Microbiology and Parasitology Brief History of Microbiology Robert Hooke (1665) - described a thin slice of cork called “little boxes” or “cells” - started the Cell Theory ( all living things are composed of cells) Anton van Leeuwoenhoek (1632-1723) - Father of Microbiology/ Bacteriology/ Protozoology - saw through his single-lens microscope “animalcules” (little animals) - examined scrapings from his teeth, water from ditches and ponds, stools, water soaked in blood, sperm. Spontaneous Generation Theory (Abiogenesis) (16501850) - a theory proposed by some scientists that living things came from nonliving things Brief History Francisco Redi (1668) - strong opponent of spontaneous generation theory - theorized that maggots did not arise from decaying meat - set-up six jars with decaying meat: three jars sealed; three jars unsealed - not all scientists convinced; they argued that air is needed for life to thrive - set up three jars with decaying meat covered by fine nets Brief History John Needham (1745) - favored spontaneous generation theory - found that even he heated broth, before putting it in a flask, cooled solutions were teaming with organisms - claimed that organism developed spontaneously from fluids Brief History Lazaro Spallanzani (1755) - opposed John Needham’s theory - he said that microorganism from air might have entered the flasks after they were boiled Brief History Theory of BIOGENESIS (1858) - states that all living things arise from pre-existing living things - proposed by Rudolph Virchow Brief History Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) - strongly supported biogenesis theory - said that microorganism are present in air and can contaminate sterile solution - placed a broth in the flask, boiled it and bent the tube into S-shape - put a fatal blow in theory of spontaneous generation Brief History Golden Age of Microbiology (18571914) - many microbiologic advances were made - spearheaded by Koch’s and Pasteur Golden Age of Microbiology Year Scientist Discoveries 1857-1864 Louis Pasteur Fermentation, Pasteurization and disproved spontaneous generation theory 1867 Joseph Lister Aseptic Surgery 1876 Robert Koch Germ theory of disease 1879 Neisser Neisseria gonorrhoeae 1881- 1883 Robert Koch Pure cultures/ Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Vibrio Cholera 1884 Metchnikoff Gram Escherich Phagocytosis Gram staining Escherichia coli Golden Age of Microbiology Year Scientists Discoveries 1887 Petri Petri Dish 1889 Kitasato Clostridium tetani 1890 Von Bering Diphtheria antitoxin Ehrlich Theory of Immunity 1898 Shiga Shigella dysenteriae 1910 Chagas Trypanosoma cruzi Ehrlich Treponema pallidum Brief History Louis Pasteur (1857) - Fermentation was discovered - He was asked by a group of merchant why beer and wine soured (spoilage) - He found out that yeasts convert sugar to alcohol that makes it sour - He boiled (55 C) the wine and beer enough to kill bacteria (PASTEURIZATION) Brief History Louis Pasteur - discovered that some microorganism require oxygen to live (aerobes) while others do not (anaerobes) - discovered the infectious agent that cause silkworm disease and how to prevent it - developed vaccines to fight cholera, anthrax and swine erysipelas (skin disease) Brief History GERM THEORY OF DISEASE - theory that microorganism have similar relationship with plants and animals - microorganism can cause disease - strongly proved by Robert Koch Brief History Robert Koch (1843 – 1910) - discovered Bacillus anthracis, a bacteria that causes anthrax (his basis for Koch’s postulate) -discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Pulmonary Tuberculosis) and Vibrio cholera (cholera) Brief History Koch’s Postulate (1884) - strengthened Germ theory of disease - Isolated Bacillus antrhacis from dead cattle then cultured (cultivate/grow) it - the cultured organism was injected to healthy animal - the healthy animal which becomes sick, took sample of their blood and isolated the organism - he found out that the cultured organism was same as the isolated organism Brief History KOCH’S POSTULATE principles: 1. A particular microorganism must be found in all cases of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals or humans 2. The microorganism must be isolated from the disease animal or human and grown in pure culture in laboratory 3. The same disease must be produced when microorganisms from pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible laboratory animals 4. The same microorganism must be recovered from the experimentally infected animals and grown again in pure culture What is Microbiology? Study of very small living organisms (microorganism) or microbes (Burton’s) “micro” =small; “bio”= life; “logos”=study Why Study Microbiology? Indigenous Micro flora/ Normal Flora/ Mircrobiota Some organism causes diseases (Opportunistic pathogen) Contribute to balance Eco-system (ecology) Important in various industries (food and beverage) Antibiotic Genetic Engineering Types of Microorganisms Bacteria (sing. bacterium) - simple, unicellular organisms - prokaryotic - not enclosed in a nuclear membrane - have several shapes (bacilli, cocci, spirillium) - produced by binary fission or conjugation - e.g. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus Types of Microorganism Archaea - prokaryotic - not known to cause disease in humans - divided into three groups: a. Methanogens: produced methane as by product b. Halophiles: lived in extremely salty environment c. Thermopiles: lived in hot sulfurous environment Type of Microorganism Fungi (sing. Fungus) - eukaryotic - unicellular or multicellular - have special cell walls called chitin - most typical fungi are Molds - e.g. Pityriasis versicolor (“an-an”) Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) Type of Microorganism Protozoa (sing. Protozoan) - unicellular, eukaryotic - move by pseudopods, cilia, flagella - pleomorphic (assumes many sizes and shapes) - free-living and/or parasitic - e.g. Entamoeba histolytica- Amoeba Types of Microorganism Algae (sing. Alga) - photosynthetic eukaryotes - unicellular - composed of cell wall called cellulose - play a vital role in balance of nature - produces oxygen and carbohydrates used by other animals Types of Microorganism Viruses - very small (cannot be seen by a naked eye) - acellular (not cellular) - multiply once inside the host cell but inactive when outside the host (INERT) - e.g. Measles virus, Influenza A (H1N1), HIV, Rotavirus, Human Papilloma Virus Types of Microorganism Parasites - multicellular - strictly not microorganism but of medical importance - the host is usually harmed (disease) - e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm) Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm or seatworm) Sarcoptes scabies (scabies or “galisaso”)