Name -SAJILAL.AS
lOMoAR cPSD| 29069225
Enrollment Number: - 220755220861
Name -SAJILAL.AS
Enrollment Number: - 220755220861
BSCEVS103 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOGRAPHY
Singhania University
Name -SAJILAL.AS
lOMoAR cPSD| 29069225
Enrollment Number: - 220755220861
Martu Kanyirninpa Ngurrara Plan:
Martu Country:
Martu, the traditional owner of 13.6 million hector land which is the largest part of Western
Australia. They are the last aboriginal people to make connection with European Australians.
The Martu land spreads from the Great Sandy Desert in the north to Wiluna in the South.
Martu people speak and understands many languages, they share common law, culture and
language. The main Martu communities are: Jialong, Parnngurr,Punmu and Kunawarritji.
Today, Martu determination is believed to be the most undamaged arid ecosystem anywhere
on the earth while, most of Australia’s arid environment has suffered severe loss of native
flora and fauna, Martu determination proves to be one of the last wild land for some iconic
and endangered species on planet. Martu determination being most remote and undisturbed
landscape, there is no any pastoral leases with very limited developmental activities is. Large
number of native flora and fauna are still intact in the Martu land including thousands of
significant cultural values (Jukurrpa 2018).
Martu Land is one of the Australia’s significant indigenous land and the value of Aboriginal
land for biodiversity conservation has been is recognized through the establishment of
indigenous protected area (IPA). Martu land extends across parts of Interim Biogeographic
Regionalization for Australia(IBRA) regions, i.e Gibson Desert, Great Sandy Desert and Little
Sandy Desert. The land also contains the nationally listed wetlands, i.e. Lake Dora System,
Lake Disappointment System and the pools of Durba Hills. According to the Martu Plan, all
these targets are in fair to good condition. Though no any threaten species are recorded in
Martu country, however some of the ecosystem are believed to be at risk
Martu plan follows the open standard/ heathy country planning process. Healthy Country
Planning is an adaptive management cycle, it’s a process of learning, adapting and
implementing. After many years of discussions and consultation with Martu people, staff and
consultants engaged by Kanyirninpa Jukurrpa (KJ), the plan was finally established. The
concept of healthy country planning for Martu people starts from the process of, going to
country, continue with knowledge of country and completes the cycle with caring for the
country. The goals and objectives for the management of their country arranged in this plan
is for next one decade. The plan shelters whole Martu indigenous title determinations area
excluding the Karlamilyi National Park. Since the plan follow the heathy planning process, it
is divided into three parts, i.e. Back ground material, management plan and operational plan.
Martu lands are under the trust for the conventional landlords by the Western Desert Lands
Aboriginal Corporation (WDLAC) which is the Prescribed Body Corporate (PBC) under the
Native Title Act(Jukurrpa, 2015).
So far no any announcement has been made about declaring all or part of Martu country as
a secured territory under the Indigenous Protected Area (IPA) Program or other protected
plan which might be connected to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
classifications. This planning has however been set up related to an IPA conference venture
that is taking a glance at the potential for an IPA announcement over all or part of the
Jilukurru, Kaalpi and the Western Desert lakes. However, the requirements and techniques
Name -SAJILAL.AS
lOMoAR cPSD| 29069225
Enrollment Number: - 220755220861
set out in this pan are not reliant on upon any presentation of a protected area(Jukurrpa,
2015).
Source of Evidence:
TWWHA plan
TWWHA was establish to protect and conserve one of the world’s exceptional wilderness area
and to pass on to future generations in better condition. TWWHA is of the largest temperate
desert area of southern hemisphere covering almost 1.58ha of total land area. The cultural
values listed in TWWHA belongs to Tasmanian Aboriginal people. For them, these values have
significant spiritual implication. TWWHA has important influence towards the social, cultural
and economic welfare of all Tasmanians.
TWWHA contains Tasmanian Aboriginal Cultural heritages site that are tangible and replicates
occupation from last ice age, this area also includes very ironic and diverse archeological
evidence. The unique bays, wild river, lakes, karst landscape, rain forest, tall eucalypt forest,
moorland, glacial and per glacial features, alpine forest and many more are the evidence that
proves TWWHA as the outstanding wilderness area. These areas also contain the outstanding
examples of ongoing tectonic, fluvial, lacustrine, karst, periglacial, mire and coastal processes.
of endemism. Countless flora and fauna descended from the biota of Gondwana, including
some of the world’s longest-lived and tallest plant species are the evidence that TWWHA has
the most unique cultural and natural value. There are journals like, the journal of George
Augustus Robinson which contains the scared stories related to aboriginal people which show
that aboriginal people had the best knowledge of every feature of TWWHA.
To understand the cultural value of TWWHA, the aboriginal management in the Tasmanian
World Heritage Area project conducted a project which help to identify tangible aboriginal
cultural sites like caves, artefacts, quarries and many more. Similarly, TWWHA also used
specialists who are working in various area, specially in the natural value management in
TWWHA to collect the data on flora fauna, threatened species, geomorphology and so on.
From this, they were able to understand what sort of approach needs to be taken to mitigate
those issues. Thus, scientific research and spatial data of the of the site where major source
of evidence which were the major base in the development of this plan.
Martu PLan
In terms of Martu plan, the source of evidence used are completely different. This plan is
based on people’s understanding of Martu land and their culture. Since the land is taken care
and managed by the indigenous people itself, thus the plan is underpinned by Martu people’s
knowledge, believe, story, experience and their aspiration for their country (Jukurrpa 2015).
2
Name -SAJILAL.AS
lOMoAR cPSD| 29069225
Enrollment Number: - 220755220861
Stakeholder Engagement:
TWWHA,
One of the obligation of World Heritage Convention requires adoption of general policy to
involve local community in natural and cultural heritage, which is TWWHA as an integral part
of social and economic wellbeing. This gives rights to public to engage in ongoing
management plan and voice their opinion. The development of TWWHA’s communication
strategy will allow the review of delivery method of management process to public. This
strategy will also develop stakeholder register which will identify group of interested people
and develop a consultation agreement. The plan intends to implement broad and active
community, business, aboriginal people and local government to involve in the management
of TWWHA. The plan confirms that social and economic associations are fully studied with
the security of natural and cultural value of TWWHA. The plan also intends to provide access
to all relevant information and give participants authority to influence process and outcome
of the plan.
As we can learn from the report state conservation that, there is active participation of
stakeholder, with their views and recommendation on the plan whereas on the other hand,
The Australian and Tasmanian Government fully supported the recommendations.
In order for the good stakeholder/community engagement in the plan, its vital to keep the
communication informative, transparent with responsive participants and timely feedback
should be given to the public. This sort of practice will help to identify engagement issues,
role of experts and bring fairness in the engagement. The plan recognizes that community
engagement is the key of the management plan hence, the responsibility of WILCARE Inc as
the primary organization assisting community involvement is reinforced in the plan (Rld and
Rea, 2016).
Martu Plan:
The stakeholder engagement in terms of Martu Plan will be the indigenous from the
neighboring land, the Karlamiyi National park, other national parks near the area and Martu
community. It is important to understand that while working in IPA with indigenous people
where indigenous people are managing the area, it is vital to understand that other
indigenous people who are the stakeholder, the communication should be very transparent
and thorough. Therefore, careful management is required. In Martu plan, to promote
stakeholder engagement, they should follow the method of engagement i.e. inform, consult,
involve, collaborate and empower. These methods encourage to have good stakeholder
engagement and gives an idea to learn who to engage in the plan and different techniques to
use to involve the people in the plan (Jukurrpa 2018).
3
Name -SAJILAL.AS
lOMoAR cPSD| 29069225
Enrollment Number: - 220755220861
specification of ends (the outcomes that the plan seeks to achieve);
TWWHA:
The vision of this management plan is:
“To identify, protect, conserve, present, and, if appropriate, to rehabilitate, the World
Heritage, National Heritage and other natural and cultural values of the TWWHA and to
transmit that heritage to future generations in as good or better condition than at present.”
The plan distinguishes both the natural and social standards of the TWWHA, especially the
values that support its World Heritage posting. Crucial risks to those values were identified
and appropriate management measures, research and adaptive management framework has
been proposed to mitigate those threats. The plan has set out management recommendation
in support of presentation of TWWHA and community involvement. According to the plan,
management is done essentially through a zoning and overlay framework with a related Table
of Use, and through various explicit remedies such as fire management, risk assessment and
so on. The Management Plan incorporates a Strategic Management Statement, a nonstatutory part that sets out administration courses of action for residencies in the TWWHA
not expose to the statutory administration plan. The Tasmanian Government has an approach
position of not permitting business logging, including collecting of uncommon species
timbers, and mining inside the TWWHA. This responsibility will be given impact through the
Management Plan, the Strategic Management Statement and other constitutional
procedures. Similarly, the plan also intendsto achieve the changes that was made to the initial
plan i.e. recognition of TWWHA’s culturallandscape as aboriginal heritage and wilderness site,
increase in the air access, more opportunity to build infrastructure for both management and
commercial tourism, appropriate tourism with development of tourism master plan to provide
strategic guidance.
Martu Plan,
The main aim of this is to see Martu land as a healthy country, its vision is to achieve what
Martu people want for their country, what are the important things for Martu people, to look
at the things that make Martu land sick and use the plan to mitigate those issue to make
Martu land healthy. Hence, the vision of the Martu Plan is to make Martu land healthyso that
Martu people can easily go back to their country, have martu knowledge, money and
equipment to look after their land, have plenty of food (kuwiyi and mirrka), have job and
encourage young people to learn from old. The main focus of the plan is to framework the
Martu ambitions for their country, to protect the values on Martu land from their evaluation
and to give transparent way of financing Martu land and monitor the progress accordingly.
The plan not only revolves around the healthy country planning process but it also touches
all of the social, cultural, economic and ecological aspects of Martu land.
4
Name -SAJILAL.AS
lOMoAR cPSD| 29069225
Enrollment Number: - 220755220861
Therefore, plan focuses on 8 targets to achieve the goal of healthy Martu land. Martu people
wants to see these targets healthy (Jukurrpa, 2015).
Targets:
•
Knowledge of country
•
Water
•
•
Martu livelihood
Important Martu places
•
•
Lakes
Food from plan
•
Small animals
•
Bush meat
Specification of means by which the ends will be achieved (the actions that the plan
recommends be undertaken);
TWWHA,
The Park and Wildlife Service (PWS) will be the responsible body for the day to day activity
of all operational plan. PWS will be the managing body to manage the TWWHA in accordance
with the legislation set out in the National Parks and Reserve Management Act 2002. The plan
needs to undertake the assessment and get approval from the act, thus, the director of the
PWS will be accountable person to run the plan according to guideline and make sure things
are done effectively. Australian and Tasmanian Government are the funding body for the
plan. The plan also intends follows the adaptive management approach, which is flexible
planning (Rld and Rea, 2016).
The plan intends to undertake following recommendations:
•
•
Wilderness of TWWHA will be managed
Commercial tourism will be encouraged through appropriate tourism to protect
natural and cultural value of the area
•
•
PWS and Tasmanian Aboriginal community will be involved
No commercial logging and harvesting of special timber within TWWHA, i.e. forest
land not to be turn into timber production
•
No gravel extraction with limited road access
•
•
Amalgamation report of all cultural values will be made available
Adequate funding and human resource will be allocated for long-term management
of TWWHA
Biosecurity will be implemented to the site to protect from disease and other
pathogens.
Separate strategic management statement will be included in the new plan for the
area not covered by NCA.
For other management activities like fire, PWS will use strategic risk management
•
•
•
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Name -SAJILAL.AS
lOMoAR cPSD| 29069225
Enrollment Number: - 220755220861
approach for bushfire and so.
•
Quarterly report to be publish to measure and monitor the management action.
•
Management of zone and overlays application to replace 1999 management plan.
Martu Plan,
The plan has identified the possible threats to the targets which will make the Martu land
unhealthy: The main threats are:
• Climate change
• Feral predators
•
•
•
•
• Weeds
• Other people’s road and
• Empty country with no Martu
people
Feral herbivores
Wrong fire management
Tourist visistation
Unplanned development
• Young people not learning
Since the plan identified 8 targets which was thought to be important for Martu people to
make their country healthy. The plan will work on each threat to minimize the risk on target.
Hence, to achieve these outcomes, the plan will take these actions:
•
•
•
•
•
They will work with KJ to coordinate with men and women rangers
Schedule a work program
New teams will be allocating when funding is available
Each team will work in their country and
Ranger team will focus on the project areas
Processes for monitoring, evaluation and improvement:
For the monitoring and evaluation of TWWHA, the plan will follow the adaptive management
cycle. PWS has develop monitoring and reporting system to measure the effectiveness of the
management actions. This system is result dedicated, evidence base, operationally practical
and apparent to stakeholders. The plan will use the three types of report system to evaluate
the effectiveness of plan:
•
Periodic Evaluation Reports- primary type of evaluation
•
•
Evaluated Case Study Reports-commentary form of evaluation
Status and Trends Reports- help track effectives of plan by providing state wide view
of management plan’s performance.
6
Name -SAJILAL.AS
lOMoAR cPSD| 29069225
Enrollment Number: - 220755220861
The plan will also have many subsidiary plan and strategies to evaluate and monitoring
effectiveness of the plan.
In my view to monitor and measure the efficacy of the plan, the most reliable way is to
measure the direct outcome of the plan. i.e. getting the information on threats of the targets,
coming up with appropriate input, action and output. Other monitoring actions can be
comparison of outcome over the time, reporting at different level, self assessment to reduce
cost of expertise and funding. In order for the improvement of the monitoring and evaluation
process, good resourcing is required. For the plan to achieve its key desired outcome, public
transparency for the allocation of resource is essential which is the key aspect of community
engagement. Hence TWWHA provides greater level of support, understanding and allocation
of finance for the plan (Rld and Rea, 2016).
Martu Plan,
The process used for monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of Martu plan will be
looking at the three things of the plan, i.e. implementation monitoring, effectiveness
monitoring and status monitoring of the plan. They will also use things like, cyber tracker and
cameras to monitor their work, they will have meeting and talk to see if the strategies used
are working and to see if their vision has been achieved. The status of vision/target will be
monitored every 5-10 year. The status of objective/strategies will be measured every 1-3
years and actions will be measured every year (Jukurrpa, 2015)
Feasibility of implementation.
TWWHA,
The authorized and controlling framework of TWWHA will be challenging due to mixture of
federal and state obligations, its large area and combination of diverse land tenure.
Martu plan,
As the plan has used the healthy country planning process, it is likely that feasibility rating will
be high. This process follows the cycle of learning, adapting and implementing hence viability
of implementing the input is high (Jukurrpa, 2015).
Reference:
DPIPWE (2014) Reserve Activity Assessment.
Hon, T. and Hunt, G. (2015) ‘The Hon . Matthew Groom’.
Jukurrpa, K. (2015) Martu Kanyirninpa Ngurrara Plan A plan for healthy country.
Tasmanian Governmnet, 2014, Draft Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
Management Plan, DPIPWE
Tasmanian Governmnet, 2016,Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area ( TWWHA )
Management Plan,DPIPWE
Jaeger,T & Sand,C. 2015, ‘International Union for Conservation of Nature - IUCN Reactive
Monitoring Mission to the Tasmanian Wilderness , Australia’, (November).
Rld, W. O. and Rea, H. E. A. 2016, Tasmanian w il derness wo rld heritag e a rea ( tww ha ).
Hunt,G, 2015, ‘ON THE STATE OF CONSERVATION OF THE ( AUSTRALIA )
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Name -SAJILAL.AS
lOMoAR cPSD| 29069225
Enrollment Number: - 220755220861
Tasmanian Government, 2018, DPIPWE, Tasmania, viewed 18 February 2019
https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/conservation/tasmanian-wilderness-world-heritage-area(twwha)/twwha-management-plan
Kanyirninpa Jukurrpa, 2018, Kanyirninpa Jukurrpa Martu Cultural Knowledge Program, WA,
viewed 18 February 2019 < http://www.kj.org.au/martucountry>
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