French June 1789 - sept 1791 Sept 1791 - sept 1792 Sept 1792 - oct 1795 Oct 1795 - nov/dec 1799 https://dashboard.blooket.com/edit?id=644148d460fed198d9aea384 Time Period Date Event Importance and Effects Financial Ministers August 1774 May 1776 Turgot and early attempts to reform He wanted to promote national wealth be freeing trade and reducing price June 1777 August 1788 Necker and the Compte Rendu He wanted to show transparency in government so he published the national accounts in the Compte Rendu ● Compte Rendu - a report on France’s finance situation, but it makes the king look bad He taxed the rich more and taxed the poor less ● Made the third estate happy ● Made the first and second estate mad ● The third estate was mad when Bad Harvest of 1775 happened French people liked it since they wanted to know the secret to finance Courts hated it since it made them look bad November 1783 - April 1787 Calonne and the Assembly of Nobles He offered many things through a program ● Economized spending ● Ended tax privileges ● End the taille ● Increased prosperity ● Proposed ending the unpopular corvee ● End customs duty He called a special assembly of notables ● They were prepared to accept a reduction in their privileges but not without the calling of the Estates General He failed to get agreement 1774 - 1792? Brienne and the Decision to call the Estates General Proposed to solve financial problems by a new uniform land tax paid by all ● Hurt the first and second estate for equality Stamp Tax ● Regressive Tax - a tax that places a smaller burden on those who are wealthy and a harsher burden on those who are not ● Progressive Tax - richer people pay more because everyone pays same percentage ● Stamp tax was a regressive tax He called the Estates General because the political and financial situation was bad in France 7 June 1788 Day of Tiles National Assembly Provoked by anger toward the government who had dissolved the Paris Parlement 1789 - 1791 Several hundred urban workers threw tiles at the National Guard who were trying to control the growing resentment among everyone about the lack of reform Writing Laws Unstable because there is no government Period of anarchy One of the first disturbances which preceded the French Revolution, some historians credit it as the start. 8 April 1789 Convoke the Estates General The Estates General of 1789 was a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm summoned by Louis 16th to propose solutions to France's financial problems. It ended when the Third Estate formed into a National Assembly, signaling the outbreak of the French Revolution. Late 1788 Abbe Sieyes wrote What is the Third Estate In this book, Seiyes makes the Third Estate question their role in France. He said that the Third Estate was France, they are everything, and it is unfair how they are treated like nothing 1789 - 1792 Height of the Girondins power Moderates in the push for democratization ● Led early opposition to absolute monarchy, but many opposed the ● ● execution of King Louis 16 Favored foreign war (1st Coalition) as a means of uniting france Strong support from areas outside of paris 3 May 1789 King provides breakfast, and the third estate isn’t welcome in The Third Estate isn’t allowed in because they are not seen as worthy enough to eat with the King, causing tensions with the Third Estate 5 May 1789 Abbe Seiyes convinced King to increase representatives in third estate He goes to the king in order to ask him to double the amount of representatives the Third Estate has. He then convinced the king to count the votes by numbers instead of by each estate. This prompts the King to try and sabotage the Third Estates voting, by locking the building that they vote in. 29 June 1789 Tennis Court Oath After King Louis 16 locked the Third Estate out of their voting building, they instead had their meeting on a tennis court. They were upset at the king so at the tennis court they made the National Assembly with the goal to create a constitution to limit the power of the King. A reason for why the French Revolution is King Louis 16th’s fault At the National Assembly, Abbe made a speech which was about establishing a new constitution for the Kingdom. ● This is basically them declaring that they’re going to revolt. They didn’t want to overthrow the King, they just wanted him to be limited by a constitution. 12 July 1789 King Louis 16th sends troops towards the Tennis Court Oath He wanted to shut down what the Third Estate was doing, but he had to do it subtly, so he sent troops through the suburbs, so hopefully nobody would notice it. He tried to distract the Third Estate with promises and compromises they would be enticed with. 14 July 1789 Storming of the Bastille The Third Estate noticed that the king was trying to kill them, so they went to arm themselves. They decided to storm the Bastille, which contained weapons they could use to defend themselves. The king wrote in his pink sparkly diary that nothing significant happened today. The storming of the Bastille prompted the Great Fear 29 July 1789 Start of the Great Fear This was a time period where all the estates were afraid ● The Third Estate was scared of the King’s army and the King, as they were trying to suppress and kill members of the Third Estate ○ Decided to retaliate by breaking into Second Estate’s homes and burning the contracts that bind them to feudal dues so there was no legal proof that the contracts existed in the first place ● The Second Estate was scared of the Third Estate because they had abused and suppressed the Third Estate and they feared that they Third Estate was going to get payback ● The First Estate feared the Third Estate ○ The church had owned 20% of French land and didn’t want to give any of it up, which angered farmers and the hungry Third Estate, because the church also refused to grow any food on their land 4 August 1789 Night of August 4th The National Assembly announced that feudalism is dead in France. This means that all feudal dues were null and void. ● This calms the Third Estate and they stop breaking into houses to burn feudal dues End of the Great Fear This caused confusion over who had sovereignty in France. Abbe Seiyes thought that the National Assembly was in charge, but the King did not say that feudalism was over. This leaves the people to choose between Abbe Sieyes and the King. Took power away mostly from the Second Estate 26 August 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man published The French were inspired by the American Bill of Rights. The National Assembly published the Declaration of Rights of man which defined individual and collective rights at the time of the French Revolution. October 1789 Food shortage There is a bad harvest and the people are mad 5 October 1789 Women’s March to Versailles Thousands of women and children march to the Palace of Versailles ● Soldiers at the palace didn’t want to kill noncombatants The women meet with the king after waiting outside, the king offends with the women he meets because he offered tea and biscuits to the protestors outside his palace when they told him of the food shortage The women decide to forcefully take the King to see Paris to see first hand how his people are starving This march isn’t about how the people were hungry, it is about the people making the King do what they want. This wasn’t possible the year prior, and it shows how the people gained more power over time and how it is increasing. 12 July 1790 The Civil Council of The Clergy was passed and it took privilege away from first estate The Civil Council of the Clergy was passed by the National Assembly. Went after the First Estate ● They didn’t like that the church members were above the law, so they added in the Rule of Law, which means that no one is above the law ● The First Estate now has to take an oath of allegiance where they swear to obey the French law over the church ● Some priests took the oath and some didn’t, creating a big fight in the catholic church ● The pope threatened to defrock the priests that took the oath Juring Clergy - what defrocked priests were called 20 June 1791 King flees to Varenns The King fled France once he saw what the Constitution of 1791 was going to do, which was to take away and limit his power. The people of France brand him as a traitor. He was caught and then arrested. He was put on trial and executed in 1793. The King fleeing caused questioning on whether a constitutional monarchy is needed because the King doesn’t want to be a King 27 August 1791 Prussia releases the Declaration of Pillnitz This Declaration was made, where Austria urged other European powers to restore the absolute monarchy in France, in order to not encourage their own countries to get a constitutional monarchy like the French did to King Louis 16. It ends up with no one going to war with each other, and was just a political challenge faced by the French government 3 September 1791 Constitution of 1791 goes into effect Before September 3, people in France knew that the constitution was going to be published. This changes the government from the National Assembly to the Legislative Assembly Changes Under The National Assembly Abolishment of guilds and labor unions ● The quality of work went down because guild masters lost the ability to blacklist people from the guild Abolition of special privileges ● Declaration of the Rights of Man ● Equality before the law (for men) ● Doing away with Feudal Dues ● Taxes levied based on the ability to pay ○ Made the Third Estate happy! Legislative Assembly October 1791 Bad Harvest This led to a lack of food during the winter, and caused bread riots. The bread riots were common in Paris. September 1791 September 1792 20 April 1792 France declares war on Austria The Girondins declared war after Austria refused to recall their troops on the French border. This hurt the trade in France, especially in a weak economy like France, which was in big debt. Govern It is stable since they are working under a constitution Assignants happen, where the government prints paper currency instead of using metal coins. This led to inflation, which led to debt. All of this leads to the idea that there are serious economic challenges happening in France. June 1792 France declares war of Prussia Prussia and Austria were allies so they joined the war fighting against France. This causes discontent in France since Austria and Prussia had the best militaries at the time, and the government is using scarce resources to fight this war. July 1792 Brunswick Manifesto. Prussia and Austria issued the Brunswick Manifesto. The Manifesto promised that if the royal family was not harmed, then the two countries would not harm French citizens or loot them. This offended the French as they felt threatened to obey Louis 16, the Legislative Assembly ordered the army to ready themselves. 2 September 1792 September Massacres occur The September Massacres are a series of killings of prisoners. These prisoners consisted of ‘traitors’. Such as the King and Queen, members of the Second Estate, First Estate Members who did not take the Oath of Allegiance, and collaborators who supported other country’s armies. This event showed the anger of the French people. 20 September 1792 Battle of Valmy The capital was about to be captured, so the French General Cornot collected women in order to get a larger army to fight against Prussia’s army. Prussia sees the women and charges at them. The women used their knives and pitchforks, and were essentially meat shields for the actual French army. This made the Prussians retreat from a fight for the first time in 500 years, and increased morale. It saves Paris. 22 September 1792 End of the Constitution of 1791 Word got back to Paris that the Jacobins would take over the Legislative Assembly and abolish the French monarchy. They would replace the monarchy with a Republic. This is considered Day 1 of the Convention phase. The goal of the convention is a new constitution. The leaders are Marot (brain logical), Robespierre (heart emotional), and Danton (muscle enforcer) 1792 - 1797 1st Coalition 1793 - 1794 Height of the Jacobins power Convention phase 1792 - 1795 Writing Constitution Led by Marot, Robespierre, and Danton Kay Aims ● Ending the monarchy ● Opposing enemies of the Revolution ● Encouraging a dedication to revolution as a rebirth of french life ● More democracy Unstable because there is not government Periods of anarchy 1793 Napoleon drives British forces from the Port of Toulon Makes Napoleon seem like a military hero, it gives him a successful reputation. It helps him overthrow the Directory because the French people already liked him and would accept him as a leader. 21 January 1793 King Louis XVI is executed This marked a point of no return for French Revolutionaries. It marked the death of the Ancien Regime and ended a millennia of French monarchy. 1793 The Jacobins create The Citizenship The Jacobins create a new social system called The Citizenship. The main idea of it is that all citizens are equal, with equal rights, and the rule of law. Legal rights are given to everyone. But the they wanted to split the citizens in to two groups, which makes the social system unequal ● The active citizen is allowed to vote ● The passive citizen is not allowed to vote To be able to vote you need to pay a fee of three days wages, but the only people who could pay this are nobles and the merchant class (bourgeoisie). This means that less than 5% of the population can vote. The Jacobins tried to create stability, but created instability in the process 1793 Levee en masse A french policy for military conscription. All able bodied men between the ages of 18 and 25 were required to enlist. Essentially everybody has to contribute to the war effort. Chilfen carry messages between armies, and carry things. Women cook and are nurses. Older men share their knowledge. This creates both stability and instability because it encourages war and decreases population. If the war is going good, it is positive, if the war is going bad, it is negative. 19 March 1793 Jacobins make Public Safety Committee The purpose of this organization was to tell people to not take things into their own hands and to let the government handle things. It was made in response to French citizens going crazy with the lack of food. It was created by Marot the brain May 1793 Law of Maximum The Committee had to deal with the price of grain since it was so expensive that people couldn't afford it, so they created the Law of the Maximum, which set a maximum price for the price of grain. This law began to work, so things are starting to look good in France, all because of Marot the brain. 13 July 1793 Marot is assassinated Marot was killed by Charlotte Corday when he was taking a bath. She was a Girondin. She killed him because hse was angry over how the Jacobins got rid of the Constitution of 1793 and because the Jacobins killed the King. Following Marot’s death, he was replaced by Robespierre the heart and Danton the muscle. September 1793 Robespierre and Danton create the Law of Suspects This was made to ‘legally’ silence people who were against the Jacobins. This law stated that if someone was to commit treason, they would be executed. If someone was accused of committing treason, they had a trial and they had to prove their innocence so they could live, but if they were found guilty then they were executed. This caused thousands of people to be executed and prompted the Reign of Terror. 5 September 1793 The Reign of Terror Happened after the Law of Suspects in September was passed. This was when everyone was dying and being beheaded by the guillotine. Eliminated anyone who opposed the rule of the Jacobins and the idea of a Republic. Killed any traitors who were aiding other countries armies armies by housing them or giving information October 1793 Queen Marie Antoinette is executed This actually influenced German Unification, since Marie Antoinette is part of the Austrian royal family, and thus caused tensions with Germanic states and France. 4 April 1794 Robespierre executes Danton Robespiere ends up the leader of the Jacobins, which isn’t good because he is emotional. This means things will be unstable. This action is going to have people push back against Robespierre. Republic of Virtue Robespierre was changing everything too fast. He went after ideas that people have believed in for centuries. He was an extremist. The people don’t like this. The people thought Robespierre was going too far to the left with the democratic ideas ● Abolish slavery ● Let women have equal rights ● Let people have universal education He went after the church in his conquest to create a perfect society. He thinks a perfect utopia has no religion. But the French were 90% religious. In place of religion, he made a cult, the Cult of Personality, which is built around Robespierre making himself the center. He wanted to replace the belief in religion to a belief in him. 27 July 1794 Robespierre is put on trial People hated what he was doing so they arrested him and put him on trial. He was found guilty and sentenced to execution. During his trial he testified that “If what I’m doing is wrong, then nothing is right”. People turned against him. He killed too many people, specifically Danton, who was one of his own, and therefore no one was safe from him. He also went after the church, which is a big no-no. Also, France was losing the 1st Coalition. 28 July 1794 Robespiere is executed Other Parting Reforms Passed by the Convention 1795 He died. ● ● ● ● Drew up a comprehensive system of laws Ended Debt imprisonment Ended slavery in France’s colonies Established a nationwide system of public education Constitution of 1795 is passed This was a Reactionary Document. It was made so that there was supposed to be a democracy, but it wasn’t. Got rid of the Law of Suspects. Everyone is not in terror again. Constitution of Year III of the Republic The Directory Government under the Directory This new structure of government gave the Bourgeois power. The Bourgeois made it so only people who have property can have the power to vote. But the only people who can own property are rich men. Now, poor people and women don't have any power and cannot vote The Directory The Directory suffered from corruption and poor administration, in order for things to get done they had to pay up for it or else it woulnd;t get done. 1795 -1799 1795 - 1799 The people of France grew poorer and more frustrated with their government, since there was a food shortage and food was prioritized to go to the army. The people were promised more and more that their food problem would get solved, but it never was, so people were getting increasingly frustrated. Nationalism was increasing as there was more military success from Napoleon 1798 - 1801 Napoleon goes on his Egyptian Expedition He went to Egypt to cut off British supplies, but said he was sending off a scientific expedition. He did this so he could bring in thousands of troops without other countries getting mad at him. But then Britain noticed, so they cut off the supplies for the French, so now the French army was starving. He was blamed for the defeat of the French, but his allies in France spun the story of what happened, Josephin and Abbe Seyes. Seyes wrote and critiqued the Directory and Josephine spread Napoleonś other accomplishments. The two of them set this up, and then the people got worked up over the Directory. This (Josephine and Seyes) setup Napoleon to take over the Directory by coup détat. 1799 Napoleon's coup d'etat against the Directory Napoleon took power from the Directory which was the current government. This allowed Napoleon to take reign. 1799 Set up three-man Consulates Napoleon sets up a three-man Consulate with 2 other people who were unintelligent. This allowed him to rule freely. The Napoleonic Era 1799 - 1815 1799 - 1802 2nd Coalition This is a war against France by Great Britain, Austria, and Russia. This is because they had fear of Napoleon taking over other countries to expand. Napoleon won the war. 1801 The Concordat of 1801 Napoleon sets the catholic church as the official church of France. The church gets more power and money. Napoleon uses the church as a scapegoat. Overall, it united the people, as it put the Catholic church in control. 1802 Consul for life 1804 Napoleon crowned himself emperor Napoleon gets rid of the consulate and instead crowns himself emperor. This is a big deal because the pope is usually the one who does it. 1805 3rd Coalition A war against France by Great Britain, Austria, and Russia because France tried to take the Port of Gibraltar in Spain. Napoleon won this war. 1806 - 1807 4th Coalition A war against France by Great Britain, Russia, and Prussia. This was basically France “bullying” Austria and Prussia. Napoleon won this war. 1809 5th Coalition A war against France by Great Britain and Austria. This was France “bullying” Austria and Britain came in because of Spain. 1812 - 1814 6th Coalition A war against France by Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia. This was because the countries were mad about the Continental System. Napoleon lost this war. 1812 Napoleon’s invasion of Russia 1812 Napoleon is defeated at the battle of the Nations in Leipzig 1814 Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to Elba in the Mediterranean 1815 7th Coalition 18 June 1815 Battle of Waterloo 1814 - 1815 Congress of Vienna A war against France by Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Spain. This is because Napoleon escaped his exile and attempted to take over France. Napoleon lost this war. German Unifictaion Time Period Date Event 1806 Napoleon ends Holy Roman Empire 1813 War of Liberation 1815 Treaty of Vienna 1815 German Confederation found 1819 German writer working for the Tsar was assassinated 1819 Carlsbad Decrees 1832 Hambach Festival 1834 Zollverein formed 1840 Frederick Wilhelm IV becomes rule of Prussia 1841 German national anthem 1847 The United Diet of the Prussian Explanation Estates was dissolved 1848 Revolutions in Germany 1849 Frankfurt Parliament failed 1850 Erfurt Union/Parliament 1853 Insurrection in Lombardy 1862 Bismarck becomes Minister President of Prussia 1863 Alvensleben Convention 1864 War between Denmark, Austria, and Prussia 1865 Convention of Gastein 1866 Austro-Prussian War 1867 North German Confederation 1867 Luxembourg Crisis 1869 Hohenzollern Candidature 1870 Franco-Prussian War 1871 Creation of the German Empire
