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Practical
Research 2
Quarter 1 – Module 8:
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
Subject Area – Grade Level
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 1 – Module 8: Review of Related Literature
First Edition, 2020
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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) in Practical Research 1 is prepared so that
you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises and discussions are carefully stated for you to
understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-bystep as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-test is provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module, or if you need to
ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to
the Teachers are also provided to the facilitators and parents for strategies and
reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. Read
the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the Review of Related Literature.
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations.
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which
you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is composed of one lesson only:
• Lesson 1 – Review of Related Literature
After going through this module, you are expected to:
a.
enumerate ways in writing properly the review of related literature;
and
b.
make related literature from the given terms.
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What I Know
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise. Write
your answers on the space provided before each number.
________________1. Related Literature is composed of opinions to which the present
study is related.
________________2. Literature is an oral or written record of man's significant
experiences that are artistically conveyed in a straightforward
manner.
________________3. Review of Related Literature is a man's written or spoken
knowledge of the world.
________________4. Related Literature helps the reader in searching for or selecting
a better research problem or topic.
________________5. Review of Related Literature (RRL) helps the researcher
understands his/her topic or research better.
________________6. RRL ensures that there will be a duplication of other studies.
________________7. RRL provides the conceptual or theoretical framework of the
unplanned research.
________________8. RRL gives the researcher a feeling of belongingness.
________________9. RRL provides information about research methods used.
_______________10. RRL provides findings and conclusions of present investigation.
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Lesson
8
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
What’s In
Directions: Based on your learnings from the previous topic discussed, describe the
term “hypothesis”.
HYPOTHESIS
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What’s New
Directions: Based on the caricature presented below, construct at least five
sentences. Write your sentences on the blanks provided.
Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/696791373580009066/
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
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What is It
How to select relevant literature in quantitative research?
Carrying out a comprehensive literature review is an important skill. It’s a
major part of writing a research paper. Even though your literature review could
probably be a section in your research paper, it should still include the format of
a formal piece of writing.
A literature review may consist of simply a summary of key sources, but
in the social sciences, a literature review usually has an organizational pattern
and combines both summary and synthesis, often within specific conceptual
categories.
The analytical features of a literature review are:
• Give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old
interpretations;
• Trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates;
and
• Depending on the situation, evaluate the sources and advise the reader
on the most pertinent or relevant research (Baraceros, 2016).
When writing your review, keep in mind these issues.
Use Evidence
A literature review section is, in this sense, just like any other academic research
paper. Your interpretation of the available sources must be backed up with
evidence [citations] that demonstrates that what you are saying is valid.
Be Selective
Select only the most important points in each source to highlight in the review.
The type of information you choose to mention should relate directly to the
research problem, whether it is thematic, methodological, or chronological.
Related items that provide additional information but that are not key to
understanding the research problem can be included in a list of further
readings.
Use Quotes Sparingly
Some short quotes are okay if you want to emphasize a point, or if what an
author stated cannot be easily paraphrased. Sometimes you may need to quote
certain terminology that was coined by the author, not common knowledge, or
taken directly from the study. Do not use extensive quotes as a substitute for
your own summary and interpretation of the literature.
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Summarize and Synthesize
Remember to summarize and synthesize your sources within each
thematic paragraph as well as throughout the review. Recapitulate
important features of a research study, but then synthesize it by
rephrasing the study's significance and relating it to your own work.
Keep Your Own Voice
While the literature review presents others' ideas, your voice [the writer's]
should remain front and center. For example, weave references to other
sources into what you are writing but maintain your own voice by starting
and ending the paragraph with your own ideas and wording.
Use Caution When Paraphrasing
When paraphrasing a source that is not your own, be sure to represent
the author's information or opinions accurately and in your own words.
Even when paraphrasing an author’s work, you still must provide a
citation to that work (Baumeister & Leary, 2013).
You might say something like this:
Research indicates that there are a number of approaches to assessing canine
aggression. According to Reisner, Shofer, and Nance (2007) studies shows that dog aggression
towards children used retrospective review of aggressive incidents reported to a veterinary clinic,
and included a systematic categorization of the types and circumstances of the incidents.
Moreover, a study specifically focusing on comparing variation in aggression across
several different breeds employed a standardized survey measure of general aggressive
behaviors, which is based on owner report of canine aggression (Duffy, Hsu & Serpel, 2008).
In addition, Another study reported the use of a standardized assessment of very specific
aggressive behavior (food guarding), using an assessment method that can be used by either
owners or professionals (Mohan-Gibbons, Weiss & Slater, 2012). All the methods yielded valid
results as noted by each study, but the standardized measures appeared to be more efficient and
easier to use with non-professionals.
Source: Alice Frye, Ph.D, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Lowell
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Ethical standards in writing related literature
Nowadays, with the advent of modern technology causing the emergence
of varied electronic communication devices and online sources of information,
collecting data happens easily and speedily.
Through computer technology with its powerful internet, you become
exposed to extensive amount of knowledge that is easy to lure you in into
practicing the copy-and-paste technique of obtaining ideas for your research
paper. Unmindful of prestigious ways of working academically, there is a danger
that you may fall into this dishonest way of reviewing and related literature.
The ethical way of literature tells you to acknowledge the owners of
borrowed ideas and put quotation marks around copied words from books or
articles. Intentionally or negligently disregarding the use of quotation marks
around words copied exactly is not only unethical but an indication of gross
plagiarism as well. You must be aware the fact that with the surfacing of online
sources of information, software to detect plagiarism from online source has
likewise become available in academic institutions. Proper citations and
referencing is your way of freeing yourself from plagiarism and of avoiding people
from casting doubts on your honesty and integrity as a researcher (Baraceros,
2016).
What is the difference between a literature review and a review
of studies?
•
•
LITERATURE REVIEW
A literature review, straight
up, is a review of “all”
published science relevant to
the topic. Often the purpose
is to assess the current state
of the research, and identify
gaps
in
understanding
and/or
suggest
future
avenues
of
exploration,
rather than to present new
research of one’s own.
A literature review will, by
definition, include theoretical
papers and pieces as well as
papers that cover field
observations, and papers
that
cover
laboratory
simulations or experiments.
Some papers will include
more than one category - for
instance, a comparison of
how the predictions of a
specific theoretical model
developed by the group line
up with field observations by
the same group(Krelove, 2019).
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•
•
REVIEW OF STUDIES
A “review of studies” is done to
compare
and
sometimes
collate the results of a set of
substantially
similar
controlled/laboratory
simulations/experiments that
were done on the same topic,
by different research groups,
at different ties.
This can be valuable if a
number of conflicting study
results have been published
over a lengthy time-frame - for
instance, on the correlation
between alcohol consumption
and heart disease, or the
correlation between BMI and
morbidity - because it allows
you
to
consider
what
differences
in
their
experimental
methodology,
execution, or analysis might
have contributed to the
contradictory results (Krelove,
2019).
Ten Simple Rules for Writing a Literature Review
Pautasso (2013) emphasized that reviewing the literature requires
the ability to juggle multiple tasks, from finding and evaluating relevant
material to synthesizing information from various sources, from critical
thinking to paraphrasing, evaluating, and citation skills. He proposed the
following rules in writing review related literature:
Rule 1: Define a Topic and Audience
The topic must at least be:
a. interesting to you (ideally, you should have come across a series of
recent papers related to your line of work that call for a critical
summary);
b. an important aspect of the field (so that many readers will be
interested in the review and there will be enough material to write
it), and
c. a well-defined issue (otherwise you could potentially include
thousands of publications, which would make the review
unhelpful).
Rule 2: Search and Re-search the Literature
After having chosen your topic and audience, start by checking the
literature and downloading relevant papers.
Rule 3: Take Notes While Reading
If you read the papers first, and only afterwards start writing the
review, you will need a very good memory to remember who wrote what,
and what your impressions and associations were while reading each
single paper
Rule 4: Choose the Type of Review You Wish to Write
After having taken notes while reading the literature, you will have
a rough idea of the amount of material available for the review.
Rule 5: Keep the Review Focused, but Make It of Broad Interest
Whether your plan is to write a mini- or a full review, it is a good advice to
keep it focused. Including material just for the sake of it can easily lead to
reviews that are trying to do too many things at once.
Rule 6: Be Critical and Consistent
Reviewing the literature is not stamp collecting. A good review does
not just summarize the literature, but discusses it critically, identifies
methodological problems, and points out research gaps.
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Rule 7: Find a Logical Structure
Like a well-baked cake, a good review has a number of telling
features: it is worth the reader's time, timely, systematic, well written,
focused, and critical. It also needs a good structure. With reviews, the
usual subdivision of research papers into introduction, methods, results,
and discussion does not work or is rarely used. However, a general
introduction of the context and, toward the end, a recapitulation of the
main points covered and take-home messages make sense also in the case
of reviews.
Rule 8: Make Use of Feedback
Reviews of the literature are normally peer-reviewed in the same
way as research papers, and rightly so. As a rule, incorporating feedback
from reviewers greatly helps improve a review draft. Having read the
review with a fresh mind, reviewers may spot inaccuracies,
inconsistencies, and ambiguities that had not been noticed by the writers
due to rereading the typescript too many times.
Rule 9: Include Your Own Relevant Research, but Be Objective
In many cases, reviewers of the literature will have published
studies relevant to the review they are writing. This could create a conflict
of interest: how can reviewers report objectively on their own work? Some
scientists may be overly enthusiastic about what they have published,
and thus risk giving too much importance to their own findings in the
review. However, bias could also occur in the other direction: some
scientists may be unduly dismissive of their own achievements, so that
they will tend to downplay their contribution (if any) to a field when
reviewing it.
Rule 10: Be Up-to-Date, but Do Not Forget Older Studies
Given the progressive acceleration in the publication of scientific
papers, today's reviews of the literature need awareness not just of the
overall direction and achievements of a field of inquiry, but also of the
latest studies, so as not to become out-of-date before they have been
published. Ideally, a literature review should not identify as a major
research gap an issue that has just been addressed in a series of papers
in press (the same applies, of course, to older, overlooked studies
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What’s More
Directions: Answer what is asked.
1. What are the analytical features of literature review?
2. What are the ten simple rules in writing literature? Explain each rule in
your own words.
1.
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5.
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10.
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What I Have Learned
A. Directions: State and explain the ethical standards in writing a review of
related literature. Write your answers on the space provided below.
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B. Directions: In your own words, differentiate related literature and review
studies. Write your answers on the space provided,
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Criteria:
Content/idea- 10 points
Grammar/Spelling- 5 points
TOTAL- 15 points each item
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What I Can Do
Directions: Present a sample Review of Related Literature (RRL) of the underlined
words on the given research title below.
“Learning Styles and Academic Performance of Grade 12 HUMSS
Students”
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Criteria: Appropriateness of info.ParaphrasingCorrectness of In-text citationTOTAL-
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10
10
10
30
points
points
points
points
Assessment
Directions: Write TRUE if the given statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise.
Write your answers on the space provided before each number. Explain
why you opt to answer true or false.
_________1. The ethical way of literature tells you to acknowledge the owners of
borrowed ideas and put quotation marks around copied words from
books or articles.
Explanation:_____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________2. After you have chosen your topic and audience, start by checking the
literature and by downloading irrelevant papers.
Explanation:_____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________3. The related items that provide additional information, which are not
essential in understanding the research problem can be included in the
list of further readings.
Explanation:_____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________4. Select only the least important points in each source to be highlighted
in the review.
Explanation:_____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________5. Reviewing the literature is not just like collecting a stamp.
Explanation:_____________________________________________________________________
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Additional Activities
Directions: In a brief reflective essay, express how much you have understood the
concepts about RRL or Review of Related Literature in quantitative
research. Specify which ideas sank into your mind or came to your
understanding excellently, moderately, slightly, poorly, or emptily.
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source: https://www.thoughtco.com/essay-rubric-20813
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Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
Assessment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
What I Know
What’s New
References
Baraceros, E. (2016). Ethical standards in writing review of literature
Practical Research 2. Rex Books Store. Manila, Philippines.
Calderon, J. & Gonzales, E. (1993). Related literature and studies: In
methods of research and thesis writing. Mandaluyong City: National
Book Store.
Pautasso, M. (2013). Ten simple rules for writing a literature review. Retrieved
fromhttp://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.
1003149
Baumeister, R. & Leary, M. (2013). Writing narrative literature reviews. Retrieved
from www.researcheducexpert.com/122345009/search.com
Krelove, K. (2019). What is the difference between a literature review and a review of
studies?. Retrieved on July 19, 2019 from https://www.quora.com/Whatis-the-difference-between-a-literature-review-and-a-review-of-studies
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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN
Learning Resource Management System (LRMS)
Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal
Telefax No.: (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893
Email Address: region12@deped.gov.ph