ORAL COMMUNICATION Nature 1. Communication is a message understood. 2. Communication is social interaction through messages. Take note - Communication is a process. - Communication occurs between two or more people. Speaker and Receiver. - Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions (non-verbal) or both spoken words and non verbal at the same time. COMMUNIS (Latin) - means to impart, to transmit, to share, and to convey. Remember First, there should be a clear message. Second, the message must be understood by the receiver for whom it is meant. A message is sent by a communicator through an appropriate channel (tool) or medium (language). ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 1. Speaker 2. Message 3. Encoding 4. Channel 5. Decoding 6. Receiver 7. Feedback 8. Context 9. Barrier PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION 1. The speaker generates an idea. 2. The speaker encodes an idea or converts the idea into words or actions. 3. The speaker transmits or sends out a message. 4. The receiver gets the message. 5. The receiver decodes or interprets the message based on the context. 6. The receiver sends or provides feedback. *Context- the environment where communication takes place. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION 1. Control - to control behavior 2. Social Interaction- allows individuals to interact with others. 3. Motivation - motivates or encourages people to live better. 4. Emotional Expression - facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and emotions. 5. Information Dissemination - to convey information. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION 1. Aristotelian Model - It is mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can be broadly divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience and Effect. - The audience is passive, influenced by the speech. - This makes the communication process one way, from the speaker to receiver. 2. The Lasswell Model - Harold Lasswell’s style of verbal exchanges consists of several parts: Sender (who), Message (says what), in what Channel (medium) and the Receiver (to whom). 3. The Shannon-Weaver Model - The sender encodes the message and sends it to the receiver through a technological channel like telephone and telegraph. The sender converts the message into codes understandable to the machine. - The receiver has to decode the message before understanding it and interpreting it. The receptor machine can also act as a decoder in some cases. The channel can have noise and the receiver might not have the capacity to decode which might cause problems in the communication process. 4. The Berlo’s Model - SMCR: Sender, Message, Channel, Receiver. 5. The WIlbur Schramm’s Model - The model is a never ending process which constitutes messages and feedback. Each person is both sender and receiver, so there must be interpretation of the message on each turn. 6. The Dance Model - Frank Dance’s Helical Model viewed the system as working like a helix, or a smooth curved shape, like a spring moving both upward and downward. BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION - Use of Jargon - Noisy Environment - Lack of Confidence - Emotional Barrier 1. Use of Jargon - One of the biggest communication barriers – and one that's easily avoided – is the use of jargon. Jargon words are meant to enhance communication by simplifying a particular concept. This works when everyone involved in the conversation is aware of the word's meaning. 2. Noisy Environment - Because of its ability to disrupt or obscure a message, noise tends to be one of the most common communication barriers. To overcome noise barriers, you must establish precisely what the source is. Often, this can be the most difficult part as it's not always clear where exactly the noise is coming from. 3. Lack of Confidence - A lack of confidence can have a dramatic effect on your career. It will keep you in your comfort zone because that is where you feel safe with little risk of failure. You risk losing your motivation and it undermines your self-esteem over time. 4. Emotional Barriers - An emotional barrier is a mental block that influences how you perceive others' actions and prevents you from clearly communicating your feelings. Emotional barriers can trigger an emotional response that's inappropriate or unproductive. (i.e. anger, pride, anxiousness) 7 C’S EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 1. Completeness - is essential to quality of the communication 2. Conciseness - making the communication direct and straight to the point. 3. Consideration consider relevant information about his/her receiver such as mood, background, race, preferences, education, status, and needs. 4. Concreteness - effective communication happens when the message is concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real life examples and situations. 5. Courtesy - respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of other people.\ 6. Clearness - use of simple and specific words to express ideas. 7. Correctness - grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and increases the credibility and effectiveness of the message. DIMENSIONS OF COMMUNICATION 1. Culture - The set of shared attitudes, values, and practices. - Culture can influence how we communicate verbally via the words, phrases, metaphors, and culture-specific slang between two or more people. It also affects what topics are deemed appropriate for conversation based on cultural norms/values present within a culture's social environment. 2. Gender - Men and women are more likely to exhibit different styles of verbal communication. Men are more prone to adopt what is called “report talk,” while women gravitate more toward “rapport talk.” “Report” style of communication is driven by the exchange of factual information to solve a given problem. 3. Verbal/Nonverbal - Verbal and nonverbal dimensions must be used together to clearly impart the message. 4. Oral - Spoken communication that imparts the message with the use of proper delivery 5. Written - Transcription of thoughts and ideas. 6. Formal - It is the meticulous observation of appropriateness in dress, language, and setting. 7. Informal - It uses a more casual approach with no regard for formalities. 8. Intentional - This is something that you are planning to say or do on PURPOSE. 9. Unintentional - This is something that you are NOT INTENDED or planned to say or do. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION - Intercultural communication refers to the communication between people from two different cultures. Intercultural communication is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process in which people from different cultures create shared meanings. - Originally developed by Milton Bennett in 1986, and updated multiple times since, the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity is one of the more influential models in the fields of intercultural communication, engagement, and equity. ETHNOCENTRISM 1. Denial - Denial of cultural difference occurs when people fail to recognize distinctions among cultures or consider them to be irrelevant; when they reject the claim that cultural differences exist or that they can be meaningful and consequential. 2. Defense - Defense against cultural difference occurs when people perceive other cultures in polarized, competitive, zero-sum, or us-against-them terms (e.g., immigrants are taking our jobs, our traditional values are under assault, etc.) 3. Minimization - Minimization of cultural difference occurs when people assume that their distinct cultural worldview is shared by others, when they perceive their culture’s values as fundamental or universal human values that apply to everyone, or when people obscure, disregard, or neglect the importance of cultural differences (e.g., such as when organizational leaders respond—when confronted with examples of racial, ethnic, or gender bias in the workplace—with statements such as “We try to treat everyone equally” or “I don’t see color”). ETHNORELATIVISM 1. Acceptance - Acceptance of cultural difference occurs when people recognize that different beliefs and values are shaped by culture, that different patterns of behavior exist among cultures, and that other cultures have legitimate and worthwhile perspectives that should be respected and valued. 2. Adaptation - Adaptation to cultural difference occurs when people are able to adopt the perspective of another culture, when they can empathize intellectually and emotionally with the experiences of others, or when they can interact in relaxed, authentic, and appropriate ways with people from different cultures. 3. Integration - Integration of cultural difference occurs when someone’s identity or sense of self evolves to incorporate the values, beliefs, perspectives, and behaviors of other cultures in appropriate and authentic ways. *polarized means divided.
