Seaweed is a primitive non flowering plant without root, stem and leaves. They are one of the most commercially important renewable sources. Some keywords related to seaweed and their significance are1. Diversity of seaweed - Seaweed are diverse and can be classified into 3 main categories based on pigmentation and chemical composition: Red algae, Green algae and Brown algae. Each of these group have unique characteristic and potential application. 2. Cultivation of Seaweed - Humans have a long history of using seaweed for various purpose such as food, medicine and a source of materials for chemicals. In recent years there has been an increase in seaweed farming which is considered as an environment friendly and sustainable agricultural practice. 3. Medicinal properties- Seaweed has been studied for their potential medicinal properties. They contain many bioactive compounds such as polyphenol, polysaccharide and peptide which may have anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Research is going to explore their use in drugs and therapies. 4. Environmental benefits- Seaweeds have many environmental benefits. They are used in the production of food products such as sushi wraps as well as in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and agriculture. 5. Sustainability- Seaweed cultivation is considered as sustainable because it does not require freshwater, arable land and synthetic fertilizer. (Raghunathan Ganeshamurthy , Nagarajan Balachandran Dhayanithi et.al 2014) Antimicrobial activity of seaweedMicroalgae has been studied for their antimicrobial properties which involve their ability to produce bioactive compounds that inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and even some viruses. These compounds can act as a potential antibiotics. Researchers have been actively working on isolating and identifying antibiotic compound from microalgae. This involves the extraction of bioactive compounds from microalgae cultures and their subsequent analysis to determine their chemical structure and antimicrobial properties. Microalgae offers the potential for discovering novel antibiotics. As traditional antibiotics face issue like antibiotic resistance finding the new sources of antimicrobial compound is crucial. Microalgae represent a relatively untapped resource for such discoveries. Microalgae are incredibily diverse and different species can produce a wide variety of bioactive compounds. This diversity allows researchers to screen various microalgae species for their potential antibiotic value, increasing the chances of discovering unique and effective antibiotics. (Raghunathan Ganeshamurthy , Nagarajan Balachandran Dhayanithi et.al 2014) Bacterial diseases can indeed be a significant problem in ornamental fish production. These diseases can lead to high mortality rates, economic losses, and can also pose a risk to other fish in the same environment. The majority of ornamental fish species are collected from their natural habitats (wild-caught). This practice can have negative impacts on local ecosystems due to overharvesting and habitat disruption. The shift towards captive breeding helps reduce pressure on wild populations and can provide more sustainable sources of ornamental fish. PhytochemicalsPhytochemicals are non-nutritive compounds found in plants that can have various health benefits for humans. These compounds often have protective properties against various diseases. Analyzing the phytochemical composition of seaweed is an important preliminary step to identify and understand the secondary metabolite present in these marine plants. Seaweeds are known to produce a wide range of secondary metabolites. These are chemical compounds that are not directly involved in the growth or de elopement of the seaweeds but serve various ecological functions, including defense against predators and pathogens. Microalgae can produce a wide range of chemically active metabolite like alkaloid, polyketides, cyclic peptides, polysaccharide , phlorotannins, diterpenoids , sterol, quinones have a wide range of biological activites (Mohammad Deyqab, Taha Elkatony et. al 2016) Marine organisms such as corals, sponges and algae and various micro-organisms have proven to be a valuable source of bioactive compound with pharmacological potential. This compound has been primarily studied for its potential against wide range of disease such as urinary tract infection, gastrointestinal disorder and respiratory disease. Some microorganisms are effective against bacteria causing Urinary tract infection (UTIs). Compounds such as marinomycins and abyssomicins has shown promise in this regards. Marine compunds such as marine corals and soft sponges has demonstrated antimicrobial properties. This compounds can be explored in their potential in managing gastrointestinal disorder characterized by inflammation such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Marine derived compounds such as lectins and peptides from marine organisms have exhibited antiviral properties that could be useful in the treatment of viral infection such as influenza and corona virus. Additionally anti-inflammatory source from marine organism may help to manage inflammatory respiratory conditions like asthma and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Certain marine toxins such as conotoxin from con snail have bben investigated for their potential use in pain medication. Marine organism have yielded numerous compound with potential anticancer properties. From instance, Cytarabine derived from marine sources have been used in cancer chemotherapy. Some marine compound like omega 3 fatty acid found in fish and marine algae have established cardiovascular benefits. They can help to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease such as heart disease and stroke. Marine compound like Byrostatin has shown promise in treatment of disease like Alzheimer’s disease. (Sujatha Ravi, VN Hasmetha Banu et.al 2019) Microalgae such as Spirulina and Chlorella have been consumed by humans for centuries. They are rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals and are used as dietary supplement and in the production of functional foods. Microalgae are a valuable source of nutrition for aquaculture, especially for larval stages of fish and shellfish. They provide essential fatty acids, proteins and vitamins necessary for the growth of these aquatic animals. [Soad M. Mohy El. Din, Amani M.D. El. Ahwany] Phytochemicals from microalgae are extensively used in various industries like pharmaceuticals, textile, food, diary and paper mostly as gelling, stabilizing and thickening agents. [Soad M. Mohy El. Din, Amani M.D. El. Ahwany] Brown microalgae exhibit antimicrobial activity in methanolic extract Red and green algae need acetone for results. [Swarna Bharathi Durairaj, Bhoopathi Raja Andiyappan 2020] Seaweed extracts have been studied for their potential anti-cancer properties due to their rich bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, polyphenols, and other secondary metabolites. Some of the ways in which seaweed extracts may inhibit uncontrollable cell growth in human cancer cell lines. [Swarna Bharathi Durairaj, Bhoopathi Raja Andiyappan 2020] Terpenoids: Terpenoids are a diverse class of compounds that often exhibit antimicrobial properties. These compounds are derived from isoprene units and can be found in various algae species. They can disrupt bacterial cell membranes and interfere with their growth. Phlorotannins: Phlorotannins are phenolic compounds specific to brown algae (Phaeophyceae). They have antioxidant and antibacterial properties, and they can inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with cell membrane integrity and other metabolic processes. Acrylic Acid: Acrylic acid derivatives have been found to possess antibacterial activities in certain marine algae. They might disrupt bacterial cell membranes and inhibit their growth. Phenolic Compounds: Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites that are widely distributed in algae. They have antioxidant and antibacterial properties, often by interfering with bacterial enzymes and cell membrane function. Steroids: Steroids from algae may exhibit antibacterial effects by disrupting bacterial cell membranes and interfering with their essential processes. Halogenated Ketones and Alkaloids: Halogenated compounds from algae, such as halogenated ketones and alkaloids, can have potent antibacterial activities due to their unique chemical structures. Cyclic Polysulfides: These compounds, often found in certain algae species, have been shown to possess antibacterial properties by targeting bacterial enzymes and interfering with essential cellular processes. Fatty Acids: Certain fatty acids produced by algae can have antibacterial effects. These fatty acids can disrupt bacterial cell membranes and inhibit growth. [N. Manchu Y. Melpha 2015] Different types of algae produce varying combinations of these compounds, leading to their diverse antibacterial activities. Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Phaeophyceae are three major groups of algae, and each group can produce different types of antibacterial compounds. It's worth noting that while these compounds show promise as potential sources for new antibacterial drugs, further research and testing are required to fully understand their mechanisms of action and potential medical applications. Microalgae, particularly within the Chlorophyceae group, have gained attention as potential sources of novel drugs due to their diverse metabolic capabilities. Their rich biochemistry and ability to produce a wide range of bioactive compounds make them attractive candidates for drug discovery and development. [N. Manchu Y. Melpha 2015] Green microalgae, including species like Ulva, are indeed commonly found in coastal environments and are known to contain various bioactive compounds. [ Watee Srikong et.al ] Rhodophytes are able to synthesize Halogenated metabolites such as metabolite, low molecular hydrocarbon and phenol. [Mendes M., Perira R. 2013] Brown seaweed such as Sargassum Polycystum Sargassum Tenerimum , Padina australis and Sargassum Latifolium and Sargassum Glocescensas show anti-fungal and anti-microbial properties. [Jonathan Mallillin Bolanos , Fransis Neustro Baleta et. al 2017] Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds found in plants, including seaweeds. Seaweeds, also known as marine algae, are rich sources of various phytochemicals that play significant biological roles. [ Rajashekar T. Mary Shamya A. 2018] Phenol and Flavanoid are significant in brown seaweed and Alkaloid in Red Seaweed [ Rohini D. Khumbar , Surekha P Rhode 2014]
