International
Journal of Mechanical
Engineering
and Technology ENGINEERING
(IJMET), ISSN 0976 –
INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL
OF MECHANICAL
6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online)
Volume
3,
Issue
3,
SepDec
(2012)
©
IAEME
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)
ISSN 0976 – 6340 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6359 (Online)
Volume 3, Issue 3, September - December (2012), pp. 285-293
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IJMET
©IAEME
REDUCTION OF SHORT SHOTS BY OPTIMIZING INJECTION
MOLDING PROCESS PARAMETERS
Mr. M.G. Rathi
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering
Aurangabad, (MS), India.
Email – mgrathi_kumar@yahoo.co.in
Mr. Manoj D. Salunke
Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering
Aurangabad, (MS), India.
Email – manojsalunke2012@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Injection molding process dominated over plastic industry by approximately consuming 32wt%
of all plastics. It became world’s favorite plastic processing method due to its high production
rate, low cost and capability to produce intricate Parts with high precision. It is much difficult to
set optimal process parameter levels which may cause defects in articles, such as SHORT SHOT.
This paper deals with optimal injection molding process parameters for minimum SHORT
SHOT. In this paper, optimal injection molding conditions for minimum SHORT SHOT were
determined by the Taguchi Method and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) methods and
mathematical model for process behavior is found by regression analysis. For this study total 32
trials are taken. Determination of the optimal process parameters were based on S/N ratios.
According to the results, Barrel Temperature and mold closing speed are the most important
parameters. Mold pressure and back pressure had no significant effect on the weight of the
component
Keywords: Injection Molding, S/N Ratio, ANOVA, Regression Analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
John Wesley is a pioneer scientist who invented injection molding first time by injecting
celluloid into a mold which resulted in billiard balls which were used as a replacement for ivory
which was based on the pressure die casting technique for metals. [1] Plastic injection molding
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 –
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uses plastic in the form of pellets or granules as a raw material. It is then heated until a melt is
obtained. Then the melt is injected into a mould where it is allowed to solidify to obtain the
desired shape. [2]
Short Shot is the defect occurs due to insufficient material injection in the mold cavity during the
fill process which results in dimensional shortages. Process parameter settings which are
responsible for short shots are Low injection pressure, Low injection speed, Low holding
pressure, Packing switching early, Low melting stock temperature, Low mould temperature,
Short holding pressure time. [3]
If factors responsible for short shots are optimized we can improve the process by reducing short
shots. The Taguchi method is a well-known technique that provides a systematic and efficient
methodology for process optimization. It has been widely used for product design and process
optimization worldwide. [4] This is due to the advantages of the design of experiment using
Taguchi’s technique, which includes simplification of experimental plan and feasibility of study
of interaction between different parameters. Lesser number of experiments is required in this
method. As a consequence, time as well as cost is reduced considerably. Taguchi proposes
experimental plan in terms of orthogonal array that gives different combinations of parameters
and their levels for each experiment. According to this technique, the entire parameter space is
studied with minimal number of necessary experiments only. [5, 6] Based on the average output
value of the quality characteristic at each parameter level, main effect analysis is performed.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is then used to determine which process parameter is statistically
significant and the contribution of each process parameter towards the output characteristic. With
the main effect and ANOVA analyses, possible combination of optimum parameters can be
predicted. Finally, a confirmation experiment is conducted to verify the optimal process
parameters obtained from the process parameter design.
The following study was carried out at a plastic injection molding process department in
Supreme Industries Ltd. Jalgaon. One of the several pipe fittings components is 3/4th Inch PVC
pipe T which is the main focus in this study. Since this is largest producing component of the
industry high process defects of this component from the injection molding process is the
company’s main concern. The data collection was limited to 2 months November2011 and
December 2011. The combined 2-month average of the short-shot defects were about 47 % of
the total types of defects in the 3/4 Th Inch PVC pipe T.
II. TAGUCHI TECHNIQUE
Taguchi and Konishi had developed Taguchi techniques. [7] These techniques have been
utilized widely in engineering analysis to optimize the performance characteristics within the
combination of design parameters. Taguchi technique is also power tool for the design of high
quality systems. It introduces an integrated approach that is simple and efficient to find the best
range of designs for quality, performance, and computational cost. [8]
In this study, parameter design is coupled to achieve the optimum levels of process parameters
leading to minimum Short Shots during the manufacturing of plastic parts
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 –
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Taguchi Parameter Design Fallows chronological sequence as
•
•
•
•
•
Selection Of Quality Characteristics
Selection of Control Factors and Noise Factors
Selection of Orthogonal Arrays
Analysis of Results
Confirmation of results
A. SELECTION OF QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
From the discussion with company peoples strongly felt that weight of production part
bears a direct relationship with occurrence SHORT-SHOTS. Recent production parts
measurement revealed that average weights of qualified parts fell on the higher side of the
distribution while those with SHORT-SHOTS were on the lower end so that weight of the part in
grams is taken as quality characteristics.
In Taguchi Method Desirable Performance is classified in three categories such as thesmaller-the-better, the-larger the-better, and the-nominal-the-best. Signal to Noise analysis is
designed to measure quality characteristic. It is given by
S/N = -10 log10(MSD)
(1)
Where MSD= Mean Squared Division
For the smaller the better characteristic,
(2)
Larger the better characteristic,
(3)
Nominal the best characteristic,
MSD = [(Y1 – m)2 + (Y1 – m)2 + (Y1 – m)2+ ·······)]/n
(4)
Where Y1, Y2, Y3 are the responses and n is the number of tests in a trial and m is the target
value of the result. [9] Larger Weight values represent better or improved minimum short shot.
Therefore, a Larger -the-better quality characteristic was implemented and introduced in this
study.
B. SELECTION OF CONTROL FACTORS AND NOISE FACTORS
In this study we have consider 6 factors which affect majorly on quality characteristic such as
(A) Injection Pressure, (B) Mold Closing Speed, (C) Mold Pressure, (D) Backpressure, (E)
Screw Speed, (F) Barrel Temperature. One of the advantages of Taguchi parameter design is it
can also consider uncontrollable factors (Noise Factors) but in this study we have considered
only controllable factors.
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C. SELECTION OF ORTHOGONAL ARRAY
Since 6 controllable factors and two levels of each factor were considered L8 (2**6)
Orthogonal Array was selected for this study.
D. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
Result Analysis was carried out by making ANOVA to determine percentage effect of each
parameter on the quality characteristic.
E. CONFORMATION OF RESULTS
The confirmation experiment is very important in parameter design, particularly when small
fractional factorial experiments are utilized. Confirmation of results was done by taking
confirmation test with optimum settings.
III. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
A. INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS
Trials are taken on Milacron 110 Injection Molding Machine by injecting Chlorinated Poly
Vinyl Chloride (CPVC) material in 3/4th inch Tee mold. The specimen is shown in Figure 3.1
Figure 3.1 3/4th inch Tee
B. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
In order to determine the optimal process conditions and the effect of the processing
parameters on the quality Characteristic i.e. weight
of CPCV 3/4th inch TEE, the Taguchi
method, experimental design was utilized. The controllable factors selected were the (A)
Injection Pressure, (B) Mold Closing Speed, (C) Mold Pressure, (D) Backpressure, (E) Screw
Speed, (F) Barrel Temperature. Table 3.1 gives the variable factors and their levels. Six
controllable factors with two levels were studied, as shown in Table 3.1; therefore, the L8
orthogonal array (OA) was selected for this study therefore there were 8 trial conditions, four
trials with each trial condition was taken. The signal- to-noise ratios (S/N) for each experiment
were determined by using larger is the better characteristic.
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 –
6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, Sep- Dec (2012) © IAEME
Table 3.1: Controllable factors and levels
NOTATION
FACTOR DESCRIPTION
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
A
Injection Pressure (Bar)
85
125
B
Mold Closing Speed (mm/s)
90
200
C
Mold Pressure (Bar)
80
90
D
Back Pressure (Bar)
15
40
E
Screw Speed (rpm)
55
70
F
Barrel Temperature (0c)
138
170
IV. RESULT ANALYSIS
A. TRIAL CONDITIONS AND RESULTS
According to L8 layout there are eight trial conditions as shown in Table 4.1
Table 4.1 Layout for Experimental Design according to L8 Array
Exp.
No.
A
Injection
Pressure
(Bar)
1
C
Mould
Pressure
(Bar)
D
Back
Pressure
(Bar)
E
Screw
Speed
(rpm)
F
Barrel
Temperature
(0c)
85
B
Mould
Closing
Speed
( mm/s)
90
80
15
55
138
2
85
90
90
40
70
170
3
85
200
80
15
70
170
4
85
200
90
40
55
138
5
125
90
80
40
55
170
6
125
90
90
15
70
138
7
125
200
80
40
70
138
8
125
200
90
15
55
170
Four trials with each trial condition were taken there S/N ratios with Larger is the better quality
characteristic were calculated and summarized in Table 4.2
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 –
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Table 4.2 Summary Report for Different trials conducted during Experiments
Trial No.
Weight In Grams
S/N Ratio
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Sample 4
1
99
84.5
69
86.5
38.343
2
180
174
150
164
44.391
3
195
199
200
199
45.943
4
105
105
106
103
40.401
5
199
139
133
134
43.25
6
128
132
119
99.5
41.395
7
117
146
91
154
41.504
8
200
201
201
201
46.053
Grand Average
42.66
Above test results were studied and effect of each parameter on S/N ratio was calculated and
plotted as shown in Figure 4.1
Main Effects Plot for SN ratios
Data Means
43.6
INJEC TIO N PRESSURE (Bar)
MO ULD C LO SING SPEED (mm/s)
MO LD PRESSURE (Bar)
43.2
Meanof SNratios
42.8
42.4
42.0
85
43.6
125
BA C K PRESSURE (Bar)
90
200
SC REW SPEED (rpm)
80
90
BA RREL TEMPRA TURE (0c)
43.2
42.8
42.4
42.0
15
40
55
70
138
170
Signal-to-noise: Larger is better
Figure 4.1 Effect of Process parameters on S/N Ratio
B. ANATYSIS OF VARIANCE BY QT-4 SOFTWARE
ANOVA was performed by using a software qualitek-4 which gives significance of each
factor in terms of Percent in the last column of the Table 4.3
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Table 4.3 ANOVA Table
DOF
Factors
Sums Of
Squares
Variance
Pure
Sum
F-Ratio
Percent
1 A: Injection Pressure
1
1.219
1.219
18.779 1.154
2.207
2 B: Mould Closing Speed
1
5.314
5.314
81.831 5.249
10.036
3 C:Mould Pressure
1
1.278
1.278
19.685 1.213
2.320
4 D: Back Pressure
1
0.597
0.597
9.196 0.532
1.017
5 E: Screw Speed
1
3.361
3.361
51.754 3.296
6.302
6 F: Barrel Temperature
1
40.468
40.468 623.099 40.403
77.246
Other/Error
1
0.064
Total:
7
0.064
0.872
52.304
100.000%
From ANOVA it is clear that Mold closing speed and Barrel Temperature is the most significant
factors. The Optimum conditions and the optimum results are calculated with the help of
ANOVA and given in Table 4.4
Table 4.4 Optimum Condition and performance
Sr.
No.
Factors
Level Description
Level
Contribution
1 A:Injection Pressure
125
2
0.390
2 B: Mould Closing
200
2
0.815
4 C: Mould Pressure
90
2
0.400
5 D: Back Pressure
15
1
0.273
6 E: Screw Speed
70
2
0.648
7 F: Barrel temperature
170
2
2.249
Total Contribution From All Factors...
4.774
Current Grand Average Of Performance...
42.660
Expected Result At Optimum Condition...
47.162
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 –
6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, Sep- Dec (2012) © IAEME
C. REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Regression Analysis of the Test Data gives the relationship of controllable parameters with
average output in the form of linear equation given below
Y = -382.720+ 0.274*A + 0.246*B + 0.772*C -0.534*D + 1.173*E + 2.196*F
(5)
Where
Y = Response i.e. Weight of the component in Grams
A = Injection Pressure in Bar , B = Mould Closing Speed in mm/s, C = Mould Pressure in Bar,
D = Back Pressure in Bar, E = Screw Speed in rpm, F = Barrel temperature in 0c
If we put optimum parameters which are drawn by ANOVA in equation 5 it will give optimum
value of quality characteristic which will minimize short shots
Yopt = -382.720+ 0.274* A2 + 0.246* B2+ 0.772* C2 -0.534* D1 + 1.173* E2+ 2.196* F2
Yopt = -382.720+ 0.274* 125 + 0.246* 200+ 0.772* 90 -0.534* 15 + 1.173* 70+ 2.196* 170
Yopt = 217.63gm ( Predicted by Regression Equation)
D. Confirmation Experiment
In Order to test the predicted result, confirmation experiment has been conducted by running
another four trials at the optimal settings of the process parameters determined from the Analysis
i.e. A2B2C2D1E2F2
Observation Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial 4
Average
Weight
S/N Ratio
1
217.5gm
217gm
216gm
217gm
46.72
217.5gm
The results are shown in above table and it is observed that the average weight i.e. 217gm and
average S/N Ratio 46.72 which falls within predicted 80% Confidence Interval.
V. CONCLUSIONS
The Taguchi method was applied to find an optimal setting of the injection molding process.
The result from the Taguchi method chooses an optimal solution from combinations of factors if
it gives maximized normalized combined S/N ratio of targeted outputs. The L-8 OA was used to
accommodate six control factors and each with 2 levels for experimental plan selected process
parameters are Injection Pressure (85, 125 bar ) , Mold Closing Speed ( 90, 200, mm/s) ,Mold
Pressure ( 80,90 bar), Backpressure (15,40 bar), Screw Speed ( 55,70 rpm), Barrel Temperature (
138,170 0c). The results are summarized as follows:
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•
•
•
•
•
Among the six process parameters Barrel Temperature, Mold Closing Speed,
Screw Speed is having more significant effect on Quality Characteristic.
The Optimal level of process parameter were found to be A2B2C2D1E2F2
The prediction made by Taguchi parameter design technique is in good agreement
with confirmation results.
The result of present investigation are valid within specified range of process
parameters
Also the prediction made by Regression Analysis is in good agreement with
confirmation results.
The Optimal level process parameter are found to be A2B2C2D1E2F2
corresponding to Injection Pressure of 125 bar, Mold Closing Speed of 200, mm/s,
Mold Pressure of 90 bar, Backpressure of 15bar, Screw Speed of 70 rpm, Barrel
Temperature of 170 0c and also the process parameters which affecting weight
variations are focused and controlled.
REFERENCES
[1] Crawford, R, 1998, “Plastic Engineering”. 3rd ed. Oxford: Butterworth – Heine-mann.
[2] Chen, R.S., Lee, H.H., and Yu, C.Y., 1997, “Application of Taguchi’s Method on the
optimal process design of an injection molded PC/PBT automobile bumper”. Composite
Structures, 39, pp. 209-214
[3] “Short Shot Defect Analysis” http://www.dakumar.com/blog/short-shot-defect- analysis410.html
[4] Wang, W.H., and Tarng, Y.S., 1998, “Design Optimization of cutting parameters for
turning operations based on the Taguchi method”. Journal of Materials Processing
Technology, 84, pp. 122-129.
[5] Phadke, M.S., 1989, “Quality Engineering Using Robust Design”. Prentice Hall
International Inc., New York.
[6] Roy, R.K., 1990, “A primer on the Taguchi method”. Competitive Manufacturing
Series, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
[7] Taguchi G, Konishi S. Taguchi methods, orthogonal arrays and linear graphs, tools for
quality American supplier institute. American Supplier Institute; 1987 [p. 8–35].
[8] Taguchi G. Introduction to quality engineering. New York: Mc Graw-Hill; 1990.
[9] Roy, R. A Primer on the Taguchi Method. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1990
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