John Angelo B. Gaddi, RPm
Lesson 4 | USELF
Heavenly Father, we come to ask you today for your guidance, wisdom, and support.
Open our hearts and mind so we can learn, appreciate, and understand the learnings that
will be given to us today.
Bless each one of us, the teachers, the students, and the whole community to find the
courage to deliver our tasks properly and to extend our help in any way possible.
Guide us to see the good in each situation. Help us to be forgiving with each other’s
shortcomings and learn to value the small things that each one of us can offer.
Give us the strength to renew our passion and commitment so we can give more and do
more.
Lord, inspire us to do better every day.
All these we ask in your mighty name.
Amen.
▪ American Philosopher and Psychologist
▪ Professor of Psychology and Philosophy at
Harvard University
▪ One of the great pragmatists
▪ “Theory of the Self”
▪ Wrote a book entitled “The principles of
Psychology”
1. All human thoughts are owned by
some personal self.
2. All thoughts are constantly changing
or are never static.
3. There is a continuity of thoughts as its
focus shifts from one object to another.
4. Thoughts deal with objects that are
different from and independent of
consciousness itself.
5. Consciousness can focus on a
particular object and not others.
▪ A separate object or individual that the person to
when discussing or describing their personal
experiences.
Examples:
1.The gifts were sent to ME.
2.The person is smiling at ME.
▪ Consists of the things or objects that belong to the
person or entities that a person belongs to.
▪ (e.g. The person’s body, his family, clothes, his
money)
▪ Refers to the person is in a particular social situation
▪ Changes in behavior usually result from the different
social situations the person finds himself in.
▪ Refers to the self that is more concrete or permanent
when compared to the material and social selves.
▪ the most subjective and intimate part of the self.
▪ Always engaging in the process of introspection
(self-observation).
▪ Pure Ego = person’s soul or mind
▪ Comprises the totality of the person’s identity
▪ Proposed a personality theory known
as the ‘Person-Centered Theory’
▪ Self-concept – used to refer how a
person thinks about or perceives
himself.
▪ Two types of self-concept:
▪ a. The real-self concept
▪ b. The ideal-self concept
▪ The real self-concept - Refers to
all information and perception the
person has about himself.
▪ The ideal self-concept - Refers to
what the person aims for himself
to be
▪ The Social Learning Theory
▪ Learning through observation
▪ Vovo doll experiment
▪ Suggested that human beings are
proactive, self regulating, selfreflective, and self-organizing.
▪ The human agency is the essence of
being human.
Agency refers to the human capability to influence one's functioning
and the course of events by one's actions.
▪Intentionality
▪Forethought
▪Self-Reactiveness
▪Self-Reflectiveness
▪ Actions performed by the person with full awareness of
his behavior.
Example: Kenneth went online to apply for a passport because he wants to travel outside
his country.
▪ Person’s anticipation of likely outcomes of his behavior.
Example: Kenneth chose an interview date for his passport application where most likely
he will be on-leave.
▪ Process in which the person is motivated and regulates
his behavior as he observes his progress in achieving his
goals.
Example: Kenneth saves a larger portion of his salary in the bank so he can have enough
cash to travel to Japan.
▪ The person looking inward and evaluating his
motivations, values, life goals, and other people’s effect
on him.
Example: Kenneth believes that he has to enjoy and experience life a little while still able
and capable.
▪ Carl Jung (1875 – 1961)
▪ Central to Carl Jung’s theory of the self is
the concept of archetype.
▪ The archetype represents the hidden
potentialities of the psyche, or total
personality.
▪ For Jung, there are four major archetypes:
persona, shadow, animus/anima, and self.
▪ The persona refers to social roles that
individuals present to others.
▪ The shadow refers to the repressed thoughts
that are unacceptable. This archetype is often
considered as the dark side of the psyche.
▪ The anima is the feminine side of the male
psyche while the animus is the masculine
side of the female psyche.
▪ The self is the central archetype that unites
all parts of the psyche. The ego is the
individual’s conscious perception of the self.
▪ According to Sigmund Freud, there are three
structures of personality: id, ego, and superego.
▪ The id is the pleasure-seeking side, immature,
impulsive, child-like and cannot delay
gratification.
▪ It has no regard of others and the law.
▪ The ego refers to the “I” and works on the
reality principle, controls the id, and can delay
pleasure.
▪ The ego can conform with existing societal
consideration.
▪ The superego refers to the “conscience” and
“moral judge” of conduct.
▪ Violation of rules lead to guilt feelings.
▪ It strives for perfection rather than pleasure.
▪ In Erik Erikson’s theory, adolescence stage is
a period of identity development.
▪ Identity formation is usually viewed as a
process that requires adolescents to distance
themselves from the strong expectations and
definitions imposed by parents and other
family members.
▪ Erikson’s theory proposes that individuals go through
eight psychosocial stages of development.
▪ Each stage consists of developmental tasks that one
needs to accomplish in order to develop successfully.
▪ During each stage, the person experiences life crisis
which could have negative consequences if not
properly resolved.