Project Report On
SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM
In partial fulfilment of the curricular requirements for the Diploma in Computer Science &
Engineering
Submitted by
Satish Acharya (Regd no.-F20019007048)
Piyus Patra (Regd no.-F20019007034)
Gyana Ranjan Patro (Regd n0.-F20019007026)
Nabasurja Datta (Regd no.- F20019007033)
Utysmita Sarbapallita (Regd no.- F20019007068)
Under the Supervision of
Er. Abhaya Kumar Panda
Lecturer, KIIT Polytechnic
Project Phase-II (Summer-2023)
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
KIIT POLYTECHNIC, BHUBANESWAR-751024
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING KIIT
POLYTECHNIC, BHUBANESWAR – 751024
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify to that this project report entitled “Smart Irrigation system” submitted by Satish Acharya
(Regd no.-F20019007048), Piyus Patra (Regd no.- F20019007034), Gyana Ranjan Patro(Regd.No.
F20019007026),
Nabasurja
Datta
(Regd.No.
F20019007033),
Utysmita
Sarbapallita(Regd.No.
F20019007068) Diploma Students in the Computer Science & Engineering, KIIT Polytechnic, Bhubaneswar
in the Academic Session 2020-2023 in the partial fulfilment of the curricular requirements for the award of
“Diploma in Computer Science & Engineering” is a bonafide record of practical works carried out by them
under my supervision and guidance.
_______________________
__________________________
Dr. Sukalyan Das
Mr. Abhaya Kumar Panda
Head of Department
Lecture, CSE Dept.
(Project Guide)
Signature of the External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would first like to express our sincere gratitude to our guide Er. Sunil Kumar Sahoo
for offering kind attention and continuous help and support during the whole period of project making. His
kind advice and guidance help to bring the document in this form.
We would like to thank Dr. Sukalyan Das, Head of Computer Science and Engineering Department, of KIIT
Polytechnic, Bhubaneswar, for the continuous encouragement and cooperation.
We thankful to all our Diploma mates, they are always beside us in all cases of sorrow and joy. They always
ready to help in the process of completion of project.
Last but not the least we would like to thank all staff members of the department for their help in whatever
way they could able to do.
____________________________
Satish Achary (Regd no.-F20019007048)
Piyus Patra (Regd no.- F20019007034)
Gyana Ranjan Patro (Regd no.- F20019007026)
Nabasurja Datta (Regd no.- F20019007026)
Utysmita Sarbapallita (Regd no.- F200190068)
CONTENT
Serial no.
Subject
Page no.
1.
Introduction
1
2.
Block diagram
2
3.
Objective of project
3
4.
Literature survey
4
5.
Problem Statement
5
6.
Scope of project
6
7.
Adopted methedology
7
8.
Irrigation control System Function
8
9.
Advantages of Smart irrigation System
9
10.
Flow Chart of the System
10
11.
Proposed system Hardware and Architecture
11
12.
Components
12-20
13.
Hardware Implementation
21
14.
Testing of Hardware kit
22
15.
Advantages
23
16.
Application Of Project
24
17.
Future Enhancement and Limitation
25
18
Conclusion
26
19
Refferences
27
AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
To develop an automatic irrigation system to reduce human effort and better
productivity
INTRODUCTION :
In the field of AUTOMATION, use of proper method of agricultural pump appliances is important because
the main reason is intelligent operation and use of modern technology. Also it reduces human effort and may
be widely used for Vegetable agricultural fields which requires frequent water supply with day to day changing
temperature
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1) Moisture Sensor
2) Controller Circuit
3) PCB (Printed Circuit Board)
4) DC Water Pump
5) Battery
6) Relay
7) Resistors
DESCRIPTION :
Irrigation is defined as Artificial application of water to land or soil. Irrigation process can be used for the
cultivation of agricultural crops during the span of inadequate rainfall and for maintaining landscapes. An
automatic irrigation system does the operation of a system without requiring manual involvement of persons.
An automatic irrigation system does the work quite efficiently and with a positive impact on the place where
it is installed. Once it is installed in the agricultural field, the water distribution to crops and nurseries becomes
easy and doesn’t require any human support to perform the operations permanently. The automatic irrigation
irrigation system on sensing soil moisture project is intended for the development of an irrigation syst em that
switches submersible pumps on or off by using relays to perform this action on sensing the moisture content
of the soil. The main advantage of using this irrigation system is to reduce human interference and ensure
proper irrigation.
1
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
LEVEL
Pump Driver
CONTROLLER
SENSOR
DC Voltage
Pump
POWER
SUPPLY
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION :
The circuit comprises of sensor parts built using a Transistor named BC547.
BC547 ’s are configured here as a driver circuit for pump. A water level sensor is inserted in
the soil to sense whether the soil is wet or dry. The controller is used to control the whole
system by monitoring the sensors and when sensors sense the dry soil condition then the
controller will send command to relay driver IC the contacts of which are used to switch on
the load and it will switch off the load when all the sensors are in wet water condition. The
controller does the above job as it receives the signal from the sensors through the output of
the SENSOR,
This is safest and no manpower is required. This is very useful to all climatic conditions and
it is economic friendly.
2
Objective of Project
There is an urgent need for a system that makes the agricultural process easier and burden free from the
farmer‟s side. With the recent advancement of technology it has become necessary to increase the annual crop
production output entirely agro-centric economy.
The ability to conserve the natural resources as well as giving a splendid boost to the production of the crops
is one of the main aims of incorporating such technology into the agricultural domain of the country. To save
farmers effort, water and time.
Irrigation management is a complex decision making process to determine when and how much water to apply
to a growing crop to meet specific management objectives. If the farmer is far from the agricultural land he
will not be noticed of current conditions. So, efficient water management plays an important role in the
Irrigated agricultural cropping systems.
3
Literature Survey
It is a simple project more useful in watering plants automatically without any human interference. We know
that people do not pour the water on to the plants in their gardens when they go to vacation or often forget to
water plants. As a result, there is a chance to get the plants damaged. This project is an excellent solution for
such kind of problems. Many irrigation systems exits such as,
1. . Monitoring of rice crops using GPRS and wireless sensors for efficient use of water and Electricity.
2. Wireless Sensor Based Remote Monitoring System for Agriculture Using ZigBee and GPS.
3. Design of Embedded System for the Automation of Drip Irrigation.
4. A Survey of Automated GSM Based Irrigation System.
5. Wireless Sensor Networks Agriculture: For Potato Farming.
6. Design and Implementation of GSM based Irrigation System Using ARM7.
7. Automated Irrigation System Using a Wireless Sensor Network and GPRS Module.
8. Automated Irrigation System Using Solar Power.
9. Review for ARM based agriculture field monitoring system.
10. Automatic Irrigation Control by using wireless sensor networks.
11. Remote Sensing and Control of an Irrigation System Using a Distributed Wireless Sensor Network.
4
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Irrigtion of plants is usually a very time- consuming activity, to be done in a reasonable amount of time, it
requires a large amount of human resources. Traditionaaly all the steps were executed by humans. Nowadays
some systems use technology to reduce the number or workers or the time required to water the plants. With
such systems, the control is very limited, and many resources are still wasted.
Water is one of these resources that are used excessively. Many irrigation is one method used to water the
plant. This method represents massive losses since the amount of water given is in excess of the plants needs.
The excess water is evacuated by the holes of the pots in greenhouses, or it percolates through the soil in the
fields.
The contemporary preception of water is that of a free renewable resource that can be used in abundance.
It is therefore reasonable to assume that it will soon become a very expensive resource everywhere.
In adition to the excess cost of waterm labour is becoming more and more expensive. As a result, if no
effort is invested in optimising these resources, there will be more money involved in the same process.
Technology is probably a solution to reduce costs and prevent loss of resource, this project can be a strong
way to tackle such a situation.
5
SCOPE OF PROJECT
Day by day, the field of electronics is blooming and have caused great impact on human beings. The project
which is to be implemented is an automated irrigation method and has a huge scope for future development.
The project can be extended to greenhouses where manual supervision is far and few in between. The principle
can be extended to create fully automated gardens and farmlands. Combined with the principle of rain water
harvesting, it could lead to huge water savings if applied in the right manner. In agricultural lands with severe
shortage of rainfall, this model can be successfully applied to achieve great results with most types of soil.
By developing a Smart Wireless Sensor and by using upcoming techniques a farmer can increase his profit
by solving different problems that are faced by the farmer in his routine life. And also to involve Arduino –
Controller with a video capturing by using an MMS facility about the crop position and at the same time
sending video to the farmer.
6
ADOPTED METHODOLOGY
PROJECT PLANNING
a) Analysis of the exiting situation and the exact nature of problem faced through discussions with
the project guide.
b) Study of process of different technologies used in the system.
c) With the help of the guide the specifications of the program were decided and then implemented in
the project.
d) Use of Accelerometer sensor to interface the computer and embedded system meant for process
and control.
e) Testing, development and troubleshooting still underway to enhance user interface.
7
IRRIGATION CONTROL SYSTEM FUNCTION

User Interface: User interface allow the user to inter act with the system by sending
information to the controller by presenting information to user about the system. Its
generally a computer or a smartphone

Controlled Devices: Controlled devices include a wide range of equipment that this
arduino and sensor is capable of. Here in our project it is a motor.

Programming Computer: Some system controllers allow the user to program the
system with the systems own user interface. Other system require PC to program. Here
we are accessing arduino IDE with the help of a PC.

Controllers: Relay controllers provide the intelligent control functions inautomatic
irrigation control.

Sensing Devices: Sensing devices can report values, such as temperatureand humidity
etc or states.

I/O Interface Devices: These devices provide the logical communication linkbetween
the controllers and the controlled device systems.
8
ADVANTAGES OF SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM :
Prevents Disease and Weeds
Specialized drip irrigation systems direct water specifically to each plant's root ball, rather than
sprinkling the entire garden like a typical rainstorm. As a result, surrounding weed seeds cannot
germinate, so you'll have less weeding to do. Water at the roots also prevents leaf diseases caused
by standing droplets on the foliage. Because the water does not strike the leaves or flowers, blight
diseases have no chance of proliferating.
Conserves Water and Time
Hand watering with a hose or watering can takes substantial time and early morning and evening
watering rituals take away from family and work. Both drip and sprinkler irrigation systems have
timers that can be preset for daily or weekly watering so you do not need to monitor the watering
because the timer shuts the water off when it has finished. Your water bill should be lower if the
irrigation system is effective.
Preserves Soil Structure and Nutrients
Watering with a wide open garden hose may allow too much water to seep into the soil. As a
result, nutrients leach out with the water runoff, leaving the plants withfewer nutrients
available. The soil may also become compacted when you water witha hose. Plants may show
signs of withering or root disease with suffocating, compacted soil. Using either drip or sprinkler
irrigation produces smaller droplets, helping to preserve nutrients and reducing soil compaction.
Gardening Flexibility
If you have a busy schedule, you'll appreciate being able to work in the garden at the same time as
the plants are being watered. While one garden section is being watered, you can plant and prune
in another area
9
FLOW CHART OF THE SYSTEM
10
PROPOSED SYSTEM HARDWARE AND ARCHITECTURE
COMPONENTS LIST
SL
NO
1
NAME OF COMPONENTS
QUANTITY
Real Time Clock
1
2
DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
1
3
Electric DC Motor
1
4
Relay Module
1
5
1 k Resistor
1
6
MOSFET
1
7
Female Headers
10
8
Male Headers
10
9
Diode
1
10
Jumper wire
20
Table 1: Component list of proposed system
11
COMPONENTS :
DHT11 Temperature Sensor
DHT11 digital temperature and humidity sensor is a composite Sensor contains a
calibrated digital signal output of the temperature and humidity. Application of a dedicated digital
modules collection technology and the temperature and humidity sensing technology, to ensure
that the product has high reliability and excellent long-term stability. The sensor includes a
resistive sense of wet components and an NTC temperature measurement devices, and connected
with a high-performance 8-bit microcontroller.
They consist of a humidity sensing component, a NTC temperature sensor (or thermistor)
and an IC on the back side of the sensor. For measuring humidity they use the humidity sensing
component which has two electrodes with moisture holding substrate between them. So as the
humidity changes, the conductivity of the substrate changes or the resistance between these
electrodes changes. This changein resistance is measured and processed by the IC which makes it
ready to be read by a microcontroller.
On the other hand, for measuring temperature these sensors use a NTC temperature sensor
or a thermistor. A thermistor is actually a variable resistor that changes its resistance with change
of the temperature. These sensors are made by sintering of semi conductive materials such as
ceramics or polymers in order to provide larger changes in the resistance with just small changes
in temperature. The term “NTC” means “Negative Temperature Coefficient”, which means that
the resistance decreases with increase of the temperature.
Fig 2: Temperature & Humidity Sensor
12
How to use DHT11 Sensor
The DHT11 Sensor is shown in the figure .(a) and it is factory calibrated and outputs serial data and hence it
is highly easy to set it up.
The connection diagram for this sensor is shown below in the figure (b)
DHT11 Specifications :
Operating Voltage: 3.5V to 5.5V
Operating current: 0.3mA (measuring) 60uA (standby)
Output: Serial data
Temperature Range: 0°C to 50°C
Humidity Range: 20% to 90%
Resolution: Temperature and Humidity both are 16-bit
Accuracy: ±1°C and ±1%
DHT11 Pin out Details
Pin No
1
2
3
4
Pin Name
Vcc Power Supply
Data
NC
Ground
13
Description
3.5V to 5.5V
Output both Through serail data
No Connection
Connected to Ground
REAL TIME CLOCK (RTC)
Real time clocks (RTC), as the name recommends are clock modules. The DS1307 real time
clock (RTC) IC is an 8 pin device using an I2C interface. The DS1307 is a low-power
clock/calendar with 56 bytes of battery backup SRAM. The clock/calendar provides seconds,
minutes, hours, day, date, month and year qualified data. The end date of each month is
automatically adjusted, especially for months with less than 31 days.
They are available as integrated circuits (ICs) and supervise timing like a clock and also
operate date like a calendar. The main advantage of RTC is that they have an arrangement of
battery backup which keeps the clock/calendar running even if there is power failure. An
exceptionally little current is required for keeping the RTC animated. We can find these RTCs in
many applications like embedded systems andcomputer mother boards, etc.
DS3231 RTC Pin Configuration
14
DS3231 RTC MODULE Features :











RTC counts seconds, minutes, hours and year
Accuracy: +2ppm to -2ppm for 0ºC to +40ºC , +3.5ppm to -3.5ppm for -40ºC to +85ºC
Digital temperature sensor with ±3ºC accuracy
Two Time-of-day alarms
Programmable square wave output
Register for Aging trim
400Khz I2C interface
Low power consumption
Automatic power failure battery switch circuitry
CR2032 battery backup with two to three year life
Portable size
Where DS3231 RTC MODULE are Used :
For understanding the use of DS3231 RTC MODULE consider:
Case1: Where you want accurate time and date. Although there are many RTC modules present in the market
DS3231 is one of the most popular one because of its accuracy. The chip keeps the time up to date more
accurately than most modules.
Case2: Where power consumption is issue. DS3231 RTC MODULE consumes very less power to function.
So this module can be used on mobile systems.
Case3: Where high speed communication is of need. DS3231 RTC MODULE capable of communicating
with high speed TWI interface.
The DS3231 can also work on both 24Hr and 12Hr format finding applications in GPS systems. With two
alarm clock and temperature sensor on board the use of DS3231 module is promoted even further than other
modules.
15
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p-n junction
diode that emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are
able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.
This effect is called electroluminescence, and the colour of light (corresponding to the energy of
the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small
(less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape the radiation pattern.
RESISTORS :
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,
among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat
may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators.
Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating
voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such asa volume control or a
lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.
Fig 5: Resistor
16
REES52 Soil Moisture Sensor :


The soil moisture sensor is shown in the figure 3.5.(a) and the hygrometer is usually used
to detect the humidity of the soil. So, it is perfect to build an automatic watering system or to monitor
the soil moisture of the plants.
The sensor is set up by two pieces: the electronic board (at the right), and the probe with two pads,
that detects the water content (at the left).
The sensor has a built-in potentiometer for sensitivity adjustment of the digital output (D0), a power
LED and a digital output LED.
How does it work?
17
Connecton Diagram of Soil Moisture Sensor :
The sensor is interfaced with Arduino microcontroller [7] and programmed. Once it is programmed it is placed
inside a box and kept in the field. The soil moisture sensor has two probes which is inserted into the soil. The
probes are used to pass current through the soil. The moisture soil has less resistance and hence passes more
current through the soil whereas the dry soils has high resistance as shown in the figure and pass less current
through
the
soil.
The
resistance
value
help
detecting
the
soil
moisture.

The voltage is that the sensor output changes accordingly to the water content in the soil and the
connection diagram shown in the figure .
 When the soil is Wet: the output voltage decreases. Dry: the output voltage increases.
18
DIODE(IN4148)
In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts primarily in
one direction (asymmetric conductance), it has low (ideally zero) resistance to the flow of current
in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A semiconductor diode is a
crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p-n junction connected to two electrical
terminals.
MOFSET
The 2N7000 MOSFET is an N-channel, enhancement-mode MOSFETs used for low-power
switching applications, with different lead arrangements and current ratings.
The 2N7000 is a widely available and popular part, often recommended as usefuland common
components to have around for hobbyist use.
The 2N7000 is 60 V devices and it can switch 200 mA. The 2N7002 is another different part
with different resistance, current rating and package. The2N7002 is also known as "small outline
transistor" SOT-23 surface-mount, which is the most commonly used three-lead surface-mount
package.
19
DC MOTOR
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current electrical
energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic
fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or
electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor.
DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing directcurrent lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed canbe controlled over a wide
range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field
windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances.
DC MOTOR PUMP
A DC motor pump is essentially a DC Motor that is used to circulate water. The internal structure is the same.
The DC motor is encased in a waterproof plastic casing and the shaft is used to drive an external arm that
pumps water.
The Pump requires a 5V supply, which can be easily provided by batteries or AC supply.
20
Hardware Implementation :
Hardware Implementation with all Sensor
The hardware implementation of the proposed Smart Irrigation System model is to switch on the pump for
irrigation using smart phone and we can see the soil status in the mobile using wifi ip address in browser. The
output obtained is done by Wi-Fi and IOT Technology.
21
Testing the Hardware kit :








The ESP 8266 Module is connected with 5V Adapter using of mobile charger unit.
Required Soil Sensor, Water level Sensor, Temperature & Humidity sensor boards and RTC module
connected to the Arduino module as per its pin configuration.
Then through the Wi-Fi the Arduino Program is downloaded to the Arduino Module by the Arduino
Software.
The input from the Blynk App is first tested with LED output by both manual and Auto mode.
The input of Soil sensor is tested with small amount soil when it is Dry and Wet condition .
The input of Temperature & Humidity sensor is verified with the wifi module using its ip adress.
RTC module function also verified in the Smart Phone.
Then Required Relay module is connected to the relay outputs connected to the testing single phase
pump to the sample demo land unit .
 The pump is getting ON in Auto mode the pump is getting ON and OFF by the soil sensor output when
it is Dry.
22
ADVANTAGES
 The main advantage of this project is that it has faster execution when compared to manual execution
of the process.
 It is simple, portable and provides high performance
 It consumes less power
 Dryness can be easily detected in soil.
 Permits a non- expert to do the work of an expert.
 Improves productivity by increasing work output and improving efficiency.
 Saves time in accomplishing specific objective.
 This system ensures that the plants do not endure from the strain or stress of less and over watering.
 This system saves labour cost and water up to 70%. The working of this irrigation system covers over
40 crops spanning across 500 acres.
23
APPLICATIONS OF PROJECT
We propose an application to detect water deficiency state in soil based exclusively on sensor-provided data.
In an Automated Irrigation System, the most significant advantage is that water is supplied only when the
moisture in soil goes below a pre-set threshold value.
 This system can be used in roof gardens in highly populated areas where land is expensive and
gardening on rooftops seems like the only viable option left.
 The lawns of houses and public buildings can be maintained by these systems, thereby reducing the
need for human monitoring.
 The greatest application is in agricultural lands, where farmers are assisted greatly by this. There is
no need for the farmer to actually be present during operation.
 Gardens that need to be monitored in the absence of home owners require systems like APIS. Home
gardens that are maintained with large effort by home owners require proper observation and
maintenance. It can be provided by APIS.
 This system can be used in the field of pisciculture. Fish farming or pisciculture involves raising fish
commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. It is the principal form of aquaculture, while
other methods may fall under mariculture. The fishes need to be in a depth of 1m in the aquarium
and this depth is maintained with the help of APIS. The appropriate threshold value is assigned and
the circuit is operated.
 Irrigation in parks needs to be done even when people are not there to maintain the grass or trees.
 Detection in this manner is cheap, non-invasive and can be applied on a population-wide scale.
 The presence of technology in all aspects of life has enabled solutions to real life problem that were
either difficult or unfeasible.
24
FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
The application certainly is much more advantageous than the manual system. There will be no bias in the
regions being covered and the delay is kept as minimal as it can be.





The operator does not require any previous training because of its user friendliness.
The operator is free from any technical issues. Extremely simple design makes the circuit easy to
implement and maintain.
Alterations in the system can be done easily if the process of the working changes in future.
In future according to the user’s requirement it can be updated to meet the user requirements.
Smart Wifi Irrigation Controllers are next generation controllers that adjust your irrigation system
automatically using real-time weather information. Moreover, you can control it from anywhere, anytime.
LIMITATIONS –
 The system requires two different power supplies. While implementing in large fields, industrial
supply can be used to run the motor.
 In small gardens this may seem like a large wastage. Needs a large amount of sensing equipment for
very large irrigation areas.
 The system is not 100% reliable. Unexpected factors can cause errors, and it may in some cases cause
loss. Despite being good, it needs to be manually checked and maintained once every few weeks..
25
CONCLUSION
Smart irrigation is an important technology in saving water for the plant which requires more attention
especially in Iraq. Using WSN as an Internet of things gives more flexibility in system monitoring and
management. Results show that the proposed network can be used along the season with minimum
maintenance.
The proposed Smart Irrigation System for agriculture is that the farmer can operate the motor by remotely in
his smart phone anywhere in the world either in manual mode or in Auto mode and he can verify the soil
status and also the temperature of the motor by the graph in the mobile phone itself.
The proposed irrigation system for agricultural purpose can measure the Soil moisture, temperature of the
field and transmits the real time data to the user through the Wi-Fi and IoT server, if there is any deviation
from the span of reference value, then the user can send the command through the IoT server to maintain the
set point value of field parameter for a proper irrigation and proposed IoT based irrigation system is better
than the recently proposed other irrigation systems.
26
REFERENCES
 "Sensor based Automated Irrigation System with IOT", International Journal of Computer Science and
Information Technologies, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 5331- 5333, 2015.
 Major Agricultural Problems of India and their Possible Solutions Article shared by: Puja Mondal,
www.yourarticlelibrary.com
 Shiraz Pasha B.R., Dr. B Yogesha, “Microcontroller Based Automated Irrigation System”, the
International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES), Volume3, Issue 7, pp 06-09, June 2014.
 IoT based smart irrigation system using soil moisture sensor and ESP 8266 Node MCU by
Abhiiemanyu Pandit, 15th July – 2015.
 N. A. Z. M. Noar, M. M. Kamal, "The development of smart flood monitoring system using ultrasonic
sensor with Blynk applications", 2017
 P.Rajalakshmi, Devi Mahalashmi (2016) “IOT based crop-field monitoring and irrigation
automation”10th International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Control (ISCO).IEEE Press.
Year: 2016.
 Dr.P.Sukumar.Ph.D.S.Akshaya, D.Chandrika, R.Dhilipkumar, “IOT based agriculture crop-field
monitoring system and irrigation Automation”2018.
 Shrinidhi Rajagopal; Vallidevi Krishnamurthy OO design for an IoT based automated plant watering
system, 2017 International Conference on Computer, Communication and Signal Processing
(ICCCSP) Year: 2017.
 Liu, C. et al., 2011. The Application of Soil Temperature Measurement by Temperature Sensors.
Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Electronic & Mechanical Engineering and
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 Water Level Detection System Based on Ultrasonic Sensors HC-SR04 and ESP8266-12 Modules
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Udayana at Bali, Indonesia
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