Patho Exam 2 Review
1) Herpes Simplex: If you have it, it stays with you for the rest of your life, it will be
dormant, it is formed in trigeminal nerve and other ganglia.
i)How many days does type 1 take to heal? Usually around 10 to 14 days
ii) signs and symptoms of herpes simplex? Tingling, burning sensation and then pain
and blisters.
Once it is healed you will not have the blisters, but it can reappear due to mostly
because of (A)Stress, (B) Hormonal Changes, (C) Cold
2) Herpes Zoster: is caused by reactivated chickenpox called Varicella
While shingles we call it Herpes Zoster
The first time you get Varicella it is called chickenpox when it is reactivated and
reappears it is called herpes zosters (Shingles)
3) Who is at risk for Herpes Zoster (Shingles)? The Elderly.
4) What are the most common complications of Herpes Zoster Shingles? postherpetic
neuralgia characterized by recurring pain at the site after rash; can persist
for months to years and is most common in people > 50yrs.
5) We usually see Herpes Zoster (Shingles) on one side of the body
6) We name Superficial Fungal Infection by their location (i) if it on the scalp it is Tinea
capitis) (ii) if it on the trunk it is Tinea Corporis and if it on the foot it is Tinea pedis
Superficial infections mainly affects our nails and skin.
7) Candida Albicans in infants we call it Thrush
8) Intertrigo is when there is skin to skin friction, seen on children’s neck and obese patient
9) We see Mucocutaneous candidiasis in immunocompromised people
10) Impetigo is a Bacterial infection caused by staphylococci or
streptococci. It is a highly contagious disease causes
with Clinical Manifestations of vesicles, pustules, and
yellowish crusts.
11) What causes Seborrheic Dermatitis? It is caused by high oil
production
What are the two types of Seborrheic Dermatitis? The two examples are cradle
cap and dandruff
12) Psoriasis is a chronic inherited autoimmune disorder characterized by Silvery
White Scales
13) What is the Pathogenesis of Acne Vulgaris? It is the obstruction of follicles due to
cells and oils resulting in an inflamed lesion, which leads to sludging of
sebaceous oils and deposition of loose epithelial cells, can be caused by
Hormones, genetics, stress and some chemicals like cosmetics.
14) Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic means Allergy) What kind of Immune Globulin is mediated?
IgE. Atopic dermatitis is genetically predisposed causing Purities (Itching) and eczema.
15) Atopic dermatitis what is the issue? It is the loss or defect of natural moisturizing
factors (there is defect in the epidermal layer causing loss of normal moisturizing factors
causing pruritis, inflammation, dermatitis, eczematous, rhinitis, allergic
rhinitis; risk factor is history of asthma.
16) Contact Dermatitis, we have two types: Allergic and Irritant.
17) Rus dermatitis is exposure to three most important things; (a) poison ivy,
(b)poison oak, (c) poison sumac, what is the characteristic of Rus dermatitis?
Linear fashion with the rashes
18) What is the most important thing with, atopic dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, contact
dermatitis, and asthma? the most important thing is to know what caused it or the
offending thing, you want to know the offending agent otherwise you will get asthma
attack again and again.
19) Rock mounting spotted fever, what causes it? Infected tick bite that causes burrow
under the skin, infected tick bites and burrows into the host and feeds releasing
rickettsia into the blood stream; followed by a rash – within 4 to 8 days
symptomatic, what is the causative agent? Infected tick bite. If not treated can
be dangerous causing cranial nerve deficit.
20) What causes Scabies? Scabies is caused by eggs laid by Sarcoptic scabiei mite
(called scabies) on the stratum corneum, eggs hatch into larvae, and in 3 to 4
days they grow to adulthood; usually contracted after close contact with
infested Person causing severe scraping (itchiness). They burrow under skin
like rocky mountain tick
21) Lyme disease is very dangerous if not treated, usually symptoms doesn’t start right
away. We have 3 stages of Lyme disease
Stage 1. Papules that itch and burn, after like month of no treatment
neuromuscular functions will not show up.
•Stage 2. Meningitis, cranial nerve
palsies, and peripheral neuropathy
•Stage 3. Oligoarticular arthritis
What causes this disease? White tail deer transmit this disease
22) Lice and scabies are spread by person-to-person, lice is surface dwelling
meaning it stays on hairs and clothing causing itchiness
23) We have two types of Sclerodermas: Systemic and Localized
Localized means only involving the Skin, shrivel slowly and spontaneously
especially around the scalp because of the hardening of the skin.
Systemic meaning involving more than an organ
Scleroderma is considered a benign disorder, it’s not malignant disorder, it’s not
cancer. very likely an autoimmune in nature. They make the skin to become
hard including esophagus and gastrointestinal tract Which become semirigid, lungs and heart fibrosis, bone resorbed, and overlying tissue calcifies
24) Scabies and Rocky Mountains burrow but lice and pediculosis don’t burrow.
25) Sunburn. The single most important factor for sunburn is excessive exposure to UV
light on skin which increase the risk of cancer. Sunburn can cause redness, pain,
tenderness, blisters, and edema
26) We have benign and malignant skin conditions. Examples of benign skin tumors arises
from melanocyte or keratinocyte.
27) Kaposi sarcoma is seen in immunocompromised people, it could be an early symptom
of HIV, it can be seen on people with comorbidities, those taking immunocompromised
drugs cancer and cancer drugs, antarthritics drugs
28) Pressure ulcer, we say elderly people are at high risk for pressure ulcers
because they lose subcutaneous tissue (Fat) causing the skin to be thin and
fragile thereby causing it to easily sustain pressure ulcer
29) Who is at risk for skin cancers? Fair skin or light complexion.
30) How do viruses and bacteria cause infection?
Bacteria attaches itself to the surface of the cell and send signals and cause a
disease from the outside, Bacteria works from outside, they don’t enter inside the
cell.
Viruses, first, attach themselves to the surface of the cell and then they produce
some enzymes, and these enzymes will let them inside the cell, once inside the
cell they use whatever that is inside the cell (Host materials) to reproduce inside
the cell
31) What do we mean by opportunistic diseases? These are diseases that take
advantage of weak immune system like fungus which do not originally cause
diseases but if someone’s immune is compromised they take advantage like in
cancer patient, transplant patient, patient that are taking an immunosuppressant
drugs and patient who have comorbidities
32) We have two major type of Asthma; (a) Atopic or allergic (extrinsic)allergic
rhinitis, Mast cells and Eosinophils, More common in young children and
adolescents
(b) Non allergic, non-atopic Intrinsic basophils (cold, smoking, exercise, drugsAspirin, infection and occupational) poor prognosis affects Adults > 50yrs,
exercises to avoids are running, jogging, tennis (Aerobic exercises)
Aspirin and NSAID Induced Asthma is caused by inhibition of conversion of
Arachtonic acid into prostaglandins which leads to severe very potent
bronchoconstriction (Patient who have Asthma cannot take Aspirin, it is
contraindicated)
33) In Exercise induced Asthma, there are types of sports and activities you don’t
want them to do like Running, Jogging, Tennis especially in cold weather
because it may induce Asthma attack.
34) In Asthma what do we see? 1. Narrowed Bronchos, 2.cells increase in size 3.
The guplet cells (the epithelium are being replaced by guplet cell Metaplasia)
they produce mucous. It is called Reactivity, constriction can be caused by
varieties of stimuli like allergens, dust, mite, cat dander’s, dog dander’s. causing
the smooth muscle to become narrowed and contracting which leads to
bronchoconstriction
35) What are the common signs and symptoms of Asthma? Wheezing. Why do
patient have Wheezing? Because of the narrowed airways causing a vibration
(vibration and narrowed airways causes wheezing) wheezing are seen in Asthma
but in Asthma Attack or Status Asthmaticus which is a life-threatening
condition a severe form of Asthma, Patient may have minimal or absent
sounds, Status Asthmaticus patient may have minimal or absent sound.
36) The
causes of non-allergic asthma (cold, smoking, exercise, drugs,
occupational, infection) IgE
37) Exercise induced Asthma we see IgE Basophils immunoglobulin , While in the
other type of Asthma we see mast cell and Eosinophils
38) Most people who have Asthma have genetic predisposition and they already
have small airways than other people.
39) Acute Asthma attack present with chest retraction, dyspnea, wheezing, nasal
flaring (a compensatory mechanism)
40) When we do Chest x-ray on Asthma patient, we see Hyperinflated lungs
41) Occupational lung disease, the most important thing to remember is that,
initially they have no symptoms at all, because no symptoms and inhalation of
toxic gases and chemicals especially inorganic materials, for a long period of
time, when they cause damage it is irreversible and pulmonary function test will
show Hypoxemia and Hypercapnia. Early-no symptoms with normal x-ray result
and then, late stage they will cause dyspnea and cough, hypoxemia and
hypercapnia especially with activities and chest X-ray will show calcification of
the lungs
42)