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كتاب رائع في تعلم إدارة المواقع مراجع

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
٢١٠
 

 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ?   ?  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١
 W،E١J ١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
KE‫א‬F
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١J ١F

‫א‬
‫א‬







 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٢J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
K‫א‬ J ٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 K
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٢J ١J ٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KKKK‫א‬–‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ٢J ١
،‫א‬٪١–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١F،‫א‬
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

 

 W ‫א‬



W
 ‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬



W ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬



W
 ‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬





 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK    KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 K
 KKKKKKKKKK L KKKKKKK L KKKKKKK   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKLKKKKKKKLKKKKKKK
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 KE‫א‬‫א‬FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬














 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢J ١F
-٧-





 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١J ٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣J ١F، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 


 

 W ‫א‬



W
 W



W ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬
W
 ‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK            
   ،   KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬






 ‫א‬






 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣J ١F
-٩-
























 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬٥J ١J ٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥
K،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١J ٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ١J ٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬K––
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، – ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ١J ٢J ١
– J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،KKK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٩J ١J ٢J ١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬J 
‫א‬ –J ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬J
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٥،‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬٪١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ١J ٢J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١١J ١J ٢J ١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢J ١J ٢J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ١
 –‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
K––W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
KKKK‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬J
K‫ א‬J
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
KEF‫א‬‫א‬ J
- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،،British Standard (B.S)‫א‬
 K٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،–‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J 
 ‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K،‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 

K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
–‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬،‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬٪٢٠–١٠
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
J ٢
،‫א‬
–E٤J ١F– ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
E٥J ١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 




 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈــــــﺎت‬
‫א‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻮاردة ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬
 ‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW





‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن‬






















‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻧﺠﺎز‬











‫اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬة‬



‫ﻓﺌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬


KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
‫اﺳﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﺪ‬
‫رﻗﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﺪ‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬




‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻣﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW








‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤J ١F

 KKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
- ٢٠ -
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 


 KKKKKKKKK‫א‬

 



W
‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬



W
‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 ‫א‬



W ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬

 W ‫א‬



W
‫א‬

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٪FG
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬E٪FG

‫א‬E٪FG
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬

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
‫א‬‫א‬G
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
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

E٪F‫א‬‫א‬G

‫א‬G

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLKKKKKKKKLKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬




 



 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬





 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬





 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬





 EFWE٥J ١F
- ٢١ -





















 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،K‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫ א‬J
K‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٨
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F

  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،

  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F‫א‬
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬


‫א‬ W ‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F 
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F 
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
E‫א‬F
E‫א‬F 
E‫א‬F






‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WE١J ٢F
- ٢٧ -











 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،KKK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢F،‫א‬

- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 



‫א‬












‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢J ٢F 
- ٢٩ -


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 


‫א‬
‫א‬











‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣J ٢F


‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 K‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
،‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬J
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKKK‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫ א‬J
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬–W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٥J ٢FE٤J ٢F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

‫א‬
 


‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٤J ٢F 



‫א‬



‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬






‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٥J ٢F 
- ٣٦ -


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،KKK–‫א‬–W‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬E٦J ٢F


........................‫ﻓﻨﺪﻕ‬


 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ WE٦J ٢F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬









 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


٥ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،KKK
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KComponents‫א‬Raw materials‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
KK‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
_‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKK
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J ٧
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬Production moral ‫א‬ J ٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Hot orders ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ J 
- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١J ٣F ،‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬



 

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬WE١J ٣F




 ‫א‬J ١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 B‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،A‫א‬
‫א‬،C‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬، D‫א‬K‫א‬
،
E٢J ٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬W––‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٠

٪٥









 ٩٠

٪١٠ 








 ٨٠

٪١٥









 ٧٠










 ٦٠










 ٥٠










 ٤٠










 ٣٠










 ٢٠
A










 ١٠










B
C
   ١٠  ٢٠  ٣٠  ٤٠  ٥٠  ٦٠
D
٧٠  ٨٠  ٩٠
١٠٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠‫א‬٪١٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬٪١٥‫א‬٪٢٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠‫א‬٪٣٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ٪٥ ‫א‬ ٪٣٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢J ٣F 
- ٤٥ -
W
A
W
B
W
C
W
D




 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫ א‬J 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K Supply?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Supply Quantities

 ‫א‬J ١
 Supply Timing

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Uncertain ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KProbabilities‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Usage rate
?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ KDemand
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬J ١
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 KE٣J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣J ٣F 
- ٤٩ -

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


















 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬W 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
?–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬J J   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?–‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦
 K?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 


٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
٦
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

١
٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬







‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
Purchasing Cycle


٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬WE٤J ٣F


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫–א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E–F‫א‬‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٩
 KE٥J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 





‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٥J ٣F 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، 
 ،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Load Leveling ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 E١J ٣F
،٤٨‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ٥
 ٤
 ٢٣٠٤
 ٢J ١
 
 ٥
 ٨
 ٩٦٠
 ٤J ١
 
 ٦
 ٥
 ٢٣٥٢
 ٣J ١
 
 ٤
 ٢
 ٧٢٠
 ٥J ٢
 
 ٨
 ٥
 ١٠٠٨
 ٥J ٤
 
 ٧
 ٧
 ٦٧٢
 ٦J ٤
 
 ٧
 ٦
 ٤٦٠٨
 ٧J ٣
 
 ٤
 ٦
 ٣٣٦٠
 ٨J ٦
 
 ٣
 ٣
 ١١٥٢
 ٨J ٥
 
 ٥
 ٣
 ١٦٨٠
 ٨J ٧
 
 ‫א‬










 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E٦J ٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،٢١J J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣F،‫א‬
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
٣،‫ط‬
٣
٨
٢
٥،‫هـ‬
٨
٦،‫ح‬
٤
٣،‫ي‬
٥
٢،‫د‬
٤
٥
٧،‫و‬
٧
٦
٦،‫ز‬
٧
٧

٤،‫أ‬
٥


٨،‫ب‬
٥
٤
٣

١


٥،‫ج‬
٨


E١J ٣FW‫א‬ WE٦J ٣F 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 ١٢
 ١٦
 ٤
 ١٢
 
 
 
 ٨
 ٨
 
 
 
 ٧
 ١٢
 ٥
 ٧
 
 
 ١٢
 ١٨
 ٦
 ١٦
 ٤
 
 ٥
 ١٨
 ١٣
 ١٣
 ٨
 
 
 ١٥
 ١٥
 ٨
 ٨
 
 ٧
 ١٨
 ١١
 ١٢
 ٥
 
 
 ٢١
 ٢١
 ١٥
 ١٥
 
 ٥
 ٢١
 ١٦
 ١٨
 ١٣
 
 ٧
 ٢١
 ١٤
 ١٨
 ١١
 











 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١J ٣F

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ٢٠  
 K،
E٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
––‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 



 
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 ١٦ 
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E١J ٣FWW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٧J ٣F
- ٦٠ -











 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
E٨J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬––
،‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 

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


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 
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 
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٨J ٣F
- ٦٢ -


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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 Limited Human Resources ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢J ٣F
، ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬E٩J ٣F‫א‬
 KE١٠J ٣F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠J ٣FE٩J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
٣،‫هـ‬
٣
٦
٣،‫و‬
٣
٣،‫ز‬
٣

٧،‫أ‬
٤
٣
٤
٣،‫د‬
٤
٢

٨،‫ب‬
٥

١



٥،‫ج‬
٢
٥


E٢J ٣FW‫א‬ WE٩J ٣F 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
١٤ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 KE١٠J ٣F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 




 


٤










٢



































 ٣





















 



٣ 



















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


٥ 





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
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





 




٦






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



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

 

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

 ٣

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




 ٤
 ٦
 ٨
 
 
  ٢
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 ١٤
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 ٨
 ٦
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E٢J ٣FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٠J ٣F
- ٦٥ -

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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬١١‫א‬E١٠J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KE١١J ٣F
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


 ٤
 ٦
 ٨
 



  ٢
 ٥
١٠
١٢
١٤
١٦
١٨
‫א‬‫א‬ WE١١J ٣F 
٢٠
٢٢

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE١٢J ٣F


- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
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 ٤
 ٦
 ٨
 

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  ٢
 ٥
١٠
١٢
١٤
١٦
١٨
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٢٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٢J ٣F 
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،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
KE١٣J ٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

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 ٤
 ٦
 ٨
 



  ٢
 ٥
١٠
١٢
١٤
١٦
١٨
‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٣J ٣F 
٢٠
٢٢

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٤J ٣F







- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

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

 
 

 ٥





 









 ٤
 ٦
 ٨
  ٢

٤
١٠
١٢
١٤
١٦
١٨
٢٠
٢٢

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٤J ٣F


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،W‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
KE١٥J ٣F،‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
٣
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 
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 ٦
 ٨
 
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 
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 
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 
  ٢
 ٤

٤
١٠
٣ 
١٢
١٤
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١٨
٢٠
٢٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٥J ٣F 








٢٤



‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬––
‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
– ‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،KKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 KKKK‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KKKK‫א‬–‫א‬–
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Partial Replacement
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬–‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 Total Replacement‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ٪٨٠
‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
 Life Time



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
Maintenance




Time Cost



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
Storage Cost



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
Running Cost
Transportation









‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬– ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٣F
 K‫א‬
- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬










‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE١٦J ٣F
- ٧٥ -




 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 Bulldozers


 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E١٧J ٣F–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬














‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧J ٣F

 Scrapers



‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬
  –‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 Cranes



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
––W
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬،K‫א‬٣٠
‫א‬،–
 K‫א‬

 Stationary Cranes



 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Monotower Derricks

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
Tower Cranes



‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
Guy Derricks
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‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
Transportable Tower Cranes
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‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
Derrick Cranes
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‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
Scotch Derrick Cranes
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 Climbing Cranes
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦
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‫א‬‫א‬J 
،‫א‬?? ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 Mobile Cranes
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

‫א‬‫א‬J 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،EF
KE١٨J ٣F،Telescopic Cranes
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 E‫א‬F J ١
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

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
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

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨J ٣FW
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Truck Mounted Cranes
 Traveling & Rail Mounted Cranes
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 J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٣F،‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩J ٣F
 Excavators
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‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
J ٣FEquipments Based on a Tractor
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٠
 W،‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ١
 EF‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
،KKK––W‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠J ٣F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 Equipments Based on an Excavator's Wire Rope
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١J ٣F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢١J ٣F
 Trenching Machines
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 ‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 Loading Machines
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 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،CrawlerEF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٣F
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W‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٢J ٣F
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
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 Pile Driver & Drill
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
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Pile Drill
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 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Pile Driver
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‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 Pre-cast Piles
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
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 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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



 J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 Concrete Mixers
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 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 Central Mixers
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E –––F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬
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 Batch Mixers
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‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦J ٣F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 


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‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢٦J ٣F 


 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Trans (Truck) Mixers
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 ‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬–‫א‬W


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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E –––F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧J ٣F

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
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ WE٢٧J ٣F
- ٨٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 Dumpers



 ‫א‬J 
E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬
،– ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨J ٣F
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‫א‬ WE٢٨J ٣F 
 Concrete Pumps
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‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،٤٥٣٠‫א‬،٤٠٣٠‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬– ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
E٢٩J ٣FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ WE٢٩J ٣F 
- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬W J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
KEF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٩
K‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١٢
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬–

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬ 
 WJ ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KE–F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،––‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬E٣٠J ٣F‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
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 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬


 
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 
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 
‫א‬‫א‬
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 
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EF
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 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 KE‫א‬
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 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣٠J ٣F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫• א‬
K١٩٩٦،‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K،‫א‬K،
•
 K١٩٩٠،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WK،‫א‬
K١٩٩٣،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
•

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
• Addleson, Lyall, Materials for Buildings, Vol. 4. London; Newnes-Butterworths,
1992.
• Barrie, Donald S. & Paulson, Boyd C.; Professional Construction Management, 4th.
Edition, McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1994.
• Cantacusino, Sherban, Modern Houses of the World, London; Studio Vista LTD,
1991.
• Civitello, Andrew M. Jr.; Construction Operations Manual of Policies &
Procedures, 2nd. Edition, McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1994.
• Fisk, Edward R.; Construction Project Administration, 5th. Edition, Wiley, N.Y.,
1995.
• Freeman-Bell, Gail & Balkwell, James; Management in Engineering Principles
and Practice, Printice Hall, UK, 1993.
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 ‫א‬

‫א‬
١
٢
٢
٤
١٣
١٣
١٤
١٥
١٧
٢٣
٢٤
٢٤
٢٥
٢٦
٢٨
٣١
٣٢
٣٢
٣٣
٣٥
٣٥
٣٧
٣٨
٣٩
٤٠
٤١
٤٢
٥٦
٥٦
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٦٣
٧٢
٧٤
٧٦
٧٦
٧٧
٧٩
٨١
٨٢
٨٣
٨٣
٨٥
٨٩
٩٠
٩١
٩١
٩٤
٩٥
 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬












 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS
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