Bappa Rawal-the origin of Guhilot-Sisodiya History
Bipin R. Shah
August 2014
Abstract
In our previous articles under listed below links, we reviewed the origin of Maitraka dynasty
and the ancient history of forgotten Vikramditya-1 eras and Jain Muni Kalkacharya and
influence of Saka in imposing their eras.
https://www.academia.edu/8606918/Mysterious_Vijaysena_of_Kosala_and_the_rise_of_Maitraka_s_D
ynasty_of_Vallabhipur_India
https://www.academia.edu/4058428/Vikramaditya-1_and_kalkachuri_Acharya_of_Jainism
The Guhilot-Sisodia clan of Mewar describes their descent from Ikshvaku Kshatriya clan of
India often known as “Surya Vansi” , a great Kshatriya ruling clans who traced their origin to
Great Ikshvaku kings Rama and Dasharatha, featured in one of the epic of India-Ramayana.
We have demonstrated with first article that Maitraka originated from Ikshvaku clan of
Kosala king Prasenjit. The complete geology from Kaliyuga era was provided with kings
names. Bearing in mind that that over millennia, they had mixed with various tribes and clans
while maintaining their genealogy.
The assimilation has begun with the inhabitants already living in the area. The modern gene
data continue to show that India is a splendid illustration of melting pot of various ethnicities,
culture, and religion. The interbreeding among humans had begun from the dawn of
civilization and the gene pool has considerable widened. India was and continues to remain
the home of migrating humans in pre-history.
Epithet and use of “Rai” “Rao” “Rawal” and “Rana”
The first question that should come through reader’s mind is that why the rulers of SisodiaGuhilot clan have used the title of Rawal and Rana instead of most widely used title of
Maharaja or Raja that are found in Vedic and Hindu literature that was a common practice in
India. This is an interesting question and begs some answer.
Unlike many Hindu kings of medieval ages, who had worshipped Saivism, the Sisodia and
Guhilot clans have remain staunch sun worshippers in their royal house, while still supporting
the native religion of people-Shaivism, Buddhism and Jainism. They just followed the
traditions laid out by that ancestors, like many other kings before them. They show that as a
practical necessity to align with their subjects they ruled. Even Saka who ruled India and were
follower of Buddhism or Zoroasterism followed the same policies. Their worshipping of Mitra,
Aditya or Surya cannot be questioned as a fact because they incorporated in their royal seal,
1
banners, flags, and insignia. they ruled and increase their acceptability as one of their own.
Similarly, Maitraka of Vallabhi were also (Agniyajam) fire and (Mitra)sun worshipper like their
ancestors. Theses are two primary Gods of Vedic-Persian people in antiquity.
This perhaps may explain why Guhilot-Sisodia clans always used the word “Rao”, “Rana” or
“Rawal” rather than Sanskritized word “Raja “or “Rajan”. The etymology of the words “Ra”,
“Rai”, “Rao” or “Rav” comes from Persian world “Rayy” other may refer to “Ray”. The oldest
city of Media (Persia) near Tehran and the chief of the city also used the title of “Rai”
meaning “Rayy” (or “Ravi” in Sanskrit) during early Avestan period. The remains of the
ancient city still lie on the eastern outskirts of the modern city of Tehran and is called “Shahre-Rey”. This designation also was used by officiating priest, the member of Royal clans as
kings both in Media and Vedic India. Rey in Persia early ages and Rawal in Sanskrit meant
king. We know from ancient history; the priest and kings roles sometimes were combined
into a single position of authority and rulemaking. The fact that Sisodia and Guhilot clan claim
themselves to be sun worshipper and have consistently used the epithet of “Rai”, “Rao” or
“Rana” should be therefore suggests their ancestor’s affinity to one of the countless tribes of
Indo-Scythia of central Asia or ancient kingdom of Bactria.
The tribes of Kamboja, Gujjar, Indo-Sassanian, Indo-Saka, or Indo-Yovanna
Once the region of Media and Bactria practiced Zoroastrianism and then some switched to
Buddhism. The person who acquired some intimate knowledge of Sisodia and other Rajput
clans of the Rajasthan was Colonel James Tod, a British political agent of Rajputana. He wrote
and published his books in 18th century AD, since then new information has been uncovered
and it will be reflected here in an updated form, when required. His general assertion that all
western Rajput tribes have central Asian origin does make lots of sense. The original settlers
are all melted in to peopling of India, and their gene pool data supports this theory. They are
often mentioned in Mahabharata. The earliest reference to the Kamboja are in the works of
Pāṇini, in Manusmrti and the Mahabharata that describes the Kambojas as former kshatriyas
who had degraded to “Vratya” status for their failure to abide by Hindu sacred rituals. Their
territories were located beyond Gandhara, which lay around northern Pakistan and eastern
Afghanistan, and Edicts of Asoka refers to the area under Kamboja control as being
independent. For example, Duryodhana's wife Bhanumati was daughter Kamboja King
Chitrangada and Queen Chandramundra. Various Buddhist test mention them along with
Shakya clans. Gujjar is also central Asian tribe linked to Modern Georgia who later migrated
to India. Indo-Saka tribes entered india at different time throughout the history. IndoSassanians are modern day Parsee community that follow Zoroastrianism. Sassan of Persia
built a large empire and experienced the defeat at the hands of Islam. Indo-Saka were in India
since Mahabharata time or earlier. At one point in time, they ruled western India. IndoYovanna were living in ancient Bactria or central Asia and when their kingdom was dissolved,
they either migrated to India or Persia.
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Colonel James Tod (1798-1829 AD)
Unlike many colonial archeologist and historian that were dispatched to India during colonial
rule, one name that stands out of all is the name of Colonel James Tod. His father and uncle
started working for British East India Company while he was a young boy. He came to India
during his youth and joined East India Company. After starting out as a soldier, he rose to the
position of colonel and at some point in his career he became a surveyor that gave him the
opportunity to travel to many far out places of India and get acquainted with other colonial
historians and archeologists, who were working on many exploration sites. During his travel
and expedition, he witnessed unbelievable architect of temples and monuments of India. His
great analytical and scientific mind inspired him to unravel the ancient history of India to his
own countrymen. He spent considerable time as an investigator, prospector, and pioneer to
unravel the mystery and history of India. This is yet another valuable source, in addition to
Rajtarangni and Regional Jaina “Prasati”, “Charita “, “Kavya” and Purana . Katha and HinduBuddhist Texts that provide us an insight that is highly informative of India’s history. When he
became a political agent of Rajputana, He became close to Royals family of Mewar and
enjoyed unprecedented access to Royal house of Sisodia, their bards and Jaina historians of
Rajputana. Colonel James Tod had ancestral American connection. He loved India in a special
way that earned him the status of an honorary member of Sisodia Royal family. Sisodia queen
treated him like a brother and held a “Raksha-Bandhan” ceremony in his honor. (A ceremony
marked annually under Indian tradition of bondage between a brother and sister.
When British took over region from Maratha after defeat of Moguls, Rajputana was marred
by chaos and turmoil due to Aurangzeb’s campaign to subdue the defiant and resistant Hindu
freedom feudal kings of Rajputana. The Sisodia clans of Udaipur and Chittore of Rana Pratap,
Sunga, Bhim, Kumbha, Rattan and Bappa Rawal set singular examples of Hindu resistance
against Islamic invaders. The Guhilot-Sisodia’s were forced to relocate to Udaipur-Jaipur area
after the fall of Chittore by Alauddin Khillji and rise of Akbar. Rana Pratap was forced to live
in the Arbuda forest. Rai Pratap will not accept Mogul Akbar’s vassalage and insisted on his
sovereign rights to preserve his kingdom, faith, culture, and tradition against Akbar’s
imposition of his rules on his throne. What ever was the cost of exile to him and his family, he
never gave a second thought.
Sisodia-Guhilot clans stand tall in the Rajputana and Indian history as a symbol of resistance
against the invaders. Not to minimize the roles of other Rajput clans big or small, who also
fought invaders at different times to preserve their independence and faith. They were real
heroes of India and should be respected for their personal and collective sacrifice. Their
women chose the funeral pyre than be captured as slaves , concubines for their harems.
After centuries of neglect of not recognizing the danger of Islamic expansion coming from
surrounding states and what it can mean to their kingdom and the people of India , they
learned the bitter lessons of the history. There was a continuous and sequential failures of
Hindu rulers and masses to recognize the common destiny and miserably failed to present a
unified front against these invading nomads and barbarians, who were principally driven to
3
seek plunder and riches of India. Tod was very much a historians and he befriended various
Royals of Rajputana and their historians and Jain Gurus, who accompanied him on all his
travels and search to unravels the unwritten history of India that was not given to public.
Unlike the archeologist Fuehrer, who forged the history, Colonel Tod stands out as an
exceptional English man, who made India his second home and wrote a special letter to King
George, the fourth on behalf of Hindu India, that was oppressed by the Muslim invaders. His
memories, records, sketches, and history of Rajput clans compiled in three volumes is a
remarkable work and gives us a window of knowledge of the life of the Hindus under Muslim
rule. This is the type of history that should be taught in our school. Although, his work was
not perfect due to fractured records of Sisodia, bardic myths generated through oral tradition
and their inability to provide a good common-sense translation. Colonel Tod still was
successful in providing correct interpretation of the history, but he liberally allowed himself
to indulge into bardic tales, where there was no historical basis. His disappointments are also
noted in his work such as carelessness of Hindu of not documenting their glorious history and
lack of clear sense of Hindu identity and history. However, some may find this assessment to
be hurtful, but they are well deserved criticism.
Even now, the modern Indian nations and its polity shows the same characteristics of
negligence and ignoring the lessons the history teaches us. The secularity is a mirage when
the peaceful conduct and way of life is not the cultural norm of certain faiths. The view of the
future is either absent or “full of benign neglect”. The lurking danger that existed in the past
still exists today and not recognizing and countering the threat of potentially hostile activities
is failure of the leadership and repetition of failed past episodes. These types of mistakes
have brought about dearth, famine, and generational miseries to Indian people. Colon Tod
was fallen victim to Malaria and had to return to England and died over 200 years ago, but his
revelation and Comments regarding Hindu history of Rajputana and Gujarat still stand the
time of scrutiny.
India-Iran and Aryanhood
There have been some efforts by politically motivated historians to misguide the readers of
the antiquity of the Indian civilization . Indian civilization had a long history and origin from
Mesolithic, Paleolithic, Bronze and Iron age cultures of various origins. Some of the
archaeological ruins and new discoveries attest to this facts. There are also new
interpretations of the inscription where colonial archeologist missed the marks and the
history needs to be revised to reflect the new discoveries. India and Iran both hosted ancient
civilization connected with culture and trades and according to Epics, Veda and languages,
they were two brothers who shared common ancestry. They often allowed themselves to be
connected by matrimonial relationship in the early history and later they drifted apart after
Islamic conquest. Iran lost its historical identity by embracing Islam, but India did not. The
cultural exchange always continued, and the people travelled and lived in each other
territory. During various western expeditions by Achaemenians, Indians from Punjab, Sindh,
and areas west to Indus river fell in their hands. Indian armies fought against them
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sometimes and fought with them against invaders. There are historical evidence in epic
literature that many Persian tribes participated in Mahabharata war.
Colonel James Tod – young age
travelling with escort in Rajputana
William Crooke Foot noted Tod’s work
in three Volumes published
5
as a political Agent at Udaipur
Raja Jai Singh’s entourage
Letter to the King of England-William, the Fourth
6
The east of the river Sindhu and south of Pamir Mountain is the area occupied by Vedic Aryan
branch who worshipped Deva, while west to that region, Avestan Aryans worshipped Asura.
The eastern part was called “Arya Varta” by Vedic people. The word Sindh was substituted
with the word Hind. Similarly, Sanskrit word “Sapta” (number 7) was called “Hapta” by
Avestan Persians. The idea of looking at the ancient tribes of India and Persia in modern
geographical context after thousands of years of the history will lead to misinterpretation of
their historic relationship. Around 1500 BC, the world population was so
small and national boundaries in modern context never existed and constantly changed
among empires and kingdoms. The victor cannot physically occupy another country or region
for any extended length of time, so tributary relationship imposed with matrimonial
relationship. This arrangement provided the necessary glue to the loyalty of vanquished ruler,
who was always allowed to maintain his local rule. Sometime, those vows were broken as we
learn from the number of conflict that arose in the ancient history.
Two maps below will show the approximate boundaries of Aryavarta as per various Indian
texts, but the boundaries constantly changed so the map should be more regarded as cultural
and language zone.
Maps of natural boundaries and Language-cultural zone of India
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Bappa Rawal’s Ethnicity and Genealogy
According to genealogy and legends, Bappa’s ancestor was Maitraka king Guha Sinh of
Vallabhi. He was the sixth in the line to rule Vallabhi. The entire Genealogies and timeline is
given in the ink of earlier paper “Mysterious Kanaksen and Maitraka dynasty of Vallabhipur
of saurashtra”. The village of Sihore near Bhavnagar was called “Videha” and was established
by Vijaysena. Vallabhipur itself had a name of “Gyani” because of the famous school of
Buddhist and Jaina learning near Palitana Tirth near a holy mountains of Jaina and Buddhist
monks. Guha Sinha’s birth mother was Padmavati, princess of Paramara king of Idar who had
surrendered or given permission to Vijaysena to settle at Anandpur ,now known as Vadnagar.
Medpatta was the ancient name of Mewar that included Chittore , Bhilwara and Udaipur
Haldi Ghat Forrest. Guha sinh had many legends attached to him. Some say he acquired the
name Guha because he was born in cave and that is not true. He was born in Vadnagar to
Nagar brahmin queen of Guha Sinh, the king. Therefore, he was regarded as Brahm-Kshatriya
origin. His Bhil subjects named him Bappa that was a title for chief of Bhil tribe.
Guha Sinha’s nursing mother was Kalawati , from Nagar Brahmin origin. I had stated
previously that Bad Gujjar tribes of central Asian origin accompanied Kanaksen to Arbuda
valley. Nagar Brahmins were then Royal priests for Kanaksen and Vijaysena. Under the
system of polygamy and almost after 200 years have elapsed after Guha’s death, we are
involved in an exercise of evaluating Bappa Rawal’s origin. First, Bappa Rawal was not his real
birth name but a nick name with epithet . The name “Bappa Rawal” may have been
more of a generic nickname given to a popular Kings or prominent figure of the region by Bhil
tribe. Bappa’s early biography of his childhood indicates his over activeness and adventurism.
Grahasen 1
Maitraka Dynasty
Of Vallabhipur
Saurashtra
No one is aware of his
name as Bapaka or
what that meant.
Bapaka in Mewari
language applied to
senior father like
people.
100-84 BCE
Guha Sinh-1 proclaimed himself Param Bhattarakas. As Gupta empire becam
Weaker and per his inscription He fell from horse in a battle with Chalukya
Pulakeshin II with their Rastrakutas’ fiduciary Govinda and Appayika who
attacked Lata, Saurashtra as per Ellora inscription. Harsha of Ujjain was als
defeated and along with Guha Sinh accepted suzerainty of Govinda II
along with Guha Sinh and son Dhara sena-2 , This was without a fight.
After Harsha and Grahasen accepted and were overwhelmed and
surrendered at Ujjain. Rastrakutas Govinda assumed the title of
“Vallabha” known to Arab historians. Grahasen had two sons . The elder
Dhruvsena from another wife succeeded him but Grahasen’s another wife
Padmavati was pregnant with Young Guha Sinh . Here the story gets confu
As to her identity. She was from Anandpur and not from Chittore as some
story claimed that she was either of Paramara or Mori Rajput origin but
she can be of nagar brahmin origin because Anandpur was ruled by Maitrak
and not Mori or Paramparas. She went to Idar from Anandpur to Idar
where he was raised in Nagar Brahmin family . (Brahm Kshatriya).
The Young Guha moved to Nagda that was part of Bhilwara , a domain of
Bhill country ,His birth mother went to Vallabhi and sat in pyre as per
the legend. His Nagar brahmin family took him to Nagda , near Eklingji ,
8
as his own son. He gathered Bhill soldiers and in his adult age attacked Chit
dynasty. Maitraka dynasty continued for some time in saurashtra,
but Guha knew hos relationship.
Founder of Guhilot Sisodia dynasty Of Surya vanshi-Ikshvaku of Videha
country. Ruled from Idar he may be known as Bappa Rawal to common
People.
Ruled from Idar
Guhila, Grahdutt,
Guha
145-85 BCE
Bhoj
85-75 BCE
Mahendra-1
Nagaditya
75-50 BCE
50-25 BCE
Siladiya
25- 5 BCE
Aparjit
5 – 20 AD
Mahendra-2
20-40 AD
Kalbhoj
20-42 AD
Khuman-1
Mitra / Mantata
Bhatribhatt-1 or
BhatriBhatta
Simha
Khuman-2
42 -95 AD
95-108 AD
128-164 AD
Ruled from Idar
Ruled from Nagda, Rajasthan, Hold of nagar brahmin & Bad
Gurjara
Ruled from Nagda, Rajasthan, Hold of nagar brahmin & Bad
Gurjara
Ruled from Nagda, Rajasthan, Hold of nagar brahmin & Bad
Gurjara
Ruled from Nagda, Rajasthan, Hold of nagar brahmin & Bad
Gurjara
Ruled from Chittore from here on , He conquered Chittore from
Nagda
Ruled from Chittore from here on
Ruled from Chittore from here on
Ruled from Chittore from here on
164-199 AD
200-226 AD
Ruled from Chittore from here on
Ruled from Chittore from here on
Mahayak
Khuman-3
Bhatribhatt-2
Alladsimha
226- 242 AD
242-275 AD
275-308 AD
308-325 AD
Ruled from Chittore from here on
Ruled from Chittore from here on
Chittore, married Rastrakutas Mahalakshmi 282 AD
married Huna king’s daughter Hariyadevi, who founded Harsha
Pura village. See Ahar Udaipur Inscription 317 AD
Saraneshwara Temple Inscription of 293 AD, English translation
of Harshvardhan’s Inscription of 301 AD
Married Sakambhari Chauhan Jejaya’s daughter 311AD but
reginal year began at 325 AD
Narvahan
325-340 AD
Śālivāhana
340-370 AD
Shakti Kumar
Amba Prasad
Suchi Varman
370-395 AD
395-440 AD
440-472 AD
Moved to Bhavnagar to reestablish and tried to claim Maitraka’s
kingdom’s ruins but settled in Bhavnagar
Continued Mewar dynasty and fought Pratihara lost Chittore
Son of Shakti Kumar
Son of Shakti Kumar
Narvarma
Kirtivarma
Yogaraja
472-503 AD
503-535 AD
535-572 AD
Son of Shakti Kumar
Son of Shakti Kumar
Son of Shakti Kumar
9
Virath
Hanspal
Virsing
Vijay Sinh or
Harshpal 2
Amar Sing
Charod or Kod Simh
Vikram Singh
Karan Singh
Ran singh
572-604 AD
604-648 AD
648-671 AD
671- 703 AD
Kshem Simh,
Mahap and Rahap
samat Simh
920-1034 AD
Kumar SimhSihandev
Mathan Simh
Padam Simh
Jaitra Simh
Tej simh
Samar simh
Rattan simh-1
703-765 AD
765-775 AD
775-815 AD
815 -870 AD
870-920 AD
1034-1192 AD
Son of Virsingh
Son of Virsingh
Son of Virsingh
Son of Vikram, Ran had three sons-Kshem(Rawal)Rahap(Sisodia)
and Mahap. Kshem continue at Chittore while Rahap starts
Sisodia branch
Brother Sahadeva set up amna branch, Mahap and Rahap were
other sons
(Samarsi) fought as one of the vassal generals of Prithviraj
Chauhan III at Tarain against Mohammad Ghauri.
1192-1130 AD
1130-1172 AD
1172-1213 AD
1213-1253 AD
1253-1273 AD
1273-1302 AD
1302-1303 AD
Highlighted in Blue is obtained from bards through his records, others are published.
Switch of calendars from old Vikram of 719 BC to new Vikram 57 BC in Indian
astronomy
Since the age of Sumerian civilization, the Lunar based calendar was being used and it was
extremely popular. The ancient Sumerian calendar divided a year into 12 lunar months of
approximately 29.7 days. Each month began with the sighting of a new moon. The lunar year
was difficult to synchronize from year to year as most of the seasons are governed by the
earth’s solar movement.
A solar year, the time it takes Earth to orbit the sun takes about 365 days with axis tilt of the
earth., while a lunar year, or 12 full cycles of the Moon roughly equals 354 days leaving a gap
of 11 days a year. Because of this discrepancy, a purely lunar calendar such as Sumerian,
ancient Indian, Hijra, Jewish and Chinese does not stay aligned with the seasons.
The ancient India followed lunar calendar, where the year was divided into 27 or 28 parts,
and each of these are called Nakshatras (Sanskrit: न ) indicative of lunar mansion in Hindu
astrology. A nakshatra is one of 28 or 27 sectors along the ecliptic circle. Their names are
10
related to a prominent star or asterisms in or near the respective sectors. There were further
sub-divisions within the span of a Nakshatra. Later in the ages, the astronomers divided 12
lunar months based on various zodiac signs. The purpose for the astrologer to mark the
occasion by recording the lunar position for auspicious events like wedding, coronation or
death of king, temple construction, festivals, harvesting season, regnal years and so on.
However, over the time the process became cumbersome to realign the difference that crept
into lunar based system and solar movement. Ultimate compromise was the Luni-Solar
calendar, where differences were adjusted over few years by a system called Adhika
mas.(Extra month)
Anand Sharan explained it like what is stated here. The names of the twelve months based on
these signs and Nakshatras were arrived at due to the position of the sun in a zodiac sign. The
starting point for the nakshatras according to Vedas is "Kritika" (it has been argued because
the Pleiades may have started the year at the time the Vedas were compiled, presumably at
the vernal equinox , we may call Septa Rishi that Greek called seven sister)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades#:~:text=The%20Pleiades%20(%2F%CB%88pl,eye%20in%20the%2
0night%20sky,
In more recent compilations, the start of the nakshatras list is the point on the ecliptic
directly opposite to the star Spica called “Chitra” in Sanskrit, which would be Asvini, an
asterism that is part of the modern constellation Aries, and these compilations therefore may
have been compiled during the centuries, when the sun was passing through the area of the
constellation Aries at the time of the vernal equinox. For example, if it was the Chitra
Nakshatra on the full moon day then, it was called Chaitra month. Four important events of
the earth’s motion around the sun were known in India since the ancient times. These events
were: vernal and autumnal equinoxes, and winter and summer solstices.
The above figure shows the orbit of the earth around the sun, where it shows the position
and the orientation of the earth’s spin axis on June 21 and December 21. On June 21, the
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North Pole is tilted toward the sun, and there is summer in the northern hemisphere.
Similarly, on December 21, it is the South Pole which is tilted toward the sun and there is a
summer in southern hemisphere. The earth’s spin axis maintains same orientation with
respect to a three-dimensional co-ordinate system defined at the center of the sun called
“heliocenter”. The lunar calendar uses the phases of the moon to measure time, usually
measuring the time from new moon to new moon as one month. The time required for the
Earth to rotate around the Sun is one solar year. The solar calendar typically measures the
time between vernal equinoxes. The center of the earth moves in this plane as it traverses
around the sun. The position of the equinoxes is determined at points on the orbit when both
poles of the earth are illuminated by the sun’s rays. It happens when this axis becomes
perpendicular to a line drawn from the origin of the co-ordinate system to the center of the
earth. Even though the orientation of the earth’s axis remains almost the same each year yet,
its orientation changes over longer time and this orientation change is cyclic in nature. One
cycle of this change takes approximately 25, 800 years. Thus, to notice this subtle change in
the sky due to a periodic motion of extremely low frequency was a very subtle knowledge
acquired by the Indian Astronomers since the Vedic times. Having explained this in
unnecessary lengthy details of astronomy that common people do not care or understand in
India. We can discuss the main points of Karttikadi and Chaitradi Vikrama eras.
It is believed that Karttikadi Vikrama Era and Chaitradi Vikram eras had something to do with
the above explanation. Saka era was adopted from Persian cosmology who borrowed the
calendar from Babylonian star gazers-Magis, usually called Luni-Solar.
As we stated earlier, first Vikramaditya era of 719 BC was renamed after the era observed in
Malwa region that became popular with certain parts of India . We do not know how and
when it was started but It is believed to be based on lunar cycle. Since Hindu astronomy is
based on lunar houses, Indian calendar needed a correction from 354 days to 365 days.
Kalkacharya-II had learned the Luni-solar calendar concept from Sakas and requested Andhra’
dynasty to adopt that. However, his wish remain unfulfilled for seven centuries.
The provision for Luni-solar calendar was adopted by Vikramaditya Harsha in early common
eras that gave us correction period called “Adhika Mas” every few years to catch shuttle
changes in the seasons due to 11 days difference. The new calendar that was designed by his
astronomer in Ujjain did adjust that. 57 BC Vikrama era was started for astronomical reason
to eradicate the use of saka era, who had gained the popularity in western India due to high
degree of synchronicity with solar movement vs. Luni-solar calendar. The Saka era was
considered more accurate the old Vikram era that was established in India by Vikrama Ditya1 in 783 BC. That can be the basis of removal of old Vikrama era and adapting to new Vikram
era. India designs and uses a single calendar that displays three dates, 1 based on Vikram(57
BC), 2. Based on Saka (78 AD) and 3. Based on Gregorian AD era. This sometimes create the
confusion among the historians in dating major historical events of chronology and
inscriptions that were recorded in several inscriptions containing references of old as well as
new eras.
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Inscriptional Evidence of Bappa Rawal and Origin
Dr. Arya, quoting Jaina sources gives us the following accounts that is generally in parallel
with Colonel Tod from his book of Annals and antiquity of Rajasthan:
“According to Jain historical accounts, Raja Kanaksen of Sūrya Vamsi (Ikshvaku dynasty) migrated from Kosala in
KV 201 (518 BCE) and the city of Vallabhi became his capital. When his descendant Siladitya was ruling
in Vallabhi, the Yavanas (Kushano-Sasanian kings?) invaded and destroyed Vallabhi (Vallabhi Bhanga Yavanavihitaḥ). Ancient Jain sources inform us that “Vallabhi Bhanga” took place in 345 BCE 845 years after Mahāvira
Nirvāṇa Vir Samvant beginning of 1189 BCE and 375 years after Vikramāditya of 719 BCE. Thus, the Sūrya Vansi
King Kanaksen and his descendants reigned in Vallabhi around 518-345 BCE. King Siladitya died in 345 BCE and
his pregnant wife Puṣpavati escaped and took shelter in a cave where she delivered a son. Queen Puṣpavati
gave her newborn son to Kamalavati, a Brāhmaṇī of Birnagar before committing Jauhar and instructed her to
educate him as a Brahmana but marry him to the daughter of a Rajput. Kamalavati named him Guhila because
he was born in a cave.”
In my earlier article on “Mysterious Kanaksen and kalkacharya” , I traced back and received a
confirmation that last ruler after king Prasenjit was Sumitra, who was last king of Ikshvaku
clan. His sons were given viceroy ships and position of Senapati.(Commanding general) and
they were working for Magadha empire since Nanda kings with successive regimes and their
generations.
Kanaksen and his descendants migrated to Gujarat in 6th century BC and established
themselves with nagar brahmins(most likely co-migrants) in Vadnagar that carried various
historical names such as chamakpur, Anand nagar, Virat nagar in the ancient history. Colonel
Tod’ sources confirms this history as well and claims that they started Mitra dynasty in
Arbuda region that was called by the historian as Maitraka. Once they became independent
of Gupta’s suzerainty, they changed their dynasty title from Bhattaraka to Maitraka.
Extremely easy change to make. The genealogy obtained from Jaina bards of Palitana attest
to this legend and allowed me to prepare this detailed genealogy that varies slightly in their
interpretation and minor variations of some of the legends. The legends are hard to verify.
We cannot be sure if there were one or two Bappa Rawals of legend and if Kal Bhoj was the
same as Bappa Rawal-1 or 2, but we think that it is not the case as per Aitpore inscription.
Bappa Rawal was legendary. All literary and some epigraphical evidence at Aitpore
inscription attest to his genealogy. The author believes that they all came from the same
lineage of solar worshipping Ikshvaku clans of mixed ancestry from Videha country with
Kanaksen and Maitraka of Vallabhipur. Guhila was purposely hidden as a Brahmin- Kshatriya
either to hide his royal lineage that may invite troubles or his mother being that of Nagar
brahmin origin and married to the king of Vallabhi as another wife or concubine. Bappa was a
honorary common epithet given to him by his Bhil supporters. In native language, it is given
to denote hm as chief of the clan or senior leader or founder. Bappa (बा ा) literally means
universal father.
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1. Naravāhana / Eklingji inscription records the name of a king named Sri Bapaka (Bappa
Rawal), that says "The moon among the princes of the Guhila (Guhilot) dynasty", who reigned
at a place named Nagahavda (Nagahrida or Nagda). Nagda was an old capital of Mewar Kings.
Eklingji temple was originally built after Bappa took power and the temple complex was
continuously expanded by other Mewar rulers consisting of over 100 temples.
2. Aitpore inscription does not mention the Bappa Rawal specifically in the lineage but does
mention Kalbhoj suggesting that they are two different people. “Bappa” attest the seniority
or honorific epithet accorded to the founder in a Guhilot genealogy of 20 Kings starting from
Guhaditya. The name Bappa Rawal does not appear in the list.
3. The transcription of the second slab of Kumbhalgarh...... inform us that Bappa, a Brahman
of Anandapura, here interpreted as “Arnoda” near Chittore, Rajasthan and not Vadnagar in
Gujarat was well versed in learning and was raised in Nagar Brahmin family, He left his home
with trusty followers and came to Nagda in wild tract of Mewar. He served ‘Harit Rishi’, who
being pleased with him, conferred upon him the dignity of a Kshatriya ruler. Here the
qualifying phrase-“Vipra Kshipratara Prabodha Madhuranandaikanshthah”.
The phrase used here introduces Bappa in a manner that allows no ground for doubting the
Bappa’s origin as a Brahm-Kshatriya. This phrase explains the reason why all the writers have
used ‘Vipra’ specifically for Bappa to show his origin from Nagar Brahmin. According to the
folklore he was raised and nursed by Kalawati, a Nagar Brahmin maid, who took over the
responsibility of raising him. Typical like Agni Kula legend of Rajput rulers and mixing going on
among various clans, Bappa and his successors found no hurdles to be upgraded to “Kshatriya
ship” consistent with the beginning of “Rajput Age” of the Indian history.
4. Therefore, for Bharatribhatta, the Chatsu inscription (Epigraphic Indica, Vol. XII, and P.13)
used the word ‘Brahma-Kshatriya’, a Brahmin admitted to the orders of Kshatriya. Consistent
with the epic times, the function of a Brahmin was both learning and war-”Chāpena śrāyena
vā”. According to Sanskrit etymology, the word (Dvija) may mean Kshatriya. On the other
hand, “Vipra” in Aprabhansa can also be interpreted to mean “Vratya” Kshatriya, a term
reserved for all non-Vedic Kshatriya warrior who were also sun-worshippers. The history of
later Vedic age and medieval times is full of examples of Kshatriya dynasties originated from
Brahmins. Thus, Bappa’s Brahminical origin is not in discord with the age-old established
traditions of India. We also know that Prasenjit king of Ikshvaku lineage in Buddha’s time
married Vratya saka woman.
5. This observation also agrees with the stated opinion of other experts that with Sunga and
Gupta’s rise, there was a concerted efforts by Brahmins to revive the Brahminical traditions,
that gave them power and influence over the society. Gupta clans were not Kshatriya. The
Nagar Brahmin played a major role in those efforts. There comes the legend of “Harita Rishi”,
probably of Nagar Brahmin origin, who influenced Bappa to follow Shaivism. Bappa Rawal
was responsible for rebuilding the famous temple of Eklingji . Eklingji Temple is located near
the town of Nagda about 23 KM north of Udaipur. Since that time, Eklingji has been the ruling
14
deity of Mewar rulers. In the later years, it was repaired and modified by various Kings, to
clean the remnants of obliteration made by the attacks of Mohammedans and expanded.
Bappa Rawal’s upbringing and rise
Eklingnath Temple of Shiva
The magnificent architecture of Eklingnath Temple is simply remarkable. The double-storied
temple looks awesome with its pyramidal style of roof and distinctly carved tower. The outer
walls of the temple are stretched with steps that descend touching the serene waters. Inside
the complex, the main temple is a huge pillared hall or 'mandap' that is sheltered by hefty
pyramidal roof. On entering this hall, you will be welcomed by a silver image of Nandi. In the
temple, there are two other images of Nandi carved in black marble stone and brass. The
temple has a striking four-faced idol of Eklingji (Lord Shiva) that is made from
black marble. Its height ranges around 50 feet and its four faces depict four forms of Lord
Shiva. The east facing part is recognized as Surya, the west-facing part is Brahma, the northfacing part is Vishnu and the south-facing part is Shiva himself. This is another Jyotirlinga
garlanded by a silver snake. This lends the considerable support to folklores and legends for
the roles of Nagar Brahmins and their relationship to Maitraka and Bappa Rawal’s Guhilot
and Sisodia clans.
6. Another legend reveals that Bappa had exchanged priestly duty for Kshatriya’s (military)
splendor. Here the interpretation of Vipra is different. The “Vipra” is a priest trained for the
priestly ritual, they were generally called “Rtvij”, but as members of this social class, they
were called “Vipra” in local language implied him as "sage" or “Kavi” ("seer"). The
Specialization of worship roles attended the elaboration and development of the ritual
15
corpus over time. Eventually a full complement of sixteen “Rtvijas” became the custom for
major ceremonies.
Sisodia chronicle also records Bappa Rawal’s death and his disposal of his remains in central
Asia as follows:
“In the like manner as did the subjects of the Bactrian king Menander, though from different
motive, his Hindu subjects wished the fire to consume his remains (Cremation), the
barbarians of central Asia wanted to commit them to earth (burial); but on raising the pall
while the dispute was raging, innumerable flowers of the lotus were found in the place of the
remains of his mortality: these were conveyed and planted in the lake. This is precisely what
is related to the end of Persian Nashirwan".
Does Guhasena-Maitraka of Vallabhi King have any relationship with
Naushervan Adil-Sassanian King ?
Please note that Maitraka lineage passed through elder brothers to next eldest as per Ikshvaku tradition. Early
Guhilot followed the same tradition and the number indicated in their genealogy specifies their rule. Later in the
history it was changed.
Sir Roper Lethbridge in his book on ancient history of India shares the following information
on Vallabhi Bhanga.
“ The Vallabhi king Guhasena married the daughter of Naushervan Adil, Sassanian empire also known by the
name Naushervan, the just, also known as Khosrau-I, Anushirvan and “Kas Rao” for Indian. The word “Kas” in
Sanskrit means grief (that brought on Guhasena), and Rao is typical Iranian title for a king including Shah or
sheshashayi Guhasena’s epithet was Siladitya. One of Guhasena’s wives was also the granddaughter of Maurice,
Christian emperor and successor of Justiniana-1, the emperor of Constantinople-eastern Roman empire. Khosru1 had one huna wife, one Persian wife and one Christina wife, who was Maurice’s daughter. The trouble was
the insurrection by Anoshazad ,the Christian prince from his Christian wife, who had fled the Sassanian Empire
on charges of insurrection and went to Vallabhipur to seek the refuge with his sister. Naushervan demanded his
return that Guhasena refused, there by inviting Sassanian’s attack”.
Up on further examinations and research, the author find no corroborative evidence that it
ever took place and was recorded as such. However, it is quite possible that when Saka rulers
were evicted by Chandra Guptas -II, they may have followed scorch earth policy by burning
Vallabhi to the ground prior to exist. Jaina also reports that all idols were safely removed to
various places like Somnath Patan, Shrimal nagar and Shtrunjaya Tirth. Therefore . Maitrakas
had to rebuild the city, while temporarily residing in a town called Videha (Now city of
Sihore). Jaina may have described this event as “Vallabhi Bhanga”. It is possible that saka may
have retuned sensing the opportunity when Pulakeshin attacked the region and staged a
comeback. The details on this is very sketchy. Another Jaina bardic sources also claims that
the one of the Prince of Emperor Nashirwan was also married into Maitraka family’s Princess.
So, there was a cross matrimonial alliance between Sassanian and Maitrakas.
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Abu-I Fazl, Akbar’s court Historian and adviser says the following of Rana of Mewar in his
famous work Ain-E-Akbari:
“The chief of the state was formerly called Rawal but for a long time past has been known as Rana. He is of the
Ghelot clan and pretends to descend from Nashirwan, the Just. An ancestor of this family through the
vicissitudes of fortune came to Berar and was distinguished as the chief of Narnalah (ancient name of straitNarnalla),connecting Guelph of Khambhat to Guelph of Kutch through narrow passage of waterway passing
through Dholka, Viramgam now landlocked-see map. Narnalla also implies the Vallabhi).
Abu -I-Fazal , Akbar’s historian
“Rajah of Mewar is most exalted princes of the hind. At the investiture of the regal, most of the Hindu princes
gets a “Tilak” on his forehead with red camphor dies, while Rana of Mewar gets “Tilak” with human blood and
they deduce their origin from Nashirwan-I- Adil (the just)”.
Please note the word “pretend” by Abu-I Fazl. There are two other sources that supply the
same information of Rana’s ancestry. It is a Persian-Arabic work and called and “Bishatu-IGhanim” written in 15th and 18th century AD and we can quote here:
17
From : Maasiru-I-Umara
(Rana Karan of Mewar) (Vol. TI, pp. 201-208.)
He was the son of Rani Amri son of Rani Pratispalis alias Kiki, son of Rana Udai Singh, son of Rani Singi Zamindar
of Mewar. Mewar is a part of the province of Ajmer, and the 80 miles from Chittore and belongs to Rana. It has
10,0000 villages , and three Important forts, Chittore the Capital, Kumbalmer, and Mandsaur. The chief is
formerly called Rawal, but for a long time he has been styled Rana. He belongs to the Guhilot clan. When they
made their home to the village of Sisodia they became known as Sisodia. They called them to be descended
from Nashirwan, the Just. Their great ancestor was compelled by the fortune to come to Berar and became
known as the ruler of Narnalla (Guelph of Bhavnagar-Vallabhipur) When Narnalla came into the possession of
the enemy a young boy, Bappa by name, they were conveyed from there to Mewar by his mother. Bappa took
protection under Raja Mandlik, who was a Bhil. When he grew up, he became famous for slaying beasts of prey,
and became one of the trusted lieutenants of the Raja. When the latter died, he became the ruler.” What is
significant here that Vallabhi Bhanga saka Shahi invaders came through sea route and used th short ancient
water ways that separated Saurashtra from mainland with small land bridge as shown in the map below.
So, accordingly, these later historian claimed this connection and there are no records to
confirm or deny that. We do not know the exact nature of this revelation. I believe that we
should leave for future if there was any connection with either Guhilot or Maitraka to
Sassanian ruler. However, there is a strong reason to believe the Guhilot originated from
Maitraka who branch of Ikshvaku clan of Videha were.
Dr. Arya in his book on chronology of India informs us that:
“According to Jain historical accounts, Raja Kanaksen of S According to Jain historical accounts, Raja Kanaksen
of Sūrya Vamsi(Ikshvaku dynasty) migrated from Kosala in KV 201 (518 BCE) and the city of Vallabhi became his
capital. When his descendant Siladitya was ruling in Vallabhi, the Yavanas (Kushano-Sasanian kings?) invaded
and destroyed Vallabhi (Vallabhi Bhanga Yavana-vihitaḥ). Ancient Jain sources inform us that “Vallabhi
Bhanga” took place in 345 BCE 845 years after Mahāvira Nirvāṇa (1189 BCE) and 375 years after Vikramāditya of
719 BCE. Thus, the Sūrya Vamsi King Kanaksen and his descendants reigned in Vallabhi around 518-345 BCE. King
Siladitya died in 345 BCE and his pregnant wife Puṣpavati escaped and took shelter in a cave where she
delivered a son.ūrya Vamsi (Ikshvaku dynasty) migrated from Kosala in KV 201 (518 BCE) and the city of Vallabhi
became his capital. When his descendant Siladitya was ruling in Vallabhi, the Yavanas (Kushano-Sasanian kings?)
invaded and destroyed Vallabhi (Vallabhi Bhanga Yavana-vihitaḥ). Ancient Jain sources inform us that “Vallabhi
Bhanga” took place in 345 BCE 845 years after Mahāvira Nirvāṇa (1189 BCE) and 375 years after Vikramāditya of
719 BCE. Thus, the Sūrya Vamsi King Kanaksen and his descendants reigned in Vallabhi around 518-345 BCE. King
Siladitya died in 345 BCE and his pregnant wife Puṣpavati escaped and took shelter in a cave where she
delivered a son.”
Maitraka’s Genealogy suggests that all rulers assumed the title of siladitya, especially last
eight rulers. 7th ruler also witnessed the attack from sea as well as Bappa’s father Guha. It is
quite possible that there were various attacks on Vallabhi because of its strategic location in
ancient world as a trade port of India.
Why Sisodia Claims that they descended from Ikshvaku clan?
Obviously, when we combined the history of Suryavansi Rajput clan, they descended from
last Ikshvaku king Sumitra . The relationship and geology is well mentioned in the Maitraka’s
article posted on academia. Sisodia on the one side descended from Guhilot but on the other
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side they came from Rathore lineage that also claimed descend from Gahadwala who
descended from Sumitra’s other son. Rathore of Jodhpur descended from Jaichand of
Kannauj (Gahadwala-Rathore) who descended from Deva or Ditya dynasty of Ikshvaku clan of
last king Sumitra.
Kshatriya had ceased to be hereditary class for a long time, and it had become a professional
class that was inclusive for Brahmins, visaya and natives who can fight and many of them
who had taken up arms were of mixed origin. The original Vedic people have melted away or
merged into peopling of India and cannot be resurrected in its original form. Guhilot on the
other hand descended from Maitraka dynasty of Vallabhi, who indeed were sun worshipers.
However, their origin from Maitraka and linkage with Nagar Brahmin cannot be doubted. The
Maitraka’s Persian connection is bit fuzzy but two other sources including bards repeat that,
so more research is needed in this connection.
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Inside View of Shiva Temple of Chittore
Commonality of Sun worshipping and Fire worshiping tradition of GuhilotSisodiya and Maitrakas Rulers
According to Colonel Tod who had befriended Mewar’s Bhim singh and Raja Jai Singh of
Amber assembled large amount of information on these clans and we can derive following
observations.
1. There existed marked affinity in the religious rites between Rana's family of Sisodia clan
and the Guebres or Zoroaster’s religion of ancient Persia. The chief object of adoration was
the SUN, each bore the image of the Orb (Sun) on their banners. The chief day in week was
the 7th day dedicated to the Sun that was Sunday.
2. The Solar Kund or fire altar was always maintained at Maitraka’s Palace in Saurashtra at
Vallabhipur. Sisodia-Guhilot also maintained that tradition but also incorporated Shiva lingam
as per the Bappa’s legend and Bappa’s adoption of Shiva worship quite common with his Bhil
20
allies. Interestingly, Agni Kula legend also adopted fire worship for rebranding the four new
races of Agnivansh of central Asian origin.
3. Maitraka rulers had also added the worship of Somnath (Shiva Lingam) to the symbol of
BAL Nath (Sun) up on their arrival in Saurashtra that was also picked up by Guhilot-Sisodiya.
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Commander’s seal Bhil soldier, Rana, Shiva lingam and sun emblem Sun Banner of flag
4. The fountain of Surya Kund at Vallabhipur was used by all siladitya kings to issue the edicts
of the ruler. According to the legends, the "seven-headed horse" Sun God chariot (Sapta
Asva) was used by Siladitya of Vallabhipur prior to any battle.
.
Fire Altar of Maitraka at Vallabhipur
Sun emblem of Guhilot
22
5. The ancient chronicles of Sisodia state that Bappa Rawal (the founder father of Guhilot
Dynasty) and had numerous progeny. Bappa Rawal had total of ninety-eight children and
were called Agnivansh- Suryavansi. This can be a truth or legend.
The ancient tradition of Indian rulers to use matrimonial alliances to cement the alliances
with various tributaries often resulted into the succession fights among their progenies. That
made their kingdom weak, split and divided. The Sisodia-Rathore and original Guhilot often
quarreled over succession rights after the death of their ancestor king. One branch of the
Guhilot who later emerged as Gohil of Saurashtra was pushed out in early 13th century
from Khargrah, Marwar by the Rathore. They then marched back to Saurashtra under their
chief Mohandas, who is also referred to as Kunwar Pal, father of Sejakji. The Gohil came to
the court of the Chalukya ruler Sidhraja Jayasimha and were appointed governors of the
small areas near Bhavnagar-Ghogha. His son Sejakji conquered a vast area and carved out his
own principality with Sejakpur as his capital. He also married his daughter Velum Kunverba to
the Prince of Chudasama of Junagadh and became right-hand man of the Solanki ruler. Sejakji
Gohil was chief from and turned himself into a huge force in Gohilwad.
6. Similarly, Rana Kumbha had many wives, a customary tradition of Rana. One of the linage
is still embedded as a part of Jaina caste community and they use their surname as
“Kumbhani” with their own claim as one of the descendants of Rana Kumbha’s ,while
practicing Jainism. We saw tremendous construction of Jaina Temples during Kumbha’s reign.
The famous of them are Ranakpur Temples and Kirti or Vijay Stumbh.
However, the strained relationship between Sisodia and Rathore branch continued for a long
time and it was further complicated by overt support of Rathore branch of Jodhpur to Mogul
rulers of Delhi with a military and matrimonial alliances. Sisodia clan never forgave Rathore
for the betrayal of Mewar and Hindustan to Mogul rulers. The most illustrious of Sisodia clan
Rana Pratap after Bappa Rawal led endless fight against Akbar.
Sources of Colonel Tod
Colonel Tod enjoyed a personal relationship with Rana of Mewar that was unprecedented
and accorded to any Englishman. His deep understanding of Indian culture, custom and
history earned him the respect of many important nobles in Royal house. He obtained the
genealogy of Sisodia-Guhilot clan from Royal bard before his arrival to the court of Udaipur.
To this, he was able to add a chronological sketch of genealogy under the eyes of Rana Jai
singh of Amber with comments added by Rana for Colonel’s understanding. This became the
basis for further research with full access to royal library and permission for copying the
originals. Most important work was “Khuman Raso” that was done during Khuman-1’s
lifetime. Other materials were included in “Rajvilas” prepared by Man Kabeswara in Vraj
Bhasa (Old Rajasthani-Mathura), and Raj Ratnakar by Sudasheo Bhatt (a Nagar Brahmin).
Mamadevi Prasistha is the inscription in the temple at Kumbalmer.
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Sanskrit and Persian Inscription at Atashgah-Azerbaijan, Shiva Temple and map of Azerbaijan that was part of
Persian Empire
Why Vallabhipur became an important center for Jainism and Buddhism?
A. Due to influx of foreign tribes, Saurashtra and Gujarat became an ideal refuge place for
Jaina and Buddhist monks away from Taxshila. Most of them were residing there in addition
to Karnatak region where Digambara had migrated.
B. The rulers provided all the required facilities and offer the security and protection.
C. The four mountain ranges of Saurashtra with numerous natural caves provided ideal place
for meditation. Girnar, Shtrunjaya, Ossum and Barda were the key mountain ranges with
ample water supply and natural cave formation.
According to Jaina sources on account of the sack of Vallabhi, thirty thousand families abandoned this ‘city of a
hundred temples,’ and led by their priests found a retreat for themselves and their faith in Mordardes (Marwar),
where they erected the towns of “Sandrai” (Now -Sindari) and Bali (Now-Balotra), in which latter we recognize
24
the name of the city whence they were expelled. Sandrai and Bali were the ancient Tirth of “Malinath”-Jaina
Tirthankara were located. The religion of Vallabhi, and consequently of the colonists, was the Jainism and
Buddhism; and it was by a priest descended from the survivors of this catastrophe, and still with their
descendants inhabiting those towns. Colonel Tod , the “Sandrai” roll assigns the year 305 (Vallabhi era) for the
destruction of Vallabhi. Jaina assigns the date of 345 of Kirtikadi Vikram era. We assume there were many
attempts for destruction of Vallabhi up to last silditya-7. The invading force came from Sindh as per map above
that was occupied by Shahi Saka or so called Barbarians or Mlechha or they can be saka satrap of Sindh known
as t elite fighting group of “Savārān Sardar”, who at a later age became the tribe of Makwana and sodha Rajput.
Just like their ancestors, they offered their military service to Chalukya rulers of Gujarat. ”
narrow water passageway near Dholka and Viramgam may have allowed refugees to flee through water ways of
Luni and Guelph of Kuchha that still had the water for navigation.
25
References
1. Annals and antiquities of Rajasthan Vol 1-111 by Colonel James Tod and William Crooke
1929-London.
2. Aryan and Non-Aryans in South Asia: Evidence, interpretation, and ideology by
international seminar on
Aryans and Non-Aryans in South Asia, University of Michigan, J. Brokhorst and M.
Deshpande-1996.
3. Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia, Material, Culture and Ethnicities by George Erdosy.
4. Suryavansi Vala vansh by Sahdevsinhji Vala, Pravin Pushtak Bhandar, Gujarat, India.
5. History of Gurjara Pratihara, B. N. Puri, Munshiram Mahorlal, New Delhi, India.
6. The Hephthalites of Central Asia by Richard Heli and the White Huns by Silk Road
Foundation.
7. Ancient Chinese History of Hans Dynasty and Chinese Records.
8. Ancient Cities and Towns of Rajasthan, K. C. Jain, Motilal Banarsidas, India.
9. History of India as told by its own Historians Vol. 1 & 2, Translated by Elliot and Dowson,
Oxford London
a. Habib-S-Siyar by Khondamir.
b. Tarikh-I-Hind of Al-Biruni (Abu Rehman- Al- Biruni)
c. Futūh al-Buldān by Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri
d. Al-Tabari, Abu Djafar Muhammad b. Djarir b. Yazid
40
10. The Kambojas through the Ages, H.A. Rose, 2005,
11. Ancient Kambojas, People and the Country, 1981, p 305-306, Dr J. L. Kamboj.
12. Trade and Trade Routes in Ancient India by Von Moti Chandra.
13. The History of al-Tabari Vol. 11, Tabari: The Challenge to the Empires A.D. 633-635/A.H.
12-13. SUNY
Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-9684-8.
14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrau_I
16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamboja...n_Manusmriti
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamboja_Horsemen
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashvakas
17. Bharat ke Prachin Mudrank, by Swami Om Nand ji Sarasvati, 1973, Rohtak.
18. Laws of Manu chapter 1. 172-Fordham University-G.Buehler.
19. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamboja_Location
20. http://www.academia.edu/bipinshah1
21. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateshgah_of_Baku
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