1.1 Risk DSE-Geography Summary 1.1 Tectonic hazards Name: ( ) Date: Class: What is a natural hazard? A natural hazard is an unusual natural phenomenon or process that could cause loss of __________ and damage to ________________. Types Examples Tectonic Earthquake, Volcanic eruption, Tsunami Geomorphic Landslide, Avalanche Climatic Typhoon, Flooding, Drought Biological Disease, Locusts, Bird flu There are two regions where tectonic hazards are most frequent: - ______________________________ - ______________________________ Distribution pattern of natural hazards: - Most of the tectonic hazards are found along the __________ __________ where tectonic activities are most active. 1.1 Risk DSE-Geography What are earthquakes? Earthquakes are a __________ __________ of the land, usually lasting no longer than _____ seconds. Time Location Magnitude Number of Death 27 July 1976 Tangshan, China 7.5 242,769 12 Jan 2010 Haiti Region 7 316,000 26 Dec 2004 Sumatra 9.1 227,898 Greatest Killer Earthquakes http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/platetec/topten.htm What are volcanic eruptions? Volcanic eruptions are processes by which extremely _______ ____________ are __________ or __________ from large __________ on the ground or under the sea. April 10-12, 1815 Tambora, Indonesia 92000 Time Location Killed by Number of Death 13 Nov 1985 Nevado Ruiz in Mudflow 23,000 Ash falls, 92,000 Colombia 10-12 Apr 1815 Tambora in Indonesia Tsunami, Disease, Starvation 10 Most Incredible Volcanic Eruptions http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/mountains/news-nature-her-most-dangerous-spectacular-fury-volcanic-eruptions What are tsunamis? Tsunami is a serious of _____ ______ _________ reaching the __________ seas at the coast. They can tower up into huge ______ _______ of over 30 meters high Time Location Magnitude Number of Death 11 Mar 2011 East Coast of Honshu, 9 Missing = 18,000 Death Toll = 10,804 Japan 26 Dec 2004 Sumatra Indian Ocean Tsunami 9.1 227,898 1.1 Risk DSE-Geography Summary /45 1.1 Tectonic hazards Subject: Geog-RT-no.618 Name: Date: ( ) Class: What is a natural hazard? A natural hazard is an unusual natural phenomenon or process that could cause loss of life and damage to property. Types Examples Tectonic Earthquake, Volcanic eruption, Tsunami Geomorphic Landslide, Avalanche Climatic Typhoon, Flooding, Drought Biological Disease, Locusts, Bird flu There are two regions where tectonic hazards are most frequent: - Alpine-Himalayan Belt - Circum-Pacific Belt Distribution pattern of natural hazards: - Most of the tectonic hazards are found along the plate boundaries where tectonic activities are most active. 1.1 Risk DSE-Geography What are earthquakes? Earthquakes are a sudden shaking of the land, usually lasting no longer than 20 seconds. Time Location Magnitude Number of Death 27 July 1976 Tangshan, China 7.5 242,769 12 Jan 2010 Haiti Region 7 316,000 26 Dec 2004 Sumatra 9.1 227,898 Greatest Killer Earthquakes http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/platetec/topten.htm What are volcanic eruptions? Volcanic eruptions are processes by which extremely hot materials are ejected or emitted from large fissures on the ground or under the sea. April 10-12, 1815 Tambora, Indonesia 92000 Time Location Killed by Number of Death 13 Nov 1985 Nevado Ruiz in Mudflow 23,000 Ash falls, 92,000 Colombia 10-12 Apr 1815 Tambora in Indonesia Tsunami, Disease, Starvation 10 Most Incredible Volcanic Eruptions http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/mountains/news-nature-her-most-dangerous-spectacular-fury-volcanic-eruptions What are tsunamis? Tsunami is a serious of big sea waves reaching the shallow seas at the coast. They can tower up into huge sea wall of over 30 meters high Time Location Magnitude Number of Death 11 Mar 2011 East Coast of Honshu, 9 Missing = 18,000 Death Toll = 10,804 Japan 26 Dec 2004 Sumatra Indian Ocean Tsunami 9.1 227,898 1.1 Risk DSE-Geography Exercise 1.1 (6 marks) Part A. MC 23 marks 1. Refer to the figure below. Date: What do layers X, Y and Z represent respectively? Layer X Layer Y A. Crust Mantle B. Mantle Crust C. Crust Core D. Core Mantle Layer Z Core Core Mantle Crust □ 2. Refer to the figure below. Sea Asthenosphere Mantle Which of the following descriptions about layers X and Y are correct? Layer X Layer Y (1) Thickness Thicker Thinner (2) Chemical composition Silicon and magnesium Silicon and aluminum (3) Density Higher Lower A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) □ 3. Which of the following about the plate tectonics theory are correct? (1) (2) (3) Plates are driven by convection currents. Plates are floating on the asthenosphere. The theory was developed from the basis of both the continental drift and sea-floor spreading theories. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) DSE-Geography 1.1 Risk □ 4. At which type of plate boundary does new sea floor being created? (1) (2) (3) Conservative plate boundary Destructive plate boundary Constructive plate boundary A. (2) only B. (3) only C. (1) and (2) only D. (1) and (3) only □ 5. Refer to the figure below. Plate Which of the following descriptions about the figure are correct? (1) Vulcanicity is common at this plate boundary. (2) This process happens along the plate boundary between African and Eurasian plates. (3) Tensional force will be created along the plate boundary. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) □ 6. Refer to the figure below. Which of the following descriptions about plate boundary at X are correct? (1) Tensional force is found at X. (2) Faulting is present at X. (3) New earth crust is formed at X. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) □ 1.1 Risk DSE-Geography Part B - Data response question (11 marks) 1. Figure 1 shows the locations of two active volcanoes. Figure 2 shows the location of a volcano in the Philippines. Figure 3 shows the relief map of the volcano. Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1:20 000 DSE-Geography 1.1 Risk (a) Refer to Figure 1. (i) Describe the location of the two volcanoes in relation to the plate boundary. (2 marks) (ii) Compare the formation processes of the two volcanoes. (4 marks) (b) Refer to Figure 3. (i) Draw a cross section of XY. (4 marks) (ii) Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the cross section. (1 mark) Part C - Short essay 2. Explain the cause of plate movement. (6 marks) 1.1 Risk DSE-Geography Exercise 1.1 Part A. MC (6 marks) 23 marks 1 D (a) 2 C (i) (ii) (b) (i) (ii) 3 D 4 B 5 B 6 D Date: - Mount Taal is located along the plate boundary - While Mouna Lao is located far away from the plate boundary Similarities: - Both are formed by active vulcanicity / when magma rose to the Earth’s Surface and solidified as volcanoes - Surge out from the sea due to repeated eruption and solidification of magma Differences: - Formation of Mount Taal involves tectonic movement while that of Mauno Lao does not - Mount Taal is located along a destructive plate boundary where the Eurasian Plate collided with and subducted beneath the Philippine Plate - While Mouna Lao is formed in a hot spot / within plates as a result of uneven distribution of heat in the mantle - Melted crustal materials are the origin of magma to form Mount Taal - However, in Mauno Lao, columns of hot magma rise to the Earth’s surface and melts the crust to form a volcano Cross section of XY 1 1 1 (3) Correct drawing Correct labeling Title 2 1 1 1 (4) (1) V.I. = 2 (2) 1 1 (1) 1 1 1 1 Part C - Short essay 2. Explain the cause of plate movement. According to the plate tectonics theory, the lithosphere is made up of different plates. These plates floating on the asthenosphere are driven by convection currents in the mantle. Owing to the high temperature of the core, mantle material near the core is heated and rises. As it comes closer to the top of the mantle, it cools slowly and descends. It is then heated again when it gets closer to the core. In this way, convection currents in the mantle are formed. As plates float on the mantle, the convection currents provide strong forces to drive the plates to converge, diverge or move sideways. Max. 6
