition: and. both. too, also. etc
a W€ useand to join wordsor part! ol senrences.
To€mphasse the iacr rhar iherearc two th nqs
w € c a nu r eD o t h . . a
. n d . . ..
I need to cal Andy and find out vr'henhe's frce to have a rr,eeting.
t need ta call hoth Andy and Helen
a We usetao, aswel, as v"ell.r and d/5oro add dnotherfacr or saythar sornethinghappensar
the lame trme.Notethe positions.
I need to call Andy, Kateand Helen too/as wett.
I need to call Andy and Kateat well as Helen.
I need to cal Andy, Kateand also Helen.
C Cont.ast: but, yet and although
a Weusebut anda/though
to makea contrast.
A/rho{/gh
istypicat
of morccareluor foma
speecn
o. wfilng.
ln theoryit seenslikea goodidea,but I don t thinkt,I watk in ptactice.
h thearyit seenslikea gaod idea,although tdon,t thinkit willwotk in practice.
a Tre clause
wrtha/though
canconear tre beg,r..9.
Although it seenslikea good idea,I dan t thinkit wil warkin p?ctice.
Althocah tl'c hihi ry iasistedthckJant lDrld stillla ahead,
it k r"ctedrwhatshap.th.f tri
rafte.(FT.conwebiire)
a We canemphasilebut a^d althaughw lh stittandanryay.
I wasnt feelingverywel, but l.still went ta wo*.
1wasn'tfeelingverywel, but I wentta wotk anway
I still went to wa*, although I wasn'tfeetingverywe .
Although I wasn'tfeelingverywell,I went ta wo* anway.
a Wecanuse/et in placeof'but'in wdting.
D Contrast: though and even though
a We.an lse thoug,in informalspeech
andwitinq tikeairhough
Thoughh seens{ikea goodldea,ldan t thinkit wo* in practice.
Thorehheoutned
d 10peftnt udkqhk pntqs outvoted
hin andunseated
hint'on theboa .
(tuia.Inc.{ebsire)
Withthougiw€ oiienuserwoseparate
sentences
.nd put fhoughar rheend.
It seenslike a goodklea.I dan't thinkh tt workin practice,though.
a We canuseeye,rthoug, likea/thoughro givea nrcnq€rcontrast.
Eventhough I wasn1feelingverywell,I still wentto wotk.
41 L|NK|NGWORDSt
171
E Contrast: vvher€as
I
We can usewl,erearin formalspeech.nd wit n9 to comp.rctwo fdclsand emphdsise
the
dilferencebetweenthem.The clausewith wfiereascan comeat the beqinnng or end
tndonesiahas a lot of natu6l resources,whercas Singaparehasnone.
Whereas lndonesiahas a lot of natutal resources,Singaparehas none.
F Atthough or whereas?
t
A/thoughin a sentenceslggestssurprise.But the clausewith a/thoughdoesnot alwayscontaI
the sr rp sing information- usuallyit is the clausethat comessecondthat seernssurprsing.
We had a rcasonableyear in Asia,although sales fell a litfle in tapan
Although salesfel a liftle in )apan, we had a rcasonable year in the rcst of Asia.
Whereas
simplycomparestwo factr.lt makesa strongcontran,bLrtthere s esssuggenionof
We had a reasonableyeat in Asia, whereas salesin Eurcpe wete quite disappointing
6 We can use wh,/e like althaugh at whercas.
while there are still sone issuesto rcsolve,I think we should go ahead. (l ke although')
'where.s')
lnflation rose by 3o/olast yeac while house pticeswent up 6ok.
I ke
while sow.tuetantt wrkos ti jtuit.ttokt i.b tojob, tohryafik\ likc tBM .rtd Sllt Mi.tosNu5
I,,. tunt to han d rct. oI.dr@ist' n, I'toril( .onntuity. (Tlosnresswcck
Onlinc wel,sire)
G Contrast despitelin spite of
$ Desplfe
andh spiteota€ likea/though,
blt theya€ fo owedbya nounor nounphrase
Although I was ill, I went to wotk. = ln splte ol my illness,I went to work.
Although salesin(eased, ptofitsfell. = Despitethe indeasein sales,profitsfell.
Despitelcst tcdt\ Intdret bBiflBs sloalotn, oryontiont todayMttt ttill '?a,!hiv:tlk
lnqn RIk al ddottit\<
.-lrttrt.s ptu$tcta t$luolo$t.r.(e-business
adviso!wcbsitc)
Remember
thata gerund(verbwith-,ng)canactasa noun.
ln spite o DespiF feelingill, I went to wotk. (NOTE€5pii€-1-fu1$l|.|+ieF++€-,ir,€rk.)
,Z.--\
l
-
t-l
t
t
l
lt6l
|'it I u,l
l' ;. p tal 4:.;' 1
i=W:ri
'Andasyourdepartment
representative,
letmejust
saythatI ambothproud
tobetaking
credit
andhonoured
foryouraccomplishments."
172 4't UNKtitG WORDS1
41 Practice
E x e r c i sIeg D H H H
Undeinethecorrect
words.
1 Althouohlqut
I likethis@mpany,
t probably
won'two* herelong.
2 In spiteaflAlthoughrheirsharcs
are sing,thenfururcisnill uncerrain.
3 Kategavea good prcsenrarion,
althoDhldespitehavingverytittletime to prepare.
4 Thisyearourearnings
arecloseto $8m,!rf,7elstl//
lasty€artheywer€jusi$6m.
5 Whereaslln
spiteoflhesecandidates
allhavean MBA,theseotheronesdon,t.
5 | readthe bookyousuggested.
I didn't enjoyit, a/rhoughlthough.
7 | didn'thavemuchtimp.butlwhereas
I managed
ro visitthewhotesite.
8 Nowadays
we haveveryfew strikes,bullwhereasten yea6agowe hada loi.
9 Weweren'tsu.ewhetherto go aheadwiththe laun.h,bu\we didit still/anyway.
1A Althaughltnspi@ofrhedelay,
we stillarivedon tirne
11 | didn'trnanage
to closeth€deal,a/fhorghlwherea5
| rcatly
tried.
12 Aqhough
lwhercasrheirsharepriceisfallingat the moment,
thecompany
s 5ti[a good ongtem
Exercise2 g
Rewrte eachgentence
in two wayssoit hasa simila.meaning
to thefifstsentence
eachtime,Usethe
wo(Vs n brackets,
1 Paula
visited
boththelvtadrid
officeandtheEarcetona
offie
a){too)
.......P..ar.414..yiti19d....t.k..^.4*.drid..ef-fiss..4^d...thg-..46r.fls.e-,..tec
...
b) (aswellas)....................
2 Wecanhandle
thetransport
arrangements
andthe insurance,
3 | wantthesales
figures
for October
andNovemDer.
a) (aswell).................
..
b) (aswdl as)....................
4 We?eset ng up officesin PeruandEcuador.
Exercise3[![l!
Completethe sentences
with 9n€of thesewordsor ph.ases:
although,anywljl but, in spiteof, stitt,though,
whereas.Useeachword or ohraseonceonlv
1 carc didn't€cosniseMarrLarner,
...*ltln-u4h.. sh€hadmethimb€forc.
2ldon'tlikekaraokebars,.--..--................lwentwithmylapanesecli€nrsanyway.
3lotreredmybesiprice,butthey.......................djdn.tseemintercsred.
4 l th nkwe'llhaveto change
oursuppliers.
tts a pity,
5 .............--........
theearlyproblemtthe p.ojecthasbeena qreatsuccess.
6 Spainisa maturema*et _....................__
in Ponugatthere
isnil roomfor growth.
7 We haven't
gotallthefacts,but its worthdisrussinq
it........................
4t UNK|NGWORDSI
173
Exercise4CDEFG
Rewrte eachpa r of sentences
usng the wordsgiven There.retwo wayse:ch time.
1 I was rainifg.We got hereon tlme
it w^, _^i^iM, we 4a+ he.z 6 +twe.
:, Ahh^..
n, n.<nra
2
the .^i^.
\ ^ , e4 o L h e r e o ^ t i M e .
had a headache eti went io the meelng.
ol
. . . . ., D U r. .
3 Some and yns think rh.t siocks will{a
rn value Othe6 dsaqree.
b\ ^'hoLg'
Therewered fficLrtes In the negoliations.
We won the contract
a1 Do.pi,o
b\ h"n 'o.qh .....
O pricerroseelrghtyian year Thl9yeartheyhavegonedown
a) nLrq"d
or
,arnougn...
I v e w r i t l e nt w i c e r s t h a v e n t r e c e v € d d r e p l y
b DP Pr"
7 H e d , d nt u s ea n yn o t e sH eg a v e . . e x c ee . l p r e s e n b t o n
d Arhougq.
.. He ...
b)
..
, though
ExercisesBCEFG
C o m p l e rreh ea . t c e a b o u tF o r m u
a O n ew l h . s l i t a b l ew o r dt r o mt h e n b e l o w
iAa6
x 4 ) w h e r e a(sx l ) d e s pt e ( x 2 )
b o t h ( r r ) d s w e ( x l ) a r w e l l a s ( x l ) a h o ( x l ) y e l ( x l ) a l t h o L r s( h
One,
JofmUla
rerrarx
an
Frhe
Emwth of lomula on€ over th€
.|. lal ten yed ha been exrr.ordin.ry.
W h 400 million
peopl€ watchinE e.h
race it b pelhaF the world'6 nmber
one
BeGult are imporrnr (5).-------,
,
(6).......,..,..,........
FeFdi d<l M.Lrren"
only letl @und
Meede
a.ociated
hav€ h!E.
spo4 (1)*L-t-bg}x[foo$ano)....................Iendi's
make6 thir .laio, Iomll.
One is the i.l€al
ma&eiing tool for .ompani€6, 6 shoM by
the la.t that sposos
for lagua! like loi4
are v€ry hrppy -
PAG and IISBC
(3) ..............,..,,,,,th€ lact thnt Jatld id not
actuauy very suc.essful on the ha&
Most yeffi th€ sport' b dominated by
two teams, lenui dd M.Len-Mered6,
(4) ....,...,...,,....,,..
oth€r teams like BAR
qonda, BMW Witliams dd Benetton
dd
spo@Fhip
deals,
spocoF indld€ Malborc, liat
(7).-..-..-......,.......
M.Laren-
Sh.ll,
M€rced$
nav.
Cooputet
Asso.iate6. Th6e
teatu
M.rc.iles,
Mobil
two
and
lop
ea.h haYe a bualget of over
dd money .ones in fmm
$300 iillioo
direct sposoFhip
and tnde support
(3) .,,,.,,,..,,,,,,,-,- ndhddidn&
TV rights
t000 .aF a yeai Th€
ptoblem b that they !!e not dirctly
volune c.r
with a na$
(10)......................
prcducer,
all the othei
te@3 de. In rcality Ferari tu conboUe.l by
Fiat,6!t {fl)...........---- b.ing the nain
owner liat get! little publicity when
Fe(an
witu,
tiie4 he failed, A me ..I€d EEo Fetui,
a leg€nd in lalt
lemi
bmd
have d mNal
nde
is very fdo$
pmblen
Their
dd the t€d
Many y€ars ago Gianni
Agnelli, the Fiat boss, wat€d to rdame
(12) ....,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, he
the cs Fiat lerdi
stood in htu wa]. Ee died
in 1989 nd Agneli
ftspecls his wish6,
but things may chdae ir the tuture,
A Reasoni because, at since
S We us€ becduse d5 .nd sincewhen we
want to explainthe reasonfor somethjng.4, and rr." a e more Lo,r.non - 'o l d, \pperh d d
wrnrng
1n calling ta complain be.ause the goods arc danaged
I am returning the gaods as/since they were danaged an affivaL
I
As and snce can comeat ihe beginningof rhe sentence.Normatty
we do not beginsentences
with because,but this is possblein infom.lspeech.
As/since the gnods were danased an affiva|, tan rcturning them
Be.ause yau?e a first-time custameaI need to seeyaur bank refercnces.
B Result so
t
We useso io express
a reslh. Notethe relationbetwe€nbecauseand jo:
l'm calling to conplain be.ause the goods are danaged. (teaeon)
Thegoods are damaged,so l'n calling ta complain
kesutt)
c Purpose;to and for
o Weutethe to infrniiveto exp.ess
purpose,
to saywhywe do rhings
Hewent to the aipart to meet Mr ri NOt {€r+€-s€er)
I n ca ing to talk abautthe sales@nfercncenext week.
M Zh taid / (;awt,m., t'otltl ait to rttto"c Chin\ , Mtlttyt|c t i wat@ ryltdu dtrt
to tpccdtp rc.fornol thcldbolr ,rdrlcr. (Austr.liin FnNrciil Rcvicw wcbsire)
a We can useil4orde.io orso ar to in placeof to. Theyare moreforrna.
The CEAcalleda presscanferen.e in odet to explainthe neryet
We can lse the negative/h onlet nat to ot so as not to We c.nnot useroi to on its own
I ll call a taxi so as not to missny fliqht. INAI gke+e+ix1-n€F{€-,*h5-iqy4i9h*.)
a We can ule fol followedby a nounto saywhy we do som€thing
He ' tent to the airpott for a meeting with l\/lt Li. (= to hav€a m-cetng)
(= to hav€somelunch)
ShallwE go aut lor some lun.h)
D Purpose:so t rat
We canusero (that)to expresspurpose.Afterjo fihar)we usesubjecr+ verb.
I grc$ tu qrcstiottL hotudoyor dewloplout.ortpdry so that it .ar euatftin ttpo,lte ta
.l&ryi'E tstoh'.t expe.tdtio'rr(e-businesadvisorwebsire)
pufpose
a Fora preseni
we usethe p.esent
simpe, wil/or can.
t'tt sendit by couiet so (that) it gea/ft'll get to yau on tine.
t'n catlingyou so (that) | can che* you lastarder
.
a Fora pastpurpose
we lse the pansimple,
wouldor could.
I sentit by couier yestetdayso (that) it gotli(d get to you an time
I left wak earlyso (that) t could go thedoctorc.
42 L|NX|NGWORDS2
r
175
f the subjectof ihe fnsl pdl1of th€ sentenceand the subjectof th€
different, we can't use to. W€ haveto useso fthat).
l'm calling to talk about the salesrcnferen.e.
l'n caling so (that) we (an talk about the sales@nfercnce.
She caled a prcss.onfercnce to explain the neryer
She called a .onfercnce so (that) joumalists could ask quesrions. (dtfereitsubjecr)
Manner: at as if and like
n thiscase
a W€canusea5or/itebeforeacause(subleCt+verb)tomean'inth€waythdt'.
rherels no diffe€ncein meann9,butdsismoreformal.
Herunsthe rcnpany as/like hisfatherusedto.
Well havefou peoplevrorkinson thestand,as/like we did lastyeat
As Cektftl EMp. lookJotstovh, ft .o dl.d d lotton @utniesLikeLrcland,
Pofttrdl, Sprrl
nndCr.rc.A afth.n stat.d of tJEnEU dluA fN poot/ thar tu EU avcras?,
irst as Centtul
(Business
Europe
website)
Eutup.ti do.
Centnl
a Wecanuseaslfor rte beforea cl.useto sayhowgorneone
or sorneth
ng feels,ooks,sounds
I havea bit of a tenpetature lteel as if/like lshouldgo hone.
It looksas iI/like weTegoingto recoverour costsby the endof theyeat
n tf
Fotttro de.dd.s,
I:ricdelNcrbcrrat thegianrCcnnansaviks!bo W$|LB ds if it t ?rc
thelorrr'flcrt. (Business
Weekvebsitc)
a Wecanlse asand/i*ebeforea nounor nounphrase.
In this(asea5means'something
is
something,
and/ke means'something
s sirnilar
lo somelhing'
Shevwtksas a financtalcontrol/e/: Gheis one)
(sheth nksin a s m ar wayto one)
Shethinkslikea financlal
conuol/er:
(it s a test)
Werc usingtheEstonianna*et as a test
fhe Estonianmalketis like a testfot Finnishnarket. (it s not a test.but is it s m ar to one)
W4 Ho:tia, lauie
goitg lo da itjut
t llingla" "ot
todo it Y.ri. going ta
btaa,Ik
'
do it brru. t.L b.lia. ia it
176
rt:|U
(It{G WORDS 2
42 Practice
Exerciset Eg
Compiete
these@ndsentence
soit hdsa similafmeaning
to thefiut sent€nce
andconrains
thewordir
1 lt wasinconvenient
for e!€ryone,so the meetingwaspostpon€d.(as)
astlr9...Yg.eJ!.Y..t"-.4t-..ilsgl-Y-e.'^i'.4.lrl..f-"J..-e.y-e.!..)€!!9...!J..gr-..p..
.
2 | sentKarena copyof theminutes
because
shemjssed
the meeting(so)
Karcnmissed
theneeting,.
3 I hada lot of papeMorkto do, so I finishedwo* late.(because)
I finished
wo* iate............
4 l ll callyouback.I haveto go nowbecause
I hav€a meeting.
Go)
l'll callyouback.I havea meeting,
....................
5 Hedoesn'tknow sol'll asksomeone
else.(since)
Exercise2 f E
L,nderline
thecorectword_
justb&lkl fot to nake sho(-termprofit.
1 Wele not in thisbusiness
2 l'll explain
in motedetailjolfhat ourobiectives
areclear
3 | wrctethe datejn mydiaryso tharlrolwouldotforgetthemeeting
thismofning.
4 Hercsignedin ordettol fol spendmoretime with hisfamily.
5 iackcameto mein otdertolfor aduice.
6 we'll agrceto yourofferso that we canlcouldctosethe deat.
7 We agreedto theirofferso that we @n/couldctosethe deat.
8 Sherechecked
thefigure5
sothattheauditors
won,t/ylouldr,t
findanvefioBwhenthevcame.
9 l'l rccheck
thefigures
!o thattheaudjtoElron,t/hr'ouldn,t
findanyerrorswhenthevcom€.
10 t\,4any
visitors
comehereto see/forto seeourautomated
production
line,
Exercise3 I X
l\,4atch
the beginnings
of eachsentence
1-16withan endinga)of b).
1 | went to Barcelona
to
2 lwentto Barcelona
for
3 l'rnherefor
5 lthinkit3 timeto
6 | thinkit3 timefor
7 lt3 worthshoppinq
aroundfor
8 lt3worihshopping
aroundto
9 | left wolk early so that I
10 l'll haveio leavework earlyso thar I
I1 | kept his business
cad so that I
'12
l'llkeep his business
cardsso that I
13 l ll dealwithrt personally
sothartherc
l4 | dealtWth it
llv so that the.e
E
E
n
n
n
n
n
tr
n
n
n
n
!
!
a) the TladeFair
a) a m€eting
with ManuelLopez.
!l
a)
havea shortcoffeebr€ak
a)
9)
a betterp ce.
a) cango the deniist.
(ould go to the dentist.
a) wouldrernember
hisname.
b) 'llremember
hisname.
a)aren'tanyprobems.
42 LINKINGWORDS2
177
Exercise4 p f
possible
Areth€sesentences
in English
or impossible.
WritePorl
I l speakloudersothat everyone
canhear.
tr
(an heaf.
2 l'll spe.klouderin orderto everyone
n
3 sorryl'll explain
myprcposal
againto avoidanyconfusion.
n
4 sorryI'llexplain
myprcposal
againsoavoidanyconfusion.
n
s sorryl'll explain
myprcposal
againsowe avoidanyconfusion. n
6 Wernailourclients€gula y notto losecontactwiththem.
n
7 Wemailourclients
regulafly
soasnotto losecontactwiththem. !
8 l ll takean umbrella
sol won'tgetw€t.
tr
9 ltakean umbrella
so|wouldn'tgetwet
tr
10 I' takean umbrclla
soI don'tg€twet
n
Exe.cise 5 I
Completethe sentences
with ai or ,l€, or put asl/ikeif bothate possibe.
1 Whilelwasat university
| sometimes
worked........--4t.........
a waiter
goang
2 lhe negotiations
verys|ow|y,.......................
are
I expeded.
3 Anna's
sofunnyl5he3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.......,
a comedian.
4 We'll9endtheoder in two consignments,
.....................,.
we agreed
in the meeting,
5 Thiscaisis
is not ............-.-........
the lastone.lts wo6el
6 I'm lucky.I havea smallroomat homethatI use.......................
mystudy.
7 Youlookjust.......................
yourbrother
I Ina sltuation
Iikethis,youshoulddo exactly
.......................
it sal6in the book.
Exercise6fllfl
@ ot
wo(ysin thrsdialogue.
Uodrrli* ,n" .o,rcc-t
Oh, hi, Pamcla.Coutd you give me some advicc?
J cx:
PAM!L{, Y.ah. surc.
Itt about my laptop.I usc it a lot when I'm our ofrhe ofiice, (1) & /l;&e I wantedto talk to
JcK
you about sving my f'16 ... I, er, donl w"nt to lose e!"eryrhing ifrhele's a ploblen.
p.Mrr.^: Hm. Do you b^ckrp yov
cs Q) Jor / to make suE your work is safe?
Oh yes.I h.ve a sm. stonge device that plugs into the USB port - nt (3) drli*e a porribte
JAc&
hard disk.And so ifanyonc srole my laprop it wouldn't be such a dis.lter (4) 6e.,!Jelr/ I
would sril have aI my files.
P,\MEL^, We , thatt OK rhen.
The problem i! I often keep this device h the sameplace as my laptop (s)rrlJo ,'d, it's
J^c(i
esy for me ro find.And thari wh worries me.
J c(;
prM!1 ,
r cK
eNEL^,
t cK:
p ME^,
l^cKi
preu,
r^cKi
pAGu,
t cx:
WeI, yes. lt's edy for me io 6nd, (6) ro /ro ,r.t irt east,for rhe thief too.
Ah, hah.It soun& O) a/6 iryour geninB.litde bir pamnoid,Jack.
So,is rheE somekind ofsolurion (8)r'lto people (9) drllik? ne ... who are worried?
Do you Ee )our laptop (10) /o /rr acces the Inrerner?
Ofcou6e.
WeI, (11) e/ td @rry /so a not to roiy.bottlosng
},our file. how about uitrg on lirc stomge?
Um, wlhtt tlbr?
It work (12) arldr,fa b"d dislq03) 6,/rle pur ponable device,but irt d InternersireOh.
You cD upload files ro rhe sire whenewr yo! wt
174)to that/lihe rhey.re therc ro
doqrload on Dother occasion. Ir .ould be with aorher compurei I use ir a[ the rime
(15) ro tnarlro keep copis ofmy mosr importat fles.
An,I see.Tha.som& (16) a/,1. a tealy sood idea.Wel. th"nk a 1or.I'I do dEr.
eveloping an argument 1
A Words meaning and. but and sa
a
Units41 and 42 gav€wo.ds iikeard, butand so to join parrsof sentencesWe cdn lse onger
wordsand phrases
with the samemeanng to link borhacrosssentences
and with n more
comPlexsentences
a d: ]n addition, Eesides,Morcovet, Fullhernore
brl:
Howevec Neveftheless,On the othet hand
so:
fherctorc, Consequently,As a result
(for ex.mpe present.tons)andwrt ng
Theseword! and phrasesaretypicalofformal5peech
TheyLrsually
comeat the startof a sentenceand hdvea commaafreMdrds,but can comeafter
a comrnai. the middleol d sentence.
SuppherA is cheaper,and then defiverytines are gaod. HoweveL supptierB has better qualty
products and they have a gaad reputatian in the narket.
Thisnew processprcduces lesswaste, and as a result it's nuch beftet for the environnent
Orr sta.ksdre ovn\ in a dou.mnftlsspitul,thercJore
theF.d t$t an i, ct.!t t tc: h l,nastotjt
.oilidott.Tlot, at lcdlt,is th. tl@ry nuokr nos'!^ lh Qpk. (FortJcs.com
wcbslre)
B Exampfes: for example, for instance, such as
a We.an usefor example
ot for instanceNotelhepossibie
positions
Ourcastshaveganeup. Fot exanple, the costaf steelhasneartydaubted.
Ourcastshavegoneup. Thecostof steel,for e,,mple, hasneartydaubled.
.
c
Weuseiuclrasin themiddleof. rentence
to giveexamples
lt isthesameas ttke'.Suchasrs
fo owedby a nounphrase,
nota wholeclause.
Sone delays,suchas strlkesat badweathe,arcbeyondou contrct.
Somedelatsarebeyondaur cantrcl,suchas sttikesot badweather
Additionaf/real information: in fact, act ratly
a We useln fact,Actuallyot As a nafter of fa.t \a adda pi€ceof informationto whai we jlst
sad. The lecondpieceof infomationgivesmorcdet. s.
We haveplenty in stock. ln fa.tlAs a matbt ol fad we coutd delvet tanorrow
We a so usethesewordr to emphasise
what the rcalsiruarionis.Th s is surprisngo. differenrto
what peopleimagine.
I thaught we had somein stocla but in fact/actually we don't.
D sequence: first ol all, as wetl as this, linally
a WecanuseFist, Finly, Fitstofal/to beq n a serie!ofponh n a lormatargument.Forother
nlmberedpo nrswe saysecord,secondly,er..
Toadd a poini without nlmbeinq we cans.y 45 w€l/as this, Besides
thisar tn additian.
At the end we ..n say F,ndl/y.
Why choosethe C2e(hRepublic?Well, fiRt of a , it haslawet labaur cast-lthan ather
neighbouing counties, and secondly, it hasa nable tuffency. As wett as this, it hasa tftined
warkfofte wtth gaad labaur relatiant and finally, it hasa tuang tocatnarket
ZII DEVELOPING
AN ARGUMENTI
I79
a To finish one point we can .ay Overallot Takingeverythinginta @nsideration.
Ornll, a tuo 67% oJthe aduhloprktion is eflplayedar Laokinrfot uork, nahq be.tu\e
_fe tdlepa i.ipation in the lalrotfotu hdsjunpcd ouetthe b6t two dtudet. (BusinessWeek
Io f nisha formalspeechwe.an saytn conclusbn.
ln .ondusion, l'.1just like to thank you aI very much fot coning, and I laak fotuvardta seeing
you agnin at our next meeting on 31 septenber
E Generafising: in general, on the whole
a Thercaremanywordsand phrases
we canuseto talk gene?lly:ln genenl, On the whale
As a rule,TwicalLtAll in aI, Easkaly,ovetall,qrcadlyspeaking.
Orydnkatiors
tfpi.ally hd,efw 'Mto et' rclatioithips:cwtonca,b,sinssp tnes,supplie\,
c'flploycas,
drd shdteloldeo.(€-businesadftor website)
a lf w-.wantto makea balanced
argument
we oftenuteoneof thesephrases
followedby a
ideawitha wordlikebd (seesection
contrasting
A .nd unit41).
ln genetal thelapaneseeconomyhasnot beenverydynanicoverrccentyeaR.However,
sometechnology
and telecomconpaniesategrcwingveryfast.
On the wltole lthink touie ight, although ldisagrcewith yau abaut thelevelof risk.
F Summarising:so, to sum up, in summary
a We canuse5q /n shod Toput it sinply,Tosumup and/n summaryto rlrnmadse
5o, to sum up the ,iain pointsof my presentation
so faa vw area trulyintenatianalcanpany
ofturinga full nngE of seNicesto corpotateandprivateclimn'in the arcasol finance,banking
andtnsurance.
Top"t it sirtply,Joodtto.cssosuill losctotnpetitiftft!' d' d dirtt rc t o.fEU hu ,$hip.
(BusinesCentnl Eurcpewebsite)
G Either ... or ,,., inshad of except for
a We usee,therto begina listof possibilities.
Wedo not begn w th or.Theotherpossibil
t esaf€
intfoduced
witho/.
Eitherwe couldcanceltheprodud launch,or ponpaneit (NOTe*r€+€dd-€aF€e+)
Butin speech
we canbeginwitho/to complete
theothefpersonb
idea.
A:'We couldjun cancelthelaunch.'
Bt 'Ot perhapspost@neit.'
a Weuse/hneadfo, to mean'inthe placeof something
else'.Atthe endot a sent€nce,
hstead
is usedwithoutot
Canwe havethe neeting on Fridayinsbad of Thu6day?
thusday is no good?OK,canvle haveit on Fiday ins.€ad?
a We useeycept,etceptfor or aparffromto mean'not incuding'.
I havecontacledeveryoneexcept(for) Margarct.
180 43 DEVELOPII{G
AI{ ARGUMENT'I
43 Pra<tice
E x e r < i sIeI E C E E
Underline
thecor€ctwords.
1 Jfresistered
mailis too slow,we couldusea @urieri!@gllinnead of.
2 Thefallin sharepiceshdsmadeinvestoE
neruous.
Onthe others,lrelhan4
it'san ex<€llent
buying
yout€
p€pared
opportunity
if
to takea risk.
3 Asa rulellherpfore
I don'tnomallyhavea biglunch,butl'llcomewithyouto the restaur.nt
today.
4 All commodirypricesroselastweek,a/ioley.eptgold.
5 We canettherlo/wait for a train,or go by taxi
6 | knowMadridverywell.A6a natterof factlon theevholelworkedtherefor a shortt memanyyeafs
ago.
7 As a nattet of fadlon the rvholestocksarc riskierthan bonds,but stockscang ve a b€tterreturnin
the longterm.
8 lt'sconvenient
for meto cometo wolk by car On ihe othet handI Eesides,
Ihe lrain wouldprcbablybe
9 lt! convenient
for meto cometo work by car On tie otherhandlBes,ijes,
the companypayrfof the
paRrng.
10 Investment
in areaslor erample/such
ai biotechnology
canbe isky.
I 1 lnvestment
in someareas,br exanplelsuchas biol€chnology,
canbe risky,
12 Canwe sendan emailexceptlorlinsteadof a laxl
E x e r c i s2el l l l l l l
Complete
eachsentence
witha wod or phrase
fromthe listbelow.
eec€llt aswell asthis either except inslead suchas
neverthelessso in generai
the€fore
1
2
3
4
5
People
thinkit3 expensive,
Out.........1St14'l1y.........
overthe longterm t isn't.
Therestaurant
isopen€veryday.,...........,...,,,,,,,,.,.......
[,4onday,
She3
outofthecountry
and............,,,.....,,,,,,,,.,.,..
unable
to attend
themeeting,
going
lwas9oin9on Tuesday,
butnowl'm
on Monday
...............,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.
.
..................................
lthinkthe meetin9
wentverywell,although
we didn'tmanage
io agreeon the
composition
of the newteam.
6 Somea.eas,
............................-.....
recruitment,
areoutsourced
to othercompanies,
7l'msorry...................---.-..........youacceptthisprice,orwecan'tdobuslness.
8lt'sreliable,safeandeasytouse..........---.....,,,,,...........-,it3excellentvalueformo
9lt'sreliable,safeandeasitouse.....................,.............,themaintenancecostsca
10 ...-.....-...............----.-...,
in short,its reliable,
safeandeasytouse.
Exercise
3 !!!
Plt fourcommas
in thisshortparagEph.
ln geneftltakingan MBAis a good ideafor an anbitiousteung prcfessianal
howewtyau do haveto nake
sone tacifices. You,'iss out on lwo WE valuauework expeiencefar exanpleandit canbe vety
43 DEVELOPINGAN ARGUMENT I
'8 o"
181
Exercise4 A B C D E F G
R e a dt h r a c e a b o u t t r a n s p opdo l i c yi n c t y c e n t r e sC. o m p e t e t h ed . t d e b y c h o o s n gt h e c o r r e c t
a ternatvefiom A, B, C or D below Thisexercseinc ldes revision
oi !n t 41.
Wanfto
enter/the city?
dorry, ttoaff hauo[o1ay,
Tmf6c congestio. in cily centres is a big
coursequire ddBerous. (4)............. cas
problcm for borh busine$es and residents.
causetrafficjds dd (5)............
mdr hou(
.ilies, (S),.,.........Ansrerdm- a€ alreadt
organisedin rhis q.y. Bur tbe most ndical
Policy makersare bein8 forced lo lhink of
of work iime m lon. (6)............. people
measureis rord pncing.Asking notorisls to
soludonr based on public trtrsp.n, rcad
necd inccniives b€foE they chanee their
pay ro enrercirycenrresis co.hlersirl, bu1
pricing and rcsl.icled use of onc kind or
habilsmd ahemativcsro cars arc olten not
anorher(l)....C..... unlidited accc$ ror ca6
availabl€or of pmr qualily.Thc fi6r thirg is
is an incre$ingly common solLrtiod.So,
( 1 0 ) . . . . . . . . ... .p. e c r n s e er h i d r g i n a r , v e
al all dmes. Wtal aE rhc Easors fo! lhis?
lhar publ,c tanspon nrusr become more
dd som€linesunpopul.r measurcswill be
(2) ............
. cas cau* noiseandpolludonin
eliabh and more comionable.(7).............
neededlo makc the citt ccnlrr a nrort
reas where people walk. shop or so
sights&i,re,and (3)............rhh rhey are oi
bicyclerw shouldbeen.ourrged.(8)............ pleasanttlace io work rDd li!e.
by hnvin,qmore cycle lanes. Somc l.rge
2
5
A aewel
A -oirher
C ln lact
B Ako
B However
C And
I both
C .s. reslrlt
D Ercept
C50
c act!ally
1 0 A l h n dy
c nstead
Exercise5ACDEG
td)ae
CornpLele
th s speechmadeby the eaderol a Koreaniradedeegarionat the end of a trip ro Wal€swith
the wordsand phrases
frornthe [sl beow
fi|{f€fill
in conclueion in addilion
lherefore nneadol
'could lllst ray a few words?rh.nk you. well, (1) ..{irtt
:r a rLre
however
n fa.t
'd ke ro rhankeveryoneheredi
GNKior organising
today3visit.We haveenjoyedmeetinqall the staff,seeng yoLrrnew pfoductsand
l o o k i n g. o u n dy o ! r f . c t o r y( 2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. .l.w. .o. .L. r l dl i k e1 ot h a n kt h e l o c a c h a m b eor f C o m m e r c e
pf +!l
who rnadethe wholetdp porrible.As you know,we seethe Europeanmarketasveryimportantfor our
c o m p a n y( 3. ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , i t i sc e n t r at lo o u ' f u t u r ep a n s .( 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ,. r n e u r et h a t
we can look forwardto evenclosercoope.ationbetv/eenouf two .ompanes in the lutue.
( 5 ) . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 itth' si b
ne
k t t e tro k e e pt h e . e r € m o n i es sh o r to n o c c d s o n sk e t h s ,
(6) ...... .....................
, I wouldjust ke to t.ke this oppoilunityto ledveyou wirh somerhingto
remembe.olrvisit, and so havegrcatpleasurc
in pres€nting
ihis bookwih photographs
of Koreato
L
'
h
e
yo. d e.lo..! \Ar'rn o_9.(7r
. . . . . . . I o o et h . t w e n d y " o o l " . v e
p l e d " -e o _
wecomingsomeo1yo! to our countryrn the fuiure. Perhaps
ihe nen iirne w€ meet t will b€ n Seou
( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .c. .a r dJ fI o n . e a g a i nt,h a n k y o ua v e r ym u c h '
eveloping an argument 2
A Personal comment
a The.eare mafywords and shortphrasesthar corneat th€ beginningof d sentenceand he p us
to mak€a pe.sonalcomment.
Givingyourown ideas
lnformationyou havehe.rd
Mon peopleknow this
From ny point af view ln ny opinianlview Pesanally
Apparcntly, lt seens that
Cleatly,Of cou,i,e,Obviously
Luckily Fanunately,Happily 'adly, Unfotturately, Unhappity
Tobe hanestffrank,A.lually, ftankly
Fo unatry,ltcrcm pkntyotsA$ lnt Merkohtdy.litdlly
hdu.tedttlad
a rcu t.ucl.:fpothndt
d d @ oh'i t'andry. (GlobalBusine$Magrzinervebsirc)
'Frath\,,I nidn\ knou'!,lnt I ws
Pdrkabo'tstdrtinrq hisbdrk.,tjust
lon]ljb da,'snys
Id,t.i to ftplkak lk !cni..t of.lin$ h h. U.S.I rus hhknq pdty rood onq dt Meftill
Lynlt dn.]I tlto*ht I.o l dk. Ltft on y aM.' (AsiaIrc On Linewebsire)
Otherwods usedto makea personalcommentrcude: adniftedty,coincidenta\y,
cutiously,
incredibly,interestingl)t
ianically,natuely, paradoxicatty,
prcdictablysigniticantly,
surptEingly,
unbelievably,
understandably,
unexpectedly.
It youwantto qiveyourideasfrornoneparticu
ar pointot vew youcanusea phraseke:
(speaking),
Technically
kientifically(speaking),
fton a financiat/technical
paint of iet!, elc
B Other linking words and phrases
e Studyihi! listof commonlink ng wo.dsand phrasesused n speech.
Givingth€ monrmportant
example
or situation
you6elf
Correcting
supporting
a previous
statement
Changing
the5ublect
finformal)
(morctormal)
Changlng
thesubiect
Dismisling
somethlnq/Preparing
to finish
Especially,ln pafti.ulat Abave all
8y the way, Sa,Anyway
h telation ta, As rcqatds, l"llovingan to,
Asfaras. is concerned
AnWay
C Structures to focus on important information
d W€ c.n lotus on importdntinformatonwth the srructuelhe + noun+ 6 Thesecondpart of
ihe sentenceis usualyd 'that' clauleor a wh- quenro. (which,what, when,how erc)
The thing is (that) the whole idea is just too risky.
The thing is, how nud money witl all this cost?
Nouns usedwith this structwe in lrde: answeafa.t, point, probtem, question, solutian, thing,
The question is, what are we going to da abaut it?
The trouble is (tha it s qoing to be vert e^pentve
N We can {ocuson importantinfomation uringa cdlse that beg nswith whai:
What we need is a few dars to think abaut this in nore detait.
What rm going to do is call aur warehouseand seehow nany we have in stack.
What wonies me is the tine they'rc taking to nake a decisian.
44 DEVELOPING
AN ARGUMENT
2
183
D At the end, in the end, at last
O The phrases
at the erd,ln the end and atlasrdo nor havethe samemeanifg:
Atthe end
refe6to a point ntime
ln the end
I spokefot 20 ninutes, but there wete a lat of questiorEat the end
means'aftera lotoftime or'€ventually
I waited until ten, and in the erd I /eft. (+ pdst tense)
makesa commentthat we are ple3sednow because
a long wa t hasended
At |ast l've finished this rcportl (+ pesent tense e9: pres€nrperf€ct)
Beat i'dtkets dte d ndtndl ua of stocks,n' tu sdnetuoytlut fu.s dr. a na\ndl .farceih the Iorests.
Enk thotlrh it\ ta rh to u'otch,tlt 'rd',et is r|hu lrcohhi.t h the dd. 0trall Sr.eerJoumal
E tt untess, otherwise
a Conditionals
with /f(units l7 and l8) are importantior developing
an argument
'if
The linkingwordsurlessand otherwlsehavethe meanlng not Lookat the nextthre€
exampeswhich all havethe samerneaning:
lf we donl pay the invoke naw they ll cut back aur crcdit.
Unless we pay the inwice now they ll cut backou credit.
We should pay the invoice now othetwise they ll cut back ou ctedit.
Wtdt pd ftB.ar I'c lrrdo Stuk Ex.ltut1*clcath out to?A ti!1tp uith Iiankfiltt ptubably
ohl happc',,Mlets d ndiully dtcE
typaaJptupoldl ca, b. p tatcllu. (accolrnrincy rgc
Abbreviations in written English
a Notelhe following
abbreviatio.s
whichae commonn writtenEnglish:
= thatisto say(fromtheLatin'id en')
ie
(fiomtheLatin'erempllgratia')
eg = for example
NB = note(fiomtheLatin'notabene')
Miak'i-lJarddobal B2Bfaod cx.hdileFoodttudu.+(k !'o naft l1t 1al,of g,uth a Ccn al
Aktn.o\ USS3TSbnlood
tarhe!h..o,i'rckdo iflah2001.OJlt.ldnou t, Foodthder
hatles
to .dpturc10D%,
i. soh'cUStJ7t,r. (busine$newsanericaswebsite)
g
b, tl)euay drtw I1o1'.
ary tu"2r2 ttin W end nr ary,"an?? Do
td b,tu ^nJoar@b b^ ant nnq? Will tt r snd tu aar nonaJr
rA4 44 DEVELOPING
AN ARGUi/IET2
44 Practice
Exercise
1trtrLqEiH
Underline
thecorrect
words.
l l likeall the marketingideas,hut in oatticularlinpafttculartthe frce sarnples.
2 Framourpoint of iewltn ourpoint of viewrharwouldnot be a goodsolLrton.
3 h seenslApparently,
rhe Boardis goingto appointa newCEO.
4 lt seems
thatIApparently
a,haa
the Boardisgoingto appointa newCEO.
Fonunatelylwith
5
Soodfoftuneshewasn'tlinen;ng.
6 A.tuallylTruly,l've nevetreallytrustedhim.
7 MovingonlMovingon b the question
offinance,
we'llne€dro r.iseabout$2m.
8 WetriedaBuingwith them,butat theendl,intheendwejustgave!p.
9 Frankieb
managed
to get ajobat lastlintheendl
19 Unlesslotherwise
we decidewithin the nextfew weeksit'll be loo ate.
I I lt'll be too lateunless/otherw,se
we decidewithin the nexrfew weeks.
12 We mustdecidewithin the nextfew weeks,unless/othena,lse
it'll be too laie.
13 Somecountries
in Elrope,ielegSpainandkeland,
aregrowingstlongty.
14 ELrropeb
threebiggest
economies,
lelegGermany,
France
andthe uK,areallgrowng strongy.
Exercise2 H E
Complete
thereplies
to thecomments
belowbyfollowing
theinstructions
tn brackets
andusingthewods
andphfases
fromthelistbelow
p€.s€€19 anyway of couBe by the way aboveall appareftly
Eftefall or rather unfortunatelyto befrank
1 'Weshouldhavethe prototype
rcadybylune.
(giveyourideas)
.....Pft9..^411y....
, t thinkaugustrsmorerearrstrc.
2 'Theinsurance
on thissystem
doesn'tlooktoo expensive.'
(mostpeopleknowthis).........................-.--,
it needs
ro be renewed
everyyear
3 'l'vegot Wo spareticketsfor the operatoniqht.Areyouinterested?'
(youwouldliketo go bui can't).............................
comrnltment.
, l'vegota previous
4 'Soat theendof thedaylthinkwe didquitewell.'
(change
thesubj€ct)
....---......................
, whatdidMatthewsayaboutparis?
5'The jointventuEwithOptikaisrunningintoallsortsof problems.'
(behofen)..-...........
.............
inrojt in rh€firstptace.
, w€ shouldneverhaveentered
'l
6 thinkit mightbetimeto setup an officein Estonia.'
(suppoftthe
previous
naiament)
.............................
operai€n Fintand.
, we akeady
job?'
7 'Whydidnt Robedqetthe newsales
(giveinformation
youhavehearo.............................
a disaner
, hisintervlewwas
8'Everythinqseemsverywell
preparedfhereshouldn't
beanyp.obems.,
(prepare
tofinish)....................----.....
, we cantalkaboutit againfearerrhetime.
9 'Carmenreallydeserv€d
to get the newsalesjob.'
reason)
..--.................--......
{givethe monimportant
of herexpertence.
. b€cause
10'l thinkweshouldtarqetournextlineof .lothesat a youngefmarket.,
(corectyourselfl......
Itsa goodidea,
---....itcouldbeagoodideaifwedon,ttoseour
existing
customeE
by doingso-
1I4DEVELOPING
2
AN ARGUMENT
185
Exercise3 A B D unit43
,-r 50
lncludessomerevieion
of unit 43.
Underne lhe corrcctwordsIn th|spresentation
.bout roboticsThisexercise
\1) Firstof alllAftet a , t'd ke to thank K€ikolshidafor her kind wods of introduction,and for nviting
'
me hereto speakto you thls mornrng.Thetitle of my ta k is 'TheAge of the Robof, and be talkinq
todayabout rcbotics,and (2)anywaylinpanicularrhet comrner.i. €xploitauon.
(3) Espe.ially/clea
y rherc'shugeinterestin the subject,ascan be seenby the nurnberof peoplein the
audlencetoday and this it not surprisingas we predictthat overthe nextdecad€roboticss goir'lglo be
we predidtthal heath-care
one of th€ wodd! fanen growingindustries@)Togivean exampie/However,
r c b o t si n l a p a na l o n ew b e a $ I b i l l i o n m a r k e t b y 2 0 1 0 . T h e y l l b e p r e s e n t i n h o s p i t a h a n d n u r s i n q
food t|ays.ceaninq,supponingpatientswho
homes,remindlnqpatientsto tak€ mediciner,d€livering
€ke \s) exceptfot/instea.lof peellngthe qrapesl
haveproblemswalkinq,and doingalmostevery4hing
public
general
is
lconcening
the ?enerclpublic, SonyCalporat on th nks thal
As
far
as
rhe
cancerned
16)
the bestplaceto launchthe rcbot rcvolutionis homeente(a nment,becaus€s ng ng and dancnq robots
(7) Erpe./ally/Furthernore,
don't do an!,thingelsentialand t3 oK if they mak€a mistakesometimes.
homeenlertainment
is lkely to be rhe brggeslmarket(8)ev€ntua/t/at/a5t,with som,6househodshavnq
robots.
tlvo or thrce
iust likethey havePCstoday.(9)As a nafter of fact/fLlovingon all the leadingp ayers
NECand Omronare fvest ng lens ot m llionsol do a6 in lhe
\1q suchaslfat exanpleMatsushita.
hasbeenrapd, and scientstsnow
dev€lopment
of personalrobats.(11)lneanlAs a rcsuhprogress
(omplex
fof
actionslikewalkingon two feet without lallingover
undelstandthe technologynecessary
ii!
c
ear
that
the
development
of 'robo sapiens'with somethng that
An
the
othet
hand/At
the
er4
\12)
will lake longer,(13)espe.ially/otEthet a otlorcet.
apprcximates
humanintelligence
/ln generclits clearihat In termsof competitionbetweencountriesJapanleadsin
114)Newftheless
aretry ng hardto catchup. And lapan
roboiicsat the momeft, (l5) although/apanfrcn \he Arnercans
doesurcentlyneeda whole new areaof productsto sellto the world as profit margin5in oth€rareasof
getssmaller
consumerelectronics
So,\16t ln factlta sun up, t'vetriedto showyou how I be evewe?e ent€ing a new age.the age oi the
opportuniti€s
robot,and t! an aqe that3 full of business
Exercise4 A B D unit43
checkthe answeElo exercse3 beloreyo! do thiser€rcse Thenfind wordsand phrasesfrom the correcl
below
anrwersthat ares m ar to the expressrons
r
Tobesn wlrh
2
n iact
3
As regarde
5
O n t h ew h o e
6
Obviously
Fit:t+ Pt..All
9 Nowever
10 n short
12 despitell-rela.t that
l5 especially
146
repositions of place
..'t X
A rnaf with a scariaroundh s neckis ,n a tih He is teaningagainrtthe wa of the tift.
Thelitt is comingup from th€ nreet be/ow.
h a mornenlthe manwill walk rrrough the fr doo6 and hto the office.He will put h s jacket
o/r the coatsrandwhich is b//rear the tift.
3 Thereis a man!.vaitingfor the lilt. He haspressedthe button to go dorrn
An the ather side of the lilr doo6 rslane. She is wa k n9 at\tay frcn rhe tif\ aqass the rco'Yl,
pastthe photocopierrowdrdra meetingroorn.
Jackis besbelnexrto the photocopie(Aboyethe photocopiers a shetf Ne s mov ng the boxes
ol paperoff the sheJ orto the floor
5!e and Ma* a.e siningaftheir desksoppojireeachorher Ther compurers
arein front of
lhem on thei. desks.Sehreenthernis a wane-paperbin and the photocopiers behlrd Sue.
1 Malk haspLrthiscoat overthe backof hischan S!e5 bag is underh€r chair.
8 SLreis puninga etier /nJlde.n envelopeand Ma* s tak ng somethn9 ort of hisdrawer.
A At or in?
q We useatto ta k aboutthe positionof som€thing,or.bour the place
wheresomethng
happens4fshows a generalocation.
Meet ne at my otfice. There'ssomeoneat the door (posirion)
I ll seeyau at the meeting.
(wheresomethlnqhappens)
,t, Weuse/ir withihe nameof a conrainer,
placeor.re. to showrharsorneone
or lornethinq
nsideit.
plenn/of papetin the photocopier
There's
she'sin the third rcom on theleft.
Ou headofficeis in France/thenotth/paris.
s stLrdythese
ex.mples
for pub c buildings:
I'llseeyau at the airpott.
(the p acein qeneral)
I I seeyouin theaipan turmlnal(insrde
rhebuitdinq)
t hada hatddayat theoffice. (pefiapsI spenlsometimeoutot rhebu ding)
t bebackin theafficeat thre€ (ifsidethe buildrns)
45 PREPO9TPNSOF PLACE 147
B Expressionswith at in and on
a
I
a
Note these fixed exprcssionswith at
at the frantlback
at the toplbotton
at tle ieaede
at the stationlaipott
Notethesefixedexp€ssions
with in:
in the middle
in my hand
in the corner
in the country
in the nkrar
in the photo/picture
(=
ir the chat in chargeofthe meeting)
at the beginninglend
at hanelwo*/schaol
in a queue/linelraw
in a book/nagaanelnewspaper
in hospitallprison
Noteih€sefixedexp€ssions
wirh on:
on the left/ right
on teleision lthe radio
on the phone/ the computer
pagelnap
on the scrcen
on the
on the M6 (motorwaysand .oads)
on the first floot
on the plaXornlpavenent
on the Rhinekivea)
you are containedn a smdllerspacewher€
on the plane/busltrain(but in a carltaxibecause
you cant standup)
a Wthaddresses,weuseinforthestrcetnameandatwhenwe5aythestreetnurnberasw
Americans
useon for streets.
Out offices are in Piccadilly.
Out offlces are at 14 High Street.
I went shopping on fifth Avenue.
c AboveI below over I under
a Above/bebwmean'higher/lower
than'.Theycanbe usedwiihoutan objeci.
The lloor above/below usE occuptedby an t^sutah.e<ompany
Fron the mountainlcould seethe lakebelow
a Ovet/undet
mean'diec.ly
above/below'.
Theybothneedan object.
Weflew dght ovet WindsorCastleon ou wayinto Heathrcw
fhere'sstll a lot of oil under the sea.
In thiscaseit rslike'across'.
Overcanalsobe usedfor movemenl.
Wehaveto go over/acrossto the othetsideof the strcet.
O€lcan ;l5ome.n'covering'.
Theyveput a plasticsheetover the hole in thercoL
a All 'oJr wo.os<anbeLsedtor posrtrons
In a management
hr€rarcny
Aboveme b the gles DircrTorUnderme thetearc faur sabsstaff.
D Opposite, next tolbeside, nearlby
a Opposiremeans'exactlyon the othersideof a space.
we satowosiE eachother in theneefing.
O Nextro andbesidemean'exactlyat the sldeof. Sesdecanbe rnoreforrna.
.tohnshouldsit nert tolbeside lreneat the neeting.
'close
'at thesideof .
O lvearmeans
io' 8y medns
Iherc areoneot tvtogood restaurants
near herc.
can we havea tableby the window?
Wehada halidaynearthe sea. (closeto the sea- a few ki om€tresaway)
Wehada halidayhy the sea. (westayedon the beachmostof th€ time)
laa
45 PREPOS|T|OI{S
OFPTACE
45 Practice
E x e r c i s1eg # 9 r y
.
Underline
the coffectword.
1 Lookin theAppendix
e/by the endof th€report.
2
got
planesomeone
When
I
iDlo,
the
wassittingin myseat.
.
3 Whata fantnic view!Theskyaborclo!€r andthe seabetowtunder.
4 Nextwe€kl'll beatl,h Hungary
for a fewdays5 TurnintoWenernAvenue
andyou'llseeourofficesonlatyourl€ft.
6 Yo! canl missit- The€staurant
isexa(lybyloppogre
thecinerna.
7 | oftenworkinlat homein theevening.
8 | boughtthistie irlat Madison
Avenue.
- 5he3jun arlonthe phoneat thernoment.
9 she'llbe helein a few minutes
l0 Thepowersocketisoverthere,bylaathedoor.
I I Thisgraphisnt labelled
propey.W te theunit5bylnento theX axis.
12 lwent to visitmysonin/af hospital
yesreday.
'I3 Puta
sheetabor€/oyer
themachine
to stopit gettingduny.
14 SienaisquitenearlbyFlorence.
15 l'll seeyoutomorrowat ten thirt!, lnlby myofiice.
I 6 lt! a largeblock.Ouroffices
areatlo, thefifteenthfloor
17 I sawSimonatl/h thestationwhileI waswahingfor a train.
18 I musthavebeenstanding
inlafthe queuefor hatfan hour
19 You'llseeouroffices theylebylneala llrnirue storc.(thenextbtock)
- they'rebylneara furoiture
20 You'llsee
ouroffices
store.(thenextbulding)
Exercise2 [ f
Complete
thesentences
with in,at or on.
I I live....il\....ManorRoad,...4!-...number
295.
2 Youshouldn't
pavement_
reallypark............
the
3 | hada lovelymeal.......-....
theplane.
4 l'd liketo live.......--...
thecountrywhenI rerire.
5 Goto theendof theroad,andyou'llseethe bank...........the righi.
6 l'll be .rriving............
youroffices............
Barcelona
at three.
7 Lisbon
is............
themiddle
of Poftugal,
............
thecoan.
8 i meetyou............
thefrontof thebuilding
in ten minutes.
9 | wonderwhars...........rFlevnion
rhisevening.
10 Thesizeofthe text............
thescreen
isverysmall.Coutdnlit bebtgq€r7
I1 | lve ............
a smallvillage
-...........
theroadto Dover
l2 ............
ih€ beginning
of myca€erlworkedin marketing.
13 lt wasa verywell-run
meetjnq.
Erikawas._..........
thechair
14 | wasn'tlooking............
the mirrorandI neaiyhadan accident.
15 Shework.. ........Seville,
............
the Universiiy.
16 Thesalesfigures?
Yes,lhavethem
righthere.....__._......
myhand.
l7 lwaltedpatiently
..-.-.......
the backof the queue.
18 I thinkI lefi myb efcase
.........-..
thechair............
the restaur.nt.
l9 l'm off sickat thernoment,
but I shouldbeback.. ........wofknextweek.
-he
20
ldn Fhan.eN4nFrer,sslill
.....prison.
45 PREPOS|T|O|TIS
OF PLACE r89
E x e r c i s3e! ! ! !
Completethis emailbychoosingthe correctpreposition
fiom the listbelow.
towads
over
pasr
thrcugh
in front of
by
in
+€-
at (x2)
on (x2)
H€re ar€ the dlrectrons(1)..-...1P..-... ou.t'".0 om*.
Tak€ rh€ A3 from oxiord and thenjoin the M4 (2)..................London notwar€sr)- com€ offrh€ M4 (3)..................
junction 12 .nd contrnuesrElghl ahead. Conilnu€ (4) -.....--.....--...
rhe nen tuo rcundabouts,so (5) .....-......-.....
a BP
ga€96 (6)......-....-......your nghtand yo! ll@m6 to 3om€ tEfic rrqhts-You are now {7),......,.........-R€sdins. Go strarghr
(3),..,...._....._...
th€ rrafiic rrghGand (9).._.....,.........
rha nBn s€r of rishrs,rum d9ht. Henry strsot is the srh road
(1o) ......-.....-.....
your lhsr6 is E rong driv6
rh€ l€fi, Folld the oad to the €nd and th€ offi€ i6 (11) .,,...,,,...,,,...
(12) ......-.....-.....
lh€ slde of the ofrce - you @n park lh€clf you h€v6 any p@bl€msglve m€ a €ll. but lt! v€ry e€ey E€llyl
Exercise4IIlI
Complete
wordin eachspa(e.Aswellasthewordsin sections
thisemailbyputting9!e suitable
A, B,C and
D it isalsoposgible
to useio,
lhanks for s€.dins m€ the artwork ro. rh6 masdin€ adv€rt. I h€v€ a r6w @mm€nts about the layout (1) ..,..,,pt\,,,,..th€
page. The photosraph (2) ..,..........._...
rh6 rop r@ks sood, bur insr€.d of being (3) ....,....,,.....,,
th6 mtddrs I thlnk lt 6hourd
bs (4) .................th6 r€fr,(5).,......-....--...
ro rh6 t€xr- Th6n (6).-.....-.....-....
rh6 orhd @merwe courd have the @mpany
Old you know there's going to b6 an arricl€ aboutour@mpany (7).........--.....-.
th6 sam6 magazing? I hope lr willb€
( A ). . . , , , . . , , . , . . t. h
. .e. p a s s d i € c t l y ( 9 ) . . . - . . . . . . . . . .,. .b. u
. t t h a t i s n t { 1 0 ) . . - . . . . . - . . . . .m
. . y. . h a n d s .
Can you also give the artwork (11) ...-.....-......-.
Steve for hls @mments? He should b6 back (12) ..-......-......-.
work on
190
A Verb + preposition
*
H€reis a n of verbsand ihe prepositonsnorma y usedwth them:
rcnpete againsl
fo.us on
tue apptiedfor a newjob.
Can you take .arc of the affi.e while l'n autT
Drtot.ar no.k Mt ddnn(,l.d l,t lho . .ohtttuies nnldn\g Noj.id a d Ei.tsat thot oill
b.,ejtJron rnn\g\ahs al moL,ilc
]rhrra thdt&h ddts t f trr,.r. (Bloombcre.con vctsite)
r1t Rr @ro,\, k Jocrtedon knovlcdrcdkd tthh.l.g.
(Thc Srrrishtslirncs Lrtcra*ive
Rc.qnlaror
ror ro wl\tand rk uccdfar hank:to neryLa d dor't tftn obje.t to tl(:. hrya.
(Busnrcs
.l.dk
Wcck Ncbsitc)
Someof the verbsabovecan be usedwithout preposiiion
+ oblect
I hape/knaw/insist. lt depends
Othe6 musthavea prepoeiion+ object.
Thepro.ess consistsof tour main sljges.
I n rclying on you fot yout suppon.
lt belongs to me
Thisvrrl leadto a lot ol ptoblens
seeunt 16 4 In questionsthe prepostionusuallygoesat the end
Whodoesthisbelangto?
Whatdaesit @nsistof?
Whaarcyou waitingfot?
B Verb + objed + preposition
a Wth romeverbslh€ obj€ctcomesbeforethe preposiiion.
Hereafe somecommonexampes:
ask soneane about/fol
boftow sanethinq lrcn
conparc sanethinq widl/to
@ngntulate saneone on
divide sonething into
explainsonethingto
inform soneoneabout/of
insurc sonethin9 agai ntt
split sanething into
supply saneone with
invite soneone to
prcte.t soneone frcm
prcvent soneonefrcm
can theyinsurc usagainn frc sk?
,Nol,odl tr R!si.
sharcsonethingwith
spendsanethingon
6 tretdrcd to irrst
tantlate saneth ing into
We've tpent $2m on advenising this year.
tto!t..t ifl ptudr.ior. (Le Mand. DipLanatiqre
"absite)
O cle dnn nr lrry Elli'a" his ofarcd r sol io, to fuhathe e6 ds tvli tosoJt\flanapoly:'Th.l
lntld srlit thc cootp y iato tuD drd h [Mntu\oJtpptidetu] Stfle Ballw mn aneNnpaty auj
lct Bill Cat.s f,tt theothex' (Wned nngrne rvebnte)
Wirh remjndthe€ is a d tferencein meaninqb€tweenabourandof.
Gillianrcninded ne about the aryointnenL (= she told me nor to forSeo
(= sheis fe my sister)
Gillianrcninds ne of ny sister
46 VERB+ PREmSITION 191
c verb + different prepositions
,! Someverbscan 90 with severadifferentprepositons
Theyagreed to give us beftet terns af paynent.
agreeio/with/about
OK, 1agrce with you about the need far .utting casts.
lnust apalagiseto susanfor ny aMul behaiou last niqht.
Shall we askfot the bill?
Ask the waiter about the dish af the day.
l'm goinq ta complain to the nanaget about the serui.e in hete.
I heard about the nev\/sfron a calleagueof mlne
l've never heaftl of that company they'rc nat very well-known.
llearnt a lot about nsurancefrcm my lanjob
Canyou help ne - In laaklng for meeting raan 3
Thisproblem results frcn bad planninq, and h wil .esult in chaos.
1need ta talk to yau about the new constructianprcject
What did yau thnk ol the neeting?
What are yau thinking about?
They'vewtiften to us ta complain about our poor setvEe.
D Uses of different prepositions
$
Someprepositions
are usedlo ntroducepartculark ndsof inforrnaton Knowingthis can he p
you to understand
someof the diiiefencesin sectionC
abolr oiten ntrodlcesrhe
Do yau know about EUrcgulatians
in thisarcd?
We re thinking ahout changing ou advettisingslogan
at otten ehowsdirection
1n looking at yau otder detaih on the sc.eenright now.
I hate it when ny bassthouts at ne
for often showspurposeor
t nust apologise lor being late.
Ive asked the waitet fot the bil
'l herebyempowery@, Adbro* T,wllLln!, to
wlter ny plntrt!. And l.t'3 h€ar no rcre t.lk
about hor I n.v.r deleg.te authority,''
fron often lhows the origin
I haven t head frcm then fot a lang tine.
fhis prablem results lrcm bad planninq.
on often showsconfidence
Can we agrce on a discount af 5ok7
we're depending on yau ta fin3h the jab by ftiday.
ro often rclels to a pe6on
Coutdyau explain thls clauseto ne, please?
l don'tthink he was listening to ne
192 1l5 VEnOr PREPiOSI'ION
46 Practice
Exercise 1 X
Completethe sentences
with a word from lin A anda word ffom lilt B.
A: apprcve depend know lead believe sufier syFpar+$sewait
B: about for from in of on to vfrh
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
yourproblem,
| €ally-tyr4P4tli5-e...wi-tl.
butthe€l nota lot I cando.
Positive
is
important.
You
really
have
youlsef.
thinking so
to .............................
fii
youout5ide
you?e
What
saying
canonly.............................
onepossible
conclusion.
Ofcoutse
thesizeof ourorderwi11.............................
theprice.
Yo!rCVi! n.on9in mostareas,
butwhatdoyou.............................
marketingT
lmports
always
.............................
theef{ects
of a nrongdollar
lawayshavetolookrmad-myboss
doesn'i
.............................
inforrna
clothes.
Exercise2 E
Underline
thecorrect
word.
I I thinkwe shouldaskthem&/aboutlw,th moreinformation.
2 Canyo! supplyusforlaboutlwith
enoughpa.tsfor 5,000vehicles?
3 You'er d meabourloflforsoreoneI l.now
4 lf I foEet,remindmeabourlollforit againai theendof themeeting.
5 Themanagement
unionagairstlfronlforcausing
blamedrhe
thestdk€.
5 l'm writingto informyoulot / aboutl on ov newG ge ot prcducts,
7 We mighthaveto splitthe otdetfotlinlintoNvoseparate
shipments.
8 CanyouthankL4rMateusaboutlfotl with all hishelp?
9 l'd liketo congratulate
Particia
ohlforlaboutwinning
Employee
of the Month.
10 Thissafetyfeatureprevents
theoperative
agairsrlfromllv/t,
suffefing
anyinjury
11 Thisyearwe'llbe investing
mo.ethanf4m onl,loltoplantandnewmachinery
12 Thisyearwe'llbe spending
morethan€4monl,loltoplantafd newmachinery
Exercise3 I D
Completethesesent€neswith prepositions.
Choosefrom:about,at, fot, frcn, ln, to, of at with.
1l'mwritinq......t9......attourcustomers...4he!|t..offersthismonthonseecledmodel
2 WhowasGeorye
talking
.................
? Andwhatexactly
washeta k ng .................
?
3 Naveyouheafdanythinq
.................
HeadOffi.e?Theysaidthey'ddecide
thisweek.
4 Who3Giuseppe
saponi?
l'veneverhead.---.............
hlm.
5 Doyoulikethe newdesign?
Whatdo youthink.................
it?
6 Doyouagree
..........-......
me........--.......
this?
7 Theimp.oved
fiqures.esult
-................
sales
alltheinvestments
we madean yeaf.
8 Tre rrvenrnenB
we remdftnqnowshouldresuh..........
......oenersal.s^exryea
youe.rlieribut l'vebeenverybusJr
9 | munapologise
..................
not contaciing
l0 l'd likeio complain
..........-.---..
themanager
........-.........
thefood.
yousignan),thing.
11 Makesureyoulook.................
thesmallprint
before
12 Unesstheifqualityimproves,
we'llhaveto look-.-...............
a newsupplier
46 VERB + PREPOSITIOI{ 193
Exercise4l$ffigU
Complete
thesentences
withonewordfromlistA andonewordfromlistB.
A: agrced apologisedapply belong comply explainheard hoping nsist listen pay
qualit ey remind
B: about on on from with with to to to {€+ lor for for for
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1l
12
l3
14
Youcan...........e411..............&t...thegoodsintwelvemonthyinnaments.
you?
Excuse
me,butdoesthisumbrella
..............................
.............
Thefirrtthings to .........................--..
.............
theclient
to I ndouttheirneeds.
I asked
mylawyer
to .................-...........
thecontract
.............
me
Ev€rybody
.............................
.............
thedecision.
lt wasunanimous.
Therc'sa
newjobin R&D.
lwonder
if Chrir6 goingto......
...........
.............
t.
good
Youcanalways
.............................
...........
iillisa
te.mmember
herln a crisis.
They've
........
....ihedelay
... . .. ..................
andsdidthatthe temsarcin thepost.
I'm certain
it nedrcrthetime.
to foeet.
yearWe're ........................................b€tterresutssoon.
lt'sbeena dlsappointing
yo! . ...........................
Have
.............
Jacke
r€cennyT
5hehasn'twrtten
forages.
Does
thisproduci.......
................................Eutopeansafetynand.rds?
No,no,1...............
............
...........paying.
Yo!'remyguest.
lf we buildthefactoryin thatareawe l
.............
a regional
aidgrant.
Exercise5Age'E
Thes€cond
Complete
theemails
withthecor.ectprepositions.
numberin eachbrackeishowsthenumberof
your
Iv6 jusr be€n lookins (1-2) ....-..41......your weusite ano companns yo!r on-tin€ bankhs raciritr€6(2-4) ,.................
(
3
5
)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
c o m p o t i t o r sT.h € r e s a f 6 w r h i n g s I d l i k 6 r o $ t y o u
you, how much will I pay (g!3) .-................
a) lt I want to boiiow mon6y (4-.4)..........-.......
lh6loan? | .$!m€ rhat your
(6-2)
int6Est
rale
ch€aper operatlng ests will rosult
...........,.....,
a lower
than a normal bank.
b) | see thal ll I open an ac@unt this monrh I quarlt (7-3) ...,....,.........
a credil cErd wilh sp€cial payment terms. oo you
otr6r In6uEnca (3-a ..................
ontine fraud with rhis €rd ro prclect €rd-hotde6 (9,4) ..................
hacke6 who mtght
I look loNard to headng (1O-4).-................
you. Thank you.
Thank you (i1-3) ..................
takinq e long lo reply,
,oor re€nt 6mail a.d I apologis6(12-3) ..-...-...........
Here is the informalionyou requaat€d.
a) You en r6ly (132) ..................
lh€ fact lhat our intor€sl ralos ar€ v6ry 6mpatiliv6,lrut lcannol glve exact fiqu€s 63 ll
depends (14-2)..........-.......lheamounl you w6nt to bomw linvit6 you {1t2) ..................ch€ck
lhe table on ourwebsit6
forthis infomalion.l €n assueyou that w6 d6alwith tha pr@ss v€ry quickly afrer applyhg (16 3).................the loan
youshouldnthav6rowaitmorethanafedat€b6for€hganng(17-")............. us
b) Yes,6s soon as yo! tnfom !s (1&5) ..........-..-...any posibl€ fraud asecialed with yolr €rd we take €re
(19-2).-.......-........everything
and retund any mon6ythatyou hav6lost.In relationto our@n cunomerac@unls, w€ do
everythingnecessry to pr€venl hack€E (20-4)....-.............
edenng fi€ syst€m, and hav€ invest€dh€avily
(21 2) ..................
this sr€a ov€
I hope this ansers your qu.srions. Pl€se do not h*itate io @ntact us again if you lhink (22-4 -...-...-.........
anylhing else.
djective + preposition
A Adjective + preposition
I
S o r n ea d j e c t v ecsa nh a v ea p r e p o s l i oanf t e r t h e mT h e p r e p o s t i o n m a y b e f o l o w e d b y a n o u n
We re al disappointed with the paar figures.
I n rcsponsible for a salestean of eight people that caves the south of the cauntty.
Whenfollowedby a verb,the 'ing lorm mun be used.
We might be intetested in placing nore ordes in the futurc
a An adlecrive
can a so be followedby a to infint ve. lf we needto menton. person,we usefor
betweenthe adjecliv€and the infintve
It's inpoftant to follow the safen/procedurcs
It's inpottant for us to move quckly in thesenegotiatians.
h\ goodJor childrct to ndhe thln ouat.lqi.6.TooMrh u.Ll iM,nU lihunliyr ttdhs thnt it\
hddo.fat n' ta \ct ban.lrti.\.tdr ,rcrr. (cu..di.n rvcbsite)
B Feelings
a Manyerampesof adj€clive+ prepostonareconnectedwilh leelings
fed !p with
l'n rcally excibd about staninq ny new iab.
l'n not very keen on fied faad, to be honest
Six b k at int.restedin lityillq ai 86yo 'tnkeii Por\ Bd a lati a. (Busncs Ncws
Am$ic"s wcbsnc)
.
Forbehaviourlowafdsanotherperronwe useadjeciv€+ to Exampleencludegood to, krrd ro,
nice ta pahte ta, tude to.
When ny nothet was iI ffty @lleaqueswerc a very kind to rr,e.
I thaoght he was ftthet rude to the waitress.
l
l
l , t
f , . ' Ir n r t , l
i\
1 * [
l
i'
_t.
'N,,
med,!\
re. H@ota&wi'w
pltf'ryut
47 ADJEqflVEr PREPOSITION195
C Other adjectives
a Herearesomeothercom.non
examples
of adjective
+ preposition.
itfor
gu ry or
usedto (= a(customedto)
lackingin
My opinionsarc verydilfercnt frcm you6.
Au .onpany is famousall averthe wo d fot thequalityaf itsengineeing.
5hewasfull of enthusiasnwhenI expbineoou Eea.
We'reusedto the delayson the netrc. Theyhappenall the tine.
D Adie€tive + choi.e of preposition
a Someadjectives
canbefollowedbydiffe€ntpreposltons
wth a smattdiflerence
in meann9.
Oftenonepreposition
is usedtorthings.ndanother
people.
for
'Weae eocl'ftsponsibl. a paxnutu
ptnal
arca.'Efpatt Serui.et
Advnq Gebd
Jor
r.ot
good/badat (abI ly)
sorryior (+ inq)
I n veryangry about thedelay
I n veryangry with themfot causingthisdelay
Hewasannoyed about what thejourhatistwrote
Hewasannoyed with thejaurnalist.
Ive nevetbeenverygood at dealingwith .onflict.
A newpetsanat the top wauldbe good fot the(onpany.
5he3verygood with diffiult cunones
Areyau happy with ny suggestion?
Cangfttulations!
I n veryhappy fot yau bath.
I'n rcsponsiblelor all thetranspotlandbgistics_
TheFinanceDitectoris directlyrcsponsibleto the CEA.
I n sotry about all the troublel've caused
.
I n sotry for cauting so nuch ttouble.
lfelt sotry for Georgewhenhe didn't get thepronotion.
196 47 ADJECIIVE+ PREPOsITIOI{
47 Practice
Exercise
l Ett
Completeeachsentence1-10 with an endingaH)
I Areyou inter€sted
2 Thismodelis difierent
g
3 Arcyouaware
tr
4
5
6
7
8
9
lo
!
Theywerereallyannoyedn
He3become
verykeen n
good
laneisreally
n
I'msotired.l'm
notused E
areyouready
!
lwasquitesurprised n
lcould
bewrcng
n
people.
a) at motivating
b) with usforsending
thewronggoods.
c) for another
d nk?
youarccreating?
d) oithe difficulties
e) aboutthis,but I don'tth nk it'sgoingto work.
caf6sin thistown.
0 bythenumberofInt€rnet
in
items
fromthe catalogue7
9) anyother
h) fromtheoldonein someimportant
ways.
i) to thetimedifference
yet.
j) on keeping
tit rccently.
Exercise2 ! |
Complete
thesentences
withonewod fromlistAandonewod trom stB.
A: attached tired dependentpepcler involved sale suitable serious
Br about for from in of on to *ith
1
2
3
4
5
5
7
8
Thisfundisvery...r9e4!+t:.........*i11....investors
groMh.
lookingfor long"term
Thefirewallshould
makethenetwork..--....-..............
.................
attackby hackers.
Forfudherdetaik,seethecopyofthecontract........................................thslette
previous
Stafting
salary
is.......................
.................
experience.
I don'tthinkthey?e.......................
.................
thE theyhaven'tbeenin touchfor weeks.
Wete ,,............,,,,,,,,,
,,,,..........,,,
everystigeof theprocess,
fromdesign
to production.
| needa change.
l'm.......................
.................
doingthesame
thing€very
day.
Hedge
furdsarcveryiskyTheyrenot ................... ..........
thep vateinvesto..
Exercise3 I
Undeinethecoffectword1 I m 'eallyangryaboutl)ufu themfor not lettingusknowsooner.
2 l'vespoken
io Robert
andl'm reasonably
happywtrlfolall the a(angemenrs.
3 l'm reallyhappywithlfor t\,laggie,
shedeserved
to get prcmoted.
4 l'm a bit annoyed
aboutlwthallthisrcnfusion
withthewronqinvoices.
5 l'm a bit annoyed
aboutlw,ththemfor sending
thewronginvoices.
6 I'm sotryaboutlforvthat happened
yesterday.
7 )'m sotryaboutlfor a i\ing so late- I got delayedin trafiic.
8 I feelverysorryaboutlfor Frances.
shedidn't deserveto betreatedlikeihat.
9 Lowinflationis goodatltorleyfh everysectorof the economy.
10 She'dbe ercellentin HumanResources,
shesreallygoodatlforlwith people.
11 Richard,
canyouhelpuswiththistranslation?
Youe goodatlforlwithFrcnh.
you
12 lf
ne€dto rcferthe decisionupwadr who areyou responsible
forlto?
I 3 A$headof depatment,how manynaff arcyou responsible
forlro?
14 Whoisresponsible
forlto the Scandinavian
market?
47 ADjECT|VE+ PnEFOSITION197
E x e r c i s4eR R m
Complete
thesecond
sentence
soit hasa similar
meaning
to thefirstsenr€nce.
1 Consumers
findtheoldmodels
a bit boring.
consumels
area bir bored................ry.i.t.t'r...t1e,..-"ld..l.eC''s!a..................
.
2 JLrlia
lsAdrianswife.
J, a isnamed... ...............
3 l'm notaccultomed
to drivinqon the left.
Irf nolu5ed
4 | needto getth€ roompreparcd
for themeeting.
I eedlo gelrhe'oomready
......
5 Doyoufindarchaeology
interesting?
Areyou..
............................
. ..............................
7
6 Whathe saidhasmademeangry
l'n angry.. ...........
7 Mathematics
wasalways
mybestsubject.
I wa<. walsve-y9oo0
8 Theadvenising
campaign
wasa disanerYousaidit wouldbe.
Youwer€rght...............
.............
. lt wasa dsaner
9 Therewe'elorso, peopLe
In rheconference
r..
La wasfull..
Thecor'ercnce
10 I don'trcallylikeheridea.
l'n rct 'eay veryleen..
........
Exercise5Enig
Complete
thesequenc€
ol ernalswitha wod fromthe n below
a,i€r€ attachedcapablecompariblecovereddependentinvoved lackng are opposed
preparedright similar useful
Arc you (1) ......4W.41e....,,
of the articreabout customor R€tationshtpManasem€nt (cRM) in ths rare$ Business
W € 6 k ?l ' v e s c a n n € di t a n d ( 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . .i .r .l .o. .l h i s E m a i t .
Basicallt it says that in the past @mpanies were (3) ..-......-..............
on lheir brend nam€, but in the tutur6 weI hav€ to
b€ (4) .......................,
for 6ustome6 changing s!pplier mo.6 ofi€n.
To give betters€ruic€ w6ll need CRM soit .re (5) ........................
of inte€ralingcusrom€r hlomaton across rn€ saBs
ror€, call @ntre 6nd w6bsiie That infomalion also be@mes (6) ......... .............for mark€tinq thtngs tike
understandlngbuyingb€haviourrrememberyousayingsomelhing(7).......................tothisinameetingtastyeaiand
as you are (3)........................
in tT purchasingdecisions tlhoughtyou shoutd see lhe artict6.
Re: Cusromgr RetationshipManag6m6nt
Thanks forthe email. Yout€ absorutery(9) .......................about th6 importan@ ofCRM, and if you remen,ue|
proposed at that meeting thar w€ inv66r in new CRM soltwa@. Most p€opte @re (1O) ._......_...............
to lhe idea, parly
becaus€ofrh6dlflrcultyinfindingsofi\rar€(11)..._................wiltrourorhertTsystems.tsaidarthetimethatthey
wereabit(12)..................._..invision,burir's.orbo(13)....................._forusto$an.f[puttog6rh6rashortreporr
based on th6 id€as (14) ...-...........-.....-..
in rh6 arrict€and circulate it. Thanks again.
194
oun + preposition
A Noun + preposition
a
Here s a listof nounsand ihe prcpositions
normallyus€dwith them:
abililyin
ditficultywith
B Noun + preposition (from unit 46)
a
Manyoi the verbsin unit 46 haverelat€dnount wlh the s.me pr€position.
Hereare
someexamoles:
a9reementw th/about
C Noun + preposition (from unit 47)
a Manyof theadjectives
in unir47 h.verelated
nounswirhthesamepreposton.Hereare
suitabty for
D Rise, fall + oflin
a Words.efedng io inc.eases
and dercares(liker,!e, laL etc)can be fo owed by of or rn.
Of rcfersto an amount./, referslo the thing thai hasincreased
or decreased.
Therehas beenan increase/riselreduction/fall in aaeratino Drofit of 3a/o.
48 NOUN + PREPOSITION 199
E Connection, relationship + withlbetween
a
One thing hasa link with another.
Ihete is a link between tyo things.
Wordsthat can be folowed by eltherpr€posiUon
include:connectian,link,relatianship,
conttast" differen e
Thereis a cannection/relatianshiplcontun with what happened last year.
Thereis a canne<:tionlrelatianshiplcont?st between bst Wat and thisyear
F Need, wish, ,equest + for
a
Nounsmeaning'need'or tequest' hdvefor aft€rthem. Examples nc Lrd€applicationfo,
demand fac need foc oder faa preferencefor, rcquest for.
G Prepositionalphrases
a
phrares(peposition+ noun phrase):
Hereis a listof commonpreposilional
at shortnotice,at costprice,at a good pnceiat a proft/loss,at first sight
I ve had ta call this neeting at short notice becauseaf the urgencyof the situation.
It's tliffi.ult to sellat a rcasonableprcfit when labou castsare so high.
by accident,by carlbus/taxr,by chance,by creditcad, by hand,by law, by rnstake,
by posi/cou.ierby rcium {of post)
We net in the streetby chance. lt was quite unexpected.
Pleaselet us knaw you decisionby rctun as fw+ker delay will result in hlghet casts.
tor a change,for lunch,for pleasu.e.
for sale
Wauldyou like to lain us for lunch?
We always eat pizza. Tonight let'sgo to a Thaircstauant fot a .hange.
in advance.in bulk,in cash,in chargeof, in connectionwirh, in debt,in the end,in lavourof,
in general,in. hurry in the markel(companiet,in my op nion,in rtock,in fnancialtems,
in the pipe ne, in touch,in trouble,in otherwords,in wrt n9
We need25o/oof the total pice in advance, with the balancean receipt ol the gaads.
|'n sotry vtE don't have that nodel in sto*. We re expeclng sane mare next week.
'Iruesto6
Ttst boughtuhateuelsta.kr wta avaiLdbLh lk b.lieI tl&t uorc lositire ew ea! in the
pipeline,'an ondlytsoid. (ShanghiiD.ily ivebsite)
on the basisof. on busness,on foot, on hand,on hoLd,on hoiday,on the Internet,on the
otherllfe, on loan,on the market(productt,on order,on ih€ phone,on p!rpose,on sae,
on strike,on television,
on tack, on a trip, on rhe whoe
I think we (an nave forwatd on the hasis of what we ve discussed
We don t have any in sto.k ight now but there are 20 ikms on otder
n ldr CaLd,nan.Ct,hdn ap tuna, w^ on hand,a da
ra A.hl.itdct.at , xp.,i.ttll dpdl'ndt
thej"dftidl cngn'eeitg (Busines Week website)
The uonot'y tM on ha.h lot rcauery,Mr sakai:'d irt'sted. Theretwuld, he said,bagrowth d nng
tE dtent qua ex (FT.corn websire)
out of date,out of order,out of business
Vetsian6? Yaursoftu/are is a bit out of daE isn't it? Theyre seling veEian 8 now.
Sorry the lift is out ol otder. Youll have ta use the nairs.
up ro oare,up Io you
I useve\ian 8 of this sottware - it's the nost up to da€.
I dan't nind which renaurant we go to. lt s up to you.
2|X, 4a
OUI{ + PREPatSlTlOttl
48 Practice
ExerciseI tIIl
Completethe sentences
with a prcpositionfrcm the list below.
between betw€€n {or tor in in cf of te to with with
1 Haveyourcceiv€d
a reply......l9---...
theemailyousentyesteday?
2 ]he demand.................
microchips
isverycyclical.
3 lhe esultsthi5yeararein nrongcontrast.................
thoseof theyearbefore.
4 Thereisa strongcofiast -..............-theseresults
andthoseof the!€arbefor€,
5 What5thematter.................
vourPC?Hasit dashed?
5 Lastyeartherewasa fall...-.....,,,,....
unemployment
.................O,5o/o,
7lsthereanydifference...,...,,,,......thesetwoboxes?lheybothlookthesame,
I Atthe momentlcanlthink of anyro|ution.................
theproblem.
profitswa5disappointing.
9 Theincrcase.................
Therewasa ise.................
only47o.
10 l'd liketo placean order.................
fortycases
of singlemaltwhisky.
Exercise2 f ![
Completethe sentences
with a word flom lin A anda word from lin B.
A: .advantagefocus involvementobjection payment price suitability tFecbh
B: of of for tor in on to *ith
1
2
3
4
5
5
7
8
We're9oin9to change
suppliels.
we haveso much....1!'...r14h!-e-....
tilh.. rhem.
gonedown
The.......................
...........
oil has
by$2 a baffelsinceJanuary.
The..................................usingasmall@mpanyisthithey'teu5!allycheapel
We'rewastingtime,wene€dto.....,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,...,,,,,,,,,.themainissue.
yet.
We haven't
r€ceived
..,,,,,,,,............,
,,,,,,,,,,,
the lastinvoice
Doesanyone
haveany..........,,,,,,,,.....
.......,,,,
thatpropos.l?
OK,it3 aqreed,
Therearerumours
ot theh,..........,,,,,,,,...,
.......,...
illegalarm5
dea15.
lt!aviolentfilm.l'mnotsurcabouti6.......,,,,,,,.............,,,,,,,avounoaudience,
Exercise
3 tr
underlinethe corect words,
'I
4lrn filst siglt it lookslikea gooddeal,but w€ needmoredetaikatltb a hurry
2 A: Shallw€ try usinga differentsuppli€rbyllor a change?
B: tt3 uplout to you.
3 Arc you payingbylin ca:hot bylin opdit cad?
4 Thehousenextdooris torlat sale.ltS be€norlir the ma*et for ages.
5 Veryfew Eoardmembersarcatl,ir favourof the merge.,n/O, the whole,theythink it will createmo€
prcblemsthan it sohies6 We needto keep,iDlontoudr with the situationas it develops.
7 Are],ouhereonlfor business
or onlfor de6ure?
8 A: Didyou do it bylon purpose?
B: No,ot courseno! | did it bylon m,istake.
9 Byl/n financialt€rmsthqy'renot doingwell.rhefre $ t0m inlout of debt.
I 0 A: *tick, irs PaulBrockJrcmTycoatlon th€ phone.
B: Canyouput himatlo, holdwhilellook for hisfile?OK,l'veJound
it- l'lltakeltat/on theother
line.
4a I||OUll + PnEPOSltlOltl 20i
Exer<ise4 E
phrases.
Studythe underlinedprepositional
Writethe entence letteraFl) containingeachphrasenextto a
phrase
similar
l-l2 below
a) l'm sony,I think we weretalkingat crossoumoe' Letme makemyselfclear
b) Forthetimebeinolthinkw€ shouldwait Weran makea decision
later
c) lt3 to our advantage
to wo* togetheron this.We'rcall in the sameboat.
d) lr wasfantasitic
news And it (amecompleGtyout ot the blue.
e) Ther€3two newproductsin the pio€line.They'llbe launchedlaterthisyear,
f) Youhaveto be reallyon the ball.Theshuationchangesall the tim€.
g) l'm speakingqfflhC_Egadof course,but the companyis closeto bankruptcy.
h) As youcan5eeits quitecomplicated.
Bul i!_a_lgblhellwe mun act soon.
i) We?eadhidEg here.lf theytake usto courtwe'll prcbablylose.
j) l m afraidthenewCEOisout of hisdeothwiththislatestcrisis.
k) Sorry,its a!ftthe-qlr$iao. We couldneverag€e to that.
l) h the lonorun sharesarea betterinvestment
thanbonds.
1
2
3
4
5
6
aboutdiffeEntthingswithoutrealisingE
quick-thinking
andquick-acting
=
to sayit biefly andclea y
L--l
in thesameunpleasant
situation
n
ln a situation
thatistoo diffcultfor him n
in a situation
thatmightcause
trouble n
7
8
9
to
tt
t2
!
unexpectedty
beingplanned
andprepared
overa lonotimeDeiod
for a shon-penod
of trme
possrble
nol
unoff'crally
n
n
n
n
n
Exercise5llll
prepositions,
Complete
thesequence
of emaibwiththecorrect
Thes€rondnumberin eachbracket
shows
the number
of lettersin th€word.
Th. IntBrurBG ior rh€ post of lt manager aE happ€nlnq n6n ssk. €nd PeEonnet have just s6nt m6 hrorm6ton
(1r5) Aig'al. .ll the @ndldatos, I thoughr re should q6r logorher to diqse the CVs and th6 quoq ons wB are sohs rc
tocus on in th€ lnt€ryi€ws.
H6b Er€ ny ihouqht6,(2,2)...--....--.myoprnron rh6E rsa n6€d (3-3).......,,...som6on6 wlrh a good knowt€ds6
(4-2)............Bystem8lnreg€tion, b6eus6 rh6 ddn@ly (5-a) --...-......ourdcnr
tT sy6t6m ts thata[ thB parls work
soparEtely -!u. w€bait6, th6 bact-ffi@ p|b@slng. blllhg, our supply chain 6tc, I hop6 re @n find s endidato who
has shown.u@56 (6-2)...---.....-deallng with alr th@ pro@ss in rh€ir pEvloG lob. but Personnerhav€ €r@ady
wamed me thst ih€€.6 lack (7-2) ......,.....Earry 3ton9 €ndrdates.
Arao, a lot or our lT jnfra.lructurc 16qult€ (&3) ..........--of daie and @rl h€v6 to mak6 a bis inv€sh€nt (+2) ,,,...,,,,..
n€w hardwa@sn. w6 n*d som@n6 whoS (lo-2).....-...... touch wnh whars (113) ...._....._sate (12-2) ,,...,,,....the
mark€l and €n take €.ponsibiliry (133) ..--.....--.th6 whol6 pumha.lng prc(:esWhat do you think? lf3 (14-2) -....-....-- to you - l'm f.€€ for a reoting mGt momings n6x w€6k.
Yes, w€ should have a me€ttng. lt will be good to disos ttE€ rfiin$ (1+2) ....,.......adwn@ (16-3) ...-........a chang€.
Usuallyth6 int€Nlews are (17-2) .---....---.
such shon noti@ that w dont g€t a.ian@ to calty took at lh6 CVs togglher
and msk€ d€cbions (1a-5) ..----...--.
the kind of qu€tions @ c going to.sk. Next Tu*day mominq woutd be good for
202
nds, graphs and figures
A craphs and figures
a Hercaresomecomrnon
typesof graph:
tlhtr@ffi
Nlmbe6 can be writtenar symbols(10)or words(ten) nforma wlt ns r.rse
symbosfor tarqe
amountsand wods for everything
else(ordnas likesecond,two numbe6loqether,esrimates,
etc) Seeexercse4 on pag€205
Nolethe fo owing waysto tay numbers:
f6 15 sixpaunds fifteen
Notethai a decrna point is writtenas a dof. not a cornrna ke in some anguages.
O25 noughtlzeropaint turaf/ve (NOTp€+F++,*/eF{y+rfe)
Largenumbers:
Acomma can be usedto separaterhous.ndsfrom hundrcdsNoticethe useof ,and inBrrish
English.
6,244 sixthousandt a hund.ed (in BrEand ArnE)
6,284 sixthousandttuohundrcdand eighty(in UE, hut ArnEhasno,and,here)
2m
two nillion (NOTFdli€F5)
2.5n two point five/two and a half nillion
B Trends
a Studytheseverbslhatdescribe
ditfeenlrerds (= rendenc
es).
Etr::L
|
--| . . .
t--'-
t---.t - \
l
\
r_L_
f-
49 TRENDS,GRAPHSAND FIGUNES 203
a
Note ako: to doublq to triple, to halve.
a
Notetheseiregularvel1)foms:
grow - gtew - grown
90 - went - gone
fal-fe - falen
ise-rcse-risen
O Notethesenouns:
a ise, growth, an inprcvenent, a fall, a drcp, a peak,a rccovery a half, a doubting
ManuId.tulnsindbtry adeR inJdrsdryrose 1|.1%ton the sonepenodd fenr ea ier,Nnparcd
uith faM^ of an 11.2% ti'e. (wan SrreetJoulnalwebsite)
seerho uni 43 a
Nore_hp'ollowinqplepoiilions:
salesincreased
flon 55.4mto r5.8rn.
salesincreased
by $0.4m.
Therewas an increasein salesot S0.4m.
in sales.
Therewasa 3'k inctease
(nan and linishfigures)
(diffepncebetweenstdftdnd finishfgures)
(aiter a noun or noun phras€)
(b€forcthe thing that is changing)
T1r slnrc of U.S. copitals|tndks de@tcdb nfonotio,l teelhololl hG norc thai tiplcd lihd
1960,frod 10% to 35%. Fieldstlrh a: biotctholog dtebooni'9. (B$ine$Weck website)
C verbs and obie<ts
to usevedsin theight way.Studythesethrcegroups.
seear5o
unit25 a lt s important
velbsarealways
fo owedby anobiecti
Transitive
We'llBise/lowe .ut/maintain hissalary (with an object)
(BUTNOTH*.*l€ry+vilkahe4€s€r
aii€in.)
Intransitive
verbsareneverfolowedby anobject:
lnflationwill ise/fall/grodgo up. (withoutan obj€d)
(BUTNOT@)
verbscanbe usedwithor wilholt anobiecl:
Transtive/lntr.nsitive
We'llinoease/de$ease/imprcve/rc<ovetou maket share.(withan object)
ANDOu natket sharewI increase/deqease/improvelre@ver (wthoutan object)
D Adverbsand adiectives
a Wecanuseadverbs
aDdadjectives
to givemorcdetails
aboutvefbsandnouns.
sleed
quicklylquick
rapid change
grcdualy/gradual const.nt,regularchange
steadily/steady
significantlylsgnificant
sharylylsharp
slow,st€p-by-stepchange slightly/dight
atge change
suddenchange
smach.nge
Salesqrcw steadily. Therewas a sbady growth in sales.
SoJdr, 6.25 billion USD hs poeBd itto Ronatia ow lE l6t dtude, with 16t y't\ fir"Es
at 1998, otdi^! to lazst Tiade Regittry datd. (BLlcharestBusiness
shawinga slight itd^e
Week website)
E Linking words and phrases
a
Linkingwordsa€ usefulfordescibinqtlends.Theycanjoln p.rts of a sentenc€or link across
sentences.
see units41 -44. Herca.ejust a few exampesl
contrast
and, in addition
b./t a/though (+ subject + verb), in splte of(+ noun phrase),however
be.ause (+ subject + verb), becauseotdue ro (+ noun phfale)
result
so, thetefore
addition
204
49 TRENDS,GNAPHSAiID FIGUNES
49
Practice
Exercise1 n
Wrte in wordshowyouwooldsaythe numbers
in brackets,
if British
Engtsh.
Thereisan exarnp
e in
secrion
A andanother
onebelo',ro helpyou.
r (4s6,780) .f.eoj:..hrardred..*ad..fiftJ.tjx
therr.'adr..t.'e.v.e^...hl,|^d..ced...a^d
2 \1,84)
3 02,300)
4 (12,030)
5 (12,330)
6 fi20,300)
7 (r23,000)
8 (12:,330)
9 (1,230,000)
Exercise
2 f !!
Llnderline
thecorrect
wordi
1 IleE wasa slightly/rtgbtsein profitslast
month.
2 We roserhcreased
our profirss/tghttlsr?ht lastmonth.
3 Thefewasa sharpfall,iolofoursales
lastquarter
4 Oursales
fellbylof6% lastquarter
5 we felllrecovercdov marketsharelastquarter.
6 Oursha€ priceh/t/beata lowldown la* monIh,6ut jt hassincerecuperat_.d/recoyeled
and now
standsatJin13.18.
7 Ou shatepticercached/meta toplpeakin May,but itl fallenbacksin(ethen.
8 lnflationis inc.easing
s/owBlor,ry'y
at the moment,/h/ by aboul1% a yeat.
9 lhete is a slow/ slowlyinc.easein the rateof inflation,of I by about1oka yea(
profitswentfrcmt2-S.r.to/untilf3.1n.
10 Operating
paidto sharehold€rs
11 Dividends
raisedlrose
by6%. Lanyeartheyfu///cut
12 Thkyearwe ralsedlrose
dividends
to shareholdels.
Lastyearwe lel//cutthem.
Exercise3 !
Complete
thesentences
witha wordor phEsefromthe listbelowLookca€fuilyat the punctuatiof
to see
I thewordsjoinpartsof sentences
or linkaffosssentences.
becausebecause
of so although in spiteof ln-€dditisu however iher€for€
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
saesareup sx. ....1t!...4C.Ci!i9t..
, marketsharcis up 2%.
5.lesareup5%..............................
isdown2%.
, ma*etshare
5ales
are!p 5%,............................market
share
isdown2%.
Sales
areup 50,6.
........---..................
a dropin ma*et sharcof 2076.
Sales
areup 5%. ............--..---..........
, we shouldgeta bonusat rheendof ihe y€ar
sal€sareup 5%, ....................... well allgeta bonusat rh€endof th-.y€ar
Saes.fe up 5% ......................--.....
the newadvertising
camp.ign.
Sales
.re up 5% ........................---..
the newadvertising
.ampaiqn
hassrad€d.
49 TRENDS,GRAPHSAND FIGURES ZO5
Exercise4 E
aFO.
Matchihe rulesfor formalwriting15 withtheexamples
1
2
3
4
5
6
;t
s for datesandla.geamounls
Usesyrnbo
(fi61,Jecond)
Usewordsfor ordinals
Usewordsfor two numbe6together
oi. s€ntence
Usewods at thebeginning
Usewordsfor estimates
Usewordsfor numbe6belowten
n
n
n
n
!
a) We ll needtwentyfourpeEon teams.
b) Twelvepeopletook part in the meetng.
c ) $ 1 0 0w i l l b ep a d o n 2 8 A u S U s t .
d) Thercarethr€emainrecommendations.
e)We haveabouttwo hundredemployees.
fl Thisir ouf th rd annualrcport.
Exercise5 g
from the i5t belowon the appropriat€lines1-6.
Wrte the phrases
morethan 50% arcund50% a littleovet 500,6 exactly50olo a most50%
considerably
50olo slightlyrnorethan 50%
a ittl€ lnder 50% muchlessthan 50% about 50% prccisely
404/d
L......
4AVd
2 a . . . . . - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ./. . . . . . . . . . . .
3 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48-521o
52lo
4 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6ao/o
6
5oo/o
............
Exercise6IIIII
@',
a financial
consultant,
theconveBation
between
Complete
(AC),
Chris
anda sales
director, Wood(CWJ,
AndrewCutting
words.
by und€dinin!
thecorrect
^c, Right. B€forewe decideon the condicionsfor rhe
loan,we needto havca caretullook at yourbusiness.
I ve got rhe saler(1)lratqt/gaphic tot l2srye2rttg}jr
here.UD. canyoujusr go through the figlres for me?
cw, of couFe.Ar you cansee,sal€sat the stafi of the ye:r
wer. gtire (2)fat / le'el,(3) so/ althoryhr\at\ nor
srtptis;ng(4) beerce/d/e to we alwys have a quiet pedod after ChrisrMs.
^c, OK, but iherc Mnt 6nch of ^ (5) ttuwr / ttu ery over the spring period, was there? From your
gnph I see rhat ar rhe (6) pe,l/r&,' in June you were onty Q) ketu'ed /up
(8) by / with l'ro (9) hi ion / ni iors (L0) pornds/ oI potnds (11) sina/ o4 t[e J^nttary fisure. whai
N,
happened?
We[.it... itwsa dificult tmding period for us - our nein comperitor(12) ,r,4e,l their Plices
/ In spiteoIi tt\e se.ond (1s) hdf / halre of the yed things
(r3') sisnij&rt / sis"6antly. \14, HoM
starte.l to lmProve.
r,
Um. How did that happen?
c\r, WeI. we launched a senes of new producis onto the market, and you'[ see that sales
(16) ised / nse (17) st'dtp/ sha"t over rhe aurDm.
went (18) rolatltl a tirde (19) rrtr / overifeen nilli'on$ the end ofthe l€ar'
cw, In fact the ff
Nov, we wele very happy with those resDlrs.And we er"ecr the increse (20) o/tr salesto
continue this leat Ou salesforeca*s m looking very good.
e
Um, we[. that does look pomising. ] tbinL Ne can - -.
205
unctuation
A Capital letters
a captalletteE (al5ocalleduppeKaseleners)..e lsedl
to beqin a 5entence
ior namesof people
for titlee of books, etc
for n.mes of places
Thankyau lar you leftet of 28 iuly.
Jin, Helen, Mr Armstrang, Mts lones
EurapeanCamnunity,Ministtyaf Finance
As lin Tuckersaid in 'Managing Change',...
Pais, FBn.e, Europe
for calendarinfo.m.ton
Monday,March,New YearcDay
for namesof ofganlsatons
a I n b o o k a n d f r m t r t e s , r n r awl o . d t k ea n d ,a / t h €a n dp r c p o s i t i o dn os n o r u s u a l lhya v €
capitals,unlessthey are at the beginning
His latest filn is (alled ln the Heat of the Night .
a
Somewods can be writtenwith capitak,or n lowercare.Theseare:
compdsspo nls
the Ntnettes,
the ninetles
gnatl
Sheis a
salesdnecbr (generaluse),sa/€i Dlrecrcr (ob t t e)
the eastof Scot/and(description),
the far Easr(pac€ ndme)
B Full stop (.)
a Fullnopsareusedat theendof sentences
a Fullnopsaresometimes
usedin abbrevatons
to showthatlettersn . wordaremissng.ln
modernBritish
English
theyarenot usedsooften.
prcr.ETaytotMp eg te et<
C Comma (,)
.
A comrnain wiling represenls
a briefpausein speech.Wh€na sentencehasseveraclauses,
commasare placedbebreen1hemio makethe sentencee.ser to read
We da a lot af business
wlh Asla,and its an npanant matketfar us.
We da a lot af buslnesswith Asia,which is an inpanant narket far us.
But we lse a tull nop, noi a comma,to separatecompletesentences.
We do a lat of businesswith Asia.lt s an inpaftant narket far us.
(NOr@.)
a A commais usedin lists,excepifor the lan nvo temswherewe useand.
Thlsproduct is safe,hygienic,practicaland.heap
We can lse a commabeforeard il the lasttwo temsin rhe listare long.
Thisproduct E safe,easyto naintain, and kind to the envirannent.
a Linknq wordsat ihe beqlnninqof a senrencearc fo owed by . comma.
ln fact, the Poftuguesemaket is gtowinq fan.
Linkingwods n the middleof a sentencehdvecommasbeJoreand afr€r
The Pattuguesenarket, on the other hand, is qrowing fast.
seeunn23 a Commasareusedwith non deflningrel.tiveclauses.
Thisptodu.L which is the tap of our range, retailsat t250
a A commacan ntrodrcedirectquotes
A Llay.ls agentsaid,'fhis will nean sone very larye claims.'
50 PUNCTUATION207
a Whenwriting directspeechwe usea commabeforethe actua wordsspoken.In report€d
Compare:
speechcommasare not Lrsed.
Your salesdirecbr said, Yes,that might be possible.'
Your salesdire.tot sakl it night be possible.
I
Siudywhe€ we put a commawith largenumbe6:
18,500
127,000
1,569
260
4,65A,000
a decmal
a dot is usedher€.A dot in Englishrepresents
Notethat in sorneotherlanguages
point.
D Semi.colon C)
wLthrelated
m$ningsusinga semi-(olon.
a Wecanjointwo sente.ces
We needbetbr technology;beftette.hnologycostsnoney.
and
longtemsin a n. Noticethe useof commas
a A semi-colon
is alsousedto sepaGte
in thisexamPlel
semicolons
lnstlutionalinvesto' include^lonura,thelapanesesecuitieshouse;GECof the us; and
Aatterhouse,the UKinvestnentbank.
E colon (:)
itemsin a list.
a A colonintrcduces
Theinput sele<torhasfourpositions:CD DVD,tunerandauxiliary
partoi thesentence.
a A coloncanintroduc€
an explanation
oi theprevious
is high.
Chinais booming:outputis up, profis areup, confidence
a A coloni9alsous€dto introdlceexampLes.
weJe enteing a lot of new rarke6, egl the Balt, states.
F speechmarks (' ') (" ")
markt ar€usedwhenwe writetheaciualwordsthat
a speech
marks(alsocalledquotation
goesinside.
Th€ycanbesingleor double
someone
says.Punctuaiion
"rhisshateissuewill supplythecapitalwe need,'satdAlanJonesof MSD.
AlanJonesoI MSDsaid,'fhis shateissuewill supplythecapltalweneed.'
put nsides nge speech
marks,
aid we put
a Titlesof book, €ports,films,etc,aresometimes
pun.tuation
in thiscase.
outside
1strcnglyrcconmendJin Iucker'snew book ManagingChange'.
speech
marks.
Bookiilles,etc.canalsobe put in itaicsratherthan
G Question mark (?) and eiclamation mark (l)
a Quenionmark onlyoccurafterthequestion.
He asked,what are thenost inportant issuesfacingaur company?'
in fomal
appropri.te
marksareusedin inform.lwriting,bui arenotconsidercd
a Exclamation
etc.
witing.Theyshowsurpise,pleasure,
Guesswhat'shappened!I vejust got engagedf
2OA 50 PI'NCTUATIOiI
50 Practice
Exercise I !
Rewriteeachsentence,puttingin anynecessary
capitallette6.
1 we?emeetingprcfessorthomason tuesdaye\,€ningat eiqht.
....Were..x+1r.lx
.F.-e.f.e.r..;.er
..fb.*..p-+..IwCry...cyet\rA4..4J..sit!1:...
2 lastfebruary
i metmarycaryenter
for thefi6t time.
3 timworksin the nofthof france,about50 kilometres
frompais.
4 myfavourite
hitchcock
filmis 'stranqeE
on a train.
5 carolworksa5an officemanagerin a marketing(onsultancy.
6 i'vejustrcceived
the rcportpublished
lastmaybythewo d t€de organization.
7 on ch stma9
daywe ll 90 to myparents'
housenearbrightofin russex,
8
thinkjeanisgojnqto be interviewing
thedeputyfinanceminister
nextweek.
Exercise2IlIlll
Tick(/) theone5entence
in ea(hgroupaFc)whichispunctuated
correctly.
1 a) 'What3the bestwayto contrclour costs,sheasked?'
fv
b) 'Whatbthe bestwayto controlour costs?'sheasked.
L
'Whatl
c)
the bestwayto controlour costs,'sheasked?
2 a) Weallagreed,
thatprotectionism,
wasnottheanswer
b) Weallagrced
thatprotectionism,
wasnottheanswer
c) we all ag€edthat protectionism
wasnot the answer
3 a) Helenwho is a veryexperienced
in\,€stment
analy5t,agreed.
b) Helen,who i5a veryexperienced
in\,€stment
analyst,agrced,
c) Helen,
who isa veryexperienced
invertment
analysl
ag€ed.
'l'llsee
youlater.'
4 a) Hetoldmenotto waitandsaid,
b) Hetoldme,notto waitandsaid'l'lls€eyou
later.'
c) Hetoldmenotto waitandsaidl'll seeyoulater.
5 a) Thep.oblemissimple,
the€stoo littleinvestment,
andtoo muchwaste.
b) Theproblemis simple;there3too little inve$mentjandroo muchwane.
c) Theprcblem
is simple:
thereStoo littleinvesiment
andtoo muchwane.
6 a)Thefiqures
are:inflation
4%, unemploymeni
5.4%andinterest
rales80/6.
b) Thefigures
are:inflation,
4%, unemploymenl
5.4%,interest
Et€s,8%.
c) Thefigures
areinflation
4%, unemployment
5.4%,andinterenrates8%.
7 a) Annexplained
yet.
thatnobodyhadmadea decision
b) Ann explained,
that nobodyhadmadea decisionyet.
c) Annexplained
yet.
that,nobodyhadmadea decision
jun
8 a) Sales
hn yearwere$4s00000
whilepofitswere 9620000.
b) Saleslastyearwere$4,500000,whileprofitsv/€rejust $620,000.
c) Saleslastyearwere$4,s00,000,whileprotitswercjust $620,000.
n
n
!
n
tr
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
!
n
n
n
n
n
!
n
50 PUNCTUATION 209
Exercise3!E*H#A
Rewfte eachg.oupof wordsso that it containsthe punctuationlistedin br.ckets.
1 Fi6t of.ll is therea demandin the ma*et askedsue \one fuI nap, ane rcnna, one queniannark,
A..1.1W,!d i^ the M4rket ?' Arked <ue-.
1Fi!:t.t..91..A,11,
i.1...r.19..
2 l'm sorryKimhesaidthegoodswouldariveon timebuttheydidn't lonefu stop,twoconnas)
3 lacksaidthatwe shouldtearup the plantfoEetabouiit andstartagain \onefuI nap, tuvaconnas)
4 When saw my bossI went up to him and eid Can I hdveFrid.yofi p ease lone questiannark, three
canna,
speechmarks)
firmcouldn'twe saidF€neois(onefullstap,twocanna'
5 Ontheotherhandwe couldusea different
oneouestionmark,soeechma(s)
6 Helo AlansaidTinahow wasthe meetingyeneday \anelull stop,thteeconna, onequestbnna*,
nark' onecapitalbttel
tu\/apaiBof speeah
lookat themanLJaagan (onefullstop,wo connas)
T lf l werevo! l'd askfor somehelpor perhaps
group
wasup I 8ol"andth€Ango-Dutch
8 Oilsharcs
didwelllastweekStandadOilwasup 2% Exxon
2.3% \onetullstop,t/to connas,onecobn)
Shellgained
Exercise4XSEE
Theexercise
alsoncud€susing
capitalletters
andpunctuation.
Rewrte thisemail,addinganynecessary
(/'ve,
/ rt, etc).
for contractedverblorms
aoos$oohes
It was grear to h€ar fbm you and hanks lor th6 photo ot everyone on the MBAcouE6 il brinqs back happy m6mories
and im suro youl agr6€ rhat we were lucky te have such inter€stingpepts h ouryear
im glad lh.tyou w€r6.u@esstulin your s€arch fora job in plblic €larions iv6.ot been so lucky so far im afraid i
applied forajob atthe beginningol lh6 month in theinan6 dapanm€nt of a large swiss owned pharmaeutical
company id ba very well qlalified for lhs iob but i slill havsnt haard an,'thing if i dont get an answer soon illlry wriling
ag.in actually ifidonr ho.ranythlng iwont be too dleppoint€d ba€us6 it s€6ms their@mpany isnl doing loo wellat
th6 momgnr and idonr rhink thered b6 many opportunlllestor pomolion
ivs t16€nm66ning to 6mailyou fo. ages aboutsomelhinq else do you by any chan@ have alison andjimR,ddress im
planning on vbiting lh6ir cily in the autumn and id like to €llin and s* thom wiat about you do you hav6.nv plans lo
6me h€r€ it would b€ wonderful to se6 you again a.d you knd you.6 w€t@m.lo stay whenever you want
aor a iew days to visn my parents and ive got to pack and get readv
w€ll lhats all for now im going away iomow
rhanks again forthe phob and n was 5o ni@ to hear rbm you again
210
Test 1 Verb tenses: present (units 1-2)
Exercise 1
Cornpeiethesentences
by puttingeachv€lbintothe presentsimple
or prcsent
contnuous.use
(/
.ontractjons m inne.d of I an, da't inneadof do not, etc)wherepossible.
(youdo)?
1 A: what .........C..9..)Pi.a..C9..........
'm
B:
an engineet
(youdo)?
2 A: what .....^f.e...)P!a...d9.i1!......
B: l'm lookingfor a file.
(notunderstand)
3 canyouhelpme?| ........................................
spanish.
(talk)
4 CanI callyouback?! ....
....witha client.
(notsell)
5 ThispDduct........................................
aswellaswe hoped.
(know)
6 l'l getin touchwithyouassoonas| ........................................
theresults.
(stay)
7 | ........................................
at thetvlariott
Hotel.
tllbethereuntilFrday.
(youofier)anyspecial
8 ..........................--............
deals
overthesummerT
partsfortheautomobile
........(make)
indlstry
9 o!r company
...................
(you
10 When........................................
usually
arive)at wo in themoming?
(come)
11 Jack........................................
to wolkwithusontheNBCprcject
fora fewweeks.
(come)
f.omLeeds
12 Jack........................................
in thenorthof England.
Exercise2
(PO
Decide
if usesaFh)areusually
associated
withlhe present
simple(P9or present
continuous
a) factsandpermanent
situations
b) actiofsandeventsin prcgress
now
forthefuture
c) arrangements
d) verbsof thinkinqandfeelinq
E
Ll
=
Ll
e)
0
g)
h)
habtsandrcutines
n
temporary
stuations
n
fixedtimetables
tr
current
trends
andchanges
n
l,,4atch
sentences
1-8 belowwith usesaFh).
1 Shestalfingon anotherlinenghtnow,canI askherto callyoubacl? E
2 Weofiera net!orkingsolution
thatiscustomised,
rcliable
andsecure.Ll
3 We relea5e
figuresfor total salesandnet eamingse!€ryquarter.
n
4 lm arriving
in Munich
at 10.30.
n
5 Theplanearrives
in Munichat 10.30.
n
5 l'm workingin ourcustomer
services
department
thismonth.
!
7 Internei
fraudandqberc meisincreasing
allove.thewo d.
n
is now8 OK,lunderstand
whattheproblem
n
Exercise3
Putthetimeexpressions
ftomthe listbelowintotwo categories:
thoseusually
usedwth the present
simple,
andthoseusually
usedwiththepFsentcontinuousWfitetheexpression
in thecorrect
colurnn.
aiier,always,assoonas,before,curently,everyday,hardlyever,never,at the moment,mostof th€
time,nexi time,normally,now,nowada)'s,
occasionally,
often, |a|ely,sometimes,
thesedays,twicea
year,until,usually,
when
Present
simple
^++.er
Presentcontinlous
TEST' VERBTENSES 21
Exercise4
Putthewordsintoihe correct
orderThefirn wordisgivenea.htim€.
1 | at dboui one o clockhaveusuallylunch.
I
justa sandwich
2 Lunch
oftenis.
Lunch
3 lfiom time to time visitin PadsHeadOffice. I
4 everhardlyam late in ihe moming.
I
5
everhadly takethe trainto work.
6 | prcparconcea montha salesreport.
I
7 | mits a Eoardmeetingnever
I
8 | am ate for a Boardmeetingnever.
I
I
Exercise 5
Someof thefollowing
sentences
areight andsomearewrcng.Puta ri<k(/) nextto the rght ones,and
co.rect
thewrongones.
1 I'm supplying
youwitheverything
on yourlastorder.
| ^{e?......
2 fr+g{€eing with youcompletely.
.
3 Ou.chocolates
arecontaining
onlythefinenifgedienrs.
4 Ourchocolates
ar€winningprizes
alloverthewortd.
5 We'e settng up subsidiaries
in PeruandBolivia.
6 We'reowningsubsidiaries
in PeruandBolivia.
7 'm th nkingtheywill makea decition
thisweek.
8 I'm thinkingaboutwhattheywilldecidethisweek.
9 At firstsight.itSseeming
to bea sensible
suggestion.
l0 At iirstsighr,hel makinga sensible
suggestion
l1 We'rchavng a lol o'troublewithoursuppliers
12 In thesecircumstances
we'€ havingno alternative.
Exercise6
Competethesentences
by puttingeachverbintoa formof lhe present
simpeor present
continuous.
In
eachsentence
theverbsmaybe in thesameor differenr
renses.
(qoup),people
I Every
iimeinflation
..................................
(demand)higher
..................................
wages.
(fall)
2 Inflaiion
quitequickly,
..................................
(mean)rhat
which..................................
ih€
government
rateslow
cankeeprnterest
3................................iyou/wait)forVictoriachambers?t.................................
betong.
(ourcustome6/wanr)?
4 Whatexactly
..................................
Nobody
arcund
her
s carlodoesn't
(hope)
havemuch-experience
of thissituation.
| ..................................
he
(know)
.......... ....................
(do).
whalhe ..................................
(you/mean)?
6 Whaiexacrly...................(nor/understand).
.
| ..................................
7 Whatexacty...--.............................(you/say)?..........,......................(you/wa
8 ...........................
.....(yourchicken/tane)
oK?Thefoodhereis usually
veryqood,butof.oulseit atl
..
_-. (depend)
on whichparticularchef ..
.
....(work)in the ktchenon
Test 2 Verb tenses: past (units3-4)
Exercise I
Wfitethe pastsimpleformof theseirregular
verbs'I become....................... 8 fall.......................
2 begin....................... 9 find..................
3 break....................... 10 foryet...........-...........
4 bring....................... 11 grow...................-..5 buy....................-..
12 keep.......................
6 choose..............--....... 13 lead.......................
7 e a t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - -
15
16
17
18
19
20
meet.......................
pay.............
........
send.......................
shui.......................
spend.......................
undeEtand..................
14 lend
Exercise2
Underline
thecofiectwords.
1 WhenI gatlwasgettiaghome,I heardl washeaing yourphonemessage.
2 WhenI wasat NorcomI usedto dainlwas clainingall mytravelexpenses.
3 Whenthe compltercrashedlwas
crashingI pinted outlwasprintingoul lastmonth'sf gurcs.
4 while the planefook offl wastakingoff, I stattedlwas sia,'tingto feel unwell.
5 We wantedlwere wantinga reliablefirm, 50we chose/ werechoosingPhillips.
6 We usedto havelwerehavlngan officein Latviaand Lithuania,but ihen we combined/werccombihirg
allour Balti(operations
at ourEstonia
office.
7 WhenI afiivedlwasahving at the officeJanwaitedlwaswaitingfat tr],e.
8 Thedoorwasopenso I knockedlwaskno<kingandcanelwascomingin.
9 Iheyarguedlwerc
aeuingaboutthe merger
whenhesuddenly
/osflwas/oslnghistemper
10 Whenlwaslusedto be in London
lastsummer
lylsttedlwas
visiting
a difte?ntnlseumeveryday
Exercise 3
Complete
thesecond
sentence
soit hasa similar
meaning
to thefiBi sentence
andcontains
thewordin
practises
Thisexercise
brackets.
the pastperfectandusedto.
1 Michael
madesomenotesandstarted
witing. (had)
After...........111i!kql..ll*d...&*ds..........
somenotes,hestarted
writinq.
(didn't)
2 ThisInternet
connection
isslowerthanbelo€.
ThisInternet
connection
....
...........
to besodow
(forgonen)
3 | wassurethedi5kwasin thisboxl
I wassure................---.................-.-.................
thediskl
4 In the past,the factoryptoduced4,000unitseverymonth.(used)
Thefactory
...--...........--------..............---..---........
4,000unitsevery
month.
5 | thoughtthearticleseemed
lamiliar(had)
I thought
.........................-...-...........................
thearticle
before.
(akeady)
6 Franzleft beforemy arival.
BytherimeI arrived,
Franz.
7 whenI wasyoungerI wentskiinga lot.(used)
1.....-----....................-----.................--....alotwhenlwasyounger
8 Themeeting
finished
latesowe wentstraightbackto ihe hoiel.(had)
Wewentstlaightbacktothehotelbecaule................................._....................
TEST2 VERETENSES 213
Exercise4
frcm th€ l5t below
Compete edchsentencewith a suilablelime expression
at on in wh€n while/when
1 The computercrashed...v.!hilC1.Yr\e^..I was loadingup the new software.
2 . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . .d. .i.dy o uf i 6 t n o t i c et h €f a u l t ?
3 We sentyou the lnvoi.e.........................the end of lastmonth.
4 c entralEuropewas changingveryIapidly .................... the nineties.
the fifteenth.Haven'tyou rccelvedthem yet?
5 we lent th€ goods ........................
6 ............................
they raisedinterestratesihe eurorccovercdaganstthe dolldr.
a sma mistake.
7 . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s. h. .e.w
. a sc h e c k i ntgh e i n v o i c essh, en o i i c e d
. .9. .8.
8 T h et l v o c o m p a n i emse l g e d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. 9
9 w e m e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .e. .i.q. .h. tf o r a b u s i n e sbsr e a k f a s t .
y o ut h i sm o r nn 9 ?
1 0 W h a tw e r ey o ! d o i . g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I.c. .a l l e d
. .e. .b. e gn n i n go f t h e y e a r .
1 l W e c h a n g eodu r a d v e n i s i ncga m p a i g.n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h
l 2 l ' l l c h € c km y f i l e sa n dc a l l y o u. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h e m o r n i n g
Exercise 5
by puttingoneverbin the pansimpleandonein th€ pasiperfect.
Competethesentences
(reali!e)
..Gee)t
..........
| ...............hAd..r.el!\.........
film
srarted
| ...............rca1i1e4.
1 whenthe
(geoto thephone
it .... .....................
................
2 Bythetirne| .......... ... ..................
Giop)
nn9rng.
. .u. .t .).t.h. .a.t.y. .o. u
. ........... . ( g o 0 t h e j o
3 H o w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( y o u / f.n. .d. o
(work)
asan
4 Before
| ......................... ..(oin)ABNL.............................................
Investment
anayst.
(send)
Meanwh
e, my
heranemailjun
to seehowth ngsweregoing.
................
5 | .............................
(akeady/spoke)
to
her
boss.
..............................................
boss
(always/suspect)
thattheconiract
....................
5 | ..............................................
(not/be)legal.
Exercise 6
or pastp€rfecicontinuous.
intoeitherthepanperfect
Complete
thesent€nces
by puttingtheverbin brackets
(d€cide)
t wastimeto changernyjob.
1 By an christmas
L..........h4.d-..deSjded.........
aboutdansing
myjob
forsometimebeforefin.llydecided.
2 | .....ha.d..be.a^..Jh.1Bi13....
{think)
(wait)
foroveranhourbythet mehearrived.
: | ..............................................
(already
y,
hear)
thenewsb€fore
shetoldme.
4 Actua | .....................:........................
(rise)
p ce...........
.... '........
steadily
b€forc
themerqer
wasannounced.
.....
5 Thelrshare
(notfinsh)work.
give
1
............................................
6 lcouldn't hjma liftbecause
7 Theyqetonverywell,bltthey..............................................(nevermeet)untilt
(look)atthe
screen
a day.
be.ause
1.........................
................
8 Myeyeswere
hu'tinq
(see)
it wasgongto bea greatsuccess
thenewdesign
I realised
9 AftefI ..............................................
(lose)
because
it
................
.
.....
moneytor yeau.
10 Theyclosed
downthefactory
Test 3 Verb tenses: past and present (units5-6)
Exercise 1
Underlife
thecoffector mostappropriate
answe6.
1 t'n waitingll'vebeenwailrc herefor ages.
2 Themarketsha!€ hadlhada sharpfall lastweek.
3 Themarkets
ha€ hadlhada sharpfallthisweek.
4 Waita moment,
/'ve/efal//eftthe innruction
manualin theoth€rroom.
manualnen to the PCwhenI wasusingit earllel
5 /'ve/eftl//eftthe instruction
you
vwkitg/have
6 Howlong are
W beenworkinghe'€?
yougoinglhave
7 Hurryupl Howlongare
tou bealgoingto be?
goods
because
they
haven
8 Wecan'tsupplythe
t paidldidn\ pay\he depos
l.
theyha!€n'tpaidldidn'tpay lhe deposil.
9 We couldn'tsupplythe goodsbecause
10 l'm waitingfor Sue.Whenhaveyou lastseen/didyou bn seehet?
11 l'm waitingfo. Sue.Haveyouseenher?lDid
W seehet?
Exercise2
Crogs
out themistake
in eachentenceandwritethecorrection
at theend,
1shei5sendingemailsallvveekbuthasn'tplacedanod"ry"t.............14t...b1q1.
2 Wehavestaftedthiscou6eth€e weelsago.
3 A: 'Whathaveyoubeendoingallmorning?'
B: 'l'vebeenw ttenlettels.'
4 Whenhaveyouarrived
in thiscity?
5 Youhaveeverbeento India?
6 Paulahasbeenorganised
a press
conference.
7 saleshavebeenrigingsincethreemonths.
8 I livein thiscitysincelwasborn.
9 I waitherea longtime.wherehaveyoubeen?
10 Ldidnt givaa presentation
before,
so l m a bit nervous,
1l L'mwatingfof their€ply to our letterfor threeweeks.
12 Howlongdo youworkin thiscompany?
Exercise3
timeexpression
fromthe listbelow
Completethe
sentences
witha suitable
yet for €iF€e often ever never alrcady sofar jun always
'I 'velivedin mycity-centre
flat---t!.^Sg...
1998.lloveit there.
2 Thanks
l've...........--...
wanteda goldRolex!
forthe present!
more.
tve--.-............
3 l don'tthink
l should
drinkany
hadfourwhiskies.
4 Haveyou................
beenself-employed?
5 I ve ................
headthatwe'vewonthecontEctlCongratulations
everybodyl
youfinished
6 Huffyupl Haven't
................
?
7 Ninahasworkedin thiscompany
................
overfiv€yearsnow
8 l've-...............
Eftingbefore.
lts an interesting
beenwhite-waler
experiencel
9l've.-..............passedthisbuilding,butthisisthefi6ttimel'vebeeninside.
l0 We'vebeenverybusyon thestandthismoming.................
we'vegiv€nawayover200brochr.res.
TEST3 VEiE TENSES 2T5
Exercise4
complete
sentence
soit hasa similarmeaning
to th€firslsentence.
Youmayneeda newverb,
the second
possible.
likethosein ex€rcis€
3. Usecontractions
where
or a t meexpresslon
1 lan€doesn't
workat thiscompany
now
thiscompany.
Ja"e.....................h4r,..!9.t1....................
2 Thiss thefirsttimel'vebeento ihe Unitedstai€s.
to theUnited
| ............--.----........
............................-......
States
before.
jsn't
here!
3 Thai3sttangelMywallet
That3
...................
.. disappeared.
nrangel
4 | sawa friendof you6a few moments
ago.
.......................
a rrenooryours.
report.
5 l'mstillwrUngthis
l. ...........................................................th|sreporiyet.
6 Westarted
workingherethrceyeaEago.
years.
......................
.....three
Wev€be€n......
7 lsthisyourfilstvisit10Latinamerica?
you........................................
...................
Have
betor€?
8 lt3 a longtimesinceI spoketo Giorglo.
| ................
................
.............................
lo GioEiofora longtim€
9 lsAnnastilloutof theoffice?
Has.......,,,,..................
.................................
backyet?
10 l'm sorrybut Rachel
Dawlonisn'there.
has..................
.....................
.................
out.
l'msorybutRachelDaw5on
11 | lastsawDavidin 1996.
1.................................,,,,,,,......................since1996,
12 | ctsme
to liveh€rcthreemonthsago.
l'vebeen..........
,,......
thr€emonths.
13 Hownupidof mel My laptopisstillin thecar
Howstupid
...........
mylaptop
in thecar.
oi mel| ..........
14 l'm stillreading
thisreport.
yet.
| ................................................................
rcading
lhisreport
15 Paulleftthebllding a momentago.
.............
lhebuilding.
Paulhas................................................
16 Haveyoub€€nto Scandinavia
at anytime?
you................................................................
Have
to Scandinav
a?
17 l'vehadEnglish
l€ssons
in mycompany
sinceJanlary
.........
l'vebeen......................,.........
Erglshsince
January
I 8 lt3 agessincewe lan hadan orderfromCWP.
We..............-.....................
anord€rfromCWPlorages.
19 Thisisthefirsttimel'veeatensnails.
l've...-...........................................................
snails
before.
20 | nartedplaying
tennisaboutsixmonihsago.
l'vebeen................................................................
aboutsixmonths.
2l I don'tfemember
Helen\phonenumber
phone
HelenS
l've..--.....................-......................................
number.
22 sheh.s a different
opinionnow
5he.......................-........................................
herm nd.
23 Thelasttim€ls.w M.rgarctwasMonday.
I haven'1.............-....................-.............................
Monday.
216
Test4 Verb tenses: future (units7-8)
Exercise 1
llnderlinethe cofiectanswers.
1 W aiI Iat me. ALbel l'l havebeen r€ady in a moment.
2 We'd better wait he€ until the rain itopilnil/ siop.
3 That looks very heavy.Wil/ //5ha// / help you?
4 We finish the cou6e tomor@w so we're g)ing out/we go out fot a dink.
5 l've just head the weathet lo.ecatr, and i6/it's going to be sunny tomorrow
6 A: Do you want me to phonethem?
B: No, it3 all .ight, iT doli m dol149
it.'
7 Pleasedon't leaveuntil I cone back/wil .one back.
8 Juliewon't be here next 'week.$e'll wo*lshe'll be ,rorking at our other office.
9 Theflight attendanti5callingus. I think we wll//v!€re 9oin9 io boad the plane.
10 fhey'I proba ylhey
obabt wiil cut backthe traaningbudgetnextyear
Exercise2
Cross
out themistake
in eachsentenre
andwritethecorrection
at theend.
l'i...lgtY.. t"...pl+y...
1 tg€+€fhr lenn6on Sarurday.
Wouldyouhke1ocome?
2 Thevisitors
fromiapanwill hereat 9.30.
job.
3 Justine
will probably
to getthesales
going
4 Sueis
lendmehercopyof the repon.
5 Byefor now I seeyoulaterthisevening.
6 sorryl'mnotseeyoutomollowI haveto goto London.
.................,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,......,,,,,,,
7 Whatyougoingto discuss
at thenextmeeting?
8 Theflightprcbablywillbe
delayed.
Exercise3
(/m dolngr),
Decide
lf usesaFh)areusually
with evl4e|o,l?g
associated
to, ihe present
continLrous
theflrture
coniinuous(/7 be dolhd or the futureperfect(/? l)avedone).
a) luturefacs.................!*i!!.................
or f ),edf Jturearrangements................................
c) nstantdecisions
...........
d ) f J r u r ep l d n sd n d i n l e n l i o n s . . . . . . . . . . .
e) p€d ctionswithpresentevidence .............
aboutthi futu.e
0 generalopinions
q) lookingbackfromthefuture
h) activiiies
in prcgrcss
in thefuturc
Matchsentences
1-8 belowwith usesaFh).
'I wete goingto launchthe newmodelat the Bologna
show
d
2 sorryaboutthisconfusion.
l ll tookintoit ightawayandI'llcallyouback. n
3 l'm meetinq
mybankmanaqer
on Thulsday.
We'rehavinglunchtoqether L l
4 |ihinkwe llprobably
year.
makea smalllossthis
Ll
5 Nextyearwill be the renthanniveEary
of our companv.
!!
6 Duringrry pFs.ntarion
lllbe describing
th. keybenefitsofour
rewseace. Ll
/ Judgrng
byrhesengutes,
we'regorngro makFa smdlllossrhisyear
n
8 . lt3 nota difficuhjob.
We'llhavefinished
bylunchtim".
tr
TESI4 VERBTENsEs 217
Exercise4
Complete
thes€cond
sentence
soit hasa similar
meaning
ro thefirstsentence.
Th€answers
inctude
these
totms:will,wan't,shall,prcsent
present
simple,
continuous
andfutu€ contnuous.
1 | promise
to phoneyouwhenlget back.
you.
whenr set back,.........|.i!1..p19t:-e........
2 Wo! d youlikemeto closethewindow?
..................................
I close
thewindow?
3 After the conference
we cantrar,€lbacktogether.
Whenthe ..........-.......................
we cantravelbacktogethe.
pdce.
4 They€fuseto lowertheir
They........-....-....................
lowertheirprice.
5 Whatjobwillyouhaveaft€rthe company
reorganisarion?
What......................,...........doingaftefthecompanyreoEanisation?
6 l'll waithereuntilit nopsrainingWhenit stops
rajnin9
.............--...................
leave.
7 Howabouthavinga drinkafterwo ?
....--....................-.-...
we havea d nkafterwork?
8 Ale youfreetomorrowevening?
A€...-.........................,,,,,
anythinq
tomorrow
evening?
Exercise 5
Rewriteeachsentencewiih will, shallot goir,gto, $ing the velb unde ined.
I Sarahdoesn'tplan to get involvedin any researdyet.
2
3
4
5
6
..J*f*h..i:nl!-..1q!.Y..1e...4-. invotved
in anyresearch
yet.
Howabouth.vinoa gameof tennisat theweekend?
,..................,,,,,,,,..........,
a gameof tennis
at theweekend?
l'vedecided
to !llJ!! Arabicin Caa.o.
. Arabicin Cato.
prcmise
|
to be backbeforcmidday.
.. beforemidday.
| haveanappointment
to seethedoctor,
solcan'tcome.
. thedoctor,soI can'tcome.
| promisenot to i9I9g!.
7 l planto dq my MBA in F6nce.
my MBAin Fran...
you
you
8 Would
likeme to beb
with thosebags?
with thosebags?
qooe
possible
9 lt!
for us to
backlaterif you like
10
. backlaterif you like.
intendto lsk my bossaboutopportunities
for promotion.
- my bossaboutopportunities
for promotion.
1l I want to hale the salmon
Lhesalmon,pl.asF.
12 l'vedecidedto hayethe salmon.
. . . . . - . - . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t. h
. .e. .s.a. .l.m
. . o. .n .
2ia
Test 5 Passives (units F10)
Exerrise 1
Crossout the mi5takein eachsentence
andwrite the conectionat the end.
1 NilshiE+€€a€#€ra newFb in Brazil.
2 Yourparcelwasbeenposted'€sterday,
3 A newjndustdalsitei5 be developed
out5idethe town.
4 All the food at the receotionwasate.
5 Goldis nill producein largequantitiesin SouthAfrica.
6 Nothingwill beingdecidedbeforenextwe€k.
7 Theprerentationis givingat the HotelIntercootinentat.
8 l'vejust heardthat Cadai5beenpromotedto Ma*eting Dir€ctor
9 Theintroductionto the reportwasw ting by the CEO.
10 lManycustomeEarelosingthroughpoorafter-sale5
s€rvice.
Exercise2
Rewte eachsentence
with a fEssiveve6, without mentioningwho did the action.
1 Theauthoritieshaveclosedthe casino.
.........119...sn'j*"-..f
sr-..*-4.^..ietd.|.......
2 Someone
brokeintoourhous€last!\,eek.
3 Peopleall overlhe worldspeakEnglish.
4 Thelocalauthodtieshavefinallyopenedthe new motolwata
5 Someoneleft this umbrellain receotion.
5 Thecity councilwill banall raffic from the cjty centre.
7 Fi6t w€ mb(the two liquidt th€nw€ lea\€themlor 24 hours.
8 TheorganiseEa€ postsoningthe meeting.
Exercise 3
Completeth6 secondsentencasoit hasa similarmeaningto the firn senienceandcontainsthe wod in
1 Theyhavejun servi(edall our machines.
(had)
w" .................h+ygjl.'l...kd_..+!1..9!f.{:..}+li!^ot,c.ui."d.
--
, .o..,,*"o.y","*f"*n;;;.d,J--
Tomorow| .,.............._-...,,,
3 Theypdnt€dlome business
cardswith the n€w togo.(had)
We-.-.......................-.........
4 Theyarecomingto deanthe carpettomorow. (having)
We...................-................
5 ]hey havejun ref(6edmy requenfor oedit (hao
219
TEsri PASSTVES
Ex€rcise4
a4 52 underllne
the cor€ctwordsin thisarticl€.
v,
A Race Against Time
,- olemmrs acos Euopee ateady
lJtrt
sraaugrleur sta .d to norry.
wlly? B€aurc low bi.th .ales combined
with loreq Iife expelarc' (2)acdrlary
hea|t thar the conlinent wil soor have
fewer peoplewotkins md few{ People
payine 1ae9 As a rcsull, a whole mep
taken ptace. 'rne
spesker,dircctd of the populationdivision
of the UnitedNatiom,(6) ,igli/t8rt d/rar
,tgrliBrred that ihis is a global problen,
norjusl a EnrcFd one.Ho{ever thetuctr
(s) took plo.etws
lhe few comtries wberc the popllation
will prcb^bly (10) iacreoseI be increased.
And as the population8 eel sndler,
also getting oldei F om 2007
they e
onedds d
enomous pdl
of Eurcpe\
cmor (7) is,orclr" is,ord: tbe situation
in Eurcpeis psticulely snous. tsk di
Wpttati,o (11)Nilt sta t*ill be staledro
ctir. solutionswiu hale ( 12)mrrdlr, ,.
of measurcsmu$ 13)rakelbe raken ro
deal with the problens thar rhis chage
fte
findinss of a recent Europ.a.
Conni.sion study: Iralys popllation
lound to deat vhh the problems that
tttis Nitt (13) createt h. crcat.4. Cen^inly
in demognphics(4) v'ill brinelvill be
(8) expecktis exp..ted lo drop fron
gove.nmenh must (14) .ftowd8e I be
58 rnillionto 48 milion by 2050,Spain\
\9) \'ill Joltt t il bela .a fton 40 nillio
encoltuged prieate persion plms, and
At the rccenlAnnual World Economic
Forun iD Dav@, Swilzerltud, a ession
called 'Refomirg Pcnsion Systcms'
ro 35 million, and Ccmlny s from
82 milion to 76 nillion. Swcdcnis oneof
old"fashioncd tax and social security
moA.k must (r5) took dtlbe loak.d dt i^
d completely new Pay, r
Exercise5
Donot mention
who didth€
soil hasa sirnlarme.nng to ih€ lrsi sentence.
Competethese.ondsentence
1 Someone
checked
thesefigu€stor melastweek.
L
!+d..tt'e1.e-..!jA4l.-et
.S!!ejl-e-d. ...... .... astweek.
2 Theygrowmuchlesscoffeen Coombiathesedays.
-hese
d4s
3 someon€
de vefedthisp.ck.gelhismorn.9.
T's p.craqe
theod dockands
area.
4 Thecitycouncil
is redeveloping
T'e ojddo.kl.-ds
a,ea
pui !p inlereet
raiesaqarn
5 They've
nLeen .let
yolr ide. in ihe meeing tomotrov'.
6 We discuss
You ided
somenewsoftwarc
on myPCyesteday
7 Thetechnician
innalled
....................
on myPc
Yesterday
| .........
8 Tokyois myplaceof birrh.
........................
n Tokyo.
| ................................
9 Whenisyourdateof birth?
.....born?
....... .. .......................
Whenexactly.
10 Someon€
sioe Petersc.r hn w€€k.
'loe lc'lwe"l
11 D d anyonetell Alexaboutlhe meeiing?
abort'lhemeetnq?
,,;";";,;;";;;"";;;;;;;;;;,i;;
220
Test 5 Modals (unitsi.t-14)
Exercise l
Undedine
thecoffectword/s.
1 ThatlookslikeCartoroverthere,but it qaatlmun t be HeSin G€rm.ny.
2 Marieisnt at heroffice,soshecanlmustbe on herwayhere.
3 | think youne€dtolha!€ ,e.esray ro get someadvicefromyourco eagues.
4 lsyourcardoordamaged?
Someone
mun fiedlhaverr'atto bre.kin.
5 ltb gettingverylate.I rhinkwe d bettert we w)utd payrhe biil and teave.
6 | night/canbe ableto hetpyou,but t,mnotsure.
7 Yes,its a goodidea,we should/musr
consukmo€ (tosety
withthe unions.
8 lt! absolutely
necessary
wesho{r/d/mujr
conslltmorectos€ty
withtheunions.
9 LlCy.an'tharclnusthaveh€adthe badnews.Shetookssohappy.
10 Satry,
I musttolhaveto qo now.tdont wantro oe Er.
11 Younight notldon,tneedro comero themeeting
if youtebusy.
l2 Thi!invoice
can'rlmu5fnt
beright.It saysf550 to repai.rhephorocopierl
Exercise2
Complete
eachsenience
wirha wordor ph€sefiomthe tisrbelow
haveto hadto d€irt+arc+e didnl havero musl mustn,t rnlst have
mighthave should coutd
1we'retryinganewdresscoae.we..denli..|4v.g..t9..wearfomalctothesonFridays.
2 You..................................
touchthatbuttont
Thewhoteproduction
tin€wt stopl
3 l'mnot9ure.
butlthink| ,,,..............,.........,......
rnade
a mistake,
4 Before
wea9ree,
we'll..--.-........,,.........,,,...
sluoyihecont|act
rnmoredetail.
5 Sorry
I can'tstayanylonger| rcatty
..............
..................
mytrain.
9o nowor t, rniss
6 lf youneeded
thegoodsu.qentlla
we ........ ....... ... .......speedup theoder
7 Sorry
l',mlate,but| .......
..........................
golo rnedocror.s.
8 lt .................................
b€enembarrassing
foryouto torgethisname
9 lth nkwe .........
........................
a(cept
theirofferlt3thebestwe,ltget.
10 Luckly,L.......................
.......attendthe meeiing
y€sterday,
soJmanaged
to finisha nrypaperwolk
Exercise3
Matchthe usesof would.)-g)wirhthesentences
i-7 betow
a)ofieflfghetp b)ofieringthinqs c) potitercquestd) tnvitations
e)repodrng
wharsomeone
said 0 imaginary
futorewith ,if, g) pasrrefusai
I
2
3
4
s
5
7
Wouldyoumindca ingbackt.ter?
C
Whatwouldyoudo if th€yrefused
ro neqoti.te?
n
Wou/dyoulikesomemiikin yourcoffee?
I
WouldyoLrlikerojojnusfor dinnertomorrow
evening?n
Theywouldntreduc€
rheprtceunderany
circumstances.
ll
Wouldyo! likemeto openthewindow?
n
Hesaidhewouldcal ba.klater
n
TEST6 MODALS 22'I
Exercise4
Complete
thesecond
sentence
sothatit hasa slmibrmeaning
asthefirsts€ntence.
Usea wordor phrase
can't miqht should hdveto don'thaveto €cgh{-i€ can'tbe miqhtbe
m'.rst
be shouldb-"
1 lt wouldbea goodideato bing in a fim of consulrants.
we ........9$|J...1-o-.......
b ng in a firmof consultants.
not
necessary
for
you
2 lt's
to leavea deposit.
leave
You..................................
a deposit
hesin Pans.
3 I m surethatisnt John.b€cause
That..................................
John,
because
he'sin Pas.
4 ann isalmostceftainly
witha custom€r
Ann..................................
witha customer.
5 expect
meeting
will
be
finished
byten.
the
Therneeting
..................................
finshedbyten.
1.,,,..............................
taIe.
7 Wearcnotallowed
to dispose
of waslein thatway.
We. ................................
dispose
of wasteinthatway.
8 Perhaps
l'll seeyouon Thu6day
evening.
......seeYouon Trru6day
evening
9 ts therulethatwecheckallbankrefercnces.
We . .....................
.......
check
allbankreferences.
10 You'dbetterspeakto herassoonaspossible.
You........,,,,.,,,,,,,..............
to herassoonaspossib
speak
e.
Exer<ise 5
Competethesecond
sentenc€
sothatit hasa similarmeaning
asthefirstsentence.
Usea phrase
lromthe
listbelow
f,€h*e€
can'thave couldhave shouldhave(x2) mt]nhave shoudn't have mightnot have
I Perhaps
Davidmadea mistake.
madea mistake.
David......x!41''t...hav.e......
'm
2
surethatsheworkedveryhardon thisprol€ct.
worked
veryhardonth s prcject.
She..................................
expned
akeady.
3 L'msurethewarranty
hasn't
..............
Thewarranty...................
expned
akeady.
you
good
idea
for
4 lr woLrldhavebeena
to tellme.
You..................................ro|d
me.
you
5 Perhaps didnt seethe inewe launched
at rheMunichFair
You..................................
seenthelinewe launched
at theMunich
Fail
5 lwdsexpeciinq
by
now
themto call
..........
called
bynow
Th€y.......................
our
sornLrch
7 i wasa badldeafor usto drop prices
ourp cessomucn.
We................................
dropped
posslble
problem
8 ll was
for usto seethis
coming.
we ....................
......seenrhiroroblem
Loning
Test 7 Questions (units 1F15)
Exercise I
Whenwe makequestionsin spok€nEnglish,w€ often teawout the auxiliaryverbandthe subjectpronoun.
Forexampfe.inneadof saying,Doyou |ikeit7' we say,Ukeir?,.Wdtefult questionsusingthe lldediled
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Finished
yet?We'reallwaiting!
you
tomonow?Areyouburyall day?
see
YouIookrela€d. !o4e a nicetime?
Paulsa bit difiicult.(!eW what I mean?
Hi,Tim.Coming
out for a ddnklat€r?
Eeenwaitinglong?sorrytor the delay.
Intereningconferencqisnl it. Eniovinoyoulself?
tlea&lthe laten?babelis takingeart retircmemr
Have-..ye$...{i.^itk-d-..
y.el3
Exercise3
Matchthe beginnings
of the phr6s€s
with thehendings.
I Doyoumindif 1...
2 Wouldyoumindif | ...
3 Wouldyoumind..-
a) closing
rhewindow?
b) closedthe window?
c) .losethewindow?
Somebody
asksvlbuld.youmird ff I cl6ed ttrc window2yol wantthe windowclosed.Tick(/) the answers
youcouldgive.
4 Yes,lwould. !
5 ruq ol coure not. E
6 Goahead.
!
7 Please
do.
n
tEltt 7 QUE5IIONS 223
Exercise 4
(dont insieadof do no0.
W te shortans e6 for ead question,beginningasshown.Usecontractions
1 DoyoulikeBrazil?
Yes,...........!...d..e..........
.
No,........1..-d9!\::
........
2 DoesKaren
likeSrazil?
Yes,
.,,,,,,,,........--.-..-.....
.
No,,,,,,,,,,,,,....,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,
youwo*edherelong?
3 Have
Yes,...,,........................
No,,,,,,,,,,,,,.......,,,,,,,,,,,
4 Areyoucoming
wlthustonigln
Yes,........................-.....
No,.............................
.
5 lsKaren
coming
withustoniglt?
Yes,
-..-..........................
No,...................-..........
6 Canyoucomeon Friday?
Yes.
-...........................
.
No,.................-...........
.
7 Wll yoube heretomonow?
Ye5,.............................
.
No,...-.........................
.
pay
8 Didyouhave
lot?
Yes,..............................
to
a
No,---........................
9 lsthatyourcoat?
Yes,.........,,,,,,...............
No;........,,,,,,,,,..,.....,,,,
.
Exercise5
Completeeachs€ntence,usingthe vetb in brackebwherenecessary,
(havego0 the fit€, haven,tyou?,
1 A: ,...-y.g*4...h4!e..4p-t-..
'Yes,
B:
of cou6e.'
2 A: They'llbebackby4.00,..................................
?'
B:'lexpectso.'
(eave)no /, areyou?'
3 A: 'You,,,,.,.,,...........,,,,,,,...,...
'Sorry,
B:
I reallyhaveto 9o.'
'They've
4 A:
beenherebefore,.,,,,.,,..........,.,,,,,,.,......
?'
8: 'Yes,lthinkso.'
5 Ai'Youcanm€d Madoleine
et th€station,,..........,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,....
?'
8: 'Yet of course.'
(forget)thesamplet
6 Ar'You...............-----.........
didyou?'
'No,
Br
of cours€not.'
'..................................
(be)hereyesreday,
7 Ar
wee you?'
'No,
B:
I wasnl
I A: 'Youdont happen
to knowthetime,..................................
?'
B: '59rry | don'f
9 A: 'LetShavea brcaknow,..................................
?'
B: 'O( goodidea.'
10 A:'Youhadthesamethingfor lunchyEterday,
..................................?'
B: Yes.'
Exercise 5
Putthe wordsin the con€ctoiderto m6kequestions.
1 takevEadoyouf
2
I
4
5
6
7
8
9
l0
1l
12
....De-..ye*...+*t+e..Y.rf.+.?
pleas€
lcans€€themenu?.....................................
excus€
mehereanyoneissitting?...........................
tromwhidrcountrydo @meyou? ...........................
towhoyouwereiunnowlalking?......... .....
\ivhatmeando youer€ctlyby dtal? ........................
a littl€morespecificyoucould
b€7 .........................
'ivhattimethenextbainto Brussels
is? ..........
youcanrellmev,/hattimeisthenexttraintoBruss€ts?....................................
thisbriefcasetowhodoesbelong?
......................
couldI tromherea phonecallmake?
do thinkyou I couldmakelrom herea phonecall?
Test 8 Conditionals (units 17-18)
Exercise 1
Undernethecorrect
words.
1 lf we sentthe goodsby sea,ihe transportcostsw'i{/ueqd be much owef.
2 lf thetprcnotelpranotedthebrandbetter,they'llgainrnarket
share.
3 ll youleft/ had left ealier,you mighthavegot thereon t me.
4 lf anyonefrom HeadOfficevisits,theyalwaysnaylwil/ stay n a fivestarhote.
5 lf I weleyou,/ d/i 7 callthenTechnical
supportnumber.
6 lf l hayeliadmoretime,l'd beabletocomeup witha solutlon.
I lf it breakdownlwillbreak
doM, ittakesddysfor theservice
engin€er
to arrive.
8lfyouneededrhemoneyDryenIly,Icouldphone/couldha!€phoredAccountsnowtot
9lfyouenterthedateinthewrcngfomat,thecornputerdoesn'r/d/drtrecognisetheinfo
1a ft wed beenlwewercmorccareful,
we wouldnt havelostsomuchmoney.
ll lf I hadboughtmo€ sharct,I wouldbeconelwould
havebe<orne
rich!
'12 lf yoursecond
goes/ev,//
interview
thejob.
90 well,l'msurethey'llofferyou
13 ll youvwuldhavebackeduplba.ted up yourfilesmo'e of\en,yauwauldnl iskldidn't risk asingall
14 ll youhadn'tlwouldh't
havea(ed soquickly,
w€dbelwearein b 9 trouble.
I
wish
I
haL€lhad
15 | needto contactHeadOffice.
mymobilephonewith me.
16 lwish ir 6/rvasF.idayl
Exercise 2
in oneoi thesetorms:wil/do, wouldda, wauldhave
Complete
eachsentence,
usingtheverbin brackets
1lfwegotavirusonthenetwork,we.............rdl1.rld...l9r9.............(ose)allourdata
(be)in Parisai
isn'tate,1..............................................
2 li mytrarn
sx.
3liyourtalkhadbeenshorter,lthinkthey.............................................(a
a I'youte mewhdlyouwart.|
...............
{get)ir fo' youarI.e a 'po'r.
(get)morcinqurries
5 We..............................................
if weadv€rii5ed
moreoften.
(miss)
6 lf we hadn'tleftsoearly,
.........
thetran.
(notsee)
7 lf wo*edabr@d,
| ..............................................
myfarny sooften.
8liyouhaven'tgotanychange.1..............................................(eav€)the
(sortoui)theproblem
9 We.................-.......................--..
muchsooner
l we hadhadih€manual.
(you/do)?
10 li youwerein hissituaUon,
what--.........................
.......
..
Exercise 3
Completeeachsentenceusingif ot unless.
1 Theirofficesareverynear.We'll walk therc,.................
itb ralning.
2 We would probablyget the contract.................
we dopped our pricea little.
3 C o m eo n ! . . . . . . . . . . . .w
. . e. . h u r r yw e ' l lm i s st h e p l a n e .
4 ............ you haveany quenions,pleasefeelfreeio call.
5 Whatwould you do...........-.....
they refusedto negoiiaie?
6 l d o n ' t f e e al b l e t o t a k e ad e c i s i o n . . . . . . . . . . .l.h. .a. .v.e a ltlh e f i g u r e s .
TEST8 CONDTTIONALS225
Exer<ise4
Completethe sentence
{or eachsituation.
1 Emmadidnl leaveearly,andsoshemissed
herflight.
kd le{+ e^r!y
f fnmd
. she 4q4!dt:!...kyg...yi.ted hett ishl
2 Hedidn'tmakemorecopies,
sowe don'thaveenoughfof everyone.
lf he....................-''''''.
.
.......................
enouqh
forev€ryone.
3 l fo.gotto bing yourmap,sol wenttothe wrongbuilding.
lf | ..............................................
to thewrongbuildinq.
, | ..........--...............-..................
4 Theydidn'rinvestin newt€chnology,
sotheydidn'tsurvivethe
recession.
lf they.................-.....................--.................
.........................
therccession.
, they..............
5 Youdidnl wait,sothishashappened.
lf you..............
.........
this...................................
.
you
you
6 | didnt realise we€ sobusywhenI asked to helpme.
lf L...........................................-....................---.
.........
to helpme.
, 1.......
7 TheGovernment
sotherewasnla c sis.
didnl collapse.
lf theGovernment
.............................
......,,,,
a crisis.
, there..................................
8 Theydidn'tbringouttheirnewmodelon time,sotheylosimarketshare.
|ithey....................-...........
............,
they..................................
market
Exercise 5
Choose
for eachs€ntence.
thecorrect
continuation
1 I wasnltakingnotes,andnowI can'trememberwhal
shesaid.
a)| wishI tooknotes.b) lwish l'd takennotes
2 Thisisa veryunusual
situation.
a)| wishl'd knownwhatto do. b) | wishI knewwhatto do.
3 Ouroffices
arcin thecitycent€andthe rentisveryhigh.
a)| wishwewereoutside
thecentre.b) lwishwe areoutside
thecentre.
4 Theygavethejob to anexternal
candidate,
but oowtheyregretit.
a)Iheywishtheyhadn'tdoneit b)lhey wishtheydidn'tdo it.
5 | can'tenterthesystem
I don'thavethe password,
because
;) lf onlylwouldhavethe passwordb) lf onlyI hadthepassword.
6 Therearetoo manysimila.models
on themarketnow.
a)lf onlywelaunched
ourveGion
ea ier b) lt onlywe hadlaunched
ourversion
earlier
nextFdday.
7 l'm wodedaboutthe meetinq
Weneedto reachan ;qreemeft.
a)lwishwe succeed.
b)| hopewe succeed.
Exercise 6
complete
eachsentence
usingtheverbin brackets.
(be).
I We'renotthe marketleader,
but lwishwe .........!Ygl_e..........
2 Hemadea messof allmyphotocopyinq.
lwish| ....-...
........(do)it myself.
3lpressedthewronqkeyonthecomputerlfonly1..
........---......(notdo)it.
4 lcanl undedandanythinq
Mariesa),s.
l wish| ....................----.....
{speak)French.
(order)that
5 Youdessen
look good-lwish1.............................
too.
(be)a flyonthewall.
6 They?e
meeting
atthemoment.lwish
1...-.................--...-..
(give)itto mebeforc.
you......-......................
7 Thisinformation
isimpodant.lwish
(have)
8 LooklThere3
. s3leat Haffods.
lf only| .............................
myVisacardwith me.
E
n
tr
tr
!
n
n
Test 9 Verbs + -ing or infinitive (units 19-20)
Exercise 1
U!ds[!g the coffectwords.
restaurant.
1 | realycanl affordlqrailealrhg in suchan expensive
g
2 Do you mindto comelcont backin haffan hour?
3 Doyouwant to comelconingbackin halfan hour?
4 Katedeniedb givelgiing the officekey5to anyoneelse.
mistak€.
5 Headmitted
to ma*e/nd*inga s€rious
6 Remind
/ RenembermeIo callSyMathisafternoon.
7 we havebeenting to enterlenter;,,9ihe Chinesema*et for sometime.
8 | hopeto belbe,]ogat the nextmeeting,but l'm not sureif I canmakeit.
I thinkI canmakeit9 | expectto belbe,hgat the no( meeting.
you
keep
10 lf sheisn'tin the offi(e when
call,
to lrylt4l,ing.
ll I considered
option.I evenimagined
b resignlresigning.
everypossible
that we can't do it. We haveto try hardet
12 I refuseto be/le!€/be/leving
lan time,but lwon't do it again.
13 ladmitfo belbe,ing
a littlecareless
people
allthetime.lt! sorude.
14 I cant stand
to lnterruptlintetrupting
15 Whercdo youfanq to golgoing fot lunchtoday?
I 6 l'vearrangedlo mee|/rneetirgthemat theirhotel.
l7 We guaranteeto der!€rldelt€lng the qoodsby the endot lune.
l8 lmagine
to wrl4lw/hnh9
the lotteryl
19 ThemanagerFfusedto seelseet9 me.
20 | realisedI hadfoeotten to packlpactinganysparebatteries.
it means
b aftivelativing
in Bonnaftermldnight.
21 lf lmissmyconnection,
i\,
it
was
too
heaw
22 | ttied to liftllifting but
23 | etioy b qrt awaylgetingawayto the coastat the weekend.
24 I'd loveto getawaylgEftingawayto the coan thiswe€kend.
25 | iied to peEuadehim, but he rcfus€db rnenl/istert g to me.
yout factoryThankyouverym!ch.
26 | '€allyenjoyedto visitlv,i5it/ng
'lhey
27
decidedto otderlorder,inqI ,000 units.
28 Heofferedio meetlmeethgmeat the airport.
Exercise 2
eitherthe-ingformor fo + infintive.
Compleie
thesentences
with a verbfrcmthe lin bebw.Choose
get getthrough give raake ise unpackwat
causecome compromise
a minakeon the invoice.
I Headmitted
..........k4fri4........
with usfot a drink?
2 Doyoufancy.................--.----.....
fasterthan
inflation.
3 wages
tend..-......................--..
-one.
whenl call.l keep
.............
.. . ane'gaged
4 l .anr m.n.ge.............. ......
fora couple
5 Doyoumind................--.---.......
of minuteswhile
lwritethisemail?
5 Theyagreed................-.-..........
usthirtymoredaysto paytheinvoice.
7 Thetransport
dpny.....---....................thedamage.
company
position
wasv€ryiqid. Theyrefused
.............................
.
8 Theirneqotiating
9lsawhim...-.............-----.......thpgoods,andtherewasnodamagevisible.
227
Test 10 Reported speech (units 21-22)
Exercise 1
Complete€achquenionin directspeed, endingasshown.
1 JackaskedmewhetherI wasgoingout for lunch.
..........'..Arc..g..fitl...e!+1..ftr..ltnsl?1.............
rack
asked
me.
2 CarolaskedAnn what sh€haddonethe daybefor€.
........,
Ann?'aik€dCarot.
3 Johnaskedus if we oftenw€m to Germanyfor meetingis.
........?, Johneskedus.
4 Kateaskedme how manyintervieu/s
l'd donethat day.
........?, Katea5ked
me.
5 GeorgeaskedSueif 5hewas9oin9to changejobs.
,,,,,,,., Sue?,asked
G€orge.
6 Aliceaskedmewho I hadtalkedto at the conterence.
........?' Aliceaskedme.
7 Thetechnicianaskedme if I wouldbe therethe nextday.
?' thetechnician
ask€dme,
8 l\,4ary
askedmewhereoul newoffi(es!\€F,
?' Maryaskedme.
9 Heaskedmeif l'd seenSillre@ntly.
?' heaskedme.
10 Heaskedmeif l'd be s€eingEillat the conference.
?' heaskedme.
Exercise2
Rewriteeachsentencein reportedspee.h,using6 verbfrcm the lin below
advised apologised
for congratulated
on invjted offered Freni5ed
rcfused suggen€d
1 'l'll meetyouat the airpo( sue,'saidMike.
Mike.......d:g!ait:gd...t9..X-e-e.i..5149.......
at theairport.
'Would
you
2
liketo cometo the productlaunch,.,ean?'askedChds.
chris.................-----.-..''.
.. . ._____--...theproductlaunch.
3 | wouldnt signthe contractif I wereyou, Dave,'saidPatsy.
Patsy
..............................:.........,.............-....,,,,,,........
theconfact,
4 'Howaboutgettingan alternati€quote?'said
Nick.
Nick..................____.._.....................................___.....
quote.
an alt€mative
5 'l'm teniblysorryfor arrivingso late,'saidSerena.
serena...---..-......................
6 'ShallI giveyoua lift?'saidMa*.
Ma* -----,.,,,,.,,,,,,.----------...................-.................--mea lifl
7'Well done,you'vewonthe Emplo)€e
of theY€araward!'hesaid.
He...........--.---.-..............her-..........-.-....................Employ€€
of theYearawad.
8 'No, I can'tacceptanytunher delays,'saidPat.
Pat..................--.....................--.-......................,.
anyfurtherdetays.
22|l
Test 11 Phrasal verbs (units23-24)
Exercise 1
1-12 with theirendinqsaFl).
lvatchthe beginnings
of sentences
I;I
'I
n myjob ldeal
2 TheGovemment
istryingto €ut
form.Canyoufill
3 Herettheapplication
and
4 | dealwiththerctailsideof the business,
tr
tr
tr
tr
5 | hopelohn qetsbettersoon.we can't do
6 Thanks
foryourcall,andlloot
of ou|company,
7 Fi|stl lltalkaboutthe history
n
n
you
yoLr
PC,
make
srre
8 Before switchoff the
n
back
market
in the
9 Someof thesmaller
compaaies
n
will prcbably
betaken
n
l0 We needsomenewofficechails.l'll look
1l These
daysyouneedto do a lot of €adingto
n
keep
whofits
n
12 lt'simportant
to finda candidate
a) afterthewholesale
sde.
b) up withdeveopments
in thefied.
rclated
to
c) withallthep.perwork
team.
withouthimon thenegotiating
e)
i) in withthecornpany
culurcand
theotherpeoplein thedepartm€nt.
9) oownon oureaucracy.
on io ourprcductrangeandmarkets,
t overin thenextfewyears,
t foMardto meetingyouonthetenth.
andseewhat
throughthecatalogue
lind.
can
in bothsidesands9n it at ihe bottom
Exercise 2
wordswilh a phrasal
verbfromthe st below
Rewrite
byreplacing
the underlined
eachsentence
comeac.ossdealwith go on go over l66k{eA/erd*€ pickup putbackto
runoutof sortout takeup
1 Lth]!! l'm SerSlg_edq th€ woekendverymuch.
I k r@k'rM +otu ^rd tP. . trr weeleldverymu(h.
metres
of tloorspace.
2 Themachine
!l!C!aboutfoursquare
......................,...,,,,,,,..,.,
abouttoursquare
metres
of floorspa(e.
Themachine
,,,..............-the meeting
untilnextweek.
3 thinkwe'llhaveto dclEjr
thinkwe'11have...............-....................-.....................nextweek.
4 They.re not an easycompanyto dorbljrnelsrdUl.
.....................
......
Tl'ey.re noraneasy
company ......................
5 Canyou!q!!Edmefromtheairportin vourcar?
lromtheairport?
Canyou........................-.....,,,................--.......
6 sorry l'm rcallybusy,I haveto continuewritingthesereports.
...............
theserepots.
Sorryl'm reallybusy,I have
just
plt
wele
tryingto
it dqbtnow
7 Therc!a smallproblem.
problem.
We?ejusttrying..............-......
Therc!a small
the mainpoinisagain.
8 Before
we finish,l'd justliketo summalise
-.--....:......
the mainpointsagain.
Before
we finish,l'd justlike
you
9 l've lostmy pen-Letmeknowif
lj!!! it bylhalle.
l'veronmypen.Leimeknowil .................
the me€ting
tomonow.Wehaveno morctimelgfr.
10 We'llhaveto continue
W€'ll haveto continuethe m€€tingtomorow. We have.
IEST 1 I PHR]|TSAL
VERBS 229
Exercise3
Complete
thesentenc€s
witha word{rcmthe lin below
away back by down into off €€ over out through up
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
l0
Ho|d......-o......a moment,
that3not exactly
whatI said.
Ciarewilltake...............-myjobwhenI change
department
nextmonth.
l hateitwtrentheyputyouon hotdandyoucant 9e1.................
.
Thetotalbillforfournightsworks.........___.....
at f380.
Thefactorywillclose....__...__......
nextyearTheyre movingprcduction
to China.
itt goingto be difficultto get.................
withsLrch
a smattbudget.
Paolagrew.................
in a littlevillage
outside
Venice.
l'lldropyou.................
atthestation
on mywayhome.
l'll look........ ......theproblem
andget .................
to youtornorow
No,I don'thaveit anymore.
I rhrewit .............
.. .
Exercise4
Complete
thesentences
with a phtasal
verbfrcmthe tistbetow
catchup with cut downon d€pifi-€a faceup to get backto
get on with get roundto lookforwardto moveon to run out of
1
2
3
4
5
6
Willwe havetimeto ...C1-_9t...i4..9!!...
Gunterwhitewe,rein Be in?
lf you'veall helped
yourself
to coftee,I thinkwe should.............................
th€ meeiing
Thereponsayswe can.............,,,,,...........
a lot of wastein thefactory
lvetriedeveMhing
andt'vecompletety
................_............
newideas.
Sorryit!taken
50longto.................-...........
youremait.
answering
Afeyougoingoutfora drinkrightnow?thavea fewthingsto do hercin theoffice,but t,ll
.............................
youlater.
7 Please
feelfreeto contactmeif youhaveanyfunherquenions.
| .............................
hearing
fromyou
8ltlnotgoin9tobeeary,butyouhaveto.............................yourresponsibt/tes.
9 Nowl'd liketo.................___.____....
thenextstidewhich
5hows
oursates
byreglon.
10 Ineedsometime
to lookintothis.
Cant.............................
youlater?
Exercise5
Matchthe beginnings
of sentences
1-12withtheirendings
aH).
1
2
3
4
s
6
7
8
9
lO
1l
12
My pa€niswerequitest ct andbroughtme
tr
Whenareyouarriving?
W;uldyoulikemeto pjck n
Whenareyouleaving?
Wouldyoulikemeto drop !
PeterTAnycomments?
Wouldyouliketo come
n
Wouldyoumakesur€youturn
n
| can'tmakethemeeting
on lhursday.
Canwe bring n
l can'tmakethe meeting
on rhursday.
Canwe put n
Yes,it is a strangeword-Haveyoutried looking
n
l hopethe con of our raw materiats
witt .ome
n
I lltry andlindher canyouhold
n
HelJo?
Areyouthere?| thinkw€ werecut
n
Mydo{torsalslshoutdgive
n
a) it backto Friday?
b) it forwardto Wednesday?
c) up In a verytraditional
way.
d) ofi ihe lghtswhenyouleave?
e) up smoking.
g) youup?
h) off whenwe entered
a tunnel.
i) in here?
k) it up in a dictionary?
230
fest 12 Makeldolgetlhave (unit 27)
Exercise I
llatch the usesofgetin sentences
1J with rheirdictionarydefinitions
aFh)
(sth.= something,sb. = somebody)
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
I didnl get homeunrileightlastnight.
E
I'm qettifga dnectflighttoDussetdod.
n
Weteonlygettinga 4% payrisethisyear
n
My nam€s Hugh,H-UG,H.Didyougetthar? tr
lts no good.Well nevergetthemto agree.
n
l'm gettinglired.Shallwecontinve
tomorrow? n
| shouldgetsornething
for mywtfeat tre airporr.n
l'll getlastyeat figurcs.
lustwaita moment. tr
a) obtairvbuy
e)
i)
g)
h)
br ng sth.to a place/felch
undeEtand
peEuade
sb.to do sth.
travelby/carch(transpon)
Nowmatchthesesenrences
withsomeoithe definitions
aFh)above.
9 l'm sorry| d dn t quitegettharlan point.
10 Don'tworryyou'llsoongetusedto it.
ll I'rngettfg a bit oi a headache
frcmtookingat thescreen
iortoo tong.
I 2 lsthatyournewcar?Whendidyougei it?
l3 Canlget youa coffeewhileyoutewairing?
14 got herebytaxi.
n
n
!
n
n
n
Exercise2
Complete
thesentenceswith
makqdoot have.you mayhaveto change
thefom.
I Whatafeyou....q-ollt....ar theweekend?
2 l'm.... ............
se.ious
doubts
aboutthewholelhing.
3 OK,sha||we..................
a start?
4 Could
you...,,..........
. mea favou.?
5 Can| ...............
a suggestionT
Whydon'twe...............
a m€eting
to discuss
wharto ...............
.
5lthinkweneedto...............moretesrsbeforewe...............afnatdecision.
7 Th€company.............,,,,
a loiof money
lastyear,
butlhisyearwe,re
not..,............
sowell,We
rnightevenhaveto ..................
peopie
some
redunda.t.
8 lt..................meeattymadwhenpeoptec.n,t.................thei.jobspropert
in ................anyplanswhenthesituaiion
isio conrueng.
9 Goonl ..................
a gottt doesn't
matter
if you........,,,.......
a m6take.
10 Thehelplgotf.ommyemployer......_...........
it possibte
forme1o..................
anN4BA.
l 1 l ' m . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . m y b e s t b u t l r c a l l y G n ' t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s e n s € o f t h e s e toi tgoul r € s . t ,
troubleseeinq
whattheyallefer to.
12 Themenulooksreallygood.l'm goingto ..................
French
onionsoupasa startef,
andthenthe sreaK
with b6arnaise
sauce.
Buitthinkt'll .............._...
withoutdessert.
t,m..................
a bit of anefiortro
loseweight.
TEST'I3 RELATIVECLAUSES 2!'I
Test 13 Relative clauses(units28-29)
Exercise 1
Undeiinethecorectwords.In number10choose
the mostcommonusage.
1 Thestationerywhotuahqlyou o'deredhasarriv€d.
presentation
2 the speaketv,thichlwhose
I heardbeforelunchwasverygood.
3 Everyone
evhrthlthat
I metin the Milanofficeaskedhowyouwere.
4 lhe pe6or ol whkhlwhoie newspaper
I borrowedhasdisappeared.
5 the petsotit/tholwhon is relponsiblefor ihis isAntonioPlatini.
wl,lchlwhose
featu€saredescibedin theleaflet,sellsveryw€ll.
6 Thisproduct,
7 lhis Wadud,whichlwhose6 our bestseller,is avaihblein four colours.
8 Theperson
whoselahat
bookthisiswantsit back.
9 Theperson
whoselthat
lentmethisbookwantsit back.
10 Johnis someonewrh whon I useto worklwho I usedto work with.
Exercise 2
(who,whtct that) It youcan,put a bracket
pronoun
Decide
if youcanmissout the relative
rcundit. f you
can't,und€dine
it.
(that)youcanu5eto linkto a Pc.
1 Thereisan attachment
freewiththeproduct,
2 Theattachmenl,
is usedto nkto a PC.
lhal comes
3 Thepe6onwho I toldyouaboutisstanding
ovff there.
4 Themea, whichwasnothingspecial,
costusmorethanf50 a head.
5 Themeathatwe hadlastnightwasn'tverygood.
6 ThefirstthingthatyourcustomeE
will noticeisthe price.
7 Theinformation,
whichis strictly
confideniial,
comesfroma verygoodsource.
8 | cannotprovide
thatyouwanl.
the information
Exercise 3
Rewflte
eachpairof sentences
asonesentence
usingthewordin bracket!.
(which)
I Ranishowed
mea magazine
article.lt wasrcallyinteresting.
aJ^tiflg..*hish.
R"",....t1P.led..x9-..4..
l.rja?!.r.e.p.a{....
realyInreresnns.
2 Somelapanese
visirors
cameyesteday.
Theygavemethisgift.(who)
TheJapanese
visitors
.........
..,....,,.,............,,,.,,,,,,,,.,,,,.
thisgift,
gaveit to me.(that)
3 Thisis a gift.TheJapanese
visitors
who cameyesteday
Ihisisthegift....................
gaveme.
..............................
4 I boftowed
a fiiendslaptop-Hewanlsit b.ck.(whose)
Thefrend..........................
........................
back.
(who)
5 A marketing
manager
wo*s in mydepartment.
SheSleaving
the companytomoffow
Themarketing
manager....
... isleaving
the
company
tomorrowyeneday-lt wasveryintereninq.(that)
6 Wewent to a presentation
Thepresentation
..........----...................................
veryintercnlng.
7 | met a woman.Hersisterwork for A8N.(whose)
I met...,,,,,,,,,,,,............,......
...,............
ABN.
Hewantsto seeyou.(who)
8 A rnaniswaitingin reception.
Th€man............................
......................
seeyou.
232
Test14 Nouns,pronounsand articles(units30-35)
Exercise 1
crossout the mistakein eachlineand wite the correctionat the efd.
1 | spente{se talkingto Jack,and then I went home.
''Ye..a.tr.\.e
2 Ka 3 sister is doctor
3 It this umbrcllayour or mine?
4 Theysaythat the wine is good for you in smallamounts.
5 Wite down the .eferencenumberall the time you sellsomething.
6 Canyou giveme an advice?
7 Ilr sorrywe hdvelwo hflsbut eitherone is in setuice.
in London.
8 | needsomeinfomation5aboutaccommodation
9 We iied io qet the machineworkingaqainbut no one of us coulddo it.
10 walkingwilltaketoo long- lets90 withthetaxi.
l 1 sorryI m late,ihe trafficwereverybusy.
12 Ourmarketing
director
isexcellent,
shehassomuchgoodideas.
'13 A: Howmanypeople
yourstandthisaftemoon?
visited
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
17
B: Noat al.
of.,ane?
Haveyouevermetihe colleague
Therc3coffeeandthere!tea.Youcanhaveboth.
to makea decision,
Thercistoo fewinformation
We havetwo paymentoptions- everyonehasdifterentfeaturcs,
predictioos
in the Ministrys
reportT
Naveyouseenthe inflation
got chai6enoughfot themeeting.
Wehaven't
Therearenonespa€partsin stockat themoment.
Thenew5areon in a few minutes.
You'llfindallthestatistics
at the report3end.
playerin eitherthefilmandmusicinduslries.
We'€ a leading
lor oneevery
Thereareenoughfreesamples
Alisonkeeps
talkingaboutthatideaof hels.
please?
Couldyougivemean information,
Canyouspeakup?| can'thearnothing.
we lookedat two sitesbuteitherof themw€retoo smalL.
therewasnonesinglequestion.
At theendof mypresentation,
Thereisn'tno oneto seeyoutoday.
Please
comebacktomorrcw.
youfinish.
putthemanualback
in it3 properplacewhen
Please
job
he3lhe bossson.
He! onlygorrle
betause
Exercise 2
nounandoneuncountable
noun.Putthewordsintothecoffect
Eachpairof wordscontains
onecountable
the
wod.
columnandw te a/anor somebefore
desk/fumiturebaq/luqqagework/job iravel/tip
accommodation/flat
dollar/money
trouble/problem
chance/luckwine/litre equipment/machine
f.ctlinfomation
advice/suqgestion
hour/time
email/corr€spondence
countablenouns
a Oat
u!ca!d&le_!9tJ!5
tore ^ccoMModatio^
ETI 14 TIIOUI{S.
PRONOUNS
AND ARTICLES 233
Exercise 3
Complete
thes€.ondsentence
sotharit hasa similar
meaning
ro thefirstsentence
andcontains
theword
(someihing)
I Theboxisnl empty.
............4ere3...*-u+!.|li19...i1..............
treuox.
2 Let me tellyou what I thinkyou shoulddo. (advice)
L e rm e 9 v e y o u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 We travelledthercon the t€in. (by)
We ravelledrrere
4 | feelworied. (something)
5 Everymominglwalk to the office.(foot)
E v F rny o r n i n gI L o r e t o t h eo f r , ( e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 Matin s a iriendoi rny boss.(one)
valin 5
7 Chrs advsespeopleabouttheirrax.(adviser)
Ch'sis...
......................................
8 t\,lanlelaknowsthi5 business
betterthan anyone.(knowt
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b
. .e. .n. .e.ft h a nM a n u e l a .
(got)
got
9 | haven't anythingto do.
Ive .....
. . . . . d. o .
(everybody)
10 We areall tea drinkeGhere.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , t, e
. .a. ... .
Peoplewho are unemployed
needbette.trainingprogrammes.
{the)
prcgrammes.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .b
. .e. .t.t.e. trr a i n i n g
12 The prototypeneedsto be changeda lot. (redesigning)
Tl^eprctotypeneeds..
13 We can't do anything.(nothing)
1I
'14
T h e r e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d
. .o. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What did that pieceof machinery
cost?(how)
. that pieceof machinery
cost?
15 Thereis littlerravelin my job. (much)
T h e r e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . t r a v eiln m y j o b .
l6 Claradoespeoplesaccountslor her living.(accountant)
Clara s
17 No one was on t me yesteday.(late)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .y. .e. .s.t.e. r d a y .
18 Therewas nothingI coulddo about it. (couldn't)
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a. b
. _o_u.ti.t... . . . . . . . . . . . .
19 Nobodyat all was available
to seeme-(single)
.....---.................. available
to seeme.
",/as
20 Thereisn'tany €asonto worry (no)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r. e
. .a. .s. .o tno w o r r y
The €pod did not containthe informationlwanted. (in)
T h ei f f o r m a t i o lnw a n t € d. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .e.r. e
. porr.
22 Thiscopybelongsto the customer.(copy)
2l
TL5i-
(anything)
23 ]here'snothingin theposrthismorning.
...--.............-.--...intheponihismorning.
Test 15 Adjectives and adverbs (units36-40)
Exercise 1
in eachlineandwritethecorFction
at th€end.
Cross
out the mistake
.............i*ef.91t9.4
1 l'm reay in+er€.*ing
in forcigntravel.
the newshopping
centeunti theendol theyea.
2 They'llhaveflnished
3 P€terhasbeenworkingveryhardlyrccently.
4 l boughta bluelovelysilktie.
Thepeople
wereioo f endly.
5 We hada grcatumeon holiday.
6 Thismagazine
articleisextemelyexcellent7 | thoughtthe meeting
wentverygood.
8 UsingmyPCfor a longtimemakesmyeyesteeltiring.
neveron theseplodocts.
9 Wegivediscounts
in extending
the gua€ntee)
10 Arcyouinterening
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Thereistoomuchnewequipmentthatwe'restilllearninghowtouset.............
to cancel
I
lt wassoa riskyproject
thatwe decid€d
teamis notenoughexp€ienced.
n myopinlontheirmanagement
Theircompany
islargerasours.
Theircompany
isjun asbrgethanouts.
lt! thebetrerpriceI canotfer
l'vebeenworkingin thiscompany
sincethreemonths.
wassuchtensewe hadto calla shofibreak.
Thenegotiation
WhenI willgetback,l'll giveyoua rinq.
closes.
| haveto plckup myticketuntilthetravelagency
Youworkmuchhardera5| do.
Thepresentation
wasenolghlong,andsothealdiencegot bored,
muchlittleusefllihanlastweekl.
Themeetino
wasn'tvelvuseful.ltwas
Golfisn'tasgoodforyourhealththanswimming.
' Lwalthe.eby six,sotry andbe herebythen.
Exercise2
withoneof thefollowing
wordsiChoose
fromlo on,at far,sin.e,duing,ago,
Complete
eachsentence
after\/vatds,
aftet,later.
mybirthday?
1 Shallwe allgo out for a med--........o.^'.........
.......................
.
2 Henadedworfinqhere'ouryears
L
him.......................
.
3 | wonr ohone m nowl'll phone
thfeeweek.
4 | haven'theadfromth€m........--.............
lastweek.
heard
fromthem.......................
5 | haven't
.--....................
midniqht.
6 Thisbarcloses
just.----..................
timetocatch
thetrain.
7 Luckily
I arrlved
time.
8 L€i3trytostartthemeeting........-..............
sowe (ouldmeetfor lunch.......................
.
9 My p€sentation
willfinishat mid-day,
l'll betalkingaboutthreemalnareas.
10 ...--..................
mypresentation
yourpresentation
you'llbe .bleto rel.x.
11 Don'tworry...-...................
moreth.nan hour
l2 l'vebeenwaiting
....--.................
youa||......-...--...........
here.l'llsee
.
somethings
to finish
13 Dontwaitforme,lhave
night.
onethatworks.........--............
14 We haveth€e shituin ihefactoryincluding
TEsT'5 ADJECNVESAND ADVEIISS 2:'5
Exercise 3
andcontainsthe word/s
sothat it ha5a similarmeaningto the filsi sentence
Completethe s€condsentence
in btackets.
I Yourspeechwasreallye(cellent(spoke)
tDake .e llv kell
2 we $aned workingon the proiectin lanuary.(wo*ing/since)
...
We,,..............................
3 Retailbankingisn'tasprofitablea5invenmentbanking.(more)
Invesvnent
bankin9...........
4 She!a verycarefulworker(works)
She...............
thanthis. (ever)
5 I haven'tseenworseseruice
Thi5is.........................---.
5 Monicaleft Pa s in July.(slayed
Monica
.....,,,...........,,,,,--7 Doyoufind operaint€rening?
Are,,,,,,,,,.,........................,
8 Theme€tinqhada positivefinish.finished)
.
Themeeting
9 Thishesbeenhardwo* for you. (wo*eo
Jlrly,
..........,,...........,,,,,,,,....,,,,,,,,
You..............,,,,,,,,,.,..........
10 Frankis a goodMiter (writes)
Frank
............................--.
11 Kateis ill.{well)
Kate,.....,,,,,,.....,,,,,......,,,,,..
12 could you not talk so fest,please?(slowt)
you.........................
Could
13 lhe chines€marketi5biggs thantfie Indianmarket.(at
Thelndianma*et .........,,,,
(us0
of products
asRichard.
14 Alansellsthesamenumber
Alanse1|s...........................
than Romy.(ban)
15 Theoiher membeEof the t€amaremoreexp€rienc€d
Romy.....................
...........
16 l'll s€eyou in a few houB.{later)
f ......................................
17 | shrted thisjob in 1998.(doin9/since)
18 Dianeis on holiday.she! bad nextweek-(awayon holiday)
nextwe€k.
...........................................
Diane
is .....................-........
to- (time)
19 ThetEin arived exactlywhenit w6 supposed
Therain adved................
(time)
20 Hisinterventionw6stoo lateto savethe negotiations.
............
Hedidn'tintervene
21 | \,!onl anivether€lat€rrhanrwo. (get/by)
t .........................................
22 Weli€d hardbut finalv we garc up. (end)
.....................
.
Wetnedhad but..............
23 lrs tw€l!€ andl've beenwaitingfor you sinceten. (two)
. l'vebe€nwaitingfor you
hours
--...-...........--..
Test 15 Prepositions (units45-48)
Exer<ise1
Compete e.ch sentence
with a prepositionof place.Choosefrcmat in, on, ovet ta, under.
1 Mybrotherwok ......4i--...theairport.
2 canyoucallmeback?
l'm.........-.......
themiddle
of a meeting.
3 Thetaxidrcppedmeoff .................
myhotel..... ..........
the citycentr€.
4 Wef]ew...............the newsportsnadiumaswewerelanding.
5 Hehada suitcase
.................
onehand,dndhisguitar..............
..theother.
6 Godownthecorrldor
andmyofliceis .................
theright.
7 There3
a fireescape
.................
thebackof the building.
8 5hewasn'r
feeling
wdlandherdocior
senthef.................
hosptal.
9 Wehada lovelyl'ohday.............
.. lhe country.
l0 Hehada portraitof himself
hanging.................
thewall.
I I Theauthor3namei5.................
the bottomof lhe page.
12 Before
thetunnelwasbuilt,youhadto drive.................
theAlps.
13 lhavetixjunior
manage6
workin9.......,..,.,,,,,
me,
14 l'll beworking.................
homefor mostof tomorrow
15 Hello.
ThisisUkike
speaking.
l'm.................
Pas,................. iheHotelVeEailles.
justr!n9.Shes.................
16 Susanna's
therestaurant.
17 Susanna'sjust
run9.Shes.................
thebusstop.
18 I m gavemea lift. ...............
thestation
.................
hiscar
19 I metKati..............
.. thebusyesterday.
20 Stratford
is.................
the riverThames.
Exercise2
Decide
whichprcposilion
fromthe listbelowgoeswlth eachverb.
abolt (x2) againstfor (x3) ffom in into of(x2) on (x3) to (x2) wth(x2)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
l6
| mustapologise
.....fpl.....beinqlate.
justsaid.
l'd justliketo addsomelhing
.......--........
whatJawad
lsthefactory
insured
.....-...........
fire?
Thecost?
Well,it depends
..........---....
wh.t you're
looking
.................
.
Thewholepackage
.............-...
the mainunitplls allth€seaccessories.
consists
l'vedivided
mypresentation..---............
threemainparts.
Weneedto d versitto prevent
us.................
becoming
too dependent
on oneprodud.
Please.
letmepay.................
this.
Wecansupplyyou.................
a full ranqeof sizes.
Wespecialise
.................
commercial
caterinq
equipment.
Doyouknowanyahing
....-..--........
the Portuguese
market?
gettingthecontJact.
Hecongratulated
us---..............
Llsbon
reminds
mea bit ..---.---........
SanFrancisco.
you,,..............| agree
.................
that.
Doesthisbagbelong................anyonehere?
Inthe net!meeting
lthinkwe shouldfocus............-.-..
ihe planning
schedule.
TEST16 PnEPTOS|T|ONS
237
Exercise3
Und€dinethe corec( word in theseadjectiv€+ preposition
combinatons.
I Ar€ you cerran tolabolt/fro.n that?
2 l hoperh€ydon't 9o on strike.We?edependentollonlbythem for our 5!pp €s.
3 Thisline is verypopularforltolwith customersookingfor va ue for money.
4 Our countryis lackng ,n/oflfor enercyrcsources w€ haveto impo( allour o .
5 Ate yor awatetalbylof jun how seiou5this probem is?
6 Are you nterested
l' /forlof long-termgroMh for you. savinqs?
7 I n rcspansibletar / to / by a tedm of eight consultanls.
8 li anylhinggoeswrofg, l'm di€ctly responsible
forlaolbyih€ CEO.
9 Let me Lrsea calculatorl'm not verygoodarlforlby maths
10 lt would be goodatlforlby yourcarc€rif you workedabrcadfor a few y€ars
11 'm annayedwithlfarl abourtherrlackof ilexibility
12
m arrcyed with I far/ about them with / fot /abaut beinq so inflexib e
Exerci5e4
Competethe sentences
with a nounfrom listA and a preposition
frornlist B.
A: advanlage advice inv€slment lack matter pe55rni9miR€e reason repy soltion
subslitute trouble
B
.bout for for in sl
of of on to to wth
with
1 A1the momentthe
Pl--isg.9{.........oil is abour$25 a bafie.
2 Canyoute methe........
. . . . . . . . . . . . .t h e d ea y 7W e ' v eb e e nw a t i n ga l o n gr i m e .
3 T h er n an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . .p. ...o p o s aI i st h a ti t s m u c hc h e a p e r
4 T h e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . . p r o p o s aA i st h a ti t s v € r ye x p e n s i v e
5 W h a t St h e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l .i l. l ?s h el o o k sr a t h e u
r pset
6 H a v et h e ys e n ta .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .y o ! r l a n € m a i l ?
7 Thereba
. expei€nceat the lop o{ the company
8 l ' m s u r ew e c a nl n d a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t.h. .i sp r o b l e mb,u r t m a yr a k es o m et r n e
9 C l e v ear d v e . t i s i fi gs n o .
i yt a r e a s o n a bper c e .
. . . g o o dq L r a l i a
1 0 T h i t y € a r w e ' r e m a k i la] gm a j o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .n. e. .w t e c h n o o g y .
11 Canyou g ve me some
......the ben way ro nven rnysavlnqs?
1 2 E v € r y o n ewso r r i e dT. h e r e !a l o t o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . ... t h e f u t ! r eo l t h e e c o n o m y
Exercise5
Compete
thetexlwiih ihe prepositions
of placefromthelistbelow
acrossat(x3) down nslde near nextto off on (x3) oppositero
Lizlejlearlytogotohe.jobinterview-shegot(1).......''o.....rhebus,paidherfareandwe
(2)..............-..
. Shesatdown(3).............
. a woman.Theysta.tedtalkinganddiscovered
theywere
(4)
bothgoing ....-............
thesamestop.'l'vegot an intetuiew
a placecalledMurcort
i5) ...._.__.........
House.'said
Liz.'ls
ii (6).................
thebusstop?''Yes,
it3notfar Youwalk(7)-................
thepark.
(8).................
(9)
(10)
forbesRoad,andit3 ............-.--the riqht, .................
theend,'thewoman
(11)...........-...-just(12).................
replied.'ln
fact,llive
theoth€rsldeof thercad,
, sol canshowyou
(13).................
theway.'whentheyaffived
th€rrnop theygot{14)......-.-........
toqether
Appendix 1 Regular verbs: all forms
Presentsimple (unitl)
Atfirmative: l/youlwe/theywork.She/he/itworks.
Do l/you/we/th€y
lrork? Doesshe/he/itwork?
Question:
Negative:
l/you/we/theydon,twork.Sh€/he/itdoesntwork.
Presentcontinuous (unitl)
are helping.she/he/it
is helping.
Affirmative: lam helping.You/we/they
you/lve/they
Am
t
helping?
Are
helping?
15
she/he/it
helpingT
Question:
Negative:
l'm not helping.You/we/they
aren'thelping.she/he/itisnt helping.
P.st simple: rc9ul6t (unit3)
affrmative:
l/you/she/he/itlwe/theysiarled.
Didl/you/she/he/itlwe/theystart?
Question:
Negatlve:
l/you/she/he/it/we/theydidn'tstart.
Pastsimpl€: iri€gular {unit3)
affimative:
l/you/she/he/it/we^heywent.
Did l/you/she/he/it/we/theygo?
Qlestlon:
Negatve:
l/you/she/he/it/we/theydidntgo.
P.n continuou3(unit3)
w€re helping.
Afinmauve: l/she/he/it$rarhelping.You/we/they
you/we/they
h€lping?
Wasl/she/he/ithelping?were
Qlestionr
w6r€n1holping.
Negativer
l/she/he/itwasn'thelping.You/we/they
P.3t perfect (unit4)
Affirmative: l/youlshe/he/itlwe/iheyhadleft.
Hadl/you/she/he/it/we/lheyleft?
Qlesiion:
Negative:
l/youlshe/he/it/we/theyhadn'tleft.
s5ed to (unit4)
Affirmaiive: l/youlshe/he/it/we/theyu$dtowork.
useto work?
Didl/youlshe/he/itlwe/they
Question:
didnl useto work.
Negative:
l/you/she/he/it/we/they
Present p.rf€ct
Aff rmativei
Queniof:
Negative:
(unit 5)
l/you/we/they
haveleft.She/he/'thasleft.
left?Hasshe/he/itleft?
Havel/you/w€/they
haven'tleft.She/he/ithasnl l€ft.
l/you/we/they
Pres€nt p€rf€<t continuoui (unit6)
havebeenwaiting.She/he/ithasbeenwaiting.
Affirmative: l/you/we/ihey
beenwaiting?Harshe/he/iibe€nwaRing?
Havel/you/we/they
QuesUon:
haven'tbeenwaiting.she/he/ithasn'tbeenwaiting.
Neqatve:
l/you/we/they
APPENDIX1 REGULAR
VERES 2'9
wir,luniti)
Afiirmatve:
Question:
Negatve:
'll (= wlrj)+ verb.
l/youlshe/he/it/we/they
Willl/you/she/he/it/we/they+verb?
l/you/she/he/it/we/th€y
won\ (= wil not)+ vetb.
gotng to (unir7)
Affirmative: l m/youte/she's/he5/it's/we
rc/theytegoingto help.
Am i/Areyou/lsshe/lshe/15
itlArcwe/Aretheygoingro hetp?
Question:
Negative:
l'm not/Youaren't/sheisnl, etcgoingto help.
Future perfect (unit8)
Affirmative: l/you/she/he/itlwe/theywillhavefinish€d.
willl/you/she/he/it/we/theyhavefinished?
Question:
Negative:
l/you/she/he/itlwe/theywon,t havefinished.
Passive{unit9)
Adle
shehelps.
Shes heping.
Sheheped
Shewasheping.
shehadhelped.
Sheha5helped.
Shewill help.
Shewill haveheped.
err5]le
shei5 h€lped.
Sheis beinghelped
Shewas helped.
Shewas b€inghelp€d.
Shehad b€€nhelped.
Shehasbeenhelped.
Shewill be help€d.
Shewlll haveb€enh€lp€d.
Reponcd spe€ch(!nit 2l)
Acrualwodsspoken
Eepad
' always
workthere'
Hesaid(that)hework€dthe.e.
'l'mworkingthe.e.'
Hesaid(thaohewai workingthere.
'ltook it.
Hesaid(thaohetook rtlhadtaken t.
'l wasreadn9 it.'
Hesaid(that)hehad beenreadingit.
'l hadleftbythen.'
Hesaid(that)hehad left bythen.
'l'veforgottenit.'
Hesaid(that)he hadforgottenit.
"ve beenreading'
Hesaid(that)hehad be€nreading.
'l canhelp.'
Hesaid(that)hecouldhelp.
'l will help.'
Hesaid(that)hewould hetp.
'l mayhelp.
. Hesaid(that)hemight hetp.
'l could/'rould/rnight
go.'
Hesaid(that)hecould/would/mightgo.
'l rnlsvshould
Hesaid(that)he must/shouldgo.
9o.'
Infinitives
Present:
passive:
Present
Past:
Pastpassive:
to like
to be liked
to haveliked
b havebeenJiked
Appendix 2 |rregular verbs
verb
Past simple
Past participle
oegrn
began
begun
bent
bleed
bit
bled
binen/bh
bled
bnn9
brou9ht
bro0ght
build
built
built
catch
bought
caught
borJght
caught
deah
dug
did
dealt
drg
do
bind
dus
ddnk
fall
teed
fight
fell
fed
felt
fought
fed
felt
{ld
ned
lought
fly
ioqet
forgot
get
give
9o
gnnd
sor
90t
9iven
gone
hang
hung
had
hung
had
hidden
hit
hit
held
laad
laid
led
hud
lav
left
APPEITDIX2 IRiEGULAR VENES 241
Verb
light
Past simple
PaJt participle
lvlight€d
lent
let
lain
lit/lighH
paid
ride
dng
rire
p(.n
put
rang
dden
run9
said
sought
sotd
sought
shaken
thoot
shot
shut
sing
sit
shut
sng
shut
sung
sllde
rlept
slid
slid
speed
5peI
5pend
spill
spin
spit
split
spring
spelt/rpelled
5pilt/spilled
sp€h/spell€d
sp€nI
spilt/spilled
spat
split
spoilUspoiled
spat
split
spoilt/spoiled
spran9
sprung
strn9
nun9
tau9ht
iaught
tnought
thought
steal
sting
tell
think
Appendix 3 Spelling
Pr€sentsimple
ve.bendsin -r. Blt verbsendingin o, r ch,sh,x add-es.
ln thethid pe6onsingular.
a p€senrsimple
Hegoes He misses Shewatches t{e wishes Sherelaxes
whena verbendsconsonant
+y. the/ changes
to -ie5.Butwe do notchange
the-y after. vowe.
hutty - hunies .opy
copies
BUT rtay - fayr
enJoy- enpyg
Pr€sent continuous (and adding -ttg generally)
We leaveout ewhenwe add-tngto a velb.Butwekeepa doubleee.
decide- de.iding wite - writing
BUT5e€ seeing agree agreeing
le to -y'ng.Butydoesnotchange.
whena verbendsin'te,we change
die - dying lie lying
BUI huny-hu ying
vowel-consonant'.
Thishappens
whena verbendsln'consonant
Sometimeswe
doublea finalconsonant.
plan- planning stop - stowing
BUTmeet- me€ting vn* - wotking
isnressed
we doubleihe lan consonant.
Mosttovo+yllable
verbsareregularButif thefinalsyllable
na*et
ma*eting
BUI bqin - beginning discuss- discussing
Past simpl€ (and adding -€d g€n€rally)
y to -ie.
+ y, we change
Whena verbendsin consonant
tty - tried deny-deniel1 hu y-huried
copy- copied
we doublea finalconsonant.
Thishappens
whena verbendsin 'consonant-vowel-consonani
Sometimes
plan- planned regrEt- regretted stop - stopped
BUT meet- meeting
Nounsadds to makea plural.8ut after <h, -sfi,-ss,-x we add-er.
natd' - natches wish- wishes glass- glasses box- boxes
lvloslnounsendingin o add-s.8ut a few have-e5.
kibs photos pbnos snJdios
BUI herces potatoes tonEtaes
+ y, we changeyto-/bJ.Bulwe do not.hangeyaftef. vowel.
Whena nounendsin consonant
pdny Darties sloty sloties
BUI day - days puney - totheys
Adverbs
we fom manyadverbsfrcm an adjective+ /y. Ona few occasions
we leaveout e.
safe- safely strange- strangely
BUI ttue - truly whole wholly
+y, we.hangey to'it.
whenanadjective
endsin consonant
easy easily angry- argrily
WhenanadjecUve
+ /e we dangee to -y.
endsin consonant
prcbable- prcbably sensiUe sensibly
Whenanadjective
endsin -,c we add-alt. Thereisoneexception.
autonatic- automatically ronantic- ronanl.ally
BUI publk publicly
APPEI{DIX
3 SPELIING243
Thesuffix-fulhasonlyoneI When,ryisaddedfor adverbs,
a doubte
/ isformed.
su..essful successtuIy
Thereisa usefulrule:i beforee exceptaftercwhenthesoundis,tl
field believe scienceGoundis not n:,
.ecer,r€(soundisr:,
Exceptions
to this rulea€ theit weighandwelght
gandu
The ettef g is alwaysfollowedby u.
question reguire qualitl
Silent lett€E
ManywordsconiainletteEwhich
do norobviously
folm a sound.These
a€ sornetimes
ca ed 3ibnr ten€rs,.
Thesilentlet1e6areunderlined.
bt
douOt
ps
psychotogypsy(hiatist
nb
plunbu kumb
sc
s<bn.e desserd
gn
sign foreign
wh
kn
Lnow knife
w
wha why
gong viE
Samesoun4 differ€nt sp€lling
Thesamesoundin Engiish
isoftenspeltusingdiffe€nttettefs.
Ineachgroupbetowthe soundundertined
s
thesame.
vowels
consonants
canpany trAlble ubbish blq4,d
relatbn Sbarc swe contsious deticiaus
ead nest hgne thalJgh
Cheap funiturc waEh
eafth fafthet wtd
pbone ljnish tauEh
shltt
wait geat late wE-ight
new lqld dgwn faund
SameprcnunciatioD dlfferent sp€lling and meaning
These
wods arecalled'homophones'.
Common
examptes
are:
allawedlaloud
saw/sore
couttlGught
ttivokoo
farellair
waitlweight
findlfined
warntwDn
knewlnew
wastetwain
no/know
writelright
Words with a syllable whi.h is not prcnounced
Somewordsarespoken
withfewersyllables
thantheylook.Thisoftenteads
io spetting
prcbtems.
tibnry people Wednesday
(spokenwith 2 sy|abes,not 3)
temperature vegetableintercnlng comfortable
(spokenwith 3 sylabtes,not 4)
l{ouns and verbs with . and s
advke prc.tice lrouns)
advise wctise (\e-bs)
244
Appendix 4
Diagram of the English verb system
No'€s to the diagAm
has
forrn Usingthe diagram
tensetstem in a simplfied
Thediagram
isa wayofshowingthewholeEnqlish
. lt canhelpto studythe individual
if youseeat thesametimehowtheyare.ll rclat€d
tenses
. lt showsthatthee isa patternandlogicto English
verbs.
. Somepeoplelikea visualpicture
and eam.
to helpthemto unde6tand
at thesametim€:
Readthroughthesenotesandrcferto thediagram
I
thepresent
sirnpeas
action^ituation.
Thefirsttimelineshowsthe pastsimpleasa completed
(facts,
habiB,etc),andthe wil/futur€
that90 allalongthetimeline
rcf€ringto actionvsituations
gene€l
fact
beliet.
asa future or
2
whicha haveth€ m€aning
oi an acton In
tenses,
Theseco.dtimelineshowsthethreecontinuous
(thereisalsoan associated
meaning
thatth€actionhasa limiteddutation)
progress
3
tenses,
whichall havethemeanng of looki.gbackThe
Thethirdtimelineshovlsthethreeperfect
perfectlooksbackfromthe present,
andthe
pastpedectlooksbackfiomthe past,theptesent
futurepedectlooksbackfromthefulure.
4
of
whichallhavethemeaning
continuous
tenses,
Thefourthtimelineshowsthethreeperfect
Notethaithisisa combination
of themeanngsoi the
lookingbackat an adionin progress.
prevousNvolrnes.
5
of ooking
Theiith timelinethowslhe two waysto usegolhgto,whichbothhavea m€aning
of alltheseverbtenses.
UnG ]J of thebookhavea muchfullerexplanation
verbsthata diagram
cannotshow.Manyof lheseotherusescanbe
Thereafesomeusesof Enqlish
'the
pan'
in
refe.
to soc/:ldinance
anddistantprcbabllitlaswe asib
English
can
by
on€
ldear
explained
moreobvious
meaning
of dkbnceintme. so.
. Knowing
helpsto understand
whyCould/ ? is more
thatwe canusethe pastto showsocialdistance
polite
formalor
thanCan/...?
. Knowng thatwe canusethe pastto showdistantprcbability
helpsto understand
whywe uset fol
Ministet,
rd ...).
imaginary
or unlkelysituations
UfI were theFinance
AI?EXDTX 4 DIAGBAM OF TIIE EIIGLISHVERBsYsIEM
PastSimple
simple
I s',r'rd thisjob
dlr.,9wB ago.
I usudvte.w
Pastcorfinuoui
R€6ent
arouncl730.
wirl future
I'll befony nextyear
lnflationw l probably
Fututecontinuous
<^^.^.>
WhileI wE tMtdng at
ABCI rnovedfton Sdes
to Ma*eting.
245
<-^.^>
We'ft
producFat
Pagtperfect
I'll bc wo*lng at our
perte.t
Futurepeded
b
."''
2.'t
{
Thehergethadahady
hepperrdvhenI joined
Pastperfect
(ontinuous
jobtor
mr€er,tlrrs
E the endof theWt sales
w l he€ lntoved.
Futureperfe<t
<ontinuouS
Perfect
contl uouS
2--'J
--t
.@
<."v">
l4h'd beenseling the
saneprodu1forwE
beforewe dEnged the
t
thisretrort
aI |ro/''ing.
was gping to
Sony I was going 6 a
you,but I coarpletely
torgot.
I
I
lf I retirewhenI'm sixtt l'll
have been wo*ing herc
bt norc thantr/entyWE.
going to future
---\
l'n going b askny bossfor a pay rise.
fhafs going b be diffrcult.
Appendix 5
British and American English
Mostdifierences
between
&itishEnglish
andAmerican
English
aremalteEof pronunciation,
vocabulary
and
grammar,
hee.
In
spellinq.
Ihesearenotcovered
termsof
thercarefewdifferences
in formal,written
English.
Butin infonnal,
spokenEnglish
thercaresomediffer€nces.
Thefollowing
arcthe mostimportant.
,rave and ,Eve got
ln BrEha!€got ismorecommon.
InAmEha!€is mo€ common.
Butbothcountries
usebothforms.
Britilh English
Ame can English
Haveyou gat anychildren?
Do you haveany.hildten?
rve got two children.
I have two childrcn.
I haven't qot any.hildrcn.
I don't have anychildren.
Present perfect and p.n rimple
perfect
n BlEthe present
isusedlorthe present
resultof a pasractionandlifeexperience
upto now(unit5).
n AmEthe pastslmpleis morecommon,especially
with lust, aheady,yet,everard never.
You tai hasjust arrived.
Yaurtun justanived.
I've aheadyspokento heraboutiL
I alreadytpoke ta hetabout it.
Haveyou finished the repoftyet?
Did you finith the rcpodyet?
Haveyou everea'€n sushi?
Did you evereat sushiT
It's neverdone thatbefore.
lt neverdid that befote.
goftE
In AmEgoltenk usually
usedar thepastparticipie
of theverbget.
It'sgot quite late.Maybeweshouldgio.
lt's gotten quitelate.Maybeweshouldgo.
He'sgot a newjab.
HeSgotten a newhb.
shal and srrorrrd tor suggGitlons
InAmEshouldisusedin suggestions
wheresha//ismorecommonin BrE.
Sha we breakfor lunchnow?
Shouldwe breakfar lunchnow?
Quostioh tagj
tags(unit16)ae muchlesscommonin AmE.
Question
YaucanspeakFtench,<an'tyott?
VoucanspeakFrench,ight?
tI cal a tati, sha t?
l'llcalla taxi,oK?
IninformalAmE
the-/yending
to adverbs
isoftenleftout.Ako,in infomalAmEan adj€ctive
issometimes
place
usedn
of an adverb.
It'sworkingrcally slowly at themonent.
lt s wotkingrcal slow at thenonent
It s workingrcally well at the non$t.
lt s wotkingrcal good at thenonent.
(seeunit13).InAmEmush'tis akoused.
ln BlEcan'tisusedto saythaisomething
islogically
impossible
I calledbut theres no anflver
Theycan't be at home.
I caledbut theres no ansvrcr
fhey can't/mustn't be hane-
APPENDIX
5 BR|T|SH
ANDAMERICAn|
ENGLISH247
Prepositions
NotethefolTowing
difierences
in the useof p€positions.
aritish English
Ameri€n Engtish
What did you do at the wpekend?
Whatdidyou do on the weekend?
Patis in the teamnow
Patis on the tean now_
16 ten ninutespast three-
ft's ten ninutes past/afEr three.
It'stuventyto three.
It s twentyto/of three.
We'rcopenfron Mondayto.lti satufliay.
Were openfrcn Mandaythrough Saturday.
I lookedout of the window.
I lookedout the window
I stayedat homeon hturday.
I stayedhomeSatutday.
Hewroteto meabouthisvisit.
tle wroE ne about hisviit.
yestuJay.
t 'iet an old colleague
I net with an old colleague
yesterday.
I lookedroundlarcund the nuseun.
I l@kedarcund the museun.
Shewalkedaowads/roward /r,e.
Shewalkedtoward ne.
I haven'tseenhin for severalweell.
I haven'tseenhim in serEtalweeks.
Go a''d ...
n AmEtheword'and'isoftenleftout of thisnructure.
I'll 90 and speakto Mary
t ll go speakto l\4ary.
Emphatic do
In BlEdo canbe usedwilh an imperative
foremphasis.
Ths is ra€ in AmE.
Do havesonenore coffee-
Havesomemarecoffee.
sornerrrte c end sorreprace
ln informalAmEioreplaaq anyplaceandno phcecanbe usedaswell a9somew/terc,
anryhere ard
Lets find somewherc to eat
Let'sfind sonewherc/soneorace to eat
me
Notethisdlfference
for theword'hospital'.
My nothet is in hospital.
My motheris in the hospital.
two hundredand fitly
tA/ohundredflftt ORtwo hundrcdand fifty
On the telephone
HeIo,is that Paul?
Helb,is dtis Paul?
249
Answer key
3 happ€n€d/cll€d
4 wasexplain
ng/interupred5 wereinvestiqalinq/rcsgne
6 Jinished/qM7 w3swaiting/@lled
3 wasceanig/d@pped
9lound/waslookinq 10ariEd^old
Unit 1 Presenttime I
2 don'tknow 3 doyouknow 4d@5n1wo{ 5 Y6, I do 5 shercdc
7'mwlnq
SlheyrenolEpynq 9 shappennq 10A.etou enjotlnq
1 1S h e s! p e a k n q1 2 Y 6 ,s h e i j
2 is 3 knos 4'm 5 doyoudo 5wo 7 make 3don'tmake 9inrclwr
l 0 i s n t l l s u p p i e r1 2 ' F 13 d oy o uo l l e n. o m € 1 4 h a r 1 5 d o s 1 l a k €
Unit 4 Pasttime 2
2 usedto/was 3 hadboughvnaned 4 ued lo hde/changed
5 eid/hadnl anired 6 hadlocked/was 7 uie! io be/usedto wa k
3 renl back/iound/hadiaken 9 saw/knew/hadmet
grcwn
10wasl@king/turned/w/had
sed
2 Ms sure/had
*t 3 caled^tillhadn
l linshed 4 hadspoken/rea
7 hadn'lFen/put
5 hadgi@nreh 6be@me/hadaEadywo.ked
a hadro/hadrunou ol t hadsiopped/gotoui
ot l0was/hadaFadyleil
2 @mpaigned/had
ddpaigned 3did$eDanesejed 4wathad been
perfomed Thadtaen 3@re/hadbeen
5 waslhadben 6 perfomed/had
9 t@sed/hadfdued r0made ll feaEd 12wanred
4 a begnning/bexpedaions
n9lb marketshae
5 a Gapp@ach
6 a 5 attracting/b attention
2 hadban ldidyouget 4lnifiad{ofhadiinished)5@ni
6 hadnrdecided7@c 3&slooknq 9 gave l0 d alreadytaken
1r complered12ent 13inleryiewed14lelr l5(hanged l5went
1 7w : sW t i n q I a w a s b * o d n ! ( o r h a d b < o m el )9 d d n ' 1 h a v e2 0 h a d
Unit 2 Presenttime 2
2 u*n lo 3 ued ro/rculd 4 u*d ro
2 a . ey o ud o i n gI a . e y o u w o { i n g4 d o } ! ! h *
5l.one 6l'mcom'ng
7 I m d e ai n gw i l h 3 l d e a l w i l h9 a . ey o ug o i n q l 0 d o y o u g o
Unit 5 Prcsentand past 1
2lootal 3d6niwo
4 B n t w o d i n g S l h l n [ 6 ' m r h i n k i n g7 B n . y i n g
3 s t a y s9 r a k e l 0 a r c r a k n g l l a G 1 2 a r e b e L n g
2 @.evers.en 3 haven
r compla
ned 4've a €adyspenl 5 flave$ey Ep Ed
der laken
5 [*n1 gor 7 ha3goie up I 3iun efi t haF lallen 10Na@you
3 don'tbeliaeI 4/
3a 4b 5a 6b 7b 3a 9b !0a
5r'
6ldon't undeEtand7.onl.ins 3/
2 ieed 3ooyouknN 4!rc*nq
5think6@* Torganie
3',e expeclnqt have 109i€ I 1 areyourvisiro6rbyinq12don'rknw
135 dealing14donlwod/ d notwoding
2 is movinq I i5 @kinglor 4 provde5 I E ie5 6 s rryingio
7 Ginve{igating 3 wants
Unit 3 Pasttime 1
2iun 3tu
4n*r
5 y€t 6 aLways7 since 3ryer
U hd b€en 3 harlalle^ 4 haveperfomed 5havecul 6tuvelaun(hed
7 haswirhdrawn
3 ha5had t has5pent 10haslaken
2 D - b € € n l A - l o r 4 c - j u n 5 B - a l r e a d y6 D y e t 7 B - q o n e
AA-rolar 9C-&er 10D-nmr
Unit 6 Presentand past 2
2 didyoulee/told 3 tel/rd d 4didn'tsee/qot
2 Did/h.ve 3 Did/make4werc 5made Sddn'ttke 7Didn1/lke
3 w a s n i 9 s o l d l o M E n t 1 1 w a s 1 2 d i d ^ h i n k1 3 d l d n l h a v e1 4 b o u g h t
2 went 3 @e pofrot nq/dopped 4w6@*idg
s called/eid
2had 3qave 4cme 5 supplied5 beqan Tbuilt ajoined 9t@k
1 0 r c n 1 1 b { a m e 1 2 € n 1 3 s o l d1 4 c u l l 5 m e a n t 1 6 t u m e d
17changedl3made 19grs 20 bought
2 havewo*ed her€ 3 hasiunadved 4 havemade 5 | saw 6 went
Thasb€€nawa 9left l0has eli
2 a€rare/hareetup 3 d@sn'tlook/have
come 4Hawyouseen/et(
5 harejusrmevDoyou kn@ 6 haven@r spoken^pok€
youlread
7 @rt/haveb€€n/Do
youknow 3 havewo*edlwant/Have
2 v. b€€nphoninq/!qone3 Haveyousen/'w b*n @kinqtoNatd
4 he youben pndu.nq/'v€invened
Z5O AF'ER
TF'
2hentbeen s veb€en 4 tpfr s@ud 6 iatked 73b€er
3 venwefdone 9lmagined10Hav€you*r ben
(of oftenth nk) 12had t3'reknM
r |ve oftenrhouqhr
14,rehad
l5 haveb€one 16'vea readydone17pul la didn,tqd t9 hareyu ptn
2 began 3 have(ashed 4 announced 5 haspeak€d 6 fett 7 was
3 dropped 9 rel€aFd 10 hde dsen I I hasgained 12 hs managed
13hasoothil 14bought l5havebe.ome
Unit7 Futuret
r,/
4ltir€€h.ki*
5/
6t+€m
3 Tnisfinewas@aled byoneol ou b6l youngd€siqneu
4In etry.lhat6nt b€done
6 ThBrearmoE itun a mi liondollaEit beinqspenlon adren: n9./ Morethana
mil ion do la6 is b€ingspenlon ad@nisingrhisy€ar
7 Tnit Fyment maynot b€authoried by$e r'{.ounts Depanmenr.
2 c'epd
I ndn"buled . d?,.-. b.cl 5 Loffpr.o 6 . ana'j"d
2 willbeneeded3 arebeingordeEd 4aEbeingprinled5 shoutd
beI nished
2 W e r c g o i n g i o o p e3ni t l l p o b ab t ys u c . e e d4 t t s F t o u t h € n
5 wharae yougonglo do? 6 Arcyoudoinqanrrhing
Unit l0 Passive
2
2 a mm e e t n 93 i 5 9 o i n 9 b b e 4 w i l b e 5 i s g o i n g t o h e
6 wil p@babyrepa.e 7 a@9oln9to t6r/ae€stn9 3 amgonq 9 @nt be
2 l e 3 a r c 9 o n q b b a 4 ? e 9 o n g b r e l t l u d u r e5 i si l g o i n gr oh a p p € n
6wIbe 7wiIprcbabydisppear3 e qoingto ha@(orte having)9, ter
1 0? e9 on sr o o l l e r 1 1 , t h a w 1 2 w I b e 1 3 w i t i h e n v j o b i n r c t @
14 rc goingro expand15'lbe t6 tmea. lT Une€d
l3wont be(orrenotgongb be) t9'm goinglovkit (or,mvisiling)
2 0W l l r o uh a v e 2 1 ' l i g i v e
2 I adve 3 w lbe 4'E Eeing 5 l p.obabyilke 6 are.,rdoing 7,thaw
I t e n a y i n g9 ' m 9 0 n g 1 0 1 g i v e
2log@ 3wasbom 4cleaned5 haEdemanded5 asembted
7 @e you bo.n I lo bel@king
2lw6 qi€n 3 weE pomied deliEry 4Thslabicwasfiade SWemfe5enl
3 hd beenbbught 4 harb€enencouraged
5hasplvat5ed
6 ha@arb rnvgled 7 hasb*n mded (orhasdded) 3 havebeen5otEd
uhit 8 Future2
2 i5sid to be 3 aF knoM to be lookingat 4 I betded lo bedse oping
5 h eportedro ha€ 5p€nt 6 is lhoughl ro be/ s thoughllo ha@ben
7 is u.de6t@d lo h:E negoliated
2 w l l b em d l n g 3 w i l l h a v e m @ e4dd 6 r l o $ a n
5youteave
6 @'vercceEd Twillhav€cpaid 3 they'e I w6 goinglo wile lOthope
r l d u e r o a t r v el 2 t h o p e t w o n , tt 3 t d o n l t h t n k t , l t a B t 5 s h a t@
2 6 beihgd€ahwirh 3wilbedetEre! a hasbeenincluded
{ori5 n(uded)
5 @nbe opMed 6 areonlygu.Enteed
Unit 11 Modalsand relatedverbsI
2d 3a 4c 5l 5h 7q 3e
2 leaw/atrr
3 wl l beeeng 4witthav€finished5 wjl b€ptainq 6 hsr
7 wrI have{aned 3 wil youhavelearnl 9 Wityoubeusing lO R
2B-expe.l 3D-wilfal 4B-w pbbabv 5a-abouilo 6c
7 A - w l l h a v e b e g u n3 B w t t b €t i q h n n q9 D k p t a n n i n
i oq
isdueb
2 @re goinqro be 3wittbe.oteding 4, hawp@duced
5'llbedrusnq 6wil haveaq@d 7 happ€B S come 9gets lOmeel
rrwil have
l n k h e d 1 2 w t t b € f t n d ^ g1 3 h f t t 4 w a s g o j n g l o h e
Ljnit 9 Passive1
2 isseen 3 w ll not be linished ahavebeen.@d
6 cannotbe sh pped
5aEbeing@€wEd
2 l 6 n c o n € 3 b € a b l e t o4 l . o u l d n 1 5 w a s n l a b t e t o6 w i l y o u
7 6n E do 3 lo beable 9 | muslspeak10| manag€d
1o 11 I coud
2 b€.blaro 3 coutdnl 4 coutd 5 canlb.ab. to 6 can/can
r
7 can'l/b"ablelo a b€abtetol6nt 9coutdn,tl0(oud
2d 3g 4. 5f 6e 7a ah
2 l'll pu!youlhouqh r ca^t helpyou 4 aoutdyouiet me 5 t lu{ qo
6 Couldyouhold 7 r'llwail a can'ta 9 t'Uneed 10Cantca tyou
ll.ouldyouspeak 12Canyouhear13Coutdyourepeal 14t,] beon
15l'llqel backto you t5canyouqnd lTt,ttputone
2 h 3 e 4 . s d 6 b 7 a a I 9 t l o m 1 1 i l 2 k 1 3 1t 4 n
ANSWERKEY 25I
Unit 12 Modalsand relatedverbs2
2d 3b 4a 5h 6l 7e 3g 9
1 0 k 1 lj t 2 i
[Jnit15 Questions
1
2 say 3Y5,ldo 4 d6 thii machine
m* 5setupMicrosoft
6 did Mi@eft ei up 7 i€lephonedme 3 did youtelephone
1 nun 2 haveto 3 haveto 4 musr 5 haw to 5 mun
2D 3r 4r 55 6t 7D at 9r 105 11t 12r130 14l
2 c a n 3 h a w t o 4 5 h o u d 5 c a ^ 6 6 n 1 T s h o u dS d o n t h a @ t o
t hav€ro 10$ouldnt rr should 12@n
2 h a d t o 3 . o u d n ' i 4 h a d r o 5 . o ! d n , l 6 $ o ! l d h a w 7 s h o u l dr nh a v e
3 d dn'thavato 9shouldn'tha€ 10ddn1havelo
Unit 13 Modalsand relatedverbs3
2 < a n lb e 3 m u sbt e 4 m i g h t b e5 m a y n o t b e6 o n ' t b e 7 m u nb e
S r h o u d b € 9 < o u l d b e1 0 @ n ' l l l c o u l d
be 12munbe
2d 3b 4a 5i 69 7e
2 m i g h t3 c a n t 4 m u n 5 m i g h l 6 @ n 7 ( a n l S m u r t
2Doyouwo*from home?r canyouundeEland
GemanT
4 Hawyouak€ady
hadlunch? twil youbeba.kntimelorlunch?
6 Areyouenjoyinqth€.ontercnce? 7 Did,ou aE€ewilh her?
3 Haw )ou @r lpokento P€r€?
2 hN youinvnei 3are)ougoing 4didyoupal( 5ae)ouherc
2 vlhat haw youdone? I where d d ,ou pul the rcpo.t?
4 Whydo you slayh€F? 5 H@ reE youtee nq yeneday?
6 wheE areyouslaying? 7 Whodo your€ponb?
a WnE is lhis b.q/Whoe bagis th s?
2 w€r doyoudo? 3 H@ onqha€ F! been@* nqrhere'
4 wrt did you do beloe ihar2 5 Doe5you iob inrclvemuchl.avel n97
5l! ihi5yo( li6t vi5itto Lron? 7 Whend d Jouariva?
a Hd onq aE you srayingfor? 9 Wherca€ younaying? 10 Whals il ike?
2 8 @ t u r y 3 h w d u c h 4 h @ i 4 5 h o w l o n g6 w h a r T w h o s e
a howolren 9whid 10whar ll shch
2a 3d 4c 5c 6b 7a 3d
2wrldefiniiey 3miqht 4ls almostcenainro s ru^liketto
2 hghlhave 3 6n1 have 4mighl 5 cn't 6munhaw
Unit 14Modalsand relatedverbs4
2 Wouldyou 3 Wouldyoulike 4 M.y | 5lalking 6 Shalll 7 L€lme
S C o u d 9 y o u s h o u d1 0 c o u d r c u 1 1 c o u l d 1 2 o p e n1 3o p e n e d
Unit'15Qu€stions
2
2 doi'r you 3 ddnlyou 4haveyou 5 hashe 6willyou 7 5 he
sdidn'r@ 9aGn1r loihallwe
2 enr theiar, didnlyou 3 5n1MrPete6,i5 1 4 s Mf PeleE,3nl r
5 hava@Eded thenoder h*n t they 6 ha€nlcan.eedthenodet havet,rey
2 lhedad€tng emina. e 3@6h
4you lelt 5l(ould
2 who didrougertheintomalonirom? 3 wh (h lundsdoyouin@srin7
4 whai wasrhe weatef lik€in sreden7 (of whar was$e ealher in sw€i€n
2 1 3 h 4 a 3 . 5 e 7 h 3 i 9 q 1 0 1l l k 1 2 m 1 3 J
2 shal!w 3wn1he 4shouldnlhe 5 wasn'lit 6 ha@n'tthey
Twuldn'til aisn'ril t harelhey l0 doesn't
il
2 W o u l d y o u l i k3e d o n l m n d 4 D o y o u m i n d5 O i @ u e n o l
6 wouldyoulikeme1o 7l'd apF*iate$at ash.llwe 9 wduldyoumind
l 0 r s h o u l dr r w 6 u l dy o ui k e r o 1 2 o f c o u e
Unit 17 Conditional5
1
Line3 CouldyouspeI that lor me,ple&?
Une5 Woud youm nd ednq you pa$pod?
Une6 Doyouthinkyoucouldbookm€anedy momingcdllT
Llne3 lmnder il youcouldiell melvhenbrcaHanis?
L ie l0 Wouldyoumind1l lefta messgelor a coleague?
L ne 11 Wouldyou ikemeto lendyoua pen?
2 take/@,||ani@ 3 wo*ed/we'dger 4goetis s don'lhwy/re' be
6chanqe/qi@
me Tdick/t@nr aoderend 9lend/wi yourelurn
3 hN/,|ldel
7 Mit/'llgi€
4 banned/Muldn't
be 5knew/'dtel 6l€ve/'ll(aLh
3 had/'dlm
252
ANSWEB KEY
2 r c n t 3 d o n t 4 w i t 5 s 6 u n t 6 s 7 i s g o t n q t o b €B b e 9 U n t 6
l0rcnt 1r@ud t2woutdnil3didnl 14wutd
2 to take 3 hearing4to rctuh 5torsk 6 buinq 7 duming
a b a c . € p t 9 t a k i n gl 0 t o c o p y r r b e n g 1 2 t o b i n q l 3 t h t n k i n q
14behavingI5 to tran 161odea
Unit 2l Reportedspee(h1
2 dolwi 9w 3 mrked/wouldnibe 4 @uld happen/@ored
5 ms/don l5em 6lan.y/give
Unit 18 Conditionals
2
2lle'llb€ backaflerlun.h 3 SheS
9on9to conta.irhefi nt€E
4lwanl lo makea phone.a 5 rm meering
thebankmanaqerar
e ev€n
6 l loundout aboultheprcblem
a longtme ago
7 lhave1obebackin theollic€bylh.eeth.q 3 l,tttelyouknM
2look/mighll€e 3 hadInen€d/wo!dn'rhavemade
4 @'d found/w€d havemoved 5 k€pt/mighr
preent
5Id known/mudn'1havedone 7 hadbeen/coutd
ha€ suc(H{
2 $eelme 3 theyd/our/before45h€rqht$e^
2 n c a s e3 a 5 o n g a s 4 u n € s 5 a s l o i ! a s 6 i n c a r e 7 w h e ^ S o n e s
2 (lhat)hed .eadthe '.pon and(rha0hed dn'i undeErand
5<tion 4
3 helinished
h s presenralon
hewargoingro havea d nk
4 {lhal)+e waspepadngtheiquE bui (rhal)she
Mu dn'lberons
5 ($a0 sh€ ikedplayingrennisbul (1tur)5hed dnl do r veryonen
6 (ha9 shewa59oin9to visitrheI Po$ 5ub5idiary
bul ($ar) shewasnr sm when
2 had 3 .ou d stly 4 enioy 5 hadtaken 6 knew 7 coutdtype
s d d n ' i i n r e n u ptlh a d r o h a v e l l o u r d d o 1 2h a d n b. ro u g h l
7P|IC 3PISI 4P|IC 5
2 G n 3 A 5 o n g a s 4 ' d h a v e 5 ' d S w o u t d nht &
9 i n c a s e1 0 u n e $ 1 1 1 2u n l e $
6ptIC
7plla 8t 9p/tT tOp/',tc
7 d a@utd/have
2 h i s 3 h e ' d s e m4 $ e d a y b e t o e 5 l h e 6 $ e y v e 7 m e 3 l h e r c 9 w a s
lob€toe ]l hadlone 12wasl3that t4me
2a 3d 4c 59 6h 7e 3l
Ljnit 22 Reported spee(h 2
Unit 19 Verb+ -irg or infinitive 1
2 e y 3 l e i l 4 i a d S r o d / e i d 6 s i d ^ a d T s a d / t o l dS e i d r o ^ e l
2 g o l n g 3 1 0 u s e4 s p e n d i n5gt o c l o s e d @ n6 t o d e t E f 7 @ t t n 9
3 l o s i n g9 l o p E p a e 1 0 1 0 b e l l w a i t i n gl 2 t o s i g n 1 3p d t p o n i n q
2e 3b 4a 5d 6k 7i 3i 9g
2 to e(ognie 3 ldvertsn9 41okdve
3 l h n k i n g 9 l o f y 1 0t o h e l p
2 whar$e lene6'URLmeant
3 d/whelher
I hadprepared
theliquE
5 wrti^9 6 to rpeak 7 dak nq
2 peBuade
h m lo 3 rcmindmelo 4 hep youlo 5 expe.therto
6 encouraged
melo 7 iorcedusio
2 losing 3 ro (ash 4 io do 5 to lix 6 to.ome 7 cating a io wait
9iodo l0askng ll roiype
2laking 3lopay 4 worrying5robe 6 pretendinq7 Glertng 3103hd
Unit 20 Verb+ -ing or iniinitive 2
3 meting 4benq slomake 6tospeak 7saynq abop€n
9 o p e n i n g l 0 q v i n q 1 1r o l o o k a t l 2 t o a i n o u n c e l 3 q u i n n 9 t 4 e f l i n q
1 0 11 t h 1 2 1
5 illwherher hehadrehembercn(or he,emenbefed)b b!.k up rhe ii e
6 whyI hadluhed off theaif.ondtoninq
7 illwhe$erI ipokerralia^
3 h @ m u . hh ?h a dp a i d ( o r hpea i d ) l o f h h c r
2 ruqqded Sprcpoed 4aEeed 5 decided
2 l o l d l h € m3 t o l i s l e n4 s i d 5 l h d d
6lake Tsringup 3nortosay
9lochaif l05hould@pon 11rcmlnd€d
rhemthal 12tomk'
unit 23 Phrasalverbs 1
2iomeei
2b 3d 4a 5b 6d
2 hord(or hans)o. 3 rill;n 4 go (or G[y) on 5 g)ueup 6 dea with
7 pi.kup 3 9o (or.ome)bacl 9lakeup l0tmkaier
2belng 310be
4iobe
2lobook 3to{an
9tohave l0iolon
14 to have l5being
5being 6betng
4tocome 5toqo 6d$ing 710give 3 rclking
rr@*n9
1 2 q € n n 9 ( o r 1 o g e l ) 1 3 m i s s i nogL , r
r6Lft9
17 Jinkhtnq(or rolinish)
2l@k uplhe inlomaton/lookthenfomarionup/tookir up
3 kep dM our cosE/kep ou. .ostsdowd/keeprhen doM
4 dowithoutmymobiephone/do
wilhout1
5 tumeddM lhe id€/lurnedthe deadownnuhedit d@n
6 en oul thepmblem/en$e prcblem
od/son ir oul
ANSWERKEY
2 dropoff 3 ru.n !p 4 checkingLn 5 qei by 6 ed olt 7 drawup
3l@kingrhrough9cal on t0ringup ll kep dNn 12lindour
l3 breaking
down l4printoul l5backup
25!
2 meeting3 shoppinq4 inlerening
/coilusn9 5wearnq/laning
6mr@ming 7 oninq ad nq
2 me€r 3t3ke 4$kn9 5 working 6mrk
2 back 3 off 4 doM 5 ihouqh 6 on 7 oul 3 @r
2 of beinq 3 by lakinqover 4 Beforcqo n9 5 nsreadol usinq
Unit 24 Phrasalverbs2
2 back10 3 dowi on 4 out of 5 on to 6 in wilh 7 up wfth 3 up lo
2 up 3 off 4behnd 5 of 5 b3.k Twirh 3on 9on r0ihough
11ro 12out 13 n r4wilh
2 g e t $ r o u g h3 c l / b a c k 4 h o d o n 5 g o a h s d 6 € n g / u p 7 t @ k i n l o
3 g e t b a c k t o9 $ e a k u p l 0 b e a k i n g u pt t c u t o i i t 2 s n / o d 1 3 q o d e r
2 sA€+ S lhir+
4v**
3 hopingrhalthemarker
MUld qo up
4 trol b€rngan exp€iencedn€gotiaror
5 Arsuminq3herculdn'r fr,nd
6 nol kneinq il wouldcearc $ manyproblems
Unit 27 make /do,/9et/have
2 did 3 make 4dohake 5 do 5do/ma[e 7 make 3 made/do
9did/mEde lOdid/made 1l make/do 12do
Unit 25 Verbsand oblects
2a 3t 4b 5e 6.7h 39
2/
3t 4,/ 9X 6t
3/
4t
7/
Ar 9/
tOji
5X 6,/ 7X g,/ 9,/ 1At 11/ 12'l 13t 14/
2 a)r 2b)I / fte ma.ker
nqdepartment
5 a)
2holday 3lun.h 4.han.e/look Slime SaltematveTbreak
8 appontde.l 9thetish l0doubt ll dill(uly 12headache/day
ofi
l3 @rd l4go 15@nveElion
5b)J/ myfamyandlriends
2 g e t 3 d o i n g a m a k e 5 n a d e 6 d o i n g 7 9 o r S m a d e9 d o n e l 0 m a k e
l l d o 1 2 q o t 1 3 m l d e 1 4 q o r r 5 m a d e1 6 d o 1 7 d o 1 3 g o t 1 9 m a d e
2 5u99estlo
them 3p@miFdm€ 4etpainedloihem 5 cau5ing
uspoblem5
6 lhe chclenro you 7 theLulr ro ther4hnician8oldthem
9 lhewhoe sitlalon to$em l0tod me ll introduce
youio Joephte
[rnit 28 Relativeclauses1
2ND3ND4O 5D 6ND
2le la.kelheanideaboulma*elinq
3 ent $em an ema yesieday
! erta^ erailro.Fei lusoFer\ea A depafrrl yrn.ddy
5 od h m $e dGplay
modelthartb*n in lhe window
6 bd lhe dGplay
modeltoa rcmdn who.amen rhismoming
7 gav€hermy rcport$G morning
3 gavemyrcponb hers{@taryrh5 morning
21ohat 31otl1o 4tollot sl.tlra
2lhal 3 wtro 4whde 5who 6who 7 whose athai 9who 10who
r (which)4/
5 (hat) 6/
7/
3 (who) 9/
10(rhal)
2 hav€b€n waitnglor rnayedal 4 usuaydea w$
5.h(lalhe emplerlbm 6 am responsible
for
6 rolfor 7 to/for 31o/ror
5P 7t 3P 9Lr0P]]P 12P
Unit 26 The -,rg form
2a 3. 4b 5g 5l 7e ah
254 ATIiWER TEY
Unit29 Relative
clauses
z
2 nothing3 anr{hinq45on6ne 5 anrvhere6 Fmelhinq Tson@ne
3 antlhing 9 anylhingtoNoone
2 who ou d be a us€lutcontacrlor tbu
3 wh6e CVison youfdesk
4 who s.omingnexlweek
2 enjoyed
ouel6
3 taughrhimsef/isrea.hing
himFtf 4hunyouEeff
5 expEi heEff 6 helprcuetvE 7prepa€youett a inroducehyseff
9 blan€you6eJ 10maketouetvs
6 wh6e preentaiionI head
7 iharlwai €llnq youabout
3 wherctheyreloinq 1obui d the newla.rory
3J 4n St6ey 6ir 7/
2 fell/elared I anylim€,
anywtleE4 @member/Mrry5weryUre
6 havthen 7 anylnere a iomewherc9lhemelres tO€chorhe.
ail
zwh6e 3who 4whom 5 rhat Srhar Twhar aihal 9 whee to$at
2 Fmewhere 3 anywhere 4 somene 5 Everylne 6 Anyone 7 smelhing
a everylhing 9 anythinq
3/
I helpyouelf 4 met s inircnuce
you6ett 6.hange 7 askmFetf srctar
4who 5whal 6whi.h 7/
awhch 9/
t o l a / h a l1 l l
12whar
Unit32 Determiners
2 wh ch wa5rhe iargeslluxuryg@ds@mpanyin rhe rcdd
3 whichwoulddecdeihe fulureof rhe ndunry
2 a t s o l r h e h 3 b @ o f t h e m 4 m a i y o t l h e m5 h o s r o i l h e m
5 who wasthe chleiiinanciaofiicer
6 wh chwasm€antlo bea me$agetor Ahaulr
7 whichrcpresented
34%of Gucd!totatnock
3 whoGuccihad
b€enlooknqror
9whowastheheadof a non-lood
rclatgmup(a tedppR
l0whlchwasa42%stakein Guc.
z s<h 3 Notone 4 Someof 5 Some 6 enher 7 OurcuromeEe..n
a bo$ dals 9Attot t0any ll Ereryrhinqt2amobiephoneeach
13 Ereryodion ha5be€n 14*erylh n9
lJnit 30 Countableand uncountablenouns
2 ncr'e,lh3
en
r ei$e.4At 5e€ry/al6each7Mry Bnonegany
r0 borh 11ei$er 12each
2AB/maiy 3Ghlch 4H@much 5a€ 6a.e 7 equrpm€n
Sim a d i n s
9 a pieceoi equpmenl l0a machine1t some/wast2 mu.h t3tr/se
2 Ew.ypani(lpanr3Nolasingepe6on 4 Nenher
idea/Neithe.
oi theideas
5 Soheof $e audien(e
didnr 6Noneotmycoteague7Alwewa is
8weren'tanyddumenB9Nerherhotelwas/Netherotlheholes@re
ro Sorhrhepropoekael8orhotthepropoekae
rr Noieol rhe* rrems
ae t2ioneatall
2 fme
3 much 4 many 5an 6 bfie 7 many B much gmuch 10m.ny
2 A - aachode 3 C - Nelhercodpany 4 A - a I ts 5 C _ftey arcbolh
6 C-ery 7 3-mo5tot 3 c-Mrrlhing
2a)G 2b)s 3.) s 3b)c 4a)t 4b)c
Unit 33 Possegsives
and compoundnouns
l@d:Theretbmet Therc,s
crothesrhaven'tqothanyjTnere
arcomej lieyre
rcrk: I havent got much;TheFGsomejfteEk
job:I hawnt sol a; rhereraj t|s a
money:
I haven
t got much;TheEGsomejfteEk
d o a " . l h a \ e nl g o n a l y ,- F q . a r f 1 a , 1 e / r
expenses:
haven
tgoi maiyrTherc
ae omqlteyte
idea:lharen'tqolmu.hjI hawnl qoi an;Th€Fisan; ts an
2you 3youE 4you6 SourM
6 o u & t v e sT m n e B M y g h e r 1 0 r
2 Ajicet l andsname! 8ill. HegoneoJMedl LFchStop anaysE.
I Tolot t d.al on is .ompany@6 k benerthan ou6.
4 | @nt to my do<roAandhe3compurerse! al the palienir,recodr
5 ll! imponantio Kognie that wery ompany h.s is own panrcubf.u
e,
6 My bo$s PAreadsall rh€ cBroders bneu
7 L@kat thoe trm Mercd6. ones our dnetloG andlhe orhel3a visitol!.
5 p e 6 o n5 a 7 m u . h 3 a n 9 b m e l O a t j m u c h
14a oi ol rs infomauo^ 16an
Unit3l Pronouns
2 no one 3 anylhinq 4 anyone 5 Something6 emede
sanrihing 9 *ryth nq lONothing
7 ftrrone
7 ndfl neun9/!t6,o@r
1 ( Fd( Lcm/d"pa.rnffsoF
4 iiternara.G/summerlle 5 inflaionligures/pnce
ranqe
6 ma*et suNey/rushhour 7 inlomaion te.hnotoqry/.ar
keys
3 3hopasistanvpow. laitu€ 9 shopftoorrcrker/@rking tun.h
10iNUGdc6nl,?cr/banktoadj1 pmduclteatures/p@ducron.oss
T2ma*et l@derlmarkelinqbudgel
2 Jad<ol 3 ercr ol 4 6i9€ of 5 t*
of 6 pi<e ol 7 n@keoi B i@d ot
A
2fryp€n 3mine 4iama!dftumenis 5 colleaque
ol he6 6islo(bo$3
7 an expertin company 3 shos lhe el6 figu6 9 cunomerof 0!6
2 two squaEwden
255
SWER I(EY
Gnons
3 an am-ing ne efiwaE
4 a difiicult $@eno^th
package
transition peiod
5 hiqh-qualily Taiwane compder chips
2 €he€&3€**
4F€€
5 €r$c{ 6shR 7li*
3R.*€r
9d
6 a mllplanned inv6hent
nEteqy
7 deap hiqhjp€€d htehet acc6
3 a r@lulionary ne handh€ld.ompubf
9 a @nd€rful ns
w.shinq pordef
Unit 34 Articles1
l0 alvlulch€p planjcFmnns
2 a n l l h e 3 a l T h e 4 a 5 t h e n h e5 l h € / a 7 a a a 9 a l 0 a n n h e
11anlth€orher 12$e^he 13rhe 14lhe Porruque
2 late - adv 3 a€ adj 4 wel ad. 5 ha'dly adv 6 good
7 ha.d - adj 3 had a& 9lan adc r0 iast adj.
2a 3 anl
4 -l-
5 al- 6-
1 ala a la 9 arl
2-/a 3at-h6e 4 /lhe 5 ^h€/a 51 0 A / a n l ar r a ^ h e r 2
2 @nwntion.l 3 rapidly 4 pbp€ y 5 qood 69@d 7we
l 0 d @ l l d r e c t t 1 2 € t y 1 3 . h € a p 1 4 q u i c k l yl 5 f q h t
10ala
adj
3bady
9easy
16huge
Ta^he 3 rh€/anh€ 9-l-
Unit37 Comparing
I
2 r h e 3 - 4 - 5 a 5 a T T h e3 9 $ e l 0 r h e l l
l 4 t h e 1 5 a n l 5 r h e l 7 r h e r 3 - r 9 a 2 0 i h e2 r -
12
13rle
4 a 5 - 6 - 7 a f t e 9 a 1 0 - 1 l - 1 2 a n 1 3 t h e1 4 - 1 5 1 6 1 h er 7 - 1 8 a 1 9 f t e 2 0 2 1 a 2 2 a 2 3 r h a2 4 r h e2 5 -
2 $e n6l pDlitable 3 Renl
4lhan 5 rcEe
6 best 7 as ongas 3 wo6e
2 sm.llerrhan I ls inreetng thadnorasinrresing as 4 $e honen
5 b€ne.ftan 6 a59@da5 7 mo€ ditl(ur 3 ai largeas 9 wo& rhan
Unit 35 Articles2
2 a5/a53 than/des 4least 5 ben 6most T rhan/hadSatas 9lun/as
2 Crcle 3 h6pira/<hool 4 Healhrcw/underg.ound
5 HemutKoh^he Chance
orlcemany
6thealpyMonrSlanc71henediutu@3 home
9 NeYo*/lheUnited ttates r0lunch
11Deu$che
SanklheCilyof London/$esian 12un{eaiv
13takewndehere^heL.keDi5tria.^he
nonh-@3r/Enqland
r4 Bondsr@r
151hep@f 16ftelJK^hesourh-easr/CanieduryCathedGl
r?c@n
13lohn/rcrk/thefrome 19lraly/cr 20TheDanube/Cen|a
€urcpe
2a)The 2b)- 3a)- 3b) Ine 4a), 4b) lhe
6a) 6b)Ihe 7a)- 7b)lhe
5a)rne 5b)
2 a t 3 t h e e n d o t l h e4 n l h e 5 a t 6 r h e s u t o n d 7 a l 3 a l
2th€ 3rhe 4fte 5$e 6 7 3 glhe 10- 11 12 13
1 4 - 1 5 r h e l 5 r h e r 7 $ e 1 3 1 9 t h e 2 0 r h e 2 1 ( o r r h € )2 2 l h e
2 3 t h e 2 4 i h e 2 5 - ( o r r h e )2 6 $ e 2 7 f t e 2 3 t h e 2 9 3 0 . 3 r l n e
32the 33ihe 34rhe 35 rhe 16rhe 37 33the 39lhe 4!
unit 36 Adiectivesand adverbs
2 mprdeddramatcaly3 hasd@pped
signifi@ndy
4 pauFbrielt 5he
imp@edsteadly 5 rc.overeds@ly 7 hasnFn gradually
2 bored 3borng 4eKiling smded
6larqe 7 enomoG a bad
2 hed t pomoted r badlyd6lgied
4 exiremevhelplol
s east rc.osniebre 5 undpecredlydelayed 7 completetillesal
3 qute ate
3 mores.<1ions
ol lhe €pod rhanme
4 a5longasle4e<ted/arlong4 r'derpecled
6 mon imponai!preni.tioh I haveeEf gi€n
9 $e ben communi@ton5ki15
l0 $e m6l inlercitingpeple I havee€r met
2lorer 3 better 4doEattE live 5 tukiest 6 Eeater 7 wo6r
a morcensible 9 eaier l0mosraggre$Lwll hiqhef 12b61
Unit38 Comparing
2
2a I rhebener 4moreandmorc5lhewondlarc.n 6 dighlly 7la*ei
a moF andmoreexpensive
9morequickt 10muchbeiter 11lhesamea5
a littk/abn b./mu.h morcorls/buqhly lun/eecty
2 nea.lylvntually3 just/esart 4 a ltile/a bh 5 farlmuch
2 thefane* g@ing 3lhemosi.ftryd€sqned 4bslseling
5 rhele6r kn@n 6 themosrrapidt.hanging
2 roughly
th€eme lrliqhtyls 4aLm6tasmaiy 5alm6rdmu.h
6 rcnsiderabt
l6s 7 moElhanl'ri.e sbyfar 9 nornea,ly l0a ol
256
ANSWER XEY
2oughlylheeme i consde6b/y
more 4 similar5 dilfe€nt 6alot
T b y f a f 3 t w i . € a r m a n y9 i w c e a s m u c h1 0 a i f t l e
Unit 39 Adverbsof degree
2c 3d 4a 59 6l 7h 3e
250iew 3loohuch 4such 5e 6loomu.h 7omlch 3emany
9 solillle 101@shon ll tallenoughl2enouqhmoney
2 somu.h 3 somany 4sofs
5 b linle 6t@ Tsuch 3 enough9e
2a)50su(ce$ru
that 2b)su.ha succesrhar
3a)50@llhat 3b)su.ha goodode. pMes ngt,slemthat
4a)suchalqebankdehs$at 4b)soraEethal
5a)iofasithal 5b)5ucha fan niemelconnedonrhat
2bLt 3 still 4lhough 5hspiteof 6wher€5 7 anyway
2a)Intpiteof myheadache
I slil @nt to $e meeiig /h 5p1eof havnqa
headachestillmnt to rhe merinq.
2b) | hada h€da.he, but I nil rent to lhe meelinq.
la) someanabdsrhinkihar siq* wil lal in vaue,whereasolhe6 d egree
3b)Allhouqh$me analtdlslh nk thar ntrks w ll ia I in value,othe6 d 5a9@.
rta)D6pile lhe dilfituhie in rhe negoraions, re won the contac.
4b) Enn thoughrhee @re diffituhi6 in ihe negolations,we won the .ontraar.
5a)Whereasoilpl.6
rcFdlhlylanyear, thi5ye rheyhaveqonedown.
5b)Oilpd@soe sllqhlyal year,ahhough
thi5ye rheyhaveqonedown.
6a)Ive win€n tvvi.e,yel lslil havent recd€d a eply.
6b) Despnewritingtwic, I nill havent receiv€d
a rcply.(or Despitehavn9 wr fien
lwi(e Inillhawnl rcc€iEda rcply.)
7a)Ahhouqh
hedidn'iu* anynoles,hegryeanex.eenl presenlalon.
7b)H€d dnl ue anynor6 Hegaveanexcellent
preEnration,lhough
2 a l $ 3 d e s p i l e4 a l l h o u q h5 . s w e l 6 B o t h T w h e . e a 3
sasmllas
9)d l0athough 11despite12Althouqh
2 wa5sucha dnicullp6bem 3ft€t@lewopies 4i@Inb5pa.€
5 p r e s e n t a iwoans$ q o o d 6 d d n ' r s e l e n o u g h u nTi tk5s b u s y
8so manybr*hurcsrhal9 ioo nrlerme
Unit42 Linkingwords2
2 s ol *
h e r a . o p y otlh e m l n u t e s .
3 b<auseIhada lol oi papeM lo fnhh.
Unit 40 Timeadverbs
2at 3at 4on 5 n 6ar 7on 3in 9in 10on 11on 12in 13at
s hed@5n1kn@,llarkbmeoneehe.
2b
3so that 4 n oderlo 5 tor 6 can 7 could 8@udn1 9woi1
2a 3k 4m 5f 6i 7e 8i 9b l0l ll n 12h13d14c
2 neNtwee[ 3 $e dayaftertomori@ 4 at n]ght 5on time 5in time 7 tor
S d u r n q 9 n l o y e a u a q o l 0 b e l o . eI l D u f n q r 2 w h l l e l 3 w l i l e
1 4 d u r n 9 l 5 b y l 6 u n t l T t h e n 1 3a f t e d a d s 1 9 A f t e r2 0 l a l e r
2 Q:Nowlonghawyouhada subsdiaryin
Ponuqal?
Ai Sn(e 1998.
3 Q: NowlonghasPeterMidd€lhoffbeenCEO?A Sincethe 5radol the y?ar
4Q: fowlong hasyourconpanyhadrheem€ loqoTA Fortenryysr
5 Q: fowlonq ha€ youowiedyourTeekom
shaB?A:slncepdatstioi.
6 Q: Fowlongha€ youknen A exSonTA: Fofa onqrime.
7 Q:NM onghaverou lvedin this!M7 A: Sncelwasbom.
2 ago 3 tor 4duing 5 afier 5 belore 7 for Ssince 9 for r0$hile
l l 5 n ( e 1 2 a g o 1 3 B e l o r e1 4 w h i . 1 5a t l e t u a d s1 6a f t e r
ljnit 4l Linkingwords I
2 Although 3despte 4whie
5 Whe€a
3 a 4 b t b 6 a 7 a 3 b 9 b 1 0 a I l a l 2 b 1 3 a1 4 b
2t 3P 4t 5P 6r 7P 8P 9r 10P
2 aglike 3 like 4 as,,l
ke 5 like 6 !s 7lke A atl ke
2 t o 3 l k e 4 b e c a u s5 e t h a ! 6 b 7 a s I 3 i o r 9 [ e 1 0 t o
l 1 $ . s n o r l o M r r y r 2 a 5 1 3 l i k e 1 4 s o t h a rr 5 t o 1 6 i k e
unit 43 Developing
an argument1
2 h a n d 3 A s a t u l e 4 e x ( e p l5 e r t h e r6 A s a m a t t e r o f l a cTl O i t h e w h o e
a Onft€ olher hand 9 36ides 10suchas 1l lor example 12 nsleadol
2 *ept 3 therclorc4innead 5 n qene.al6su.has TElher
3 As@llas $is 9 Nmrihd6 10So
6ihouqh 7bll
a{heEas
9 a n y l v a y1 0 r n 5 p € o f l l a r h o u q h 1 2 a r h o u q h
b) odlt v Fd rh" Mad"d o'file
re d5 LpBdl"lon"o!fi p
"!
2a)We.an hande lhe tEnspon arangemenisand ako the insuEn@.
2b) We can hand€ bolh the lransponaraigementsand the insuranc.
3a) want ihe eles lisu6 lor octoberand N@nber as@ll.
3b) | want the sa es I sures lor o.rober as @ll as N@mber
4a) we?e setting up ofiices in Peruand alo (in) E.uador
4b) we'E setting up ofi @s in Peruand (in) Ecuadort@.
Inqenera!,
taknqanM&Aisa goodid€ tor anambt ousyoungpEle$onal,
hl]wr youdo haw to makesomeldifice' Youmksout on lvvoyea6
valuablem|t axpe ence,for *mde and t cn be veryexpeisve.
23 Fi6toa
l ll 3A-aswelas 4D-Secondl5
y C asaresult
6A H@rer 7B Inaddnion
3 D - l o r e x a m p e9 A - s u c h a s
ATIISWER
KEY 257
2 l n a d d l o n 3 h f a . r 4 l h e r e l o E5 r i a r u t e 6 h @ m r 7 l n c o n d u s i o n
Unit 47 Adjective+ preposition
2h 3d 4b 5j 5a 7i ac 9i lOe
Unit 44 Developingan argument2
2 sfelron
2fiomourpontolvs 3 Appaeddy4 trFms rhat 5 tonunaret 6&tuatt
T l M d n q o n t o S i n t h e e n d9 a l a n 1 0 U n t € sl t u d 6 1 2o l h e m i F
2Of@u6e 3 Unforlunalely
4Bytheway 5Iobeirank 6Ahsatl
7Appaeny 3 Anylvay9 Abryeatt l0or6ther
3 atiached
to 4 dependent
on 5eriousabout 5 nrctved
in
2 wilh 3for 4 about 5wiln 6 about Tlor aJor 9for lOwth ll at
2 lo Addan 3 to dtung on the eir 4 lo. rhe meeing
5 inteEied in archaeoloqy6 aboutwhal he eid 7 at ma$enar<s
3 aboutlheadwnising
Ghpalgn 9oipeope l0onherid6
2 npancular 3Cleary 4Toqveanexampta5 excepr
ior
6AslaraslhegeneGpubic isconcerned7 funhmor€ asrnudt
9 Asa manerol fact l0suchas 1tp6aresuh 12 0n rheotherhand
1 3o r 6 t h e . 1 4 l n l e n e r a1 5a f t h o u g h] 6 l o s u n u p
2 at&ned 3 dependenr4pepared 5cpabe
3 inrcl4d 9nght l0oppGed ll compatibe
2Asamatteroliac13 r'6iar as...isconcehed4To9i€anebmple
5In EeneG 6 Cleay 7 Funheno@3Asa rclutt 9Ontheo$erhand
l0tosumup rl excepllor 12athough 13*ntu.Iy 14or ra$ei
Unit 48 Noun+ preposition
2ror 3 with 4 benreen5with 6i./oi
2 pnceol 3 advanrage
ol 4 tocu5on t paynenrto. 6 objectionro
7 nwlvement
in I suhabilry
lor
Unit 45 Prepositions
of place
2on 3 above/be@
4in 5on 6opp6n.7.t
l l n e x t l o 1 2 i n 1 3 o v e r1 4 n e a r1 5 i n 1 6 o n
20 by
2 forlup 3in/by 4lorlon 5in/On 6in 7 an/lot Santhy 9t^/n
2 r 3 h 4 c 5 j 6 i 7 d 3 e 9 r r 0 b 1 lk 1 2 9
2on 3on 4in 5on 6aun Tidoi 3at 9on
1 3 n 1 4 i n 1 9 i d a t 1 6 n 1 7 a t 1 3 o nn t 9 a t
2 lowads 3 al 4 der 5 p.st 5 on 7 in a $@ugh 9.r
7 ber€en 8to 9in/oi lOlor
2 r i 3 t o f 4 0 1 5w i t h 6 i n 7 0 1 a o u t 9 i n l o i n 1 1 t o . 1 2 i n l 3 t o r
14up 15in 16lor 17at l3abour
t0 on
Unit 49 Trends,graphsand figures
2 at 3 in 4on 5 nexr 6 n 7 in 3on 9 oppositet0in lt to t2at
Unit 46 Verb+ preposition
2beeve n 3wairfof 4lead1o Sdependon6kn@aboul 7 suflerIrcm
2wilh 3ol 4aboul 51or 6 abour Tinb Alor 9on t0 from
in
2 lolabout 3lrom 4 ol s of 6 wilh/abour7 fbm 3 in 9lor
1 0 l o / a b o o lt 1 a r 1 2 l o r
2 om lhou$nd, nrc hundcd and$idy
3 1$€l€ rh@end, rhe hlndred
4 rwelt€ lhouend.nd lh iy
5 twt€ lhouend,thR hundcdandth.ty
6 me hundcd andt*€nry thou5and,$re hundrcd
7 onehundr€dandh€nty threerhouend
3 o.e hundrcdandr*nty $ree rhouend, threehundredandlh dy
I one mill@n,tm hundredand$iny ftouend
2 imed/slbhrt
3in 4by 5EMr!
6 ht/tow/EoveEd/a1
7 mchedheak 3 slowly/by9sN/of 10to 11Ge/l€ll 12ra$d/.ut
2 HowMr 3 ahhough 4 in spiteoi 5 TheEfo€ 6 so 7 becue or
2belonglo 3l5tenro 4 explain/io5 agre€iwirh 5 appvlor Tetyon
3 apoiogiedlor 9Remnd/aboutlohopnglor ll headlmm
r2compywilh 13insisron 14quairyJor
2with 3 aboul 4lmm 5for 6in Tlor 3 againn 9i6n lotrom
l l l o r 1 2 f o r 1 3 o n 1 4 o n 1 5 r o 1 6 f o f 1 7f r o m t B a b o u l 1 9 o t
254 ANSWERKEY
Test1
2aalm6l 50q/62ba lnbundef50%
3 a a b u n d5 0 % 3 b a b o u i 5 0 %
4a€n. y s0% 4b precisey
50%
5 a a i i e d e r 5 0 % s b d i q h l yn o r e t h a5n0 %
6 .onr deGblymoreihan 50%
2Uat 3allhough 4be.ause 5 ecwery 6peak 7up 3by 9mitton
l 0 p o u n d s1 1 o n 1 2 c u t r r s i g n i f i c a n1l l4yH d e w r 1 5 h . t l 1 5 r @
1 7s h a r p y1 3 l o 1 9 o v s 2 0 i n
Unit 50 Punctuation
2 LaslfebruarymelMaryCaeenier
lor thefi6t line.
, abo-r50l'lor4? I'on odn!.
4lvlylarcur€ Nilchco.ktim
k 91fan9e6
ona Tran'.
5 Cao worksasa^ oli .e managern a ma*ei n9 consutancy
6lw jun rcceived
ihe reponpublished
a( MaybyrhewoddT6deOrganzaiio^
7 OnChrshasDaywel 9oto myparenG'
houp nearBighronn5usx
3 lh nkJeans qoinq10beinletos n9theD€puty
finance
Minkterne{ wk
3 don'tundeEland4 m talkn9 5 isn'tseinq 6 know 7'm naynq
3 a F y o u 0 L r d D oy o -o f f e ' 9 r o l e i l 0 d o y o u . d l l d t r N "
b)Pc c)Pc OP5 e)Ps 0Pc a)Ps h)Pc
2a 3e 4c 5q 6f 7h ad
Prenr slnple:aNvays,
assoonar, befoe, e@rydry hardy trr nweL mosioi
lhe lime, nextlime, nom.lly, o.caionaLly,
oien, Grel, smetimes,twicea year,
Penl conrinuous:
at lhe momenl,nM, n
adays,$6e daF
1 lusually
he llnchar abodoneo crock 2 Lunchs oft€ntun a sandwr.h.
3 I visnPadsH€d Oflicef.om I mero ime
4 amhadt evs lat€in th€morninq 5 | hadt mr lake$e rranro work.
5 I prcpare
a !15 Eponon.€a month 7 | n*r missa Boadmeeln9
3lam n4r laretor a Boadn€tinq.
3.onrah4t
5./ 6weowi 7 lhink 3/
glrseffi r0l
]]/
2c 3b 4a 5.5a 7a 3c
2l'm 5orryKm, heeid theg@dswouldaiiiveon time.bur$ey d dn1.
3 Jacksadihar@ rhoud l€r up th€plans,
togel aboutit andnan again
4 Whenlsawmybo$,lMnl uplo hm,.nd e d, CanI ha@Friday
ofi, pleae?
5 Oi theothe.hand,we couldue a ditiecnrtnm..oudntwe?'eid f.an@h.
6'Nello,Alan,sid Tina,Howwaslhe menngyened:y?'
7 lf wereyou,i'd askiof bme help,or pedapslookarlhe manlataqrin
3 O shafesddwell anwk Standard
Oilwasup2%, Een wasup La%,and
grcupShelgainen
lhe An9lo-Dutch
2.3%
r 9@supldenand 2 I iallinq/meaG3 a€you wa nng/doil th nk
4 doour<unohe6wanlk*ms 5 hope/k^@tisdoig
6 doyoumean/doil undedand TaEyousyng/Doyouwant
3 0c you.chicken
ta$e/depeidr/
sw*ln!
Test 2
1b{ame 2 began 3blole 4 b.oughr 5 bought 6(hose Tate 3iel
9 tolnd l0lorgor ll g@ 12lepr l3led 14lenrl5mel l5pad
173ed lashut 19spefl 20 undeElood
(opriona
DearAngela,
comma)
ll wasgrealto heartiomyou,and$ank lor thephotooi *ryone on rheMBA
cou6e.llbrngsbackhappymemodes,
ahdlm sureyo! l age thatwe wep
2 ued rocraih 3 mshed/wa5pdnrnqo 4was€ling ofl^laned
luckyto havesuchnErcstngp6ple n oury€r
5wanlen/d6e 6 used1ohave/combined
7atrved/waswaiiing
I m gladrhatyouere succesfuinyblf €dloralobin
publcelaions |ve
3 kndked/.ame 9@eargung/lost 10watv sred
notbsn solu.ky$ lar l n alraidlapplenlorajob arlhe begl^ning
ol $e
fronth n lhelnan.edepanme ola algeSws-Mnedphaha.eulcal
2didn'lue 3lhadn'tfolqonen4uedlo prcduce5l'd rcad(orsan)
(ompany'd bev€rywellquaied iorrhetob,butInil haven'r
heardanyrhinq.
rf
6 hadalready
left 7 ued ro !o sking/used
lo sti Sthameetinghadlnished
ldonlqetan ansmrbon, llry wiliig againAcrually,
illdon't hearan,,lhinq,
I
won1betoo d FppoinledbeGue 1 ehs $e I .ompany
isn'tdoinqto Mll at
themoment,
aid ldonl thinkthere'dbefranyoppodunitiglofpomotDn.
2 W h e n 3 a r 4 r n 5 0 n 5 W h e n T W h i l e / w h eani n 9 a l l 0 w h e n
'vebeenm€ninglo emailyoufor aq6 about
somelh
nqee. Doyouby.ny
, Fdn!"-"F Alkona-d J'r \ doaA. rT pta.n'ngon{}lng lrtr Ltryn lhe
aurumnand|dlketo.a
n la n d s e e i h e m . r v n a l a b o u l y o u ? D o y o u h a v e a 2n got/had
y
nopp€d I didyoulindouvhadqoi 4loined/hadwo*ed
pansiocomeherc?rt @uld bercnderlultoee youaqain,rnd youkn@
5 *nl/had a mdyrpoken 6 hadalw4$ suspe.lei/wasnt
youre rekome to sraywhen4er youw.nl
Well,that3 all lor now I m qoinqawaylomorow lor a lM dayrto vkll my
I hadbed waiting 4 hadak€ady
head 5 hadbeei dsing 6hadn'tinished
parcn$,and'vegoi lo pa.kandgetreaCy.
fi ank againlor rhephoro,andit
7 hadner met Shadbeenl@kinq thad@n r0hadbee^losinq
was$ niceto hearlrcm you aqan
Al thebel, (optiona.omma)
Test3
2 h a d 3 h a v e h a d4 r w b f t 5 l l e f t 6 h d e r c u b * n r c r k i n g
7 a r c ' o u g o n g3 h N n ' t p a i d 9 d l d n l p a y l 0 d d y o u a n s e
ANSWENKEY 259
2 stanen 3 beenwriting 4didyouaniE 5Hareyou
6 hasbeenoryanGing/has
oqanls€d 7 for rhe months
3 haveiEd/havebeenliving 9t'€banwaitnghm
lOthmntqi€n
l l l vebeenwaitinq l2 haveyourclked/helou benrcrking
2 always3 aheady4*f
/ nulr lN , o1ts r a6f i r Coonbb 3 wd. d. F@ rhisao- nq
4 6 beingrenmbp€d 5 havebeenpur up agan
5 wlll bedl<used in the m€€rinqtomorcw 7 hadsomenM oltwarc nstaled
3 wasb.rn 9rereyou 10Pete6c.was
wasAlexlod
12 Hat. ba.lup copyol this ti e b€n
5jun 6 yet Tfor 3ne€r 9 ofG^ t0Sofar
2 ve nsef been 3 My wallethar a vejusrsen 5 havenl fin sh€d(or wftinq)
6 rcrkinq h€rcfor 7e€rbenlot tinAnen@(orrer visid LatinAmenca)
a haven
i spoken9Aniacome lCqone
ha@n,l
sn Oavid
12livingherefofr3 ve eft 14hen'rf nished l5 jun teft t6Mb€en
l7learning(ornudyng) 13hmnlhad l9n@reaien 20 plainglennisfor
2l torgoilen 22 \ changed23*n Marqarclsn@
2 m u n 3 n e € n t o 4 h * l r i e d 5 r e ' d b e t l e r6 n i q h t T i h o u d S m u n
9 c a n lh a v e r o h a v e i o t i d o n ' t n e €r do t 2 ( a n r
2 m u n n ' t 3 m l h r h a v e4 h a v e l o 5 m u n 6 . o u d 7 h . d r o S m u s t h a w
9 s h o u l dl 0 d i d n ' t h : E l o
Test4
2i 3b 4d s9 6a 7e
2 n o p s 3 S h a l 4 w e ? € q o n 9 o u l5 i t t g o i n q t o b €6 t l d o 7 c o m eb : c k
3 She be@rking 9w?egoinqio 10lhey'ttpobabty
2 w i l b e h e r e3 w l p r c b a b y q e4r i 5 9 o l ^ 9 be n d 5 t l l k y o u
6 won't(orcant)see 7 WhalaF rou 9o^q 3 wit pobabty
b)prese .onrnuous()wil d)9onsto e)qoinqro i)wll 9) futuc p€rle<l
2 d o n t h a @ i o 3 c a n l b e 4 m u { b e 5 s h o u t d b e6 m i g h l b e 7 G n l
amlqhrt harclo l0shoud
2 mun have 3 can'thaF 4 rhoud haw 5 mqht norhe
7 shouldn
t have S couldhaw
6 shoud have
Test 7
2c 3b 4i 5a 6h 7e 3q
2 Shall 3.onfeenceends(orf nkhesof i5o@r) 4 wonl 5 wittyoube
6ll 7 Sha 3youdoing
2 s h al M h a v e3 ' m g o n g t o 5 t u d y4 ' t t b a b a . k 5 t m a t n g
6 lwon't iorgel 7 Im qoingto do a Shalllhelpyoo 9 we'rcome
1 0 l ' m g o i n g t o a s1k1l ' l h a E 1 2r ' m9 o l n 9
b h*
2 wasposted 3 Gbens d* oped(or Gto bedeEropd) 4 w.s aaten
5 is sri pbdu.ed 6 wi be ddden 7 k beinggi@. 3 hasben prcmoled
9waswifien 10arclost(o.arcbenqldt)
2 ourhousewas
bokeninrolastweek
3 Engshisspoken
a lder the@rd.
4 the newmoloeay hasrinaV opened. (or ben opened).
5 ThkumbreLla
was eftin Repton.
6A lrafic wi I bebann€d
tom thec t cenrc.
7 -ia rh" 1o 'qu'4den'{ed. -er lh.} ae leh lo,24 4or5
3 Themeelinq
h b€ng pslponed.
2 am havingnrycr rcpaired
3 hadsohebusinesGdsprlnledwirhlhe ne toqo
4 arehavn9thecarpdcleaned
tofro@
5 havalust hadnryrequenlor .edit rclued
2mean 3beGken 4wilbrtng 5t6kptae 6 hightightei7 b€ignored
3 isexpeci€d9wil fal 10in.reae 1twittst.t 12tob€found 13ceare
l4encouEge 15belookedat
2 Wtl I s ,bu tomor@? 3 D d you havea nke limeT
4 0o you knowwhar I mean? 5 Ae youcohing out Io. a d.ink latet
6 Haveyoub*n waillnqlong? 7 Areyouenjoying
youuellT
3 Hae rcu head $e larn?
2whatthi5m€ns 3h@muchrhr.on5 4 whatime $e bankopens
5Im inlheighteat 6 whe.€lhe OperaHou5es
7 lh( is lhe way10the s<ienceMueum
a $no lhe sp€akeri5al the nerl se$on (orwho rhe speakerar the nextsss on k)
1.26
3a 4
5,/ 6,/ J/
2 sheds/$e d@sn't 3 iha4/lhavenl 4 am/r'mnot Sshek/rheisnt
6l6n/l.an'l 7lwil/lwon1 3 drd/lddnl 9 tk/ilisnt
2 @.1 they 3 aEnl €avinq4 havenlrhey 5can'lyou 6 didn'liorcer
T Y o u @ @ i t 3 d o y q 9 r h a lr e r 0 d i d n r y o u
2 Canlk thenenu,pease?
3 Excuem€, s anyoie siningherc?
4 WriCn.ounta/do you.ome I@m?
s Whowrc you ralkinqio jun now?
6 what eEdly do you msn by lhal?
7 Coud yoube a litlle mF $€.ific?
3 wlEI tihe is lhe nexttrain 10Bru$es?
9 Canybu tell mes,hatt methe nexrraln to 8tus*ls ts?
10Wro d@slhis bnelcasebelonqto?
11Couldlmakea phonecal lom he€?
12Doyoulh nkI couldnakea phon€ca!lom here?
250
AI{5WER t(!Y
Test 1l
2 p b m o t e 3 h a d l e f t4 s t y 5 I d 6 h a d 7 b m k s d e n 3 c o u l d
phone
9 d o e s n l l 0 @ d b e e n l l w o u l dh * b e o m e 1 2 9 @ s
1 3b a c k eudp / w o u l d nr st k r 4 h a d n t / w e d b el 5 h a d 1 6 w a s
2 wil be 3 wouldhaveasked 4 will gel 5 wu d g.t 5 rculd haw miFd
7 wouldnt see 3willleave 9 @uld haresrted oul l0rcudyoudo
2g 3l 4a 5d 6j 7h ae 9i 10k11b12f
2 tak6 up 3 lo pur backthe meeingto^o pul rhe meetingba(k to
4 tode.l wilh 5 pickmeup 6 lo 9o on witinq 7 to so,'iir out 3 lo go over
9 you ome ac6s t 10run our ol rim€
2@r
l u n e $ 2 i l 3 U n l e s4 l
5l
3lhough 4out 5down 6by 7up Soli 9 nto,6ackl0 away
6!ne$
2 hadmademorecopetmuld havehad
yourhap/rcu dn'thav€gon€
3 hadb@uqht
4 hadinvened n newlechnology/rcud havesuNi€d
5 hadwa ted/wouldnthavehappeied
6 hadrcalled youfte 50b!5ylwouldnl he askedyou
7 hadcolapsed/wouldhav€been
3 hadbrcughtoutrhenns modaloniime/@udnl ha€ l6i
2b !a 4a 5b 6b 7b
2q€lonwilh 3 cutd@non 4 tunourot 5 gel roundlo 6 catchupwlh
7 lookfo ardlo 3la(e upro 9 froveonto 10gel backto
29 3l 4i 5d 5b 7a 3k 9l l0j ll h l2e
Te* 12
2h 3b 4t 59 6.7a
a e 9 l 1 0 . 1 1 b 1 2 a1 3 e ( o r 1
a4
) d
2 haddone 3 hadn'1done4 spoke(orcould3peak)s hadorde@d
6 wa, (orwerc) Thadgven thad
2 havinq 3make 4do 5 make/have/do
5do/dake 7 frade/dong/male
3 maketdo/havi^9/mak
ng 9 Have/dake10frade/do
11dong/make/having
r2 have/dohakn9
Test9
Test13
2 (ofrng 3 to coma 4 giving 5 makn9 6 Remnd Tloentei atobe
2wh4 3$ar 4wh6e 5who 6who* 7 which 8 whose 9thal
9 t o b e 1 0 t r y i n g1 1 r c ! 9 n i n 91 2 l o b d *
1 3 b e i n g1 4 i n r e r u p r i n g
l0wholuedlowolkwith
1 5 g o i n gl 6 1 0 m e e l l T r o d e l v { l S w l n n i n gl 9 t o s e 2 0 i o p a c k
21arivn9 22ro ir 23genngawa2
y 4 t o g e t a w a y2 t t o l i 5 t e n2 6 v i s i t i n g
3 (who) a qId
s(ha0 5(ha0 7 !a[id 3 (that)
2.omng 3lo lGe 4 to gel thouqh/gefii^g5 waitng SlogiE 7 @usinq
3 to @npbmise 9 unp&king
Test10
(of'lhedaybeioE)
2 Whatd d youdoyasreday
3 Do youoften go lo Gemanyfor meetoqs
4 l-lowmanyinlefr ew haveyoudoneioday
5 AE you 9o iq b chansejobs
6 Whod d youla t lo.r $e.ontercnce
7 Wi vor behet o' ther) oTorow
SWhercaEyournewolices
9 HawyouFen Bil @@nly
l0Wil youbeseeng3i atlheconle@n@
2invtedJeanlocometo3 advisdDav€notto siqn 4 suqqan€d
qening
5 apologed for a(ving 6 ofiered(to qiv€) ? onqEtllared/on winninq
2 who (ameyestedayqde me
I lhal lh€ )apane* vRito6who cane yenerday
4 wh6e laplopI borowedwanisit
5 who@*s in my depanm€nl
6 lhal we we.l lo y5l*d.y w6
7 a @manwh6e sinerwo stor
A whoiswaning'n t(eplonwanE b
Test14
2 isa d*tor 3 you6{oryourumbrela)4lhalwln€ 5ev€rytme
5 ome advl(e Tnelherone 3someinlomation9noneolus l0bylaxi
1 l l h al i a f f i w
c a 1 2 s m a n y 9 @ dd e d s1 3 N o n e a r a l1 4 l a n e g c o l e a g u e
15.ilner l6 roolinleinlonaion lTeachone lSMinsq!
19enouqh.hairs20 nosparcpans 2l ftene6 s 22rheendof ihe rcpoft
23bolh 24 everyone25 hets 26someinfooation 27can'thed antlhing
2abo$oflhem 29 lhercwaql a sinqe quesuonl0 sn'tanyon€31 ils
aounbbledouns:
a dest,a bag,alob,a lip, a ptublem,
a.han.e,a itre,
a machine,a dollaLan email,a facl, a suggesion, an houf
Uncounliblenouns:someiurnilure,someluggag€,somewo*, sme tGvel,ome
trcuble,eme luck,sre wine,eoe equipnent somemonry some
cotrgpond€n.e,ome inlomation,$me advice,sone time
ANSWERKEY 261
/ s o n ed d \ . p 3 b , f a - 4 ) o n e l h ' n g b m ] ' n g 5 o n l m
6 oie ot my bos3 friends 7 a tax advier
3 Nobody(orNoone)knds ihisbusinEs9 goi nolhingio
(orEveryone)
10Everybody
heredrnks rr Tlieunemployed
12redgigning
13is norhn9we can 14F@mu.hdid r5isnlmuch 16anaccouniam
(or Everyone)
17 Everybody
waslate 13 couldn'rdo anr,rhlng
19Noia snglepeuon 20ftere!no 21warn'tii 22ihe.unomer!opy
Test15
2 byihe€nd 3veryhad 4lovelyblu€ 5 e fr endly(orwy fdendly)
good(orabsoluleyexcelenr)
6 errremely
7verywl 3f€ltrcd
9Wenever9ve 10 nleenedin ll somuch l2 !u.h..islryprcje.r
l 3 n o le x p e r e n eedn o u g hl 4 l a r q e r $ a nl 5 a s l a r c e a sl 6 l h e b s n p n c e
l T f o r r h r e e m o n $1s3 ! o i € n s 1 9 w h e ng e lb a c k 2 0b e l o e 2 l l h a n r d o
22too ong lr nu(r lej,selr .or ri a5userular l4 ar smn'T
2ago 3laler 4ior 5 since 6at 7 n 3on 9.ltEB:ds
ll Aner 12for l3laler 14at
lOOu.ing
2 've beenrcrking on thB prcj{t 5in.eJanuary
3 ismoE prclirabe
lhanreiaibanking.
4 wolksverycareluy. 5 $e @d sefr.e rve *f en. 6 rrayedin P.nsoniil
Tyou nterested
n opera?SinBhedpdlvely. t h*h.kedhad.
l0w tswell. 11 5nl well(orB un@tl) 12speak
mo.eiMt pteae.
13 snorasbigasthechnesemadet. 14justasfranyprcducG
asRl<had.
15 sthe eanexperieicen
fremberot ihe ream. 16seyoulater
17'vebeendolnqthBjobsin.er998. lSawayonhoridayunlilr9onime
20 n tme ro 5avetheneqolatons.2I |get$eEbyNvo.
22 ntheendwegaveup (orqaveupin theend)
Test15
2 n 3 a t / i n 4 o v e r 5 i n / n 5 o n 7 a t 3 r o 9 i n 1 0 o n 1 r a t 1 2o € r
1 3u n d e r1 4 a r r 5 i n / a t 1 6 i l T a t 1 3 t o / i n l 9 o n 2 0 o n
2 l o 3 a g a i n s4t o n / l o r 5 o t 6 n t o T i o m S i o r 9 w t h 1 0 i n
l l a b o u l 1 2o n 1 3o l 1 4 w l h / a b o u lt 5 i o 1 6o n
2 on Swirh 4in 5 ol 6in Tlor 3ro 9at r0for rr aboul
2rea5onlor3 advaniaqe
ol 4 trouble
wlth 5 m.tterwilh 6rcplylo
7 ackol 3 solulion
io 9 sub{hotefor l0invesrmenrinll adviceon
2 nsde 3nextto 4to 5ai 6n€ar7a.b$ Sdown9on r0at
1 1o n 1 2o p p o s i t e
13al 14olf
263
lndex
with pastsimplein AnE Appendx 5 p246
wth pEent p€rfectp26c
A
wiihsinguarcounlable
nounspl27D,1423
be .bout to (etumngro ruture)p39t
b€fo€non-Eadabl€
adjadiE pl51C
pe6onor organetio^ vdlo d*
acton p42
adtedives
andadlelbsp150A.p2030:AmE.nd 8lE
difieGn.6 Appendix5 p246
adjediv6andadwdswilh sme iom pls03
e n d l n 9 i n - . d p 1 l 0pBl 5. 1 E
endin9in -lng p1100,p151E
gEdabeandnongradable
p151C
iregula.adjecrig pl548
oder ot adjediE pl 510
possi€ adjedivesp13aA
wilh psent onlinuouspl4c
wilh pEent p€rfe.t p27c
wnhpsentsimplepl0C
aslinkingwordp170A,3
p1543,159D
in compaGons
wod5andphrargmeahing
and pl7aA
Bnyor sme? pl27D,pll0B
pl27D
in aftnmatwsentence5
pl270,p1303
in negaiB.nd qu€nions
p127D
in olfe6andreques$
nol . .ny (innegari@
*n&ncet p1350
anybody/anyone
p]30A,B
of rnypl.e (Ama)Appendix5 p247
apostrcphe
s (l) pl333,pl39C
artkl$ (r, rhe, elc)u34, u3s
in Elaii€claoespl22A
p]43E,p147t
nofilcle whentalkinggeneraly
noanldewilh nam6oi (ounvis,(ompanies
elc pl43E,
sp<ialuss of noanldep147O
wi$ pRnrsmple p10c
adwd endngs({lly, -il, -y) p1503.App€ndl 3 p242
adwds .nd .djediE pl 504, p203O
frequency
advedsp10C,pl 50a
compannq
advedspr59D
oder ol advebspr 50a
after
after :nd pal (AhE/8lEdiii€rcn.€)App€ndix5 245
.ftor $at GhMinq a equence)y'3c, p167a
in ime expKionsp167t
wth pan sinpled pastp€rfe<tp22B
wth preenr5imple
@p@ perf€.ipl&a
pl55D,pl53A
a... $ (incompadsont
linlingrcd pt74A,p175E
wlh pa51@nlinuouspl9F
wi$ pae perfe.l p33a
wnh presnr sifrple p33A
a pFp6itionpl9l C,D
in .dn phraFrpl99G
in limeexprsionspl aC,pl55,4
pGilion/lo@tion
p136A,p1378
pl 1D
bewilh peent (@rinuous
h.d wilh p6r periectp22a
h.d ben w h pan p€rfect@it nuousp23D
haE wfth p6ent perfeclp26,A
in Pasiw asreporringvErbp95C
be .llowld ro/nor .llowrd ro
pemhsion/prchibiUon
p54s,C
264
trDEX
B
+ going to (reiernngro tuture)p34B
assr.Gvelbandadio^@rbp15D
In pan.ontnuouspr9D
.ommandtin repoftedsp€€.hp95E
comp.rattet andsupe att€s u37, u33
onesyllableadje.ttes p1543
onetllab e adredsp1590
te or moresyllabe adjeciB pl 548
t*o or morcsyllab
e advedsp159D
phEs6andntuciures
common
wrh comparatives
and
in presnt pede.t @ntinuousp30C
p155E
comparng
aclions
omParne
g q u a l l nh g rp 1 5 5 D
be.bl6 to or @uld?P5lc
in ^egaiives
andqueslionsp5lC
n Mtng inneadof 6n p503
ininitie tormolen p50A
wlih.5long at, on @nditionth.t, pFviding,pbvidint
th:i so r6n9ar p73c
wilhim:gineandsuppodngp73C
be€nto andgoneto p27D
wth part3imple
or panp€ri<r p223
with prcent s mpleor prcenr p€lf€d p33A
betide(positon/o.atoi) p1370
p199E
conneciontrclationship6
< o u l d( m o d a l € 6 ) u 1 1
u ,1 2u, 1 3 u
, 14
p903
n .eponed
$*h
PemBionp54C,p620
BirishEnglGh/Ahe
c.. Eiqrkh(difiednc8in uege)
wod5andphras meaninq
blrpl78A
pt3D,p59E,F
un(enainry
wilhqlslion ta95aftermperarNespToC
+ mysell/you&lf
etcpl310
n .eponed5pe*h p9og
rn.oun phr.espl99G
Positon/lo.alonpl370
wlh pastperr<!p22c
wrh prcenlsimple
or pG*nr pedeclp33A
c
. a n ( m o d a r v . 6 ) u fu, r 2 ,u r 4
wth question
p70c
rigs atlerimpeDtives
.6!ld or b€ abletoTP51C
singula
f/ plurallom5 pl264,C
wilhsp{ilic m.aningl27E
D
p53E
ofle6andinvilalions
p6lD
Permisson
with quenionLgs afls impe.alivep70C
ceftainlyanddedu.uonp53B
defining
relanwdaus pl13 A, C
definire
anicle(!h6)p142A,p1430
wilhpla@namep1468
sp{ili. maannq pr47E
posirion
wilhwill andwon1p34A,p533
d e s p i t . / i snp h e o l p t T t G
delermineE(a, tne, this, etc)u32
combininq
rntenc6 usnga @laiveclau* p122A
.ome + -ing (sporc/o!1d@racrivilie) p32a
wilh qu6rron lagsp70A,c
INDEX
wirhp6en1tlmpleploA
26s
with prsnt pede<lp268,p27C,p30A,pr 66C
wilh prerenip€rfeclcontinuousp3I E
for example/forinstanrepl73B
with queniontaqs704, B
commonoaresions wilh do p114A
p€nidein phEsa€rb6 prorc
panidein ph6el v€lbspl03C
be due to (cferinq to luruF) p39F
pGilionin sent€nce
plOC,pl50A
with preenl perlearp27c
withprcenrsimplepl0c
E
p]91C,D
uegeasPeposnion
€achandev.ry p135E
ea(ho$erlone anoth€rpl31O
p2063
endot senlence
adjectwendii9p1103,p151E
padcipleending^ elaiveclaus pi230
anacrvnyin prc96s in rhetuturep33
p38
some$inq
th willdeiinney
happen
€l lhe end or In lhe end?p133O
@kingb..k iioma pointn thelururetoanearer
la kingabouriuturc dents that 5E I kelyto happenp74C
eventhouqhandrhhoughpl?00
with presenlpede<ip26c
with50peals p!55C
6wry and€..h pl35E
pl30c
ev.ry oneor everyon€?
p130A,pr 31C
everyone/everybody
ewryon. or .v.ry on.? pl3lc
everythingp1304,pr3rc
L@Lngba.ktom a pointn theiururetoan aclvnyin
G
get 5omelhn! done p47E
q6+-inq (spon5/ourd@raclvilig)
p32a
exdafr.tionma* (l) p207G
+ nriniive(€Ie.nnq !o rulde)p39r
F
a fs
(oO1348
soinq to (eletr n9 to lulure) u7
lutur€*nG lhal are kelyto happenp75c
goinglo of p6ent.ontinuous?
p35E
goinglo ofwill? p35D
plansandinlenlions
p34
pcd clionsusingevden.ein prcsenrsituationp34B
cleding 10n€r or d nanl l me n luturep34B
goneto andb*n to p27D
gotten(pastpafti.pLeol qet n AmE)Appendix
5 p246
p43c,pl73D
shownga sequen(e
H
had + pastp:rti. ple p22a
p4lc, pr73D
sh@inqa sequen@
pu.p6e/@n) p174C
+ noun(expGsinq
afternounsmeaninq'ned','wish'
or'requ6t pl99F
forand sinc p27C,p166C
in nounphras (for pl€atuE,for *le, er)plee6
with pasrsimplep304,pr66c
wilh pastperl€.t .onlinuousp22D
necsary/not n4essry p54C
266
[{D€X
wiLt .onditionalsp73c
wilh preenr peden p33A
wnh pPenl imple p33A
wnhpresenr5implepr0c
in spireolldespitep171G
indelini| arlicle(a/an) u34
ind€Jinile
pbnounsp130131A,3,C
haE/hs + paslpanidplep26A
hde somethnq dore p47E
wilh questontaqsp708,C
hav€ Gtale@lb andactionwlb) pr 5D,pr r sC
.ommo^exprsionswithhaveprr5c
have/hd. 9or p115C:AmE?BIdlfi€rcn.d Appendix5
indiredspee.l'Ge reponedspe.h)
aJtermodawlbs p50a
aner |gt and makep33D
afier ve6s ot p"rceprionp363
msning'post pll5C
nol n contnuousr€n!5 a5a naG verbpt 15C
ne.Esary/noln(&ry
wilhp@*nl5ifrplepl0A
wt,roul b paiD, p363
p54A,s, p55F
adle.t€ endinqpl T03,p I 51t
after a pRed n9 velbp32A,p37C
pll0-1 11c, p194a
afterpreposirions
pr10a,p171G
4 a noun(getund)
ar beginn
ngof clauFp111D
beforeanother
velbp37C
panicpleendingin rclarire
. aus$p l23D
p33c
wilhflrura<ontinuour
wilhpasi€ lormspaTD
pl10
wirhpreenlcontinuous
phrasa€d5 p99C,p1028
in*pa,able
+ obje.i + infinir'€ p863
his(posF$ive
prIA
adje<ti@
andpDnoun)
homophon
e5Appendix
3 p243
H o w , , . ? ( q u e n im
od
n)!r5
+ inliniive(€lel|ingto iltoc)p39f
How long,,.?wirhp@nt pededp27c
HN m.ny,,,?wirh@unrable
noun5pr27D
How mudr.,,?withuncounrabe
no!n5pr27D
I
idaginary
iurue aenr p75O,p79E,
pta3E
haEnarypan4nB p73B
li[ely tuiurc denrs p74C,p79E
po$rbrepan ftft
p7&A
th nqslhar aG alwaysor qenerat rruep743
if ohly .
alter nounsmeaning'inc|€e' or 'dmaF'
+ to + nfniti@pa2B,p37C
panicen ph65a@lbsplo3c
invaninive
ve.bsp438,p203C
rregurarwlbs appendi{2 p24o
it + pa$i@ot repodingv€d p95c
pronoun)
iaelt (r€flexi@
p1I1 D
J
.aprrao. Mf .are?p206A
by./an pl423
Pre.€ded
wiri pan simpleih AnE appendx s p246
wnh p6enl p€rfectp27C
pt 93D
K
rnnounph6es (in.dhn.o in debt,in a hurry,erc)
in t meqpresioGp]3c, pr66a
in time or on rihe? p1563
pcdon/loGtion pia6,\ B
In pasve a rcpoidng velb p45c
[{DEX
L
nodal€d6 u11. ul2. ul3, u14 u18
ine |ern + un@table mun p159E
diKtand
indiEt languagp u14
+ uncounrable
n4n p159E
let , hfinitiE wilh@t ro p33D
Lefs... G!qq6d@) p63F
like (linkinqwqd 'ande e, lhaf) p175E
+ lng peTC
linkingaods andph6g p1820.p203t
ue ot @mmawilh 6nkin9wd! P206(
nm ... rh.n (inonprtons) p15&c
+ object+ infiniive p86B
6. nst + ndn p159E
. lhd6 (o0 pr 3,r3,pr 624
lnh uEwntal'lenouFp1270,p1341
nBt (modal
v€rb)
u11,ul2,u13
+ -1|l9p87C
h Ep..bd 9..<h p90€
p59E
n6t he {d€ductjon)
M
n6ln'a d donl h.w to? p5)43
iry b6661€ .djrriE) p133A
ny$la(ElbdppMdn) p1310
+ Infnldw withdt lo p830
commo elp6ioB lili mt€ pl l4A
n.n.e€ + t r infiniliE p32B
wirh @nr.ble ruB pr27o, pl Ls
n.y (trFd.lEtb) ul 1,ul3, !r4
mlglrt(modal
wb) ul1, u13
in €poned tpeechpsoB
not he
wnn pent
uith pent
{ith pent
sith p|Ent
@nlin@6 p11D
pste<t p26A
psfe<t @ntjnwu p30C
simplep10A
(ure.binr}' p59E
+ ing in n<Eli6 andqElim
mine (p6siE
p544 C, p55F
trery/Nt
nffiry
tm p.65iblenegatiEtom p55F
Bib aryhody, rE6.dy, er<p1308
lilh rE&l Erb6 pYlA
lidr Ft .., -y p135D
rilr p.3 @||linDB p13D
l'dr pan psted p22A
with p6t psled @nlrnbG p23D
may not ul1, ul3
nlth
N
po'un) p13aA
p32A
wnh p6t Flfe<t p22c
wilh p6t sintplein AmEAppendk5 p245
wilh prent pef*t pa6(
wfth pr*m simpleploc
257
26a TNDEX
showng a equencep43C
lixedexpresionswilh on p] 373
in nounphrases(on businest,on foot, on holiday, er.)
no (inn€qari€)p13,t135D
n o o n e / n o b o d y p r r1o3 r a 3
, ,c
no pla.e (AmE)App€ndl 5 p247
nobody/noonep13Gl3l4 B,C
non-defin
n9relatreclaus pTr&A,prrqD
n wrillng6lhe.lhanspe(h prlaA
useol @mmas
wilh nonietininqrclaliwclaus p206c
n lrmeexpe$ions
plaC,p156A
on rine or in tlneT pl668
parlicle
in ph€el ve65pr03c
P6ition/octon pl36 78
frrh <ondlonakp73C
opposjte(Peposilion)
p137D
+ obled + infinlrivap353
opinons/rccomme^dal
onsp55D
oughr/ouqhr.l to have(crtc5mof panactoB p55El
+ prcpo5tonarph6spl99G
cohmonploralnoune^dngsAppendix
3 p242
cofrpound
nounrpr39D
couilablenounspl264,
C, pl27D
(ounlable
anduncoontable
nou6 pr27E
general/spednc
pr27E,pr47t
me.nings
meanrng
inceae'and'd{€a* p2033
engllaror p uGllom pl26C
uncounrEble
nounspr268,c, pl27o
ouE (po$esiFponoun)pl384
ou6€lv€5(rellexive
p6noun)plllD
parlklein phrael@dsp103c
own (hy own,rlurM,
etc)pl33A
P
wirhphdslvads 023
toma andinpetsonawdtngp46
rocusonfrponairintomallonp42B
andpceduresp43c
t5tems,pro(6sas
+ n l i n t € p 4 6 Cp, a 7 0
h+pa$kol reponing
v.lb p95C
+ to b. + pan pandpep370
or no pra.€(amt)Appendt5 p247
.ommain arqenumbeEp202A,
p207<
symbosor @rds?p2024
o
n pdsivesenbncesp42A
pc non af@ commonvells p 1904\B
p6ilon in aclve aid pa$ivesenlences
p42A
posilion
wih phr&l@lbsp933.p99c
@6s wilh 1!lo obi{.rs p47D,pr 07E
wilh 1ranst re wlbi y'3E, p r064 B,D
wrtlr @rbswilh rwo obledsp47D
w(h transiti@vebs onlyp43E
pastandafier (AmE/BlE
d ilercnce)Append
| 5 p247
a silualion
in prcgre$in $e pall pl9E
inlomalionabouta backEounddtualon
pl9E
+ (onditondaue p75D
wth tifreexprcsion5.s,
wh.n andwhile pl9f
wilh be (fooing pa$ ve)p37D
alier nounsmeaning'in.reae' or 'd&rca*' p193D
common/nxedphraFswilh ot pl39c, D
in.ondton claulep73B
pa.ti.e n phraelredspr03c
wiihlme expreslonr
p22C
wilhvedsot th nkingp22B
pan perfecrandpasrperfear.ont nuousp23E
Panpedectandpansinplep223
[{DEX
269
pdt perfe.t contnuousp23D,E
pastperfect@nunuousand pan perled p23E
differcn.esin AnE/&E ueq€ App€ndix5 p2'16
JorcompletedpenodoJtime p23E
lor habitualactionsin the pan p1a
td sp(nic evenlsp26c
p75D
in @ndhonclause
pasldmpe of @nlinuous?
Pl9G
wth afterandb€foE p223
w th limeexpElionsp13C
pastr mpleor presanlp€d€d?p27C.p30A
pe@nalcomments/opinions
uFiul @d5 andph.as pl a2A
@mmonpaft<16led in pr03c
.ommonp€p6irion5 ls€n in p1024
noan de in tont oi pr4lE,p146,a
p.eeded byth. pr 46s
with lime expE5ion5ever, nev.r, dFdy andyet p26C
withrim€*pB5ion5lhatEferlo thefutuFp36A
pr&nt perlector pasts mpleTp27C,p30A
pr*nt pertector presenlp€rfecrcontinuous?
P31F
pr*nt pedector presenl
simpe7P30B
prent perted@it nuousu6
for adion5or s tuationsin progres p31D
for empha5ising
lenq$ol timep31D
for rcp€at€dadionsp3I D
wilhlim€exp6sio6for 5ince,ately,Renlyp3lE
pr*nt p.d..i .ont nuousor pE5enrperfe.lTP3lF
lo. aclionsandsitualionsitut areganeat rrue p108
lor adionsrhatarercpeated
regua yp103
for pemanenrladspl0B
plac
ro. no er andiouhali5m
p14C,p333
lo. rimerablB
andschedule
n .oidition.laurep743,C
with tequencyadwbr p10C
whhrimeexpr6ionsp 10c
wnh ime expBions ftar rcier b lhe tuturcp33A
pent s mpleor p€senicontinuous?
pl4A
pr*nt 5impleor pre5enrped*r? P30Aig
po$8i@ adtedivetplorcuB
p133A
po$6si6and <ompolnd
oounsutl
andpE.lio App.ndir ! p243
PrcPdiiionsu45, u46,!47, ula
p194A,B,c, pl95D
afteradje.rives
alts @mro. @'!s p1904,B
aits nounspl9aa, 3, c, D, E,F
alter phra5al8tb5 ploza
p1950
choice
of pEpo5iton
d llerencesin AmE/&Euege Appddrx 5 p247
poslton in quErions
p7l I p1904
posionrnrelative
dals p1198
preposLrional
phraesPI996
p@positions
of da@pr3G137a,3, c, D
rerb + difterenrpepqirions pr 9r c
u*s ol dfieE pftpcilions p1.910
presentconrinuous
ui, u2,u7
lor tixedtim€rable@ endaror pog6mme p33B
ior tuturearcngemenlsp1,K, p34C,pl5E
for tempodryactionsor situadoNpl l
in condirjonclaue p743,c
p€seni conrinlousor golng to? p35E
pFsentconiinuousor pent parfed olinuous? p148
wilh t mee&nsioB p10F
ditferen.g n AmE/3rEuege Appendix5 0246
in condition
cauep74B.C
wi$ tor aid eine p27c
with trequencyadved5p27C
pnirionwih wlll andrcnr p34a,p58B
p@noun5
p13G1314,
ind-.linile
B,C
p6es vepbnounsp138A
E lexi€ prcnolnspl31D
omksonn AmEfupendir5 p246
indlre.tquslioB p71E
neg.t w questionsp67E
position
p71F,p] 90A
ot prcpositions
in quenions
quenionwod qu6tons P66B
quenionwods a5lhe sublectp67D
with modalwlbs p50A
wilh p.sl .ont nuoui p13D
with paslpedear.ont nuousp23D
wnh pastpedectp22A
wirhp@nt
wih peent
wnh pEent
wilh psent
@ntnuousp] 1D
perfedr@nrj^uousp30C
perfe.rp26A
s mplep10A
270 tf,tt€x
beforegradable
adjdivesp151C,pl63E
quora on ma*s {ee sp€ed rorts)
rl.ce andtor p263,pl66C
wilh p@ni pedec(p268,p27C
wilh p@nt perfectonlinuous p31E
R
pluElvelbpr26c
+ singulafor
pl73a
eQ€$inga rcsuhp174B,
foremphasis:
s tflls
litde,so much/rcmanyp153D
ror pumos $ at ro p]74C,s that p174D
eglla @rbsAppendix1 p233-9
plauvead@6s(wlre.,wneo, wny)pr23c
pr22A
n combined
Qnrences
wilha p.dcipleting, +d)pl23D
eratve prcnountGnar,whi.n, who, eto u2a
p1198
andprcpGitionr
omi$ionin a deiining
Elalip clau* pl l9C
e long .r wlth condionak p73C
s, so.h andtoopl6SD
5 o m e p 1 2 7 D , 1 3p0r83,4 B
in one6andrcqu6|lpr27D
p1303
sd€ or .rry?p127O,
sonebody/soheone
p130A,B
(AnE)Appendrx
somepla(€
5 p247
or$n.plae (AmE)Appendix
5 p247
wlh pan p€iecl p22B
spenn! Appendx 3 p242-243
+ obje.l+ Ebourpl908
rcponed
sp.4h u2l, u22,App€ndix
1 p239
.eporting(o mmandsandequals p95E
edph&sidga.ontan prToc
wrh paslped.ci p22c
rcponinq
verb5lnpa$t€ p95C
s
+ a + a d , e c t w r n o up
n] 6 3 0
w$ reponed
sp*h u21
t(h, $aidt@p163O
+ obtect+ infiniiivep36B
onesyllable
adjedi€sp1s43
h@ or motesYllabe adjectvespl s4B
onesyllable
ad@d6pl590
irb or moresyLlab
e advedsp I 59D
.ommonphaseswirhsupedat6 pl53c
phEsl wb5 pqAB
sepa6ble
thall(modalvelb)
ui1, ul4
Shall1,,w8...?(suqqeniontp39t p63f,App.ndiy5 p246
p63E
shall| ..,?(otfe6/inMtadoB)
should(nodalwb) u11,ul2, u13
T
rane (srar€verbandadion @6) pt50
in rcported$Rh pgo8
ps5D
opinlontRommendarions
suggesuons
in AmEAppendt 5 p245
crilicishot past.dions p55E
p55D
opniontreommendadoE
te@ changsin reponed
speh p908,p91C
in (ompan$ns
pl54C,p153A
thar (rela ve ponoun)u23, u29
thal da@ (arte.wrbs) p33E
+ 5up€ali6 pr4rD,pr52A
deinneani.lep142Apr4lD, p r458,C, E
[{DEX
diff€Fn@ in AnE/BrEusge App€ndix5 p247
lor specitic
meaiin96
p147E
sp€.ialus ol rhe pt46c
n neqati@andquenionsp23F
a habnor siate o $e pan p23F
habiEor Fp€aledacrionsp23F
6€d to or would? p2lF
(refldi€ p@noun)
pl3l D
themselves
then Gheins a equ€n.€) p43C,pr67F
think Gtaleverbandactionwlb) p15D
rhink + ll (to eler lo tuture)p39F
rhRpaft phrael@t6 p1023
wlthp@nr dmplepr0a
andd€n lhoughpl70D
lneexpBionsut, u3,u5,u7,u36,uto
wirh furue tens p35F
wirhpasrconri.!@smeani^g
p19F
whh pasrp.rfe.lp22C
wth preenr conrinuou5
for 5ituarionrh.ppeningn@ p11F
wth pre*nt contnwus tor talkingaboolf!tue p14c
wiih p@*nt perled ior unfini$ed rimep27C
wilh p@nt peded<dtinuousp31E
wilh p6ent s mpleto exp6 fequ{cy p10C
wilh p6ent s mplelor ialkrngaboutiutuE p14c
pr91c,D
common
usge a5pEpo5ition
to andpait (Amt/&E diffeEnce)Appendix, p2a7
io infinnive(erp6ln9 pua6e) p174c
V
€lb tFlem (diagcm)Appendix4 p24!-245
+ ing or infintreu19,u2O
+ oblect+ preposnion
pl903
+ obted+ to + infiiitire p33C
+ quslionw.d (how,whoE, ac) p1068
+ (thaoclause
p338,pr07c
+ iwo objecGp45o,pr07D
+tr ! objecsutig for p107E
commd Elt) endngsAppendix3 p242
inrEBtiE p43E,p106C,0,p203C
icgu ar €rb5 Appendix2 p240-241
ol perceplion(4, ho.r, erc)p€58
regular
w& Appendix
1 p23H
singular/plu.al
wlb toll@ingiingularnounpl26C
t6n5hi@p!3E,p106A,S,D,p203C
nanttre/intansitiP€lbs pl060
w|,osandobtedsp203c
p15l C
wnh gdd:ble adteciives
W
t6. s andrld pl 63D
ransi vevedsp431,p104,p203C
+ nnini€ (o Ef4 to turure)p39F
w.r/weE goinqio p39E
velbsfor de*ibing lEnds p2028
+ obie<t+ lnrlnirie p36B
rell andg@d p1503
U
Elarlwponounp 1233
whtt clauFsloremphasising
nlomationpla2c
in witinq inneadof on.t p503
alwdrssinquar pl263,C
phras with undnlable nou6 pr 268
lypesol uncountabl€
nounpr263
wlh qeneral
p127E
meanings
in condilion
clauep75E,pla3E
wilh prent perfectp3&A
wilh pe
nmpb pj&a
ar a futu@lime exprsion p33a
wlDt ...?or wlich .,.?p65c
Whrt .bo!r ...? p63f
Wh.t ... tuA andWhat .,, like?P71G
6 rclaliw adw6 p123c
sten .,, daus e&6 n9 a .onditionp74B
lvnh Panconlinuouspl9t
lith Pr*nl pe,lecrp33A
wilh Peedt simplep3&A
when...? qudiq md p6B
where Elat@ adre|6p123C
wheE .-.?qslon @rd p66B
ste|6
andahhoughp171F
271
272 TNDEX
litfi @dtiomls
pTAD
whld, th.t d {to pl13B, c
lintinq rN rhingspi93E
que5ton@d P568,C
Whidr ... or Wh€t ..-? p66C
whiL, .hhoulh andlt.|s
whih d durlnr? pl6/D
wi$ pan @dM6 pr 9F
pcilion wnh !.obEHy/denniGly p34A
tshninq to th€ ftJtuEp34A
pl71F
in eponed q!5tioE p95D
wdd (rFdalw6) u] 1, ul4
who, wlrldr or lhat p1138,c
who q wnm? P1laB
who .,-?qFnion @d p668,D
al.tw p@ounp1188
whoh d who?p1188,p1191
whore elattE ponoun u28
who*...? querlioi wod p66B
why €lariEadve6p123c
why...? que3uon
rd p660
will (mod.lt€ib)!l1. !14
furue/pa*nt dgtt psl D
ofhR/rlquaB p510,p52l
l6t nt d*isions andihoughs p3zrA
polition{ith pFt bly/d.nnh.ly p3aA
efening 1otE lutu€ p3zrA
wlll + b. + -l'!9 (tut!€ @tnw6) p36C
wlll h.s + p.n p..!cipl. (duE p€rh) p38o
wlll or golie to? p35D
$rh tutuE p.r,.<t (inst ad of wlll h|E) p33D
wllh qu8tlon t gr altq imFlare P7|r
in Gportedipeedr p90B
cp€red ..ri63 in rne pan p8F
w@ld llt + infnhiE ro de. to Juiurcp39F
l@ld or u.d to? p23l
Nuldwoddnt
hlw for inaginaryp.n 4.nt
Wbrld you llt ...? p63E
wbid yo|r nhd ll ...? p53c
Y
insie.dol but Inwitlnop!7oc
rnh p.n 3hpl. InAnEApp.ndlx5 p246
wih p@nt p.rtectp25c
yqcdtyoscdE
(E lqiF F@noun)
pI31D
p78l
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Audio CD Tracklist
01 Unil 1, Exercise4
02 Unil 1, Exercise5
03 Unii 2, Exercise4
04 Unii 2, Exercise5
05 lJnit3, Exercise2
06. lJnit3, Exercise4
07 Unit4, Exercise3
m .Unit4, Exercise4
09 Unit5, Exercise4
10 Unit6, Exercise3
11 Unit6, Exercise
4
12 Unit 6, Exefcise5
13 Unit 7, Exercise2
14 Unit 7, Exercise4
19 Unit8, Exercise5
16 Unit 10, Exercise4
17 Unil 10, Exercise5
18 Unil11,Exercise
4
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Unit12,Exercise
4
Unit 12, Exercise5
Unit 13, Exercise5
Unit 13, Exercise6
Unit 14, Exercise4
Unit 15, Exercise6
Unit 16, Exercise5
Unit 17, Exercise4
Unit 18, Exercise4
Unit 19, Exercise4
Unit20, Exercise4
Unii 22, Exercise4
Unil23, Exercise5
lJnil24, Exercise5
lJnii27, Exercise6
Unil28,Exercise
6
Unit29, Exercise5
lJnit30, Exercise6
37
38
39
40
4't
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
Unit 31, Exercise5
Unit31, Exercise6
Unit32, Exercise5
Unil34, Exercise4
lJnil34, Exercise5
Unil36, Exercise6
Unil37, Exercise5
Unii 38, Exercise5
LJnil40,Exercise5
Unit4'1,Exercise5
Unit42, Exercise6
Unit43, Exercise4
Unit 43, Exercise5
Unit44, Exercise3
Unit49, Exercise6
Test 5, Exercise4
oo
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