ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
REFRIGERATION AND BUILDING
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
ME 415: Course Content
o Refrigeration Applications
o Vapor Compression Refrigeration
o Working principle and analysis
o Multi-evaporator
and
multi-compressor
systems
Refrigeration
Equipment:
o Compressor, Condenser, Evaporator,
o Expansion and Control devices, Refrigerants Vapour Absorption
Refrigeration
o Different Refrigeration Methods and Cryogenics
o Air Conditioning Systems & Thermal Comfort, Cooling Load
Calculations, Psychrometric Analysis, Air Distribution
Systems & Duct Design, Air-Conditioning Equipment &
Control System
o Fire Hazards and Fire Fighting Equipment
o Vertical Transportation, Escalator and Ramp
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
ME 415: Course Objectives*
o Distinguish between different types of fire protection
and vertical transportation systems in buildings
o Explain
the extinguishing
suppression systems
principles
of building
o Assess the requirement and suitability of different fire
protection systems in regard to the building codes
and other standards
o Calculate the number and size of the elevator system
to meet the needs of the building
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Building Mechanical Systems
o Building mechanical systems include
o HVAC
o Fire-protection
o Plumbing
o Transportation systems (elevators, escalators, etc.)
o Building mechanical systems provide an environment that protects
the building structure, create safe and healthy surroundings for the
occupants, and allow the equipment housed within the facility to
operate properly.
o Mechanical systems in a building must be designed to provide
maximum efficiency and effectiveness.
o Each of the systems must be designed to work with the others
seamlessly.
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Building Mechanical Systems
o The mechanical systems of a building should be designed to
accommodate the building’s needs –
o Functionality
o Cost
o Aesthetics
o Energy consumption
o Thus, the selection of mechanical systems and the subsequent
design of those systems is an optimization process in which the
effectiveness of the mechanical systems is judged by the
system’s ability to balance the various issues.
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
FIRE HAZARD - A CLOSE
LOOK
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Topics to be Discussed
o Fire Statistics of Bangladesh
o Major Fire Accidents in Bangladesh
o Recent Fires in Bangladesh
o Why is Fire Such a Devastating Hazard in
Bangladesh?
o Fire Safety Concept Tree
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Fire Statistics of Bangladesh
o The number of fire incidents increased about 5 times in
the last 25 years in Bangladesh, from 5,376 in 1996 to
24102 in 2022 (Bangladesh Fire Service and Civil Defence).
o In 1996, the damage was worth of 63.7 crore BDT, and
more than 342 crore BDT in 2022.
o There were 98 number of deaths and more than 400
injuries due to fire incidents in 2022.
o In Dhaka city, it was found that all but a few establishments
are susceptible to fire incidents.
o Out of a total of 2,612 establishments examined, less
than a hundred turned out to have satisfactory fire safety
measures.
o Source: The Daily Star ( October 14, 2018)
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Fire Statistics of Bangladesh
o The number of reported fire incidents in Bangladesh:
o Source: Bangladesh Fire service and Civil Defence
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ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Fire Statistics of Bangladesh
o The number of deaths due to fire incidents in Bangladesh:
o Source: Bangladesh Fire service and Civil Defence
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ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Fire Statistics of Bangladesh
o Bangladesh Fire Service and Civil Defence (BFSCD)
conducted a survey in 2017 in two phases on 6 (six) types
of occupancies:
o Shopping malls
o Hospitals
o Educational Institutions
o Residential building
o Residential hotels
o Banks
Type of
Occupancy
No of buildings
inspected (in
Dhaka)
Safe
Risky
Very
Risky
Shopping Mall
1275
47 (4%)
687 (54%)
541 (42%)
Hospitals
433
11 (2%)
249 (58%)
173 (40%)
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
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Major Industrial Fire Accidents in Bangladesh
o November 2012 - A fire at the Tazreen Fashion Factory in Dhaka,
kills 112 workers and injures more than 150. The deadliest factory
fire in Bangladesh!
o September 2016 - A fire at Tampaco Foils, Dhaka kills at least 34
people and injures dozens.
o February 2019 - A fire at a chemical storage and refilling facility at
Chawkbazar, Dhaka kills more than 75 people and injures
hundreds.
o July 2021 - A fire at a food and beverage factory (Hashem Foods
Ltd.) Narayanganj kills more than 52 people and injures hundreds.
o June 2022 - At least 51 people, including 10 firefighters, were killed
and more than 250 injured in a fire and subsequent blasts at BM
Container Depot in Sitakunda, Chattogram.
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Major Industrial Fire Accidents in Bangladesh
o Tazreen fashion factory, November 2012
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Major Industrial Fire Accidents in Bangladesh
o Tampaco Foils Limited, September 2016
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Major Industrial Fire Accidents in Bangladesh
o Chawkbazar fire, February 2019
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Major Industrial Fire Accidents in Bangladesh
o BM Container depot, June 2022
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
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Major Non-Industrial Fire Accidents in Bangladesh
o March 2019 - A fire at the 22-storied commercial occupancy
‘FR Tower’, at Banani, Dhaka kills more than 25 people,
injuring 75 more.
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Major Non-Industrial Fire Accidents in Bangladesh
o Slum Fire
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ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
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Major Non-Industrial Fire Accidents in Bangladesh
o Slum Fire:
o
June 2021, Dhaka: More than 1000 shanties, 100 shops were
destroyed in Mohakhali slum fire.
― “Nothing left: Bangladesh slum inferno leaves thousands homeless” (June 7,
2021, Mohakhali slum fire, Dhaka)
o
November 2020, Dhaka: A massive fire tore through Saat Tola Slum,
Mohakhali, Dhaka, destroying around 100 shanties and leaving
hundreds of people homeless.
― “Massive fire sweeps slum in Bangladesh capital” (November 24, 2020,
Mohakhali slum fire, Dhaka)
o
August 2019, Dhaka: Bangladesh fire leaves 10,000 homeless after
blaze razes slum at Mirpur Slum.
― “Bangladesh fire: Thousands of shacks destroyed in Dhaka slum”
(August 18, 2019, Chalantika slum Fire, Mirpur, Dhaka)
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Recent Fires in Bangladesh
Dhaka Tribune,
15 April 2023
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Recent Fires in Bangladesh
One killed in a fire that broke out on the seventh floor of a high-rise
building in Dhaka's Gulshan on February 19, 2023. Four people were
injured after jumping from the seventh floor (Dhaka Tribune).
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ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Recent Fires in Bangladesh
3 people killed in a fire which broke out following an explosion at
Science Lab, Dhaka on March 5, 2023 (Daily Prothom Alo)
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ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Recent Fires in Bangladesh
Part of a building at Siddique Bazar in Old Dhaka collapsed in an
explosion that killed at least 17 people and damaged other nearby
buildings on Mar 7, 2023 (bdnews24.com)
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ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Recent Fires in Bangladesh
A fire ripped through a crowded shopping complex (Bangabazar) in
Bangladesh's capital Dhaka on 4 April 2023, injuring several firefighters
and burning down some 5,000 stores (Reuters)
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Md. Ashiqur Rahman
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Recent Fires in Bangladesh
A massive fire has raced through Camp 11, one of the 32 Rohingya refugee
camps in Cox’s Bazar district, Bangladesh, on 5 March 2023, damaging at
least 2000 shelters and leaving some12000 homeless (Al Jazeera).
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Recent Fires in Bangladesh
Fire Incident in 2023
Date and Location
Kamrangirchar shoe factory fire
January 19, Dhaka
Chemical factory and Spinning mill
February 28, Narayanganj
Science Lab explosion
March 5, Dhaka
Siddikbazar explosion/fire
March 7, Dhaka
Sitakunda cotton depot fire
March 11, Chattogram
Tejkunipara slum fire
March 13, Dhaka
Mohakhali slum fire
March 27, Dhaka
Bangabazar Fire
April 4, Dhaka
Chawkbazar fire
April 11, Dhaka
Nawabpur fire
April 13, Dhaka
New Supermarket fire
April 15, Dhaka
Tyre Factory fire
April 30, Chattogram
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Recent Fires in Bangladesh
o What were the fuels?
o Polymer
o Chemical (Liquid)
o Natural gas
o Cotton/ Clothing
o Ordinary combustibles
o Building construction materials
o Open fire/enclosure fire
― The nature and spread of fire varies a great deal in
all these situations.
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Sources of Fire
o Sources of Fire in Bangladesh:
o According to BFSCD data (2022), the highest number of fire
incidents were caused by electrical short circuits (39%),
followed by un-stubbed cigarette butt (16%), and burner
fire (14%).
(Source: Dhaka Tribune, March 17, 2017)
ME 415
Main Sources of Fire
o Smoking
o Electrical equipment
o Heaters
o Process machinery
o Arson
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
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ME 415
Main Sources of Fire
o Electrical Issues
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
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ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Why is Fire Such a Devastating Hazard in BD?
o Initiation of fire:
o Plenty of fire sources
o Lack of awareness
o Fire growth and spread:
o Very high population density
o Very high fuel density
o Poorly designed or unplanned buildings (no or minimum passive
protection)
o Fire control and Extinguishment:
o Absence of fire protection system within the occupancy
o High response time
o Large size of fire before active fire protection can start
o Lack of water/Fire protection system
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Why is Fire Such a Devastating Hazard in BD?
o Evacuation from the Fire-affected Building:
o Violation of the building code
o Inadequate number of exits
o Insufficient exit passage
o Absence of fire lifts in high rise buildings, healthcare facilities
o No/very little fire drill
ME 415
Fire Safety Concept Tree
o Applying fire safety concepts in a logical
fashion is the best method for achieving an
efficient and cost-effective fire safety
management program.
o The National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) developed NFPA 550: Guide to the
Fire Safety Concepts Tree, which can be
applied to developing a fire safety system
for all structures.
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
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ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
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Fire Safety Concept Tree
FIRE SAFETY OBJECTIVES
PREVENT FIRE
IGNITION
MANAGE FIRE
IMPACT
+
+
Control
Heat-Energy
Source
Control Heat
Source-fuel
interaction
Control
fuel
Manage
Fire
Manage
exposure
ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Fire Safety Concept Tree
WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE
1. PREVENT FIRE FROM
1. PreventSTARTING
Fire from Starting
2. PREVENT
LOSS
OF LIFE
2. Prevent
Loss
of Life
and
AND
PROPERTY
Property
3. CONFINE
THE of
3. Confine
Fire toFIRE
TheTO
Place
PLACE WHERE
OriginIT STARTED
EXTINGUISHED
4.4. Extinguish
FireFIRE
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ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Basic Fire-Fighting Awareness
o Do NOT fight a fire ifo It is bigger than a waste paper bin
o One extinguisher is not enough
o Smoke is affecting your breathing
o You cannot see the way out
o Gas cylinders or chemicals are involved
o Your efforts are not reducing the size of the fire
o There is any risk to yourself!
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ME 415
Md. Ashiqur Rahman
Thank You!