Spirituality of Indigenous People Definitions • Aboriginal – original or earliest known; native; indigenous – May also refer to a group of people • Native – of, pertaining to, or characteristic of the indigenous inhabitants of a place or country • Indigenous – originating in and characteristic of a particular region or country • Others?? Spirituality of Indigenous People • Though there is a wide variety of religious practice among the many different and culturally diverse indigenous groups around the world, there are some basic themes and characteristics of their spiritual beliefs that are shared Indigenous Religious Traditions • No distinction between spiritual world and their traditional way of life • Sacred and secular are not separate • Many NA languages have no word for ‘religion’ • Strong sense of the sacred in various forms – Spirits, gods, ancestors, supreme impersonal power • Influenced by their methods of acquiring food • Rituals revolve around promoting, preserving and being one with their environment – ie Fertility • We can examine and divide groups regionally • Indigenous groups worldwide have been organized into three main cultural types • Geography Hunters and Gatherers • Ancestors of all humans from beginning of our history until agricultural revolution – Gatherers – Small game hunters – Big game herd hunters – Fishers • Religious ideas focus on sacred powers of: – the sky – Gods associated with the life power of animals Inuit Australian Aborigines Planters • Those groups who cultivate the earth to raise food – Root plants – yam / potato • (Maori) – Cereal and grains – wheat / rice / maize • (Native Americans) • Religious ideas focus on sacred powers of: – Mother earth as a life producing source – Gods associated with the life power of vegetation • Planting and harvesting rituals Maori – New Zealand Aztecs Pastoralists or Herders • Those who raise their own cattle, sheep, goats or camels – Nomadic – moving with their herds among pasturelands – Domestication of animals occurred as early as agriculture • Religious ideas focus on sacred powers of: – Sky gods, animal gods – Gods associated with the life power of large groups of animals – Rituals of sacrifice Dinka Maasai Central Themes Animism – – The attribution of a living soul to all natural objects All things have a soul - both human and non-human » – – – – Plant, animal, inanimate objects and natural phenomenon No separation of body and soul Pantheistic in nature believe they are connected and are one with the supernatural Supreme being permeates everything • Power is given over to less powerful beings – ie: spirits Dual Divinity Supreme being has 2 roles: • Creator - responsible for the creation of the world recognized in religious ritual and prayers • Mythical individual, a hero or trickster - teaches culture, proper behaviour and provides sustenance to the tribe Creation Stories • Similar to other religions – Help to answer questions of beginning, existence Why we are here? – Often originating out of chaos – Sense of natural order brought to the universe • provides an account of each group's – origins, history, spirituality, lessons of morality, and life skills • The world is not a finished creation – Manifestation of spirits involved in constant changes of the earth • ie wind, seasons, day and night Sacred Knowledge – – Some tribes have complex forms of writing Most tribes have preserved their spiritual beliefs as an oral tradition • – – Culture, prayer and tradition passed down this way Issues of life and even theology expressed in a variety of forms • – Oracy – ability to communicate (speak, listen and understand) through language Myths, epics, songs, prayer, dance and even art Effort is being made to record Aboriginal stories Totems Term is from Ojibwe word odoodem or dodaem, meaning "his kinship group". –Physical link to spiritual ancestors –Protective in nature, act as guides • Provides power and wisdom –Can be the symbol of a tribe, clan, family or individual Totems Often identify with an animal or mythological being Animal is with you both in the physical and spiritual world Individual is connected with different animals that accompanies each person through life Totems https://canadac3.ca/en/video/art-totem-poles/ Totem Assignment • Consider the characteristics and meaning of the Totemic animals on the back page to create a totem pole / symbol signifying who you are as a person • • NA Native belief holds that 9 different animals guide you through life but for this assignment choose only 5 • Write a brief paragraph at the bottom of the page describing your totem and outlining why you chose those particular animals. Evaluation: • T - 5 - Text – Clarity and originality of statement • A - 5 - Illustrations/Visuals – Varied, effective & meaningful • C - 5 - Writing Mechanics/Neatness – Spelling & grammar / visual clarity & colour Total - 15 Marks Some questions to ask yourself to help determine your animal totem: • Have you ever felt drawn to one animal or another without being able to explain why? (animal, including birds and insects) • Does a certain kind of animal consistently appear in your life? – This doesn’t necessarily have to be a physical appearance, it could be represented in other ways such as receiving card and letters with the same animal pictured over and over, unexplainable dreams of a particular animal, watching television and seeing the same animal featured time and time again, or, actually having the animal show up. • When you go to the zoo, a park, wildlife area, or forest, what are you most interested in seeing? • Are there any animals that you find to be extremely frightening or intriguing? Some more questions to ask yourself: • Have you ever been bitten or attacked by an animal? • Is there a particular animal that you see frequently when you’re out in nature? • Have you ever had a recurring dream about a certain animal, or a dream from childhood that you have never been able to forget? • Are you drawn to figurines or paintings of a specific animal? The totem itself is a symbol that represents this animal This could be any number of items – a crest, a totem pole, an emblem, a small figurine or anything else that depicts your animal guide What is the Dreaming or Dreamtime? “The Dreaming means our identity as people. The cultural teaching and everything, that's part of our lives here, you know. It's the understanding of what we have around us.” Merv Penrith - Elder, Wallaga Lake, 1996 http://maps.google.ca/maps?q=wallaga+lake+australia&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x6b3e721cb976f5e5:0x 40609b490441060,Wallaga+Lake+NSW,+Australia&gl=ca&sa=X&ei=rWgrUYTvLsfM2AX7vIGwCw&ved=0CJIB ELYD What is the Dreaming or Dreamtime? • 'Dreamtime' is most often used to refer to the 'time before time', or 'the time of the creation of all things‘ • 'Dreaming' is often used to refer to an individual's or group's set of beliefs or spirituality. –Indigenous Australians say that they have Kangaroo Dreaming, or Shark Dreaming, or any combination of Dreamings from their 'country'. Dreamtime Network of knowledge, faith and practices that comes from creation, and dominates all spiritual and physical aspects of Aboriginal life. 1. Human World Body of Knowledge Structures of society, rules for social behaviour and the ceremonies performed in order to maintain the life of the land Governs the way people lived and how they should behave 2. Physical World Identity in relation to land, animals and sky Refer to where they came from or inhabited Identify with places and how they came to be at that location ie Kangaroo Dreaming, or Shark Dreaming Land has a spiritual value 'We don't own the land, the land owns us' 3. Sacred World Creation Time Stories describe the time when the earth and humans and animals were created During the Dreaming, ancestral spirits came to earth and created the landforms, the animals and plants Law of the land https://youtu.be/J4rAa6PReQM Dreaming Tracks or Songlines Complex pathways of spiritual, ecological and cultural knowledge across the land or sky Often mapped the presence of; and routes followed by local 'creator-spirits' during the Dreamtime Aborigines can navigate across the land by singing the songlines describe the location of landmarks and other natural phenomena of their land https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVOG-RKTFIo What are Songlines https://youtu.be/33O08xrQpR8 Understanding Songlines Seven Sisters Songline, by Josephine Mick, Pipalyatjara, 1994. Songlines or Dreaming tracks Dreaming tracks crossing the northern end of the Canning Stock Route. Uluru Uluru from on top From above Regrets… The local Aṉangu do not climb Uluru because of its great spiritual significance. They request that visitors do not climb the rock -the path crosses a sacred traditional Dreamtime track -sense of responsibility for the safety of visitors. Visitors guidepost – "the climb is not prohibited, but we prefer that, as a guest on Aṉangu land, you will choose to respect our law and culture by not climbing." • The Myth of Aboriginal Stories being Myths https://youtu.be/aUIgkbExn6I Rabbit Proof Fence • Directed by: Phillip Noyce • Written by: Doris Pilkington Garimara • Characters: (Cast) • • • • • Molly Craig: (Everlyn Sampi) Gracie Fields: (Laura Monaghan) Daisy Craig: (Tianna Sansbury) A.O. Neville: (Kenneth Branagh) Moodoo: (David Gulpilil) Historical Context European settlers arrive in Australia – interaction of two vastly different cultures with different attitudes to the land – By mid-19th century, European pastoralists and settlers had moved into Aboriginal lands • • • • interrupted traditional hunting and gathering depleted natural resources and grasslands polluted waterways damaged sacred sites Historical Context Europeans •introduced diseases – smallpox and the common cold decimated Indigenous populations •introduced alcohol and money – undermined traditional ways •challenged structure of Aboriginal traditional society – undermined authority of tribal elders •By the 1930s, – many aboriginal communities had become reliant on government handouts for food, clothing and other necessities, since their traditional ways of life had been eroded over time Rabbit Proof Fence - True Story - 9 weeks - 2,400 km - Terms - Half-caste - Stolen Generation ‘Half-caste’ • term used to describe people of mixed race or ethnicity • In Australia, historically used to describe the offspring of White colonists and the Aboriginal people of the continent • Half Caste Act - Australian government could seize such children in order to provide them with better homes and life than those afforded typical Aborigines – Official government ‘assimilationist’ policy – that took ‘half caste’ children from their kin and their land, in order to be ‘made white’ ‘Stolen Generation’ • Australian Aboriginal children who were forcibly removed from their parents by various state governments – Similar to residential schools in Canada • children were trained to be domestic servants (girls) and station workers (boys) • Many of them never saw their parents again Residential schools - http://www.cbc.ca/player/News/Politics/ID/2309548130/ Map of the Story Rabbit Proof Fence Assignment • How can Aboriginal people of Australia heal from the atrocity of forcible removal from their homes and loved ones and cruel treatment at the hands of those with power? How can aboriginal society as a whole recover from this? • Choose one theme of Aboriginal spirituality and explain how it is presented in the film.
