PREHISTORIC ART 1. Apollo 11 Cave Stones, Namibia, quartzite, c. 25,500-25,300 B.C.E. - Found in Africa (Namibia is in Africa) - From the Paleolithic period. - Made of quartzite 2. Woman of Willendorf, c. 28,000-25,000 BCE, limestone, Austria - Found in Austria - It is a sculpture in the round, which is a culpture that can be seen from all sides - From the Paleolithic period. - Very famous sculpture depicting the female body 3. Hall of Bulls, Lascaux, France, 15,000 BCE, Palelotiithic - From the Paleolithic period. - Found in Lascaux, France - Has a religious purpose: To worship the animals the people of the time hunted, in this case it was the bull - Has an educational purpose: To teach generations of future hunters, and/or to teach the hunt and anatomy of the animal depicted in the artwork - Painted with a mixture of saliva and pigment (saliva is a natural binder) - Composite view is used here, a composite view is a combination of the frontal and profile views. 4. Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, England, 2,900-1,500 BCE, Neolithic - Found in Salisbury Plain, England - From the Neolithic time period - Earliest example of monumental and permanent architecture - Construction started in 3000 BCE and continued for a thousand years - Used as funerary architecture, was a burial ground - Post and lintel construction was used, this type is a type of construction in which two posts support a crosspiece, or lintel, that spans the equal distance between them, allows architects to evenly distribute the weight and built multistory structures and different archways. You can use this form of construction to build doorways as well. This type of construction also allows it to have maximum permanence. - Megalithic: Big stones - Monolithic: One stone ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN ART 5. Stele of Naram-Sin c. 2254-2218 BCE, limestone, found in Iran - Stele: a stone slab onto one which you can carve a relief sculpture - Features cuneiform that describes military battle depicted over the Lullubis - Cuneiform: earliest written language. - Naram-Sin is dressed with a crown and weapons, and he is also larger than the other figures which is a use of hieratic scale - Hieratic scale: when size is relative to importance rather than physical likeness - Found in Iran - Associated with Mesopotamia - Made with Limestone 6. Stele of Hammurabi c. 1792-1750 BCE, basalt - Relief sculpture at the top of the stele depicts God Shamash giving "laws" to Hammurabi - Hieratic scale is used here to show that God Shamash is important as he is bigger than anything else and is seated on a throne - Laws on the Stele of Hammurabi include: family of domestic laws, mentions of types of punishments, social mobility, labor laws, and business/trade laws 7. Human-Headed Winged Lion (Lamassu), from the Assyrian Citadel of Sargon I, 883-859 BCE - Lamassus - Monolithic sculpture - Guardians that protected the citadel and the city - Guardians that stand in alertness or move in action (which is why these sculptures have five legs) - From the profile view they appear to be in movement, however from the frontal view they appear to be still ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART 8. Palette of Narmer, c. 2950-2775 BCE, slate - Made of siltstone, a type of slate - An example of hierogylphs - Narmer's name was written with symbols of symbols of a catfish and chisel within a palace. The fish represents Nar and the chisel represents Mer. Symbols make sounds and the combination of these symbols make up words. - Sculpted in relief, but is a stele. - Uses hieratic scale 9. Great Pyramids, Giza, c. 2575-2450 BCE - Khufu, the very first pyramid is also the largest; it was 481 feet tall when built but its much smaller now because of the exterior being destroyed in the test of time and also war/looting of humans destroying it as well. - Khafre, the son of Khufu is buried in the second pyramid which is protected by a sphinx. It is the only one protected by a sphinx. The sphinx is at a distance of the pyramid, and its function is used to protect the tomb. - Mankaure, the son of Khafre and grandson of Khufu, is buried in the third pyramid which is also the smallest pyramid of the Great Pyramids in Giza. Smaller pyramids surrounding this pyramid belonged to his wives. Polygamy/multiple wives were very common in Ancient Egypt. - Also known as the "Age of the Pyramids" 10. Khafre c. 2520-2494 BCE, OLD KINGDOM PERIOD, Diorite\ - Six of these life-sized sculptures decorated the Valley Temple of Khafre at Giza - Made of diorite, a hard black stone, not native to Egypt so they had to trade for it/import it. - Horus, God of Kingship is depicted behind the head of the sculpture. - Very important and historical sculpture 11. Seated Scribe, c. 3800-1710 BCE - The scribe conveys ideas of naturalism within the colors chosen for it, its painted with a flesh like color 12. Kneeling figure of Hatshepsut c. 1473-1458 BCE, NEW KINGDOM - Her temple was decorated with these sculptures - Funerary temple of Hatshepsut, c. 1473–1458 BCE - Her funerary temple also mimics the funerary architecture of male pharaohs like Mentuhotep II - Rock cut architecture 13. Akhenaten (pharaoh) and his Family (wife Nefertiti), c. 1353–1336 BCE, Dynasty 18. - Amarna style: More naturalism of the human body used 14. Nefertiti c. 1353-1336 BCE, Limestone covered in painted plaster, Dynasty 18, New Kingdom - Nefertiti was the wife of the pharaoh Akhenaten - Axis: imaginary line that divides composition into equal halves - Symmetry: When both sides of the composition are identical to each other ANCIENT GREEK ART 15. Anavysos Kouros, c. 530 BCE - Made of marble, a rock used for sculpture - Greek archaic period - Kouros: young male nude freestanding sculpture 16. Kritios Boy, c. 480 BCE - Contrapposto pose used here, which is a pose with a shift of weight 17. Praxiteles’s Aphrodite (Goddess of Love & Beauty) of Knidos, c. 350 BCE, marble - Greek classical period - Canon: set the standard for female nudity and beauty in the Greek Classical period - This is the first time we see female nudity in art this way - Modesty pose is used, a modesty pose is when you cover yourself - Use of nudity here is artistic nudity, she is depicted to be bathing 18. Polykleitos, Spear Bearer (Doryphoros), c. 450–440 BCE, marble - Made of marble - Canon: set the standard for male nudity and beauty in Greek Classical period - Idealized male body, and a perfected body to the 1/8 rule (height of head is 8x height of body) - Roman copy of a Greek original 19. The Parthenon c. 447-438 BCE, Greek Classical Period - Most important temple at the Acropolis, also the largest. - Dedicated to Athena - Etymology derives from the patron goddess of the city, Partheneos 20. Victory of Samothrace c. 180 BCE, Greek Hellenistic, Nike - Sculpture of a winged woman - Depicts dramatic moment before taking flight ANCIENT ROMAN ART 21. Augustus of Primaporta, early 1st century CE, marble - First emperor of Imperial Rome - Originally called Octavian - Discovered in the villa of his wife in Primaporta - Oritorial gesture (leadership emphasis) - Idealized depiction of Augustus 22. Ara Pacis c. 9 BCE, Pax Romana - Commemorates a time of peace entitled the Pax Romana 23. Arch of Titus, 81 CE, Rome, Italy - Triumphal arch - An AMPHITHEATER (arena) - Latin was used on the arch, was the official language of the Roman Empire 24. Colosseum c. 72-80 BCE, Rome, Italy - Fit up to 5000 spectators - Commissioned by Emperor Vespasian - Gladiatorial combats between humans and humans facing against animals were held here; using violence as a form of entertainment 25. Pantheon, Rome, 118-128 CE - The largest unreinforced cement dome in the world - Commissioned by Emperor Hadrian as a temple dedicated to all the Gods, which led to it being named the Pantheon - Dome is 142 feet in height and width, being a perfect sphere 26. Colossal Head of Constantine, 325-32 CE - Constantine was the final Roman Emperor - Edict of Milan: issued in 313 CE, established religious freedom throughout Roman Empire BYZANTINE ART 27. Church of Hagia Sophia, 532-37 CE, Istanbul, Turkey - Emperor Justinian commissioned the church in the capital city of Constantinople - Church of Hagia Sophia was converted into an Islamic mosque 28. Theotokos Mosaic, 867 CE, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul - Icons: image that functions as spiritual/symbolical gateway - In worshiping icons, you run the risk of idolatry. - Idolatry led to the Iconoclastic Controversy - Mosaic: made up of small pieces (tesserae) of stone - Not intended to be free-standing artworks 29. Church of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, 526–47 CE - Commissioned by Emperor Justinian - Design of the church was influenced by Roman basilic or mausoleum - Circular design - Round arched windows - Mosaics in the interior 30. Empress Theodora and Her Attendants, Church of San Vitale, ca. 547 CE, mosaic AND Emperor Justinian and His Attendants, Church of San Vitale, ca. 547 CE, mosaic - XPI: First three letters of Christ's name in Greek - Ciergy: power from church/forces
