PHARMACOLOGIC STUDIES DRUG CLASSIFICATION INDICATION/ ACTION Alkylating drugs Various tumors, especially those with large volume and slow cell-turnover rate; This drug allows to cross-link double-stranded DNA and to prevent strands and to prevent strands from separating for replication, which may contribute to these drugs’ ability to destroy cells. Busulfan, Bendamustine, Carboplatin, Carmustine, Chlorambucil, Cisplatin, Thiotepa, Melphalan, Cyclophosphamide, Dacarbazine, Ifosfamide, Lomustine, Oxaliplatin, Temozolomide BM depression, chills, diarrhea, fever, flank pain, hair loss, leukopenia, nausea, sore throat, thrombocytopenia, infertility, vomiting, edema Alpha blockers HTN, or mild to moderate urinary obstruction in men with BPH; decreases vascular resistance and increase vein capacity thereby lowering BP and also relax the non vascular smooth muscles especially the prostate capsule which reduces urinary problems in men with BPH Alfuzosin, Doxazosin, Phentolamine, Prazosin, Silodosin, Tamsulosin, Terazosin Severe orthostatic hypotension and syncope, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, somnolence, malaise, tachycardia, weakness, palpitations, fluid retention, RTI Treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer type; improves cholinergic function by increasing acetylcholine levels through reversible inhibition of its hydrolysis by cholinesterase Donepezil, Galantamine, Memantine, Rivastigmine Weight loss, diarrhea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, constipation, bradyarrhythmias, HTN Septicemia - postoperative, pulmonary, intraabdominal, and UTI; skin, soft tissues, bone and joint infections; aerobic gram negative bacillary meningitis not susceptible to other antibiotics; serious staphylococcal, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella infections, enterococcal infections, nosocomial pneumonia, TB, leukopenic patients Amikacin, Gentamicin, Neomycin, Tobramycin Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Neuromuscular blockade, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, vein irritation, phlebitis, and sterile abscess. Benazepril, Captopril, Enalaprilat, Enalapril, Fosinopril Sodium, Lisinopril, Moexipril, Perindopril, Quinapril, Ramipril, Trandolapril Angioedema of the face and limbs, dry cough, dysgeusia, fatigue, rash, headache, hypotension, hyperkalemia, tachycardia Aluminum hydroxide, Calcium carbonate, Magnesium (hydroxide, oxide), Sodium Aluminum intoxication, constipation, hypophosphatemia, Alzheimer disease drug Aminoglycosides AngiotensinHTN, HF, left ventricular converting dysfunction (LVD), MI, and enzyme inhibitors diabetic nephropathy; decreasing vasoconstriction and reducing peripheral arterial resistance and reduces sodium and water retention and extracellular fluid volume, decreases HR and systemic vascular resistance Antacid Gastric hyperacidity, hyperphosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, SAMPLE DRUGS ADVERSE REACTION postmenopausal hypocalcemia; reduces the total load acid in the GIT and elevate gastric pH to reduce pepsin activity and strengthen gastric mucosal barrier bicarbonate osteomalacia, diarrhea, hypermagnesemia, rebound hyperacidity Beta blockers - decrease catecholamine-induced increases in HR, BP and myocardial contraction Calcium channel blockers inhibit the flow of calcium through muscle cells, which dilates coronary artery and decreases systemic resistance (afterload) Nitrates - decreases afterload and left ventricular end diastolic pressure (preload), and increase blood flow through collateral coronary vessels Atenolol, Bisoprolol, Metoprolol, Nadolol, Propranolol Amlodipine, Diltiazem, Nicardipine, Nifedipine, Verapamil Bradycardia, cough, diarrhea, dizziness, dyspnea, fatigue, fever Bradycardia, heart block, confusion, constipation, depression, dyspepsia Flushing, headache, orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, rash, syncope, vomiting Class IA - depress phase 0, prolong the action potential, and stabilize cardiac membranes Class IB - depress phase 0, shorten the action potential, and stabilize cardiac membranes Class IC - block the transport of sodium ions which decreases conduction velocity but not repolarization rate Class II - decreases HR, myocardial contractility, BP, AV node conduction Class III - prolong the repolarization phase Class IV - decrease myocardial contractility and oxygen demand by inhibiting calcium ion influx, they also dilate coronary arteries and arterioles Disopyramide, Procainamide, Quinidine Antibiotic antineoplastic Various solid tumors, leukemia; although antibiotics they destroy cells and interfere with proliferation of malignant cells Bleomycin, Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, Idarubicin, Mitomycin Anticholinergic Prevention of motion sickness, Atropine sulfate, Benztropine, preoperative reduction of Dicyclomine, Scopolamine secretions and blockage of cardiac reflexes, adjunctive treatment of peptic ulcers and GI disorders, blockage of cholinomimetic effects of cholinesterase inhibitors or other drugs, spastic conditions, acute dystonic reactions, muscle rigidity, parkinsonism and extrapyramidal disorders Antianginals Antiarrhythmics Isosorbide (Dinitrate, Mononitrate), Nitroglycerin Lidocaine, Mexiletine CNS disturbances; dizziness, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, altered bowel elimination, hypersensitivity reaction, hypotension, bronchoconstriction Flecainide, Propafenone Esmolol, Propranolol, Sotalol Amiodarone, Dofetilide, Dronedarone, Ibutilide, Sotalol Diltiazem, Verapamil BM depression, anxiety, chills, confusion, diarrhea, fever, flank pain, hair loss, nausea Blurred vision, constipation, cycloplegia, decreased sweating or anhidrosis, dry mouth, headache, mydriasis, palpitations, tachycardia, urinary hesitancy and retention Anticoagulants Heparin derivative - accelerate formation of an antithrombin complex, they inactivate thrombin and prevent conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Low molecular weight heparins Selective Factor Xa inhibitors directly bind to factor Xa Thrombin inhibitors - directly bind to thrombin thrombin and inhibit its action Vitamin K inhibitor - warfarin inhibits vitamin K dependent activation of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X which are formed in the liver Heparin Dalteparin, Enoxaparin Apixaban, Betrixaban, Edoxaban, Rivaroxaban, Fondaparinux, Argatroban, Bivalirudin, Dabigatran Etexilate Bleeding, hypersensitivity reactions, thrombocytopenia, back pain, bradycardia, hypotension, alopecia, anorexia, dermatitis, fever, nausea, urticaria, vomiting Warfarin Anticonvulsants Seizure disorders, acute, isolated seizures not caused by seizure disorders, status epilepticus, prevention of seizures after trauma or craniotomy, neuropathic pain Brivaracetam, Phenytoin, Felbamate, Lamotrigine, Carbamazepine, Clobazam, Clonazepam, Diazepam, Gabapentin, Eslicarbazepine, Fosphenytoin, Lacosamide, Valproate, Levetiracetam, Valproic acid, Magnesium sulfate, Oxcarbazepine, Primidone, Rufinamide, Tiagabine, Topiramate, Vigabatrin, Zonisamide Ataxia, confusion, somnolence, tremor, arrhythmias, hypotension, vomiting, agranulocytosis, BM depression, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, severe rashes, abnormal LFT Antidepressant, tricyclic Depression, anxiety, OCD, enuresis in children older than age 6, neuropathic pain; inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in CNS nerve terminals thus enhancing concentration and activity of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft Amitriptyline, Doxepin, Nortriptyline, Amoxapine, Trimipramine, Imipramine, Clomipramine, Desipramine, Protriptyline Orthostatic hypotension, sedation, T-wave abnormalities, conduction disturbances, arrhythmias Antidiabetics (Type 2 DM) Mild to moderate severe, stable, nonketotic, type 2 DM that can't be controlled by diet alone Acarbose, Albiglutide, Alogliptin, Bromocriptine, Canagliflozin, Exanatide, Dapagliflozin, Glipizide, Propanediol, Dulaglutide, Empagliflozin, Glyburide, Glimepiride, Linagliptin, Liraglutide, Lixisenatide, Metformin, Miglitol, Pioglitazone, Sitagliptin, Pramlintide, Repaglinide, Rosiglitazone, Saxagliptin, Semaglutide Hypoglycemia, nausea and vomiting, paresthesia, weakness, heartburn, headache, anorexia, anemia, rash, unpleasant or metallic taste, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dermatitis, GI upset Antidiarrheals Mild, acute, or chronic diarrhea, certain cancers that causes diarrhea Bismuth, Diphenoxylate, Loperamide, Octreotide Darkening of tongue and stools, abd cramps Antiemetics Nausea, vomiting, motion sickness, vertigo. It blocks serotonin stimulation centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and peripherally in vagal nerve terminals Aprepitant, Ondansetron, Dimenhydrinate, Dolasetron, Dronabinol, Fosaprepitant, Granisetron, Meclizine, Metoclopramide, Palonosetron, Prochlorperazine, Promethazine, Rolapitant, Scopolamine, Trimethobenzamide Asthenia, fatigue, dizziness, headache, insomnia, abdominal pain, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, epigastric discomfort, gastritis, heartburn, nausea, vomiting Antifungals Various fungal infections; bind to sterols in the fungal cell membrane, altering permeability and allowing intracellular components to leak out Amphotericin B, Anidulafungin, Nystatin, Econazole, Caspofungin, Clotrimazole, Tavaborole, Micafungin, Flucytosine, Miconazole, Griseofulvin, Itraconazole, Terbinafine, Efinaconazole, Isavuconazonium, Itraconazole, Ketoconazole Elevations of liver enzymes, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin levels, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, rash, headache, hypokalemia Antihistamine Allergic rhinitis, urticaria, pruritus, vertigo, motion sickness, nausea and vomiting, sedation, dyskinesia, parkinsonism; compete with histamine for H receptor sites on smooth muscles of bronchi, GIT, large blood vessels binding to cellular receptors Cetirizine, Promethazine, Chlorpheniramine, Desloratadine, Diphenhydramine, Fexofenadine, Levocetirizine, Loratadine Drowsiness, blurred vision, constipation, dry mouth and throat, cholestatic jaundice, photosensitivity, extrapyramidal reaction Antihypertensive ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor blockers Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers Centrally acting alpha blockers stimulate central alpha-adrenergic receptors, reducing cerebral sympathetic outflow which decreases peripheral vascular resistance and BP Direct renin inhibitor Peripherally acting alpha blockers Vasodilators - act directly on smooth muscle to reduce BP Benazepril, Captopril, Enalaprilat, Enalapril, Ramipril, Fosinopril, Lisinopril, Moexipril, Perindopril, Quinapril, Trandolapril Orthostatic changes in HR, headache, hypotension, nausea and vomiting, constipation, depression, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, palpitations, severe rebound HTN Azilsartan, Candesartan, Eprosartan, Irbesartan, Losartan, Olmesartan, Telmisartan, Valsartan Atenolol, Bisoprolol, Carvedilol, Labetalol, Metoprolol, Nadolol, Propranolol Amlodipine, Diltiazem, Felodipine, Nicardipine, Nifedipine, Nisoldipine, Verapamil Clonidine, Guanfacine, Methyldopa Aliskiren Hemifumarate Doxazosin, Prazosin, Nitroglycerin, Nitroprusside Antilipemics Hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia; lowers elevated lipid levels by forming insoluble complexes with bile salts, triggering cholesterol to leave the bloodstream and other storage areas to make new bile acids Alirocumab, Atorvastatin, Cholestyramine, Niacin, Colesevelam, Colestipol, Evolocumab, Ezetimibe, Fenofibrate, Fluvastatin, Gemfibrozil, Lomitapide, Lovastatin, Mipomersen, Pitavastatin, Pravastatin, Rosuvastatin, Simvastatin Bile-sequestering drugs may cause bloating, cholelithiasis, rash, constipation, myopathy, steatorrhea, rhabdomyolysis, pruritus, increased CK levels Antimetabolite antineoplastic Various tumors and hematologic conditions; most of these drugs interrupt cell reproduction at a specific phase of the cell cycle. They interfere with nucleic acid synthesis and replication Azacitidine, Capecitabine, Cytarabine, Decitabine, Fludarabine, Fluorouracil, Gemcitabine, TrifluridineTiparacil, Mercaptopurine, Methotrexate, Pemetrexed, Pralatrexate, Anxiety, BM depression (pancytopenia), chills, diarrhea, fever, flank or joint pain, hair loss, nausea, edema, stomatitis, vomiting Antimigraine drugs Migraines with or without aura; these drugs constrict cranial vessels, inhibit neuropeptide release, and reduce transmission in the trigeminal nerve pathway Almotriptan, Eletriptan, Frovatriptan, Naratriptan, Rizatriptan, Sumatriptan, Zolmitriptan Weakness, drowsiness, tingling, flushing, visual disturbances, paresthesia, dizziness, fatigue, somnolence, chest pain, dry mouth, dyspepsia, nausea, Antiparkinsonian drugs Signs and symptoms of parkinson disease and drug induced extrapyramidal reactions; blocking its reuptake into presynaptic neurons and suppressing central cholinergic activity. Increasing dopamine level availability and improving motor function Amantadine, Entacapone, Apomorphine, Levodopa, Benztropine, Tolcapone, Bromocriptine, Selegiline, Diphenhydramine, Ropinirole, Pramipexole Blurred vision, cycloplegia, constipation, anhidrosis, dry mouth, headache, mydriasis, palpitations, tachycardia, urinary hesitancy, arrhythmias Antiplatelet drugs Reduction of thrombotic events by reducing platelet aggregation, prevention of cardiac ischemic complications or treatment of unstable angina not responding to conventional therapy when PCI is planned within 24 hours, ST elevation, MI, recent stroke Abciximab, Aspirin, Cangrelor, Cilostazol, Clopidogrel, Dipyridamole, Eptifibatide, Prasugrel, Ticagrelor, Ticlopidine, Tirofiban, Vorapaxar Thrombocytopenia, anaphylaxis, rash, stomach pain, nausea, headache, neutropenia, elevated alkaline phosphatase and serum transaminase levels First generation Chlorpromazine, Fluphenazine, Loxapine, Haloperidol, Molindone, Perphenazine, Prochlorperazine, Thoridazadine, Thiothixene, Trifluoperazine Second generation Aripiprazole, Asenapine, Brexpiprazole, Ziprasidone, Lurasidone, Iloperidone, Cariprazine, Clozapine, Olanzapine, Paliperidone, Quetiapine, Risperidone Cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, hypotension, tachycardia, agitation, akathisia, seizures, dizziness, sedation, dystonia, headache, insomnia, tardive dyskinesia, extrapyramidal symptoms, photosensitivity, pruritus, anorexia, constipation, urine retention, hyperthermia Antipsychotics Blocks several neurotransmitters particularly dopamine. The exact mechanism of action and ideal combination of targeted neurotransmitters remain unknown Antirheumatics RA, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn’s disease, psoriatic arthritis, plaque psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, giant cell arteritis, polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Abatacept, Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Etanercept, Golimumab, Infliximab, Leflunomide, Tofacitinib, Tocilizumab Rash, pruritus, hair loss, urticaria, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, flatulence, dyspepsia, pancytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, HTN Antituberculosis Acute pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, acute UTIs Bedaquiline, Cycloserine, Ethambutol, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Rifabutin, Rifampin, Rifapentine Isoniazid - optic/ peripheral neuropathy Ethambutol - optic neuropathy, blood dyscrasias, anaphylaxis, hepatotoxicity Rifampin - epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, flatulence, abdominal cramps, anorexia, diarrhea Cycloserine - seizures, confusion, dizziness, headache, somnolence Benzodiazepine Seizure disorders, anxiety, tension, insomnia, procedural/surgical sedation or amnesia, skeletal muscle spasm and tremor, delirium Alprazolam, Diazepam, Chlordiazepoxide, Clobazam, Clonazepam, Flurazepam, Lorazepam, Midazolam, Oxazepam, Temazepam, Triazolam Drowsiness, impaired motor function, constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia, visual disturbances, confusion, bradycardia Beta blockers Compete with beta agonists for available beta receptors; nonselective - they block beta1 receptors in cardiac muscles, and beta2 receptors in bronchial and vascular smooth muscles Beta1-selective blockers Acebutolol, Atenolol, Betaxolol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol, Nebivolol Beta1 and 2 non selective blockers - Carvedilol, Labetalol, Nadolol, Propranolol, Sotalol, Timolol Bradycardia, dizziness, fatigue, erectile dysfunction, depression, hallucinations, memory loss, nightmares, hypotension, HF, bronchospasm Calcium channel blockers Inhibit calcium influx across the slow channels of myocardial and vascular smooth muscles by inhibiting calcium flow into these cells, calcium channel blockers reduce intracellular calcium levels Amlodipine, Clevidipine, Diltiazem, Felodipine, Isradipine, Nicardipine, Nifedipine, Nimodipine, Nisoldipine, Verapamil Bradycardia, hypotension, flushing, headache, heartburn, hypotension, peripheral edema, lightheadedness Cephalosporins Infections of the lungs, skin, soft tissue, bones, joints, urinary and respiratory tract, blood, abdomen, heart; clinically similar to penicillin, they act by inhibiting bacterial cell-wall synthesis, causing rapid cell destruction First generation - Cefadroxil, Cefazolin, Cephalexin Second generation - Cefaclor, Cefoxitin, Cefprozil, Cefuroxime Third generation - Cefdinir, Cefditoren, Cefotaxime, Cefpodoxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftrioaxone Fourth generation - Cefepime Fifth generation - Ceftaroline Mild rashes, fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dyspepsia, glossitis, nausea, tenesmus, vomiting, pancytopenia, minimal elevation of LFT CNS stimulants Stimulation of respiration in Armodafinil, Doxapram, HTN, palpitations, patients with drug induced post anesthesia respiratory depression or CNS depression caused by overdose and as temporary measure in acute respiratory insufficiency, obstructive sleep apnea, shift-work sleep disorder, obesity, binge eating disorder, ADHD, Dexmethylphenidate, Dextroamphetamine, Lisdexamfetamine, Methylphenidate, Modafinil, Phentermine tachyarrhythmias, urticaria, constipation, anorexia, diarrhea, dizziness, insomnia, tremor, restlessness, rash, SJS Corticosteroids Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hypersensitivity, inflammation (eye, nose, RT) to initiate immunosuppression, replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency, dermatologic diseases, respiratory disorders, RA; Suppress cell-mediated and humoral immunity by reducing levels of leukocytes, monocytes and eosinophils by decreasing Ig binding to cell-surface receptors Beclomethasone, Betamethasone, Budesonide, Clicelsonide, Cortisone acetate, Deflazacort, Dexamethasone, Fludrocortisone, Flunisolide, Fluticasone, Hydrocortisone, Methylprednisolone, Mometasone, Prednisolone, Prednisone, Triamcinolone Cushingoid symptoms, diabetes, HTN, osteoporosis, varicella, vaccinia, exanthem, DM, hypothyroidism, thromboembolic disorders, seizures, myasthenia gravis, HF, TB, ocular herpes simplex Diuretics (loop) Edema from HF, hepatic cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, mild to moderate HTN, adjunctive treatment in pulmonary edema or HTN crisis; Inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of henle, thus increasing excretion of sodium, chloride and water Bumetanide, Ethacrynate, Ethacrynic acid, Furosemide, Torsemide Metabolic and electrolyte disturbances, potassium depletion, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, hypochloremic alkalosis, hypomagnesemia Diuretic (potassiumsparing) Edema from hepatic cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, HF, HTN, Prophylaxis of Hypokalemia in patients taking cardiac glycosides Hyperaldosteronism, Hypokalemia Amiloride, Eplerenone, Spironolactone, Triamterene Hyperkalemia, arrhythmias, nausea, vomiting, headache, weakness, fatigue, bowel disturbances, cough, dyspnea Diuretic, thiazide and thiazide-like Interfere with sodium transport across the tubules of the cortical diluting segment in the nephron, thereby increasing renal excretion of sodium, chloride, water and potassium and decreasing calcium excretion Thiazide (Hydrochlorothiazide) Thiazide-like (Indapamide, Metolazone) Electrolyte and metabolic disturbances, potassium depletion, elevated cholesterol levels, hypochloremic alkalosis, hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, hyperglycemia Estrogen Promote the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics, they inhibit the release of pituitary gonadotropins and have various metabolic effects Esterified, Estradiol (Cypionate, Hemihydrate, Valerate), Estrogens (Conjugated), Estropipate Bloating, breast swelling, tenderness, spotting, prolongation or absence of bleeding, headache, loss of appetite, loss of libido, nausea, photosensitivity, edema, weight gain Ciprofloxacin, Delafloxacin, Gatigfloxacin, Gemifloxacin, Psychosis, agitation, hallucinations, tremors, Fluoroquinolones Bone and joint infection, bacterial bronchitis, endocervical and urethral chlamydial infection, bacterial gastroenteritis, bacterial UTI, endocervical and urethral gonorrhea, intra-abdominal infection, empirical therapy for febrile neutropenia, pelvic inflammatory disease, bacterial pneumonia, bacterial prostatitis, acute sinusitis, skin and soft tissue infection, typhoid fever Hematopoietic agents Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Ofloxacin hepatotoxicity, insomnia, hypoglycemia, tendon rupture, hyperglycemia, hypersensitivity reactions, interstitial nephritis, phlebitis, drowsiness, pseudomembranous colitis, tendinitis, dizziness, headache, nervousness, photosensitivity Anemia associated with chronic Darbepoetin alfa, Epoetin alfa, renal failure, zidovudine therapy in Epoetin alfa-epbx patients with HIV, and cancer chemotherapy, to reduce the need for allogeneic blood transfusions in surgical patients Fatigue, headache, chest pain, HTN, nausea, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, mucositis, stomatitis, myalgia, dyspnea, cough, rash, urticaria, seizures Histamine²receptor antagonist Duodenal or gastric ulcer, zollinger-ellison syndrome, GERD; inhibits the action of H2 receptors in gastric parietal cells, reducing gastric acid output and concentration Cimetidine, Famotidine, Nizatidine, Ranitidine Cardiac arrhythmias, dizziness, fatigue, gynecomastia, headache, mild and transient diarrhea, thrombocytopenia Immuno suppresants Prevention of rejection in organ transplant, management of severe RA, MS, psoriasis, Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis Anakinra, Azathioprine, Basiliximab, Belimumab, Cyclosporine, Etanercept, Fingolimod, Infliximab (abda, dyyb, qbtx) Lymphocyte immune globulin, Tacrolimus, Mycophenolate, Sirolimus, Albuminuria, Hematuria, Proteinuria, RF, hepatotoxicity, oral candida infections, gingival hyperplasia, tremors, headache, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, infection Inotropes HF and supraventricular arrhythmias, including supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, short term HF and patients awaiting heart transplantation, low cardiac output Digoxin, Dobutamine, Dopamine, Milrinone Arrhythmias, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, elevated liver, enzymes, headache, fever, mental disturbances, visual changes, chest pain, thrombocytopenia, Laxatives Constipation, IBS, Diverticulosis; it promotes movement of intestinal contents through the colon and rectum is several ways Bulk-forming - Calcium polycarbophil, Psyllium Emollient - Mineral oil Hyperosmolar - Glycerin, Lactulose, Lubiprostone, Polyethylene glycol Saline - Magnesium (citrate, hydroxide, sulfate), Sodium phosphate Stimulant - Bisacodyl Stool softener, stool surfactant - Docusate (Calcium, sodium) Intestinal obstruction, impaction, esophageal obstruction, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, urine discoloration, malabsorption, weight loss Macrolide anti-infectives Various common infections; inhibit RNA-dependent protein synthesis by acting on a small portion of the 50S ribosomal unit Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin (ethylsuccinate, lactobionate) Fidaxomicin Torsades de pointes, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rash, chest pain, palpitations, vertigo Neuromuscular blockers To relax skeletal muscle during surgery, reduce intensity of muscle spasms in drug-induced or electrically induced seizures, manage patients who are fighting mechanical ventilation Atracurium besylate, Cisatracurium besylate, Pancuronium bromide, Rocuronium bromide, Succinylcholine chloride, Vecuronium bromide Apnea, hypotension, HTN, arrhythmias, tachycardia, bronchospasm, excessive bronchial or salivary secretions, skin reactions Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Mild to moderate pain, myalgia, RA, inflammation, stiffness, swelling or tenderness caused by headache, arthralgia, neuralgia, dysmenorrhea, juvenile arthritis, osteoarthritis, dental or surgical procedures or PDA Aspirin, Celecoxib, Diclofenac, Diflunisal, Etodolac, Naproxen, Fenoprofen, Ibuprofen, Indomethacin, Ketoprofen, Ketorolac tromethamine, Meloxicam, Nabumetone, Piroxicam, Sulindac Erosion of the gastric mucosa, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, epigastric distress, heartburn, nausea, flank pain Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors HIV infections, AIDS, prevention of Abacavir sulfate, Didanosine, maternal-fetal HIV transmission, Emtricitabine, Lamivudine, prevention of HIV infection after Stavudine, Zidovudine non/occupational exposure to blood, genital secretion Difficult to distinguish between disease related symptoms and adverse drug reaction Opioid analgesic Moderate to severe pain from acute and some chronic disorders, management of pain severe enough to require daily around the clock long term opioid treatment, dry nonproductive cough, sedation Codeine, Fentanyl citrate, Hydromorphone hydrochloride, Meperidine, Methadone, Morphine sulfate, Nalbuphine, Oxycodone, Oxymorphone, Pentazocine Orthostatic hypotension, coma, agitation, depression, dizziness, dysphoria, euphoria, faintness, mental clouding, nervousness, restlessness, seizures Penicillins Generally bactericidal, it inhibits synthesis of the bacterial cell wall causing rapid cell destruction. They are most effective against fast-growing susceptible bacteria Natural Penicillin - Penicillin G (benzathine, potassium, procaine, sodium), Penicillin V potassium Aminopenicillin - Amoxicillin (clavulanate potassium) Ampicillin (trihydrate, sodium-sulbactam sodium) Extended-spectrum Penicillin - Piperacillin sodium-tazobactam sodium Penicillinase-resistant Penicillins - Dicloxacillin sodium, Nafcillin sodium, Oxacillin sodium Mild rash, coma, fever, eosinophilia to fatal anaphylaxis, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, confusion, twitching, lethargy, dysphagia, seizures, hepatotoxicity Phenothiazines Agitated psychotic states, schizophrenia, hallucinations, manic-depressive illness, excessive motor and autonomic activity, nausea and vomiting, moderate anxiety, behavior problems caused by chronic organic mental syndrome, tetanus, acute intermittent porphyria Chlorpromazine, Fluphenazine, Perphenazine, Promethazine, Prochlorperazine, Thioridazine, Thiothixene, Trifluoperazine Dystonic movements, torticollis, oculogyric crises, parkinsonian symptoms ranging from akathisia during early treatment to tardive dyskinesia after long term use Amenorrhea, endometrial hyperplasia, abnormal uterine bleeding, endometriosis, contraception Hydroxyprogesterone, Ulipristal Bleeding, spotting, changes acetate, Medroxyprogesterone, in menstrual flow, mood Norethindrone changes, alterations in weight, breast enlargement Progestins and tenderness Protease inhibitors HIV infection and AIDS, postexposure anaphylaxis; formation of noninfectious, immature virus particles Atazanavir, Indinavir, Ritonavir, Fosamprenavir, Tipranavir, Darunavir, Nelfinavir, Saquinavir, Lopinavir Pancreatitis, hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, paresthesia, headache, insomnia, taste disturbances, dizziness Proton Pump Inhibitor Duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, erosive esophagitis, and GERD, hypersecretory conditions; reduces stomach acid production by combining with hydrogen, potassium, adenosine Dexlansoprazole, Esomeprazole (magnesium, sodium), Lansoprazole, Omeprazole, Pantoprazole, Rabeprozole Abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, nausea, dry mouth, headache, asthenia, URI, abnormal LFT results, hyperglycemia Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Major depression, OCD, bulimia nervosa, premenstrual dysphoric disorders, panic disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder Citalopram, Escitalopram, Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine, Sertraline, Vilazodone Headache, tremor, sexual dysfunction, dizziness, GI disturbances, dystonia, sleep disturbances, akathisia Skeletal muscle relaxants Painful musculoskeletal disorder, muscle spasticity Baclofen, Carisoprodol, Dantrolene, Cyclobenzaprine, Mathocarbamol, Orphenadrine, Tizanidine Ataxia, confusion, vertigo, depressed mood, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, headache, hypotension Sulfonamides Bacterial infections, nocardiosis, toxoplasmosis, chloroquineresistant, Plasmodium Falciparum malaria; inhibit biosynthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid, which is needed for bacterial cell growth Sulfadiazine, Sulfamethoxazole Bronchospasm, fever, rash, conjunctivitis, erythema, multiforme, Lyell syndrome, erythema nodosum, joint pain, nausea, pruritus, leukopenia Tetracycline Bacterial, protozoal, and rickettsial infections; may be bactericidal against certain organisms. They bind reversibly to 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits Tetracycline, Doxycycline (hyclate, monohydrate) Minocycline, Abdominal discomfort, anorexia, bulky, loose stools, colitis, epigastric burning, nausea and vomiting Thrombolytics To lyse thrombi, often in acute or emergency situations, acute MI, acute ischemic stroke, PE, peripheral vascular occlusion, to restore patency to thrombosed grafts and IV access devices, hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplant Alteplase, Defibrotide, Reteplase, Tenecteplase Bleeding, allergic response, nausea and vomiting, fever, hypotension Vasopressors Correction of hemodynamic imbalances present in shock, trauma, septicemia, cardiac surgical procedures, spinal anesthesia, drug reactions, renal failure, and HF Dobutamine, Dopamine, Ephedrine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine Ventricular arrhythmias, tachycardia, angina, palpitations, cardiac conduction abnormalities, widened QRS complex, bradycardia, hypotension, HTN
