De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE RIZAL’S TIME: ACTIVITY 1 PART 1 Group Members Candelario, Jhoanna May Cunanan, Allyza Nicole R. Dayrit, Andrea Rose Israel, Beatrice Margaret Junio, Rhoel Matthew Macahilos, Ashley Meehgel Uy, Willan Maei August 2023 I. Enumerate and explain the important changes/factors that led to the rise of nationalism in the Philippines in 19th Century. (3-5 changes/ factors per developments) A. Economic Developments 1. Cash-Crop Economy During the 19th century, Haciendas became known. This is where the lands were utilized for crops, hence the term “cash-crops”. Known cash-crops are: Sugar, Tobacco, Abaka, and Coffee. These said products were prominent in our country, making the Philippines a major exporter then shifted to a moneyed economy from the bartered system. 2. The Opening of the Suez Canal This facilitated the trade of products between Europe and Asia to reduce the distance as it makes the trading less hassle as ships no longer have to roam around South Africa. This indeed helped the economy of the Philippines as the commercial agriculture increased rapidly. 3. Role of Ilustrados Ilustrados are known to be the group of educated Filipinos back then who had the chance to learn about European Enlightenment ideas, which gave way to Filipinos demanding the economic injustices under Spanish rule. B. Political Developments 1. The Execution of GOMBURZA The execution further aggravated the hatred of the Filipinos on January 20, 1872, when two hundred Filipinos employed at the Cavite arsenal staged a revolt against the Spanish government's voiding of their exemption from the payment of tributes. The Cavite Mutiny resulted in the prosecution of notable Filipinos; secular priests Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora referred to as GomBurZa–were identified as the uprising's masterminds. A Spanish military tribunal charged the priests with treason and sedition, which was alleged to be part of a scheme to control the growing popularity of Filipino secular priests and the threat they posed to the Spanish clergy. The GomBurZa were publicly executed, on the early morning of February 17, 1872 at Bagumbayan. Their deaths awakened strong feelings of anger and resentment among the Filipinos: the propaganda movement was organized and ultimately brought about Spain’s downfall. 2. The Rise of the Middle Class The execution of the GOMBURZA sparked interest among educated Ilustrados and drew the Principalia's attention. Their standard of living improved, and they gained a prominent place in society, becoming influential in the propagation of ideologies. The growing discontent with the principles, accommodated as intermediaries of the Spanish government from the inception of its colonial rule. However, masses had been skeptical about the local aristocracy due to their proportion of influence in the society. The Principals were more outspoken about the colony's harsh policies as a result of their Masonic beliefs in freethinking, anti-clerical, and humanitarian. 3. Spread of Liberalism Because of the government's incompetence and widespread bribery and corruption, fundamental needs were not met, taxes were not used to their full potential, and Filipino participation in politics was severely restricted. As a result, Rizal has demanded political reforms and demanded change. Rizal's plea for the education of his fellow Filipinos was prompted by the lack of concern shown by government authorities. Rizal campaigned for political reforms including the pervasive corruption of the administration and urged to advocate for the education of his fellow Filipinos because of the government officials' lack of concern. 4. Abuses and Injustices of Spaniards There was no sense of freedom when Spain ruled the Philippines, making Filipinos suffer from feudalistic and master-slave relationships with the Spaniards. Under the administration, there was a lot of abuse in the administration; including the appointment of individuals with low qualifications who mainly served to enable corruption. It was predominant that Spaniards only prioritized their interests over the welfare of the state. The government’s incompetence and rampant graft and corruption limited the participation of Filipinos in the government abusing heavy taxes and restricting the fundamental needs of the Filipinos. As a result, Rizal has demanded political reforms and demanded change because of the government officials' lack of concern. It has compelled his notable works to pave the way for Filipino nationalism inspiring Filipinos to achieve independence from the unjust and reprobate Spaniards. C. Cultural Developments 1. Cultural Heritage and Identity Efforts to promote the use of Tagalog, the language of the Filipino people, as a language of communication and cultural expression have been successful in a big way. As a result, Filipinos felt more a part of a common linguistic identity. Literary and artistic movements, such as the Propaganda Movement, have resulted in the creation of works that celebrate Filipino heritage, history, and identity. National pride and a desire for self-determination were emphasized in works such as novels, poetry, and visual art. 2. Interaction with Foreign Influences Spanish colonial oppression caused the Filipino people to become increasingly dissatisfied with their government. A sense of collective suffering and resistance to foreign rule was sparked by harsh treatment, forced labor, and economic exploitation. Access to Ideas gave Filipino intellectuals access to political writings, revolutionary ideas, and European literature, which sparked discussions about equality, democracy, and the right of nations to self-govern. 3. Daily life and social customs Both Filipino and Spanish Catholic cultures blended the tradition. The Philippines is a family-oriented country, with extended families that include godparents and Catholics. Religious holidays and significant life events draw the group together. Filipino cultures primarily consume rice noodles with meat, fruits, and vegetables. They also make their own alcohol from rice, coconut sap, and sugarcane. Parboiled embryonic duck is known as balut and is a common street food in Manila. With some garments being exclusive to particular groups or regions, clothing is based on European designs. Muslim communities in Mindanao, for instance, dress in colorful malong cloth, while urban men dress in intricately embroidered shirts known as barong for both casual and formal occasions. D. Religious Developments 1. Increasing number of Filipino priests during 19th Century During the latter half of the 19th century, a noticeable trend emerged: an increasing number of Filipino priests and clergy members were actively reclaiming ownership of the Catholic Church for the Filipino population. Among these figures, the trio known as GOMBURZA—composed of Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto Zamora—stood out. Their courage was evident as they directly confronted the Spanish government, although they were falsely accused of inciting a mutiny in Cavite in 1872, ultimately leading to their execution by the Spanish authorities. This marked a significant departure from the prior dominance of Spanish friars and missionaries, fostering a growing sense of empowerment and ownership within the Filipino Catholic community. 2. Establishment of catholic schools In the 19th century, the Catholic Church played a significant role in expanding educational access in the Philippines. They took on the responsibility of providing educational opportunities while also imparting Catholic teachings, thus establishing the foundation of Catholic education. However, during this period, the education provided in Catholic schools often out of date. Christian doctrines were often taught in Latin rather than Spanish. This resulted in limited curriculum offerings within Catholic schools. On a positive note, the gradual reclamation of the Catholic Church by Filipinos marked a turning point. This shift allowed for a renewed focus on fostering Filipino involvement in the Catholic educational framework. As a result, Catholic schools began to open their doors to Filipinos who sought to learn within the context of Catholicism. This change not only expanded educational access but also laid the groundwork for an education that was both culturally relevant and in line with the evolving needs of Filipino students. 3. Influence of catholicism to cultural discovery and preservation Catholicism also played a pivotal role in 19th century in shaping Filipino identities by imparting its teachings into the cultural aspects influenced by the Spanish presence. The combination of faith and culture during this era became evident in various aspects. Devotees' unwavering faith became a cornerstone in preserving Filipino heritage, exemplified through traditions like the Santo Niño (Holy Child) feast, penitential practices during Holy Week, and numerous festivals held in gratitude for the blessings of Jesus Christ. This intertwining of faith, beliefs, culture, and rituals contributed to the cultivation of a distinct Filipino identity, leaving an memorable marks on the hearts of Filipino citizens and their identity up until today. II. References Catholicism in the Philippines. (n.d.). Religion and Public Life at Harvard Divinity School. https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/catholicism-philippines Gomburza and the propaganda movement. (2022). Philippine History. https://www.philippine-history.org/gomburza.htm Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal. (n.d.). Spain and Philippines in the 19th Century. https://espanyaatpilipinas.weebly.com/philippines.html Manalo, A. R. (2022). Ilustrado, Revolutionaries or Accomplices of the Spanish Empire: The Contested Influence of Filipino Ilustrados on Philippine National Independence (1872-1898). Synergy. https://utsynergyjournal.org/2022/02/06/ilustrado-revolutionaries-or-accomplices-of-the-spanish-em pire-the-contestedinfluence-of-filipino-ilustrados-on-philippine-national-independence-1872-1898/ Philippines in the 19th century. (2014). Dimasalang Laong Laan. https://dimasalanglaonglaan.wordpress.com/philippines-in-the-19th-century/ Philippines | History, Map, flag, Population, capital, & Facts. (2023b, August 23). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/Cultural-life Philippines | History, Map, flag, Population, capital, & Facts. (2023c, August 23). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/The-early-republic Philippines. (2023). Catholics & Cultures. https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/philippines Rizal’s Stand on Freedom. (n.d.). Filipinas Heritage Library. https://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/articles/rizals-stand-on-freedom/ The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023). Philippine-American War | Facts, history, & Significance. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Philippine-American-War
