TAAL RULES AND TIPS
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General tips on how to use this booklet
Indirekte & Direkte Rede
Tye (tenses)
Ontkenning / Negatief
Lydende vorm (passive voice)
Voegwoorde (conjunctions)
Vraagsinne (changing statements into questions)
Voornaamwoorde (pronouns)
Trappe van vergelyking (degrees of comparison)
Deelwoorde (participles)
Infinitief
Woordorde - STOMPI
Words easily confused
Afkortings (abbreviations)
Meervoude & verkleining (plurals & diminutives)
Sinonieme (words with a similar meaning)
Antonieme (words opposite in meaning)
Intensiewe vorm
Samestellings (compound words)
Homofone; Homonieme
Advertensies en strokiesprente (cartoons)
Woordeskat vir begripstoets (comprehension)
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bl. 29 - 30
General tips on how to use this booklet:
These are examples of different aspects in Afrikaans.
It consists of basic steps to follow if you don’t understand something.
When you get an exercise to do, look it up in the booklet and learn from it.
Add as you learn new examples.
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1.
Direkte en Indirekte Rede:
1. Stelsin (statement)
Underline your pronouns.
If you don’t have to use “dat” → don’t!
If you have to use “dat” → underline the verb and move it to the end of the sentence.
Die seun sê: “Ek lees elke dag my boek.”
Die seun sê hy lees elke dag sy boek.
Die seun sê dat hy elke dag sy boek lees.
2. Vraagsin (question)
Underline the pronouns.
Underline the verb → it always moves to the end of the sentence.
Is there a question word? (hoekom/waarom/wie/waar/wanneer/etc) → underline it → you
are going to use it.
If there is NOT a question word → you will use of.
Whether you use a question word or of → the verb always moves to the end of the
sentence.
No question mark in the indirekte rede.
Die seun vra: “Moet ek elke dag my boek lees?” (No question word - use of)
Die seun vra of hy elke dag sy boek moet lees.
Die seun vra: “Hoekom moet ek elke dag my boek lees?” (use the question word)
Die seun vra hoekom hy elke dag sy boek moet lees.
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2.
Tye: (Tense)
1. Teenwoordige tyd → present tense
Die seun lees elke dag sy boek.
2. Verlede tyd → past tense
Die seun het elke dag sy boek gelees.
Die seun se pa laai hom by die skool op. → Die seun se pa het hom by die
skool opgelaai.
Die seun hersien sy werk voor die toets. → Die seun het sy werk voor die toets
hersien. (no ge- in front of a prefix → mis; her; ont; be; er; ver; etc.)
Die seun het baie werk om te doen. → Die seun het baie werk gehad om te
doen. (look out for the infinitief - the verb goes in front of “om”)
kan → kon
sal → sou
is → was
het → het . . . gehad
wil → wou
moet → moes
If there is a verb + preposition → it becomes ONE WORD in past and future tense!
Ek tel die boek en papiere op. → Ek het die boek en die papiere opgetel.
Ek skakel die lig aan. → Ek het die lig aangeskakel.
3. Toekomende tyd → future tense
Die seun sal elke dag sy boek lees.
Die seun moet sy boek lees. → Die seun sal sy boek moet lees.
Ek slaap en werk in my kamer. → Ek sal in my kamer slaap en werk.
Ek gooi die papiere weg om my kamer op te ruim. → Ek sal die papiere weggooi
om my kamer op te ruim.
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is → sal . . . wees.
het → sal . . . hê.
3.
Ontkenning / negatief: (negative)
Remember Afrikaans negative always have a DOUBLE negative!
Die seun lees elke dag sy boek → Die seun lees nie elke dag sy boek nie.
Remember the following changes:
al → nog nie . . . nie.
nog → nie meer . . . nie.
ooit → nooit . . . nie.
êrens → nêrens . . . nie.
iemand → niemand . . . nie.
óf . . . óf → nóg . . . nóg (either . . . or / neither . . . nor)
alles → niks . . . nie.
alreeds → nog nie . . . nie.
al een → nog geen . . . nie.
nog alles → niks meer . . . nie.
nog iets → niks meer . . . nie.
Questions:
● Is dit koud vandag? → Is dit nie koud vandag nie?
● Is dit nog baie koud vandag? → Nee, dit is nie meer baie koud vandag
nie. (only when you are asked to answer the question!)
● Kry jy baie koud vandag? → Nee, ek kry nie baie koud vandag nie.
Command:
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● Staan op! → Moenie opstaan nie!
● Maak asseblief die deur toe! → Moet asseblief nie die deur toemaak
nie!
4.
Lydende vorm:
Underline the verb (V).
Underline the subject (S = Who? Usually before the verb).
Underline the object (O= What? Usually after the verb).
Swop subject and object.
Add DEUR.
Change the verb according to the tense → the main verb always moves to the end of the
sentence and you add ge-.
Leave adverb of manner and place where they are.
Time goes between the new subject and “deur”.
1. Present Tense:
S
V
O
Die seun lees elke dag sy boek in sy kamer.
Sy boek word elke dag deur die seun in sy kamer gelees.
❖ Die seun tel sy boek by die skool op. → Sy boek word deur die seun by die skool
opgetel.
2. Past Tense:
S
V1
O
V2
Die seun het gister sy boek in sy kamer gelees.
Sy boek is gister deur die seun in sy kamer gelees.
3. Future Tense:
S
V1
O
V2
Die seun sal môre sy boek in sy kamer lees.
Sy boek sal môre deur die seun in sy kamer gelees word.
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❖ Die seun kan môre sy boek in sy kamer lees. → Sy boek kan môre deur die seun in
sy kamer gelees word.
Pronoun changes:
Ek → . . . deur my . . .
Hy → . . . deur hom . . .
Sy → . . . deur haar . . .
Ons → . . . deur hulle . . .
5.
Voegwoorde: (conjunctions)
Groep 1
Groep 2
Groep 3
No changes in word
order
conjuction and verb
of the second
sentence next to
each other
verb goes to the end
of the second
sentence
hint → meow
hint → most d - words
hint → all “dat” words
except “dat”
and “question words”
dat (that)
maar (but)
dan (then)
en (and)
daarna (thereafter)
of (or)
daarom (therefore)
want (because)
derhalwe (therefore)
dog (but)
nogtans (nevertheless)
óf . . . óf (either . . . or)
nietemin (nevertheless)
nóg . . . nóg (neither. . nor)
anders (otherwise)
sowel as . . (as well as)
gevolglik (as a result)
al (although)
nadat (after)
omdat (because)
sodat (so that)
totdat (until)
voordat (before)
wat (who/what)
terwyl (while)
tensy (unless)
alhoewel (although)
toe (then)
tog (even so)
buitendien (besides)
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sodra (as soon as)
aangesien (seeing that)
mits (on condition that)
indien (in case)
of (if)
as (if)
wanneer ; hoekom;
waarom; hoe; hoeveel; etc.
Examples:
Groep 1:
Die seun lees elke dag sy boek in sy kamer. Hy hou baie van lees. (want)
Die seun lees elke dag sy boek in sy kamer, want hy hou baie van lees.
Groep 2:
Die seun lees elke dag sy boek in sy kamer. Hy kan baie goed lees. (daarom)
Die seun lees elke dag sy boek in sy kamer daarom kan hy baie goed lees.
Groep 3:
Die seun lees elke dag sy boek in sy kamer. Hy wil sy lees verbeter. (omdat)
Die seun lees elke dag sy boek in sy kamer omdat hy sy lees wil verbeter.
❖ Die seun het sy boek in sy kamer gelees. Hy het sy lees baie verbeter. (totdat)
Die seun het sy boek in sy kamer gelees totdat sy lees baie verbeter het.
How to START with the conjunction:
Underline the verb in the first sentence → it moves to the END of the first sentence.
Put a comma and START with the verb of the second sentence.
V
V1
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V2
Die seun lees elke dag in sy kamer. Sy leeswerk het baie verbeter. (Aangesien . . .)
Aangesien die seun elke dag in sy kamer lees, het sy leeswerk baie verbeter.
V1
V2
V1
Die seun het elke dag gelees. Sy familie gaan strand toe.
(Terwyl . . .)
Terwyl die seun elke dag gelees het, gaan sy familie strand toe.
6.
Vraagsinne: (Question sentences)
If you must formulate a question from a statement → always start with the VERB if
nothing is underlined in the sentence: (You DON’T use a question word!)
Die seun lees elke dag sy boek in sy kamer.
Lees die seun elke dag sy boek in sy kamer? (don’t forget the question mark)
If something is underlined, it means you must use what is underlined as your ANSWER
→ now you choose an appropriate QUESTION WORD:
Wat? Wie? Waar? Waarom? Wanneer? Hoekom? Hoe?
The verb always follows the question word!
● Die seun lees elke dag sy boek in sy kamer.
Waar lees die seun elke dag sy boek?
● Ek gaan môre om nege uur na die supermark toe om melk te koop.
Wanneer gaan ek om nege uur na die supermark toe om melk te koop?
● Ek gaan môre om nege uur na die supermark toe om melk te koop.
Hoe laat gaan ek môre na die supermark toe om melk te koop?
● Ek gaan môre om nege uur na die supermark toe om melk te koop.
Waarom/Hoekom gaan ek môre na die supermark toe?
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7.
Voornaamwoorde: (pronouns)
As a subject (at the start of the sentence) → Ek; Hy; Sy; Jy; Ons; Hulle; Julle
As an object (after the verb) → my; hom (him); haar (her); jou (your); ons (our); hulle
(their); julle (their)
As a possessive pronoun → myne (mine); syne (his); hare (hers); ons s’n (ours);
hulle s’n (theirs); julle s’n (theirs)
● Ek het ‘n fiets. Dit is my fiets. Die fiets is myne. Ek het dit vir my gekoop.
● Hy het ‘n fiets. Dit is sy fiets. Die fiets is syne. Hy het dit vir hom gekoop.
● Sy het ‘n fiets. Dit is haar fiets. Die fiets is hare. Sy het dit vir haar gekoop.
● Jy het ‘n fiets. Dit is jou fiets. Die fiets is joune. Jy het dit vir jou gekoop.
● Ons het fietse. Dit is ons fietse. Die fietse is ons s’n. Ons het dit vir ons
gekoop.
● Hulle het fietse. Dit is hulle fietse. Die fietse is hulle s’n. Hulle het dit vir
hulle gekoop.
● Julle het fietse. Dit is julle fietse. Die fietse is julle s’n. Julle het dit vir julle
gekoop.
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REMEMBER → ‘n Mens always takes jy/jou!!
‘n Mens moet altyd jou werk doen as jy goed wil doen.
8.
Trappe van vergelyking: (degrees of comparison)
Stellende trap
no comparison
Vergrotende trap
two people/things
compared
Oortreffende trap
indicated with a “die”
Some exceptions:
goed
baie
nuut
laag
duur
moeg
droog
breed
snaaks
min
volwasse
jonk
lank
selde
ru
styf
grof (short vowel)
koud
beter
meer
nuwer
laer
duurder
moeër
droër
breër
snaakser
minder
meer volwasse
jonger
langer
minder
ruwer
stywer
growwer
kouer
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beste
meeste
nuutste
laagste
duurste
moegste
droogste
breedste
snaaksste
minste
mees volwasse
jonkste
lankste
minste
ruuste
styfste
grofste
koudste
❖ Add your own!
9.
Deelwoorde: (participles)
Teenwoordige deelwoorde (present participles “-ing”) → the action is occurring
NOW. (In Afr. “-ende”)
● Die (loop) water is yskoud. (The running water is ice cold)
Die lopende water is yskoud.
Verlede deelwoorde (past participles) → the action is in the past tense.
❖ Swak verlede deelwoorde → used literally and describes a completed action
→ add ge- in front of the word and a -te/-de at the end
→ word ending on s;k;p;g;f usually get -te (there are
exceptions however)
● Die (streep) hemp lyk baie mooi. (The striped shirt look very nice.)
Die gestreepte hemp lyk baie mooi.
● Die (skei) ouers woon nie saam nie. (The divorced parents don’t live
together.)
Die geskeide ouers woon nie saam nie.
There are execptions, but these are the basics!
❖ Sterk verlede deelwoorde → used figuratively and changes completely.
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● Die (bederf) kind is baie stout. (The spoilt child is very naugthy)
Die bedorwe kind is baie stout.
● Die (wen) kinders sien uit na die vakansie. (The excited children look
forward to the holiday)
Die opgewonde kinders sien uit na die vakansie.
There is a long list → not listing it now.
Note that all the deelwoorde end on an -e → they are adjectives!
10.
Infinitief:
There are THREE infinitives in Afrikaans: om . . . te . (verb).
behoort . . . te . (verb) .
hoef nie . . . te . (verb) . nie.
They can NEVER be in the same sentence!
“te” is always at the end of the sentence in front of the verb.
❖ . . . om . . . te . . .
● My broer is besig om te skryf.
My broer is besig om ‘n boek te skryf.
❖ . . . behoort . . . te . . . (ought to)
v
● My broer skryf ‘n boek.
My broer behoort ‘n boek te skryf. (verb moves to the end)
● My broer moet ‘n boek skryf.
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My broer behoort ‘n boek te skryf. (“moet” falls away - replaced with
“behoort”)
❖ . . . hoef nie . . . te . . . nie. (negative infinitive)
● My broer skryf ‘n boek.
My broer hoef nie ‘n boek te skryf nie.
11.
Woordorde : (the correct word order in Afrikaans)
S v1 T O M P v2 I
S → Subject (Onderwerp) → wie/wat → die doener (the doer) →
usually before the verb.
v1 → the first verb in the sentence → main verb / het / sal / moet / wil / etc.
T → Time (tyd) → when
O → object (voorwerp) → usually after the verb 1.
M → manner (manier/wyse) → how something is done.
P → place (plek) → where the action is taking place.
v2 → main verb if the sentence has a helping verb (het/sal/moet/wil/etc) →
always in front of the infinitive if there is an infinitive.
I → infinitive (infinitief) → indicate with “om . . . te . . .”
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Remember → whatever you start with, the verb ALWAYS comes next!!
12.
Words easily confused:
blomme (flowers) / bomme (bombs) / bome (trees)
deesdae (these days) / destyds (in the past)
ken (to know someone/something) / weet (to know something about
someone or something)
lei (to lead) / ly (to suffer) / lui (to ring/lazy)
opwindend (exciting - an occasion, never a person) / opgewonde (excited
- always used for people)
volgende (next) / vorige (previous)
verlede (in the past) / gelede (ago)
belowe (to promise) / glo (to believe)
verkeerd (wrong/incorrect) / vergeet (to forget)
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golf (wave) / gholf (golf - the sport)
verhoog (stage) / gehoor (audience)
skou (exhibition) / wys (to show/ wise)
bewys (to prove) / verwys (refer to)
erken (to admit) / herken (to recognize)
help (to help - verb) / hulp (help - noun)
verrassing (a surprise) / verassing (a cremation)
aanvaar (to accept) / ervaar (to experience)
vra (to ask) / vraag (a question) / vrag (a load)
weier (to refuse) / wyer (wider)
13.
Afkortings: (abbreviations)
All abbreviations get full stops except:
❖ Acronyms → SA / VSA / DBV / HIV / ESKOM / CV / ABSA
❖ Measurements & weights → kg / ml / km / mg
as gevolg van
antwoord
asseblief
bladsy
blaai om asseblief
byvoorbeeld
dit is
deur middel van
(as a result of)
(answer)
(please)
(page)
(turn the page -PTO)
(for example)
(it is)
(by means of)
a.g.v.
antw.
asb.
bl.
b.o.a.
bv.
d.i.
d.m.v.
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dit wil sê
(see also)
ensovoorts
(etcetera)
in plaas van
(instead of)
in verband met
(in connection with)
Let Wel
(NB)
met ander woorde (in other words)
mevrou
(mrs)
meneer
(mr)
na aanleiding van
(as a result of)
ten opsigte van
(with regards to)
voormiddag
(am)
namiddag
(pm)
kaptein
paragraaf
Verenigde State van Amerika
voornaamwoord
werkwoord
infinitief
kilogram
meter
volgende
d.w.s.
ens.
i.p.v.
i.v.m.
L.W.
m.a.w.
mev.
mnr.
n.a.v.
t.o.v.
vm.
nm.
kapt.
par.
VSA
vnw.
ww.
inf.
kg
m
vlg.
Days of the week → always the first two letters → Ma. / Di. / Wo. / Do. / Vr. /Sa./So.
Months of the year → usually the first three letters → Jan. / Feb. / Apr.
→ look out for Mrt. / Sept.
14.
Meervoude & verkleining: (plurals & diminutives)
These are examples of different types of words
pan
maan
gesig
oog
oorlog
vraag
vlag (flag)
vlieg (a fly)
knie (knee)
stof
Meervoud
panne
mane (drop of of the vowels)
gesigte (words ending with -ig)
oë (words ending with -og)
oorloë
vrae (words ending with -ag)
vlae
vlieë (words ending with double
vowel)
knieë
stowwe (words ending with -f and a
short sound)
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Verkleining
pannetjie
maantjie
gesiggie
ogie
oorloggie
vragie
vlaggie
vlieggie
kniegie
stoffie
stoof (a stove)
duif (a dove)
koning
piesang
ma
pa
hoera
baba
oupa
mini
foto
besigheid
stowe (words ending with -f and has
a double vowel)
duiwe
konings
kind
stad
pad
hemp (shirt)
boom
piesangs
ma’s
pa’s
hoera’s
babas (no apostrophe s)
oupas
mini’s (all words ending with -i)
foro’s (all words ending with -o)
besighede (all words ending with heid)
kinders
stede
paaie
hemde
bome
skip
vliegtuig
blad
potlood
skepe
vliegtuie
blaaie
potlode
15.
stofie
duifie
koninkie (words ending with ng)
piesankie
ma’tjie
pa’tjie
hoera’tjie
babatjie
oupatjie
mini’tjie
foro’tjie
besigheidjie
kindjie
stadjie
paadjie
hempie
boompie (all words ending
with -m)
skippie
vliegtuigie
bladjie
potloodjie
Sinonieme: (words with a similar meaning)
verniet (for free)
treurig (sad)
present (gift)
praat
opdaag (arrive)
koerant (newspaper)
hoflik (polite)
grappig (funny)
gou (quickly)
dom (dumb)
dadelik (immediately)
bly (happy)
bang
altemit (perhaps)
tydperk
opgewonde
gratis
ongelukkig / hartseer / droewig
geskenk
gesels
aankom / arriveer
nuusblad / dagblad
beleef
snaaks / koddig / komies
vinnig / rats
dwaas / simpel / onnosel
onmiddellik / nou
gelukkig
bevrees
miskien / dalk
periode
bly / geesdriftig / entoesiasties
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joernalis
kwaad
beslis
gehalte (quality)
konflik
brandstof
tydens (during)
verslaggewer
woedend
definitief
kwaliteit
stryd
petrol
gedurende
Add your own!
16.
Antonieme: (words opposite in meaning)
aankoms (arrival)
begin (start)
brandmaer (very thin)
dapper (brave)
dikwels (often)
gevaarlik (dangerous)
hartseer (sad)
lawaai (noise)
liefde (love)
lui (lazy)
mak (tame)
maklik (easy)
slaag (to pass)
mooi (pretty)
nader (closer)
vertrek (departure)
einde (end)
spekvet (very fat)
bang (scared)
selde (rare)
veilig (safe)
vrolik (happy)
stilte (silence)
haat (hatred)
fluks (diligent)
wild
moeilik (difficult)
druip (to fail)
lelik (ugly)
verder (further)
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netjies (neat)
oorlog (war)
oorsaak (cause)
praat (to talk)
rykdom (wealth)
seldsaam (rare)
siek (ill)
skriftelik (written)
skuldig (guilty)
styg (to rise)
tevrede (satisfied)
toelaat (to allow)
vergeet (to forget)
vertrou (to trust)
vinnig (quickly)
voordeel (advantage)
voorspoed (prosperity)
vra (to ask)
vreugde (joy)
vriend
waarheid (truth)
wen (to win)
slordig (untidy)
vrede (peace)
gevolg (result)
stilbly (to remain silent)
armoede (poverty)
alledaags (common)
gesond (healthy)
mondeling (orally)
onskuldig (innocent)
daal (to fall)
ontevrede (dissatisfied)
verbied (to forbid)
onthou (to remember)
wantrou (to distrust)
stadig (slowly)
nadeel (disadvantage)
teenspoed (adversity)
antwoord (to answer)
verdriet (sorrow)
vyand (enemy)
leuen (lie)
verloor (to lose)
Add your own!
17.
Intensiewe vorme:
alleen
blind
doof (deaf)
oud
styf (stiff)
bang
eerlik (honest)
gaar (cooked)
gelukkig
gewoon (ordinary)
moeg
skaam (shy)
stok(siel)alleen
stokblind
stokdoof
stokoud
stokstyf
doodbang
doodeerlik
doodgaar
doodgelukkig / dolgelukkig
doodgewoon
doodmoeg
doodskaam
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seker (certain)
siek
stil
swak (weak)
tevrede (satisfied)
arm (poor)
maer (thin)
dronk (drunk)
kwaad (angry)
verlief (in love)
jonk
beroemd
bitter
droog
duur
fris (healthy)
glad (smooth)
goedkoop (cheap)
graag (keen)
hoog
klein
leeg (empty)
lelik (ugly)
lewendig (lively)
lig (light)
lui (lazy)
mak (tame)
soet (sweet)
vas (firm)
vet (fat)
swaar (heavy)
ryp (ripe)
18.
doodseker
doodsiek
doodstil
doodswak
doodtevrede
brandarm
brandmaer
smoordronk
smoorkwaad
smoorverlief
bloedjonk
wêreldberoemd
galbitter
kurkdroog
peperduur
perdfris
seepglad
spotgoedkoop
dolgraag
hemelhoog
piepklein
dolleeg
skreeulelik
springlewendig
veerlig
vreklui
hondmak
stroopsoet
rotsvas
spekvet
loodswaar
papryp
Samestellings: (compound words)
The second word never changes.
Some words are just joined together:
● meisie + skool = meisieskool
● slaap + kamer = slaapkamer
● seun + skool = seunskool
● boek + rak = boekrak
Some words get an -e between the words:
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● boek + kennis = boekekennis (one usually gets knowledge from more than
one book)
● dier + tuin = dieretuin (usually a lot of animals in a zoo)
● held + daad = heldedaad
● oos + wind = oostewind
● perd + stal = perdestal
These are just SOME examples.
Some words get a -s between the words:
● hemp + mou = hempsmou
● land + taal = landstaal
● man + hemp = hempsmou
● stad + kind = stadskind (all words with stad)
● stad + lewe = stadslewe
● veiligheid + hek = veiligheidshek (all words with heid)
● toegang + kaartjie = toegangskaartjie (most words with more than one
syllable)
These are just SOME examples.
Some words get a -er between the words:
● kind + kamer = kinderkamer (all words with kind)
● suid + kruis = suiderkruis
These are just SOME examples.
Some words get a -ns between the words:
● lewe + lank = lewenslank (all words with lewe)
● eet + tyd = etenstyd (all words with eet)
Words ending with -f → -we:
● brief + bus = briewebus
● druif + sap = druiwesap
Words with a double -s only when the first word ends with -s and the second
word begins with -s:
● baas + speler = baasspeler
● dans + skool = dansskool
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● jas + sak = jassak
● plaas + seun = plaasseun
19.
HOMOFONE; HOMONIEME:
Homofone → words that sound the same, but the spelling is different.
dokter ( medical docter)
bleik (to bleach)
vier (four)
raad (council/ advice)
nood (emergency)
vel (skin)
doktor (refers to an academic)
blyk (it appears that)
fier (refers to posture - proud and straight)
raat (advice on how to cure something)
noot (a musical note)
fel (very severe)
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end (the end)
eis (to demand)
lei (to lead)
haal (to fetch)
steil (steep)
lid (a member)
rys (rice)
ryk (rich)
maar (but)
ent (a little distance / innoculation)
ys (ice)
ly (to suffer)
hael (hail)
styl (style)
lit (a joint in your finger)
reis (to travel)
reik (to reach)
maer (skinny/thin)
Homonieme → words that sound the same, are spelt the same, but have different
meanings.
leer (to learn)
ken (to know)
steel (to steal)
arm (poor)
by (at)
wag (to wait)
was (to wash)
vertrek (to leave)
lewer (to deliver)
noot (musical note)
vee (farm animals)
20.
leer (ladder)
ken (chin)
steel (the handle of an axe)
arm (an arm)
by (bee)
wag (a guard)
was (wax)
vertrek (a room)
lewer (liver)
noot (money note)
vee (to sweep)
Woordeskat (vocab) vir advertensies en strokiesprente (cartoons):
Advertensies:
What do you SEE in the advert?
● Are they advertising a PRODUCT / SERVICE?
● Who is the TARGET MARKET?
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● Are they using a spesific animal/person/object/image?
● Why will you/other people buy the product?
What do you FIRST notice about the advert?
● the basic layout of the advert → background/ image/ message
● font size and placing of the words
● persuasion techniques
● slogan
✔ Look carefully at all the visual aspects of the advert.
✔ Read all the written text in the advert.
✔ Ensure you know what is being advertised.
✔ The message is usually in the slogan.
✔ Decide who will be interested in the advertisement (target market).
✔ Look at the language used - is it usually very persuasive.
✔ Read the questions carefully and find the answers in the advertisement.
Useful vocabulary:
advertensie
skakel / bel
kontak
stuur ‘n boodskap
laat ‘n boodskap
stemboodskap
E-posadres
webwerf / webbladsy
kontakbesonderhede
teikengroep / teikenmark
handelsmerk
advertensieveldtog
snuffelgids / snuffelkolom
koerant
tydskrif
aanbod geldig tot . . .
bestel aanlyn
aanbod verval . . .
lettergrootte
lettertipe
koper
verkoper
advertisement
call/ telephone
to contact
send a message
leave a message
voice mail /message
E-mail address
web page
contact details
target market
brand name
advertising campaign
smalls / small ads
newspaper
magazine
offer vald until . . .
order online
offer expires . . .
font size
font type
buyer
seller
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afslag
uitverkoping
gratis
bestel
kontant
betaalopsie
kredietkaart
borge
oortuig
discount
sale
free
order
cash
payment option
credit card
sponsors
persuade
Typical question examples (aside from usual taal questions):
● Hoe word die leser gemanipuleer? (How is the reader manupulated?)
● Wie is die teikenmark? (Who is the target market?)
● Wat gebruik die adverteerder om die leser se aandag te trek? (What does the
advertiser use to attract the reader’s attention?)
● Gee twee redes waarom mense in die produk sal belangstel? (Give two reasons
why people will be interested in the product?)
● Hoe kan jy die adverteerder kontak? (How can you contact the advertiser?)
● Wie is die adverteerder? (Who is the advertiser?)
● Wat is die slagspreuk? (What is the slogan?)
Strokiesprente/spotprente:
● Study the cartoon carefully → look at the characters, identify them and read all the
words.
● The purpose of a cartoon → to convey a (life) lesson in a funny/ comical / ironical way.
● The message is conveyed in various ways → words in speech bubbles, facial
expressions, body language, punctuation marks, font size and font type.
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Useful vocabulary:
strokie/strokiesprent
raampie
spraakborrel/praatborrel
lyftaal/liggaamstaal
gesigsuitdrukking
verbaas
emosies/gemoedstoestand
gelukkig
hartseer
vriendelik
geskok
woedend / kwaad
ironies
houding
snaaks/komies
vreemd
opgewonde
opwindend
uitgeput / moeg
aflei / lei . . . af
bekommerd / bekommerde
Sy / Hy glimlag
tevrede
skaam
verleë
vetgedrukte woorde/ letters
hoofletters
uitroeptekens
cartoon
frame
speech bubble
body language
facial expression
astonished
emotions/ state of mind
happy
sad
friendly
shocked
furious
ironic
attitude
funny
strange
excited
exciting
tired
to derive
worried
She / He is smiling
happy/content
shy
embarrassed
bold words / letters
capital letters
exclamation marks
Some useful responses to general questions:
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Hoe weet jy dat die man kwaad is? (How do you know the man is angry?)
● Sy gesigsuitdrukking wys dit. (His facial expression show it.) (raampie 1, 2 & 3)
● Sy liggaamstaal wys dit. (His body language shows it.)(raampie 1, 2 & 3)
● Hy wys met sy vinger. (He is pointing his finger.) (raampie 2)
● Hy frons. (He is frowning.) (raampie 1 , 2 & 3)
● Sy oë is groot oop. (His eyes are wide open.) (raampie 1)
● Sy mond is oop. (His mouth is wide open.) (raampie 1, 2 & 3)
● Hy skree. (He is shouting.) (raampie 2 & 3)
● Hy maak ‘n vuis. (He makes a fist.) (raampie 2)
● Sy oë is toe. (His eyes are closed.) (raampie 2 & 3)
● Sy hare staan orent. (His hair is standing on end.) (raampie 3)
● Daar is sweetdruppels by sy gesig. (There are drops of sweat next to his face.)
(raampie 3)
● Jy kan sy tande sien. (You can see his teeth.) (raampie 1, 2 & 3)
● Hy trek sy oë op skrefies. (He pulls his eyes into slits.) (raampie 2 & 3)
● Die uitroeptekens. (The exclamation marks.) (raampie 1, 2 & 3)
● Die hoofletters in raampie 3. (The capital letters in frame 3.)
● Die woorde in raampie 3 is vetgedruk. (The words in frame 3 is in bold.)
Hoe weet jy dat ‘n karakter gelukkig is? (How do you know that a character is happy?)
● Hy/ Sy lag. (laughs)
● Hy/ Sy glimlag. (smiles)
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● Sy/ Haar gesigsuitdrukking wys dit.
Hoe weet jy dat ‘n karakter ontspanne is? (how do you know that a character is
relaxed?)
● Hy staan met sy hande in sy broeksakke. (He is standing with his hands in his
pockets.)
● Sy liggaamstaal is positief. (His body language is positive.)
Hoe word die spreker se woorde beklemtoon? (How is the speaker’s words
emphasized?)
● Die uitroeptekens.
● Die woorde is in hoofletters.
● Die woorde is vetgedruk.
● Die lettertipe / font is anders.
21.
Woordeskat vir begripstoets (comprehension):
aandui / dui . . . aan
aanhaling
agtereenvolgende / opeenvolgende woorde
aparte woord
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indicate
quotation
consecutive words
separate word
afdeling
ander woord
beantwoord
beskryf
bewys
deur wie?
dadelik / onmiddellik
een woord
eerste
enige
enigste
gee ‘n aanduiding
gee ‘n rede
motiveer
gevoelens
gevolg / gevolge
hoe weet ons . . .?
hoekom?
hoeveel?
hoeveelheid
kenmerke / eienskappe
kies
keuse
lees / bestudeer
aandagtig
moontlikheid
nadele
voordele
net
onderstreepte woorde
ontbrekende woorde
ooreenkoms
verskil
oorsaak
oortuig
rangskik die sinne/woorde in die korrekte
volgorde
standpunt
Stem jy saam?
mening → iemand anders se gevoel /siening.
Daar is geen bewyse nie.
feit → daar is bewyse, navorsing, getalle,
statistieke, ens.
letterlike / denotatiewe betekenis
figuurlike / konnotatiewe betekenis
section
another word
answer
describe
prove
by whom?
immediately
one word
first
any
only
give an indication
give a reason
motivate
feelings
results
how do we know?
why?
how many?
number / quantity
characteristics
choose
choice
read / study
carefully
possibility
disadvantages
advantages
only
underlined words
missing words
similarity
difference
cause
convince
arrange the sentences/words in the
correct order
point of view
Do you agree?
an opinion
a fact
literal meaning
figurative meaning
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