ELECTRICAL DESIGN
Considerations in High-Rise Buildings
- LATEST TRENDS
in Philippine Settings
Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers
2016 National Convention
MINI-SEMINAR OUTLINE
I.
NEW BUILDING and RE-DEVELOPMENT - ELECTRICAL
DESIGN COMPARISON :
A. Types of Development.
B. Factors Affecting the Redevelopment of a Facility
C. Maximizing Existing, New Upgraded Equipment, or Expansion.
II.
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM - BUILDING DESIGN TRENDS.
A. Design Data Parameters for Building’s Connected Load and
Demand Load.
B. Energy Management – Load Duration Curves and Load Profiling.
C. The Requirement for Redundant Power Distribution Equipment.
D. Fire-rated Cables for High-Rise Buildings – Why Specify?
E. Power Quality Issues affecting High-Rise Buildings.
F. Safety Lighting – use of Centralized Battery Systems.
III.
GREEN BUILDING DESIGN ISSUES.
HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS :
NEW BUILDING AND
REDEVELOPMENT An Electrical Design Comparison
HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS (HRB)
i.
What is a High-Rise Building?
- As defined by Chapter-2 of the IBC, “a building with an occupied
floor located more than 75 feet (22.86m) above the lowest level
of the Fire Department vehicle access”.
- As defined by the Fire Code of the Philippines, “buildings 15
meters in height, measured from ground level to the floor
of the topmost storey.
ii.
Timeline of Tallest Buildings in the Philippines.
The Manila Hotel
18 Floors, 1912~1967
Pacific Star
29 Floors, 1989~1991
Rufino Pacific Tower 162m, 41 Floors, 1994~1997
Petron Megaplaza
210m, 45 Floors, 1998~2000
PBCom Tower
259m, 52 Floors, 2000~present
HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS ( HRB )
iii.
The Demands on Modern Electrical Planning.
-
A higher level of safety.
A higher level of redundancy and selectivity.
A higher level of flexibility on the entire life cycle.
A low level of environmental pollution.
Integration of renewable energies.
Low costs (construction and operations).
A. TYPES OF HRB DEVELOPMENT.
1.
Residential Buildings.
- residential condominium buildings and serviced-apartments.
2.
Commercial and Retail Developments.
- office buildings and shopping malls.
3.
Mixed-used Developments.
- combination of residential, hotel,
office, and retail development.
4.
Institutional Buildings.
- hospitals, school campus and
universities, and headquarters.
B. Factors Affecting the Redevelopment
of a Facility.
1.
General Factors.
a. Maximized lot area, location, zoning, land use and local
ordinances.
b. Market forces and demand, project cost and budget.
c. Availability of resources and time schedule.
2.
Engineering Design Factors.
a. Existing Building conditions and limitations.
b. Available technology and innovation.
c. Fire and Life safety aspects.
d. Operations and maintenance (O&M) issues.
e. Engineering economics and return of investment (ROI).
f. Occupational health and environmental impact.
g. Maximizing existing equipment, upgrade or expansion.
C. Maximizing Existing, New Upgraded
Equipment or Expansion.
1.
Maximizing Existing Equipment.
a. Electrical system audit, testing and appraisal of
existing electrical equipment and distribution systems.
b. Site inspection and validation of equipment O&M clearances.
c. Load profiling, load survey and load analysis.
d. Maximum demand of existing loads + projected loads.
2.
New Equipment Upgrade or Expansion.
a. Added load flexibility and selectivity.
b. Future proofing and redundancy.
c. Maximized electrical equipment efficiency.
d. Electrical equipment room upsizing and upgrade, as well.
e. Electrical feeder routing and distribution study.
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM BUILDING
DESIGN TRENDS
A. DESIGN DATA PARAMETERS FOR HRB –
Determination of Power Demand.
1.
2.
Design Load Profile.
a. Residential Building
b. Regular Office
c. BPO Office
d. Non F&B Retail Loads
e. F&B Retail Loads
f. Parking/Storage Areas
g. Building Admin. Loads
-
50~65 W / sq.m.
100~125 W / sq.m.
125~150 W / sq.m.
200~250 W / sq.m.
250~500 W / sq.m.
6~8 W / sq.m.
40~100W / sq.m.
Applicable Demand Factor.
a. Residential Building
b. Regular and BPO Office
c. Non F&B and F&B Retail
d. Parking/Storage Areas
e. Building Admin. Loads
-
10~23%
55~65%
50~70%
70~80%
70~80%
A. DESIGN DATA PARAMETERS FOR HRB –
Determination of Power Demand.
3.
Design Criteria / Efficiency Class.
a. Lighting
efficient lighting initiave, lighting
controls, energy management, etc.
b. Receptacle Outlets
person load density, etc.
c. Airconditioning System building placement, level of
comfort, airconditioning-type,
controls, energy management, etc.
d. Building Admin. Loads automation controls, efficiencies.
4.
Effective Building Areas.
a. Gross Floor Areas.
b. Net Floor Areas.
c. Leasable / Saleable Areas.
d. Contruction Floor Areas.
B. ENERGY MANAGEMENT FOR HRB –
Load Duration Curves and Load Profiling.
1.
Power Demand – in preliminary design phase, is calculated based
on estimated load density and effective floor areas.
2.
Load Duration Curve – is a chart showing the variations of
electrical demand load values over a period of time :
a. How high is the base load?
b. What is the peak load?
c. Is there a typical consumption behavior?
3.
Load Profiling – helps minimize utility demand charges and
system losses, and studies the present power demand and future
loads :
a. Load pattern.
b. Load peaks and seasonal variations.
c. Maximized equipment ratings and loss analyses.
B. ENERGY MANAGEMENT FOR HRB –
Load Duration Curves and Load Profiling.
Sample of Load Duration Curve –
B. ENERGY MANAGEMENT FOR HRB –
Load Duration Curves and Load Profiling.
Sample of Load Duration Curve –
B. ENERGY MANAGEMENT FOR HRB –
Load Duration Curves and Load Profiling.
Sample of Load Profile –
B. ENERGY MANAGEMENT FOR HRB –
Building Automation.
1.
Building Automation – comprehensive solutions and services
for controlling :
a. Heating, Ventilation and Airconditioning.
b. Lighting systems.
c. Shutters and sunshields.
d. Elevators, lifts and escalators.
e. Sanitary pumps.
f. Standby power system.
2.
Automated Room and Zone Controls – localized integrated
solutions for airconditioning, lighting, shutters, etc. :
a. Room Control Units.
b. KNX System.
C. REDUNDANT POWER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM – for High-Rise Buildings.
1.
Nowadays, why is required?
a. For added redundancy, selectivity and flexibility.
b. For continuous 24/7/365 operations.
c. For scheduled preventive maintenance works.
d. For unforeseen equipment or feeder failures.
e. Future proofing?
2.
What particular loads requires such?
a. Data Center / Server Rooms – Telecoms and Banks.
b. Mission-Critical and Security Buildings.
c. Hospitals and Health Care Institutions.
d. BPO and Call Center Loads.
e. Fire and Life Safety Loads.
C. REDUNDANT POWER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM – for High-Rise Buildings.
3.
What type of equipment do we need?
a. Automatic transfer switches with bypass isolators.
b. Tie circuit breakers.
c. ATS/MTS for shifting to normal and redundant power sources.
d. Redundant feeder busducts or express feeder cabling system.
e. Redundant engine-generator system provisions.
f. Redundant power service entrance facility (if required).
C. REDUNDANT POWER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM – for High-Rise Buildings.
D. FIRE-RATED CABLES for High-Rise
Buildings - Why Specify?
1.
Fire-rated Low-Smoke Halogen-Free (FR-LSHF) Cables.
a. Type-tested under BS 6387, and standards
defined by UL 2196.
b. Tested at 950°C for 3-hours, with water spray
and mechanical shock (fire event simulation).
c. CWZ-type tested.
2.
FR-LSHF Cables, in the event of fire.
a. Emit non-corrosive gases and have low toxicity levels.
b. FR-LSHF maintains circuit integrity against short circuits or
electrical faults.
c. FR-LSHF circuit integrity properties gives enough time for the.
Building to be evacuated in a fire event scenario.
D. FIRE-RATED CABLES for High-Rise
Buildings - Why Specify?
3.
Nowadays, why is it required?
a. To adapt to upgraded International Codes and Standards.
b. To future-proof our Building, to be at-par with recent Projects.
c. To negotiate lower premium for the annual Fire Insurance Fees.
d. Additional cost on the FR Cables investment still does not
amount to the Life, and even Property, which may be saved.
4.
Specified Use of FR-LSHF Cables mentioned in NFPA 70.
a. Article 695 – Fire Pumps.
b. Article 700 – Emergency Systems.
c. Article 708 – Critical Operations Power Systems.
d. Article 760 – Fire Alarm Systems.
E. POWER QUALITY ISSUES Affecting
High-Rise Buildings.
1.
Overvoltage of Atmospheric Origin.
a. Direct and indirect impact of the lightning strike to the Building.
b. Thermal effects, mechanical effects and thermal flash-over
on the Building structure itself.
c. Faults generated and disturbances caused to computer/telecoms.
d. Solutions : Lightning Protection System and TVSS / SPDs.
2.
Power Factor Correction.
a. Induction Motors at 0.8 to 0.85pf,
Fluorescent lamps at 0.5 to 0.93pf,
Discharge lamps at 0.60pf.
b. Why improve the power factor?
- reduction in the cost of electricity.
- equipment/feeder optimization, increased in available power.
- reduction of losses and voltage drop.
E. POWER QUALITY ISSUES Affecting
High-Rise Buildings.
3.
Harmonics Management.
a. Origin of Harmonics : non-linear loads and power electronics variable speed drives, UPS and rectifier equipment, computer
and servers, LED lighting and dimmer systems.
b. RMS + 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th and 13th… order harmonic.
c. Crest factors : ratio between the value of peak current or
voltage and its RMS value.
d. Main Effects of Harmonics :
- parallel resonance.
- increased losses in conductors and equipment.
- overload of equipment, conductors and neutral conductors.
- disturbance affecting sensitive loads.
- nuisance tripping and equipment shutdown
e. Basic Solutions : transformer connections, reactors and filters.
F. SAFETY LIGHTING – Use of Centralized
Battery Systems (CBS) for HRBs.
1.
Nowadays, why specify a CBS Safety Lighting?
a. Addressable and monitored emergency lighting system.
b. Expandable, flexible and fire-rated life safety circuit.
c. Longer battery life, 10-years as designed – LiFePO4.
d. Unobtrusive and centrally-controlled light fixtures.
d. OLED emergency and exit signage lighting fixtures used.
2.
CBS Safety Lighting Components.
a. CBS Control Panel, Battery Monitoring,
and Batteries.
b. Luminaire – emergency lights and
exit signage lights.
c. Data interface, addressable modules
and accessories.
F. SAFETY LIGHTING – Use of Centralized
Battery Systems (CBS) for HRBs.
Sample of CBS One-Line Diagram.
HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS :
GREEN BUILDING
Design Issues
A. LEED and BERDE Inputs Affecting the
Electrical Design for HRBs.
1.
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED).
a. Electrical Light Power Density (LPD) Calculations –
establish a minimum level of energy efficiency.
b. Occupancy Sensors, Daylight Sensors, Timer Switches –
for high level of lighting control.
c. LEFEV Power Provisions – alternative transportation.
d. Energy Monitoring, and Submeters – measurement
and verification.
e. Solar PV System and Wind Power–
on-site renewable energy systems.
A. LEED and BERDE Inputs Affecting the
Electrical Design for HRBs.
2.
Building for Ecologically Responside Design Excellence
(BERDE), by the Philippine Green Building Council.
a. Electrical System Design Criteria and Report –
technical site assessment.
b. Electrical Light Power Density (LPD) Calculations –
establish a minimum level of energy efficiency
c. LED Lighting, Occupancy Sensors, Daylight Sensors,
Timer Switches – energy efficient lighting.
d. LEFEV Power Provisions – alternative transportation.
e. Energy Monitoring, and Submeters – energy submetering.
f. SCADA System – BAS/EMS control and monitoring.
g. Solar PV System and Wind Power– on-site renewable
energy systems.
A. LEED and BERDE Inputs Affecting the
Electrical Design for HRBs.
Low-Emmission Fuel Efficient Vehicles (LEFEV).
B. Solar PV System in High-Rise Buildings.
1.
Use of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems.
a. Roofdeck and Upper Floors’ Façade – suitable surface for
the PV modules / cells.
b. Other use of PV modules – protect the façade, soundproofing,
thermal insulation, and façade glass design incorporation.
c. PV module efficiency – 260W to 300W per panel, or
approximately 180 W per sq.m.
d. On-grid solar PV system – DC voltage produced by the
PV modules is converted to AC voltage by an inverter.
e. Cost per kW – approximately Php 90K / kW, ROI of 3 years.
B. Solar PV Systems in High-Rise Buildings.
Sample of Solar PV System One-Line Diagram.
C. New Development in Lighting for HRBs.
1.
Human Centric Lighting – lighting variables of color temperature,
and illumination, affecting sleep, mode, focus and motivation.
2.
oLED – organic LED, in which the emissive electroluminescent layer
is a film of organic compound. Used in TVs, monitors and tablets.
3.
Li-Fi (not Wi-Fi) – light fidelity, visible light communications
(VLC) system running wireless communications, uses common
household LEDs to enable data transfer, boasting speeds
at 224 GBps.
4.
Livelink Light Management, and other downloadable apps
for lighting control via Tablets.
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