Gender differences and association between PTSD symptoms and
Alcohol Use
Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Masters of Arts in Clinical Psychology
Submitted By:
Supervisor:
ASTIK BHAN
Dr. DIVI TARA
A0403421282
Assistant Professor
AMITY INSTITUTE OF PSYCHOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 2023
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CERTIFICATE
AMITY INSTITUTE OF PSYCHOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES
AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH, NOIDA
This is to certify that ASTIK BHAN (Enrolment No- A0403421282, 2021-23 BATCH) student
at Amity university Uttar Pradesh, Noida has carried out this Dissertation in partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the degree of M.A Clinical Psychology on the topic- “Gender
Differences and Association between PTSD symptoms and Alcohol Use”
This embodies the original work of the candidate, and no part of this Major project has been
submitted for any other degree of any other university to the best of our knowledge.
DATE-
Dr. DIVI TARA
Assistant Professor
Signature:
AIPS, AUUP
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Signature of HOI
DECLARATION
I, ASTIK BHAN (Enrollment No- A0403421282) student of M.A Clinical Psychology
(Batch:2021-23) of AMITY SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES
(AIPS), AUUP have completed the dissertation titled “Gender differences and associations
between post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and Alcohol use” which embodies
original work, and is submitted towards the partial fulfillment of the requirements of the
degree.
Date: 12th May 2023
ASTIK BHAN
M.A Clinical Psychology
A0403421282
Amity University, Noida
Uttar Pradesh
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FACULTY GUIDE’S APPROVAL
This is to approve that ASTIK BHAN of M.A Clinical Psychology, A0403421282 has worked
under my guidance and I have approved her work entitled “Gender differences and
association between post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and alcohol use” as part of
his dissertation.
Date: 12th May 2023
Dr. DIVI TARA
(Assistant Professor)
AIPS, AUUP
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all those who have supported
and guided me throughout the journey of completing this dissertation.
First and foremost, I am profoundly grateful to my supervisor, Dr. Divi Tara,
for her exceptional guidance, expertise, and unwavering support throughout
this research endeavor. Her insightful feedback, constructive criticism, and
constant encouragement has been invaluable in shaping the direction and
quality of this work. Her passion for academia and willingness to share her
expertise has greatly influenced this journey.
I am indebted to the participants who generously shared their time and
experiences, making this study possible. Their willingness to be a part of this
research has contributed immensely to the depth and richness of the findings.
Furthermore, I would like to express my deep appreciation to my friends and
family for their encouragement, and understanding throughout this demanding
journey. Their belief in my abilities and their constant presence have been a
constant source of strength and motivation.
I would like to extend a special acknowledgment to my dear cousin Ishita
Munshi whose unwavering support and assistance have been invaluable
throughout this research journey. Her willingness to go above and beyond to
assist me, even during her own busy schedules, has not gone unnoticed. I am
truly grateful for her dedication and commitment.
Lastly, I am grateful to all the researchers and scholars whose work and insights
have shaped my understanding of the subject matter. Their contributions to the
field have paved the way for this research and has provided a solid foundation
upon which this dissertation is built.
ASTIK BHAN
M.A Clinical Psychology
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TABLE OF CONTENT
S.NO.
CONTENT
PAGE
NO.
1.
ABSTRACT
2.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Posttraumatic stress disorder
1.2.1 Symptoms and diagnosis of PTSD
1.2.2 Related conditions
1.3 Cognitive behavioral therapy
1.4 Post stress alcohol consumption
1.4.1 PTSD and problems with alcohol use
1.5 Rationale of the study
3.
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
4.
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Aim of the study
3.2 Objectives of the Study
3.3 Hypotheses
3.4 Variables
3.5 Participants of the study
3.6 Data collection instruments
3.7 Data collection procedure
3.8 Sampling Design
3.9 Scoring
3.10 Statistical analysis
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5.
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS & DISCUSSION
6.
CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Implications & Recommendations
5.2 Limitations
REFERENCES
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ABSTRACT
PTSD, or post-traumatic stress disorder, is a mental illness that may manifest itself after exposure
to or experience of a terrible incident. The negative consequences of alcohol on one's body and
mind, relationships, and general well-being are well-documented. Examine the disparities between
the sexes and discover how drinking impacts PTSD symptoms. A mental health illness, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may manifest in those who have encountered or seen a terrible
incident. The sample consists of 146 individuals and the sampling design used is purposive
sampling and both male and female participants were asked to take initiative. The sample mainly
consists of people in the age group of 18+ years who are adults. The data in this study has been
obtained with the help of the scales named “Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT)”
and “PTSD Checklist Version DSM-5 (PCL-5)” as well as a demographic information form. For
this study SPSS software will be used. Pearson correlation test as well as T-test was used to prove
the hypothesis. Trauma can take many forms, such as war, sexual assault, natural disasters, serious
accidents, or other life-threatening events. The findings suggest that there is a significant positive
correlation between PTSD symptoms and alcohol use, but no significant gender differences in
either variable.
Keywords: correlation, PTDS, alcohol use, alcohol consumption, hypothesis, etc.
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List of Tables
Table 1: Descriptive statistics of each variable
Table 2: Group statistics of PTSD
Table 3: Group statistics of Alcohol use
Table 4: Pearson correlation between PTSD and Alcohol usage.
Table 5: T-test results for gender differences between PTSD symptoms amongst men and women.
Table 6: T-test results for gender differences between Alcohol use amongst men and women
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Research on gender differences and posttraumatic symptoms and alcohol use has been going on
for a while. The focus of this study is on the potential gender differences in the link between PTSD
and alcohol use. Sexual or physical assault, natural disasters, accidents, or combat may all lead to
post-traumatic stress disorder in survivors.
Substance misuse is only one of the dangerous behaviors that has been linked to a higher
prevalence of PTSD. Up to 60% of people with PTSD also have a co-occurring alcohol use
problem, according to research. (Woods-Jaeger, 2015)
Although studies have demonstrated that PTSD and alcohol use are linked, the specific gender
differences in this association are little understood. There is a need for further research on the ways
in which gender disparities in the incidence, symptoms, and severity of PTSD affect alcohol use.
Effective treatments for those who suffer from PTSD and alcohol use disorder (AUD) need more
research into this area. Researchers and clinicians may better serve the needs of men and women
by addressing the PTSD and alcohol use in ways that are particular to their gender. The overarching
design of this study is to find ways to enhance recovery for those who are struggling with PTSD
and alcohol use disorder at the same time. (Kaysen, 2013)
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1.2 Post-traumatic stress disorder
Exposure to the experience of a traumatic incident may lead to post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD), a mental health illness. Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder include anxiety,
sleeplessness, and persistent flashbacks to the traumatic experience. After a traumatic event, PTSD
symptoms may appear as soon as one month later or as long as many years afterwards. These
conditions have a devastating effect on people's capacity for connection and communication. They
may also make it hard to do daily tasks. (Kline, 2019)
Symptoms of intrusive memories may include:

Unwanted and upsetting flashbacks to the terrible incident

Experiencing the terrible incident all over again (flashbacks)

Relating the traumatic experience in one's dreams or nightmares.

Extremely bad emotions or physical symptoms brought on by any reminder of the traumatic
event.
Symptoms of avoidance may include:

Keeping the horrific experience from one's mind by whatever means necessary.

Avoiding stimuli that may reactivate upsetting feelings associated with the traumatic event.
Signs of a decline in mental health:

A pessimistic outlook on oneself, other people, and the world at large.

Memory issues, including blackouts when crucial details of the traumatic experience are
forgotten.

Difficulty sustaining meaningful connections with others.

Disconnection from loved ones and loss of enthusiasm for formerly pleasurable pursuits
are two symptoms of depression.

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Difficulty feeling happy or excited.

Emotional numbness (Dennis, 2011)
Arousal symptoms, which are changes in physiological and psychological reactions, may take
many forms.

Extremely sensitive to emotional distress.

Keeping one's guard up at all times.

Dangerous habits like binge drinking and speeding that only hurt the individual.

Problems falling asleep; difficulty staying awake; scattered thought processes; irritability;
explosive anger; violent tendencies.

Acute feelings of remorse or disgrace
1.2.1 Symptoms and diagnosis of PTSD
PTSD symptoms may be broken down into four categories. Symptoms may vary in terms of their
severity.
Intrusion: Thoughts that won't leave your mind, such as upsetting flashbacks, nightmares, or
recollections that you keep having without knowing why. Flashbacks may be so real that the
traumatic experience seems to be occurring all over again. (Dennis, 2011)
Avoidance: It may assist to avoid any reminders of traumatic occurrences, such as people, places,
events, objects, and situations. People may want to forget about what happened since it was so
traumatic. They can feel awkward talking about the situation or how they're feeling.
Alterations in cognition and mood: Changes in a person's cognition and mood might indicate shifts
in their thinking, perceiving, remembering, focusing, and feeling. Age, disease, medicine, or
mental illness may all play a role in bringing about these alterations.
Alterations in arousal and reactivity: Anger outbursts, impatience, hypervigilance, vulnerability to
shock, trouble concentrating and sleeping, and hypervigilance are all indications of arousal and
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reactive symptoms.
Many people have comparable symptoms in the days after exposure to a traumatic event. However,
for a diagnosis of PTSD to be established, symptoms must persist for more than a month and
seriously disrupt or impede the individual's daily functioning. After a stressful incident, symptoms
often appear within three months, but may appear at any time and can last for months or even
years. Comorbidities of post-traumatic stress disorder include depression, substance misuse,
memory loss, and other conditions. (Hundt, 2016)
1.2.2 Related conditions
Acute Stress Disorder
Similar to PTSD, acute stress disorder develops in the aftermath of a stressful experience.
However, signs and symptoms don't show up until three days to a month later. A person suffering
from acute stress disorder may feel numb or alienated from oneself, experience flashbacks or
dreams, and relive the trauma. Their everyday lives are severely disrupted by the symptoms they
experience. Fifty percent or more of those who have ASD also get PTSD. Nineteen percent to fifty
percent of those who have experienced interpersonal violence (such as rape, assault, or intimate
partner abuse) have been diagnosed with acute stress disorder. (Hundt, 2016)
Symptoms may be managed, and PTSD can be avoided entirely, with the use of psychotherapy,
particularly cognitive behavior therapy.
Adjustment Disorder
A person may develop an adjustment disorder after experiencing a stressful incident or series of
events. A person's reaction to a stressor is often characterized by emotional or behavioral
symptoms that are more extreme than usual given the nature of the incident.
Physical indications like tremors, palpitations, and headaches might accompany emotional
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manifestations like feeling tense, depressed, or hopeless; abandoning from other people; behaving
stubbornly; or acting impulsively. These symptoms significantly impair one's ability to perform in
important areas of life, such as job, education, or social relationships, and hence create severe
distress (Shin, 2018). Adjustment disorder symptoms often emerge within three months following
a stressful event and go away within six months after the stressor or its effects have stopped.
A single stressful event (such a breakup) or a series of smaller events might add up to a larger one.
A chronic, debilitating sickness is one example of a stressor that might manifest itself again and
unabatedly. An person, a family, or a whole community (as in the event of a natural catastrophe)
might be impacted by a stressor.
Between 5 and 20 percent of those receiving outpatient mental health care have adjustment
disorder as their primary diagnosis. More than 15% of individuals with cancer were found to have
adjustment problem, according to recent research. (Shin, 2018)
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
Children who have been severely neglected or deprived of social interaction before the age of two
are more likely to have disinhibited social engagement disorder. This condition, which is similar
to reactive attachment disorder, manifests itself when children either experience frequent changes
in caregivers or are denied their basic emotional needs for comfort, excitement, and affection.
(Chapman, 2010)
A child with disinhibited social interaction disorder may behave oddly among unfamiliar adults.
For instance, the kid could stroll out with a total stranger with no second thoughts. This disease
often occurs with cognitive and linguistic deficits. The quality of care provided has been
demonstrated to moderate the development of this condition. Some kids may still have symptoms
into their teenage years, even if the caregiving situation is improved. (Stewart, 2018)
Disinhibited social interaction disorder is assumed to be very uncommon although its true
frequency remains unclear. The condition does not appear in the vast majority of severely
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neglected youngsters. Working with caregivers to increase the likelihood of an emotionally
accessible attachment figure for the child is the most essential therapy method.
Reactive Attachment Disorder
Children with histories of extreme social neglect or hardship are more likely to develop reactive
attachment disorder. This may occur if a kid is subjected to frequent changes in caretakers (as
happens in foster care) or if his or her basic emotional needs aren't addressed (such as comfort,
stimulation, and affection).
Reactive attachment disorder causes young individuals to behave emotionally distant and numb
with their elder caregivers. They seldom ask for aid from caregivers and often ignore efforts to
soothe them when they are angry. They may seem sad or fearful for no apparent reason, and they
seldom smile or show joy, even while engaging with caregivers. Problems start showing up much
before the fifth birthday. People with this disorder often have trouble thinking and talking. (Wolff,
2016)
Even among severely neglected children, reactive attachment disorder is unusual. The goal of
therapy with children is to improve communication between the kid and his or her main caregivers.
1.3 Cognitive behavioral therapy
To better one's emotional and psychological well-being, one might engage in cognitive behavioral
therapy (CBT), a kind of psychotherapy. It's a focused, time-limited approach to helping
individuals learn to control their emotions and actions for the better.
Negative thought patterns are thought to contribute to mental health issues like depression, anxiety,
and stress, and CBT is founded on this idea. Learning to recognize and dispute such unhelpful
ideas might help people alter their actions and boost their spirits. (Wilson, 2011)
Together with their therapist, clients in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) attempt to recognize
unhelpful ways of thinking and replace them with more rational approaches. They could even pick
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up some techniques for dealing with stressful feelings and events. Depression, anxiety disorders,
eating disorders, and substance use disorders are all commonly treated with CBT, which can be
delivered either one-on-one or in a group setting. (Berenz, 2017)
In addition to medicine, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been found to be an effective
treatment for many mental health disorders.
1.4 Post stress alcohol consumption
Assessing alcohol use in connection to the time of the trauma is helpful in making sense of the
otherwise muddled research on stress and drinking. Increased cortisol production from alcohol use
changes the baseline for how the brain and body function. In addition to altering the body's natural
response to stress, alcohol also alters the hormonal balance.
Alcohol has been shown to have a reinforcing effect, leading individuals to drink more and more
to attain the same high, because of the hormone cortisol's interaction with the brain's reward or
pleasure circuits. It has been shown that elevated cortisol levels are associated with an increased
propensity for habitual behavior, including the development of drinking habits and subsequent
relapse. Because alcohol inhibits the body from reestablishing its normal hormonal balance, a new
physiological baseline must be established. The term for this is "allostasis." The process of finding
a new equilibrium is taxing on the body and may lead to major health problems, such as
alcoholism. (Berenz, 2017)
1.4.1 PTSD and problems with alcohol use
Research shows that either PTSD or alcohol abuse might be the originating factor in the resulting
connection. People with PTSD, for instance, are more likely to have drinking issues both before
and after the onset of the disorder. If you suffer from PTSD, you are more likely to struggle with
alcohol. In addition, those who have a drinking issue are more likely to experience stressful
situations, which might further increase their chance for developing PTSD. (Stewart, 2018)
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Trauma and PTSD Can Lead to Problems with Alcohol
People who have experienced abuse or other forms of violence often develop drinking issues.
Thirty percent or more of those who endure serious sickness, trauma, or tragedy also have a
problem with alcohol. Those who have experienced trauma are more likely to develop alcohol
problems if they have persistent health issues or discomfort.
One must also take into account the gender dynamic. Compared to women who never experience
PTSD, those who have it at some point in their life are 2.5 times more likely to develop an alcohol
use disorder. If a man has PTSD, he is twice as likely to develop an alcohol problem as a man who
has never had PTSD.
Six out of ten (or 60%-80%) Vietnam Veterans receiving treatment for PTSD also have an alcohol
use disorder. Binge drinking is common among veterans who have suffered from both PTSD and
alcohol abuse. When someone consumes many alcoholic beverages in a short amount of time (less
than two hours), they are engaging in binge drinking. It's possible that traumatic recollections
trigger binge eating. Suicide attempts are more common among veterans over the age of 65 who
suffer from PTSD if they also have a substance abuse or mental health disorder. (Kline, 2019)
Alcohol Use Problems Can Lead to Trauma and Problems in Relationships
People with drinking problems are more prone to experience trauma than people without such
problems. Relationship issues are also possible for you. Conflicts with the individuals closest to
you are likely to increase. (Dennis, 2011)
Problems with alcohol are associated with a lack of structure and a sense of helplessness in daily
life. This way of living causes people to withdraw socially and increases family strife. It's tough
to be a responsible adult and a responsible parent when you have a drinking issue.
Alcohol Can Make PTSD Symptoms Worse
You could choose to imbibe if you find that doing so helps you forget about your issues, if only
temporarily. However, you should be aware that intoxication diminishes your capacity to focus, to
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accomplish goals, and to have pleasure in life. (Dennis, 2011)
Drinking too much alcohol hinders your ability to handle pressure and painful recollections of past
trauma. Some people with PTSD report feeling worse after drinking to the point of drunkenness.
Some symptoms that may worsen include:

a lack of sensation or numbness

Isolation from other people
Anger, irritability, and depression are all symptoms of anxiety. So is feeling on edge all the time.
Those suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may have difficulties getting asleep
or staying asleep. If you have trouble sleeping, you may "medicate" with alcohol. In fact, drinking
too much alcohol might disrupt normal sleep patterns. The restorative effects of sleep are
diminished by alcohol use. (Kline, 2019)
It's possible that people with PTSD suffer nightmares. You may drink if you believe it would help
you forget your terrifying nightmares. However, suppressing traumatic thoughts and feelings just
makes PTSD worse. If you try to avoid dealing with your issues, you may not see as much
improvement throughout therapy. Treatment for PTSD is less successful when alcohol use
disorders are present.
Nightmares often get more intense if a person abruptly stops drinking. Getting help from a medical
professional is a big step in overcoming an alcohol problem. You'll have a better shot of
accomplishing your goals. (Hundt, 2016)
Other Mental Health Issues
Problematic PTSD sufferers often also struggle with substance abuse and/or other mental or
physical health issues. Half or more of persons who suffer from both PTSD and alcoholism also
struggle with the following issues:
Disorders of the mind, include melancholy, anxiety, and phobias Anxiety, worry, and compulsions
(like repeatedly checking doors)
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Problems paying attention or acting in harmful ways; Drug addiction or misuse; Chronic health
conditions include diabetes, heart disease, or liver disease; Chronic pain.
1.5 Rationale of the study
Previous research has shown that those who work in military settings or who have experienced
life-threatening events are at a higher risk for developing PTSD, and that they tend to use alcohol
consumption as a coping technique. PTSD is underdiagnosed in the general population, in part
because its symptoms coincide with those of other mental health conditions such as depression.
Other symptoms, such as "Re-Experiencing memories," "Avoidance," "Mood Swings," etc., are
also common.
The purpose of this research is to highlight the fact that PTSD symptoms are common not just
among persons who have encountered traumatic events but also among the general population who
have not been diagnosed with PTSD. In addition, the research would try to bring attention to the
significance of correct and prompt diagnosis of PTSD in preventing PTSD-related consequences,
such as the use of alcohol as a coping method. As part of this effort, more widely available
screening programs would be put into place to help in the early detection and treatment of PTSD
in the general population.
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CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Rosenthal, (2011) The objective of this research was to compare PTSD and alcohol use symptoms
among female and male college students who had experienced trauma. Sixty-five percent of the
study's 481 participants were female. The results showed a significant correlation between PTSD
and alcohol use symptoms for both sexes. Nonetheless, the correlation was more pronounced in
girls than in men. When compared to men, women reported much more severe PTSD and alcohol
use symptoms. These findings have important implications for the treatment of traumatized college
students, since they point to gender disparities in PTSD and alcohol use symptoms.
Street, (2008) The purpose of this study was to determine whether male and female veterans had
similar rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD). There were
1,437 war veterans questioned, all of whom had fought in Iraq or Afghanistan. Female veterans
were shown to have a greater rate of PTSD and alcohol use disorder than their male counterparts.
Both illnesses were reported to be more severe by female veterans. Heavy drinking and alcoholrelated disorders were more often reported among male veterans than female veterans. These
results point to the potential importance of tailoring therapies for combat veterans with PTSD and
AUD.
Kaysen, (2013) The determination of this research was to determine whether those with a history
of childhood distress who also use alcohol had a different PTSD-alcohol use relationship than
those without such a history. The majority of the study's 346 participants were women (71.4
percent). Males were less probable to report PTSD symptoms or alcohol use than females.
However, men had a greater connection between PTSD and alcohol use than females. Furthermore,
men reported more severe symptoms associated with alcohol use than women did. These results
point to the potential need for gender-specific therapies to help those with a history of childhood
trauma, PTSD, and alcohol use disorders.
Woods-Jaeger, (2015) The objective of this study was to examine whether or not high-risk women
experience PTSD symptoms differently from other women. The sample included 101 women, half
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of whom identified as Black and the other half as White; all of them reported engaging in risky
drinking behaviors and having experienced trauma. The results showed a significant correlation
between PTSD and alcohol abuse among both sexes. However, the correlation was more
pronounced among females than males. The correlation between PTSD and alcohol abuse was also
mediated by gender, with women being more likely to have an exacerbated effect. These results
emphasize the need to consider differences between the sexes when addressing the link between
PTSD and alcohol abuse.
Kline, (2019) The purpose of this study was to compare male and female Army National Guard
troops to identify any significant differences in the association between PTSD and alcohol usage.
The sample included 322 service members with recent deployments to either Iraq or Afghanistan.
Alcohol use and PTSD symptoms were positively correlated. However, the correlation was much
higher in females than in males. Additionally, compared to males, more women with PTSD also
reported heavy alcohol use. In order to reduce alcohol use among military personnel with PTSD,
these results imply that gender-specific characteristics should be taken into account while
developing therapies.
Cerdá, (2011) The persistence of this research was to determine whether and how PTSD and
alcohol use among firefighters varied by gender. A total of 2,281 men and 89 women from 50
firehouses throughout the United States made up the sample. Alcohol use and PTSD symptoms
were positively correlated. However, the correlation was much higher in females than in males.
Additionally, compared to males, more women with PTSD also reported heavy alcohol use. These
results point to the need for therapies targeting alcohol use among firefighters with PTSD, and also
highlight the need of taking into account gender variations.
Novins, (2012) The goal of this study was to examine the connection between post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorders among adult American Indians and Alaska Natives,
focusing specifically on the role played by mental health and violent exposures. There were a total
of 3,084 people included in the sample, hailing from seven separate American Indian and Alaska
Native communities. There was strong evidence that PTSD is linked to alcohol abuse in both sexes.
Females, however, showed a considerably stronger association than men did. In addition, the
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association between PTSD and alcohol use disorders was mediated by both mental health concerns
and exposures to violence, with the former acting as a stronger mediator for women and the latter
for men. Treatment of mental health and violent exposures is emphasized, as is the link between
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use problems among American Indians and
Alaska Natives.
Hundt, (2016) The role of this research was to investigate whether or not PTSD treatment seekers
from Iraq and Afghanistan exhibited any gender differences in the signs of alcohol dependency.
There were 399 veterans in the sample, and 88.5 percent of them were men. The results showed a
significant correlation between PTSD and alcohol dependency symptoms for both sexes. However,
the correlation was much higher in females than in males. In addition, both PTSD and alcohol
dependency were more prevalent in women than in males. These results highlight the need of
considering gender variations in PTSD and alcohol dependency symptoms while treating soldiers
from Iraq and Afghanistan.
Shin, (2018) The objective of this study was to determine whether there are significant variations
in the prevalence of PTSD and drug use disorders among men and women who are receiving
treatment for opioid use disorder. There were 591 adults total, with women making up 32.5% of
the sample. In both sexes, PTSD symptoms were shown to have a positive correlation with drug
use disorders. However, the correlation was much higher in females than in males. In addition,
compared to males, women with PTSD were more likely to have co-occurring drug use disorders.
But the prevalence of drug abuse problems was much greater for males with PTSD. Gender
disparities in the diagnostic and treatment of opioid use disorder with co-occurring PTSD should
be considered in light of these results. The greater frequency of comorbid drug use disorders among
women with PTSD is something that treatment providers should be aware of.
Stewart, (2018) The purpose of this research was to look at how PTSD and alcohol use symptoms
varied across male and female veterans. We used self-report methods to gather information from
337 military veterans (72% male, 28% female). The results demonstrated a favorable correlation
between PTSD and alcohol use symptoms for both sexes, with the male-to-male correlation being
greater. Furthermore, negative affect largely moderated the link between PTSD symptoms and
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alcohol use symptoms for both sexes. These results show the significance of taking into account
gender variations in the comorbidity of PTSD and alcohol use symptoms among military veterans.
Read, (2017) In this research, authors at how college students who had experienced trauma related
differences across gender, PTSD symptoms, and alcohol use habits. There were 461 people, with
66% being female, who completed questions about their PTSD, alcohol usage, and other
characteristics. A positive association was found between PTSD and alcohol usage in both sexes,
with the correlation being stronger in females. Lastly, the link between PTSD and women's alcohol
consumption was somewhat attenuated by negative affect. These findings highlight the need for
treatment to account for gender variations in PTSD and co-occurring alcohol use disorders.
Daughters, (2016) In this study, researchers looked at how PTSD and alcohol use indicators were
linked in a group of people who were actively seeking help for addiction. Self-report evaluations
for PTSD and alcohol use symptoms were completed by 183 persons (71% male). The symptoms
of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol abuse were positively correlated in both men
and women, with the association being stronger in women. Furthermore, for both sexes, the
association between PTSD and alcohol use symptoms was tempered by negative affect. These
findings highlight the potential value of gender-specific adaptations to treatment for those
struggling with co-occurring PTSD and alcohol use disorders.
Zlotnick, (2006) The present study examined the variations in the relationships between PTSD
symptom clusters and alcohol consumption by gender among a sample of urban persons who had
experienced trauma. The data was gathered from 252 people (50% male) using self-report
measures of PTSD symptoms and alcohol usage. The results showed a positive correlation between
alcohol usage and gender for both men and women, with the correlation being stronger for women.
Alcohol usage was also highly linked to hyperarousal and avoidance/numbing effects.
Furthermore, the correlation between hyperarousal symptoms and alcohol use was somewhat
attenuated by the negative affect both sexes reported. This study's findings call for further research
into the extent to which PTSD and alcohol use disorders co-occur by gender.
Dennis, (2011) This study examined the links between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
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alcohol consumption, and gender among a sample of African-American women who had
experienced intimate partner violence. Using self-report tools, 106 women were assessed about
their PTSD symptoms and drinking alcohol. Although a positive link between PTSD and alcohol
consumption was shown to be substantial across the board, it was found to be more strong among
women who reported higher levels of negative affect. In addition, negative affect mediated the
relationship between PTSD and alcohol use. These findings highlight the need of doing genderspecific analyses of PTSD and alcohol use disorders among African American women.
Wolff, (2016) Researchers in this study examined a sample of persons with post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorders simultaneously to see whether there were any
differences in the associations between PTSD symptom clusters and alcohol use between the sexes.
87 participants were asked to complete a survey on their own personal history with PTSD and
alcohol use. Both men and women showed a favorable correlation between hyperarousal and
avoidance symptoms and alcohol use, with the correlation being stronger for women. Furthermore,
for both sexes, negative affect somewhat attenuated the link between PTSD and alcohol abuse.
Findings suggest that gender-specific approaches to treating PTSD and alcohol use disorders may
be most beneficial for those who suffer from both conditions simultaneously.
Stander, (2019) Among veterans getting outpatient PTSD therapy, the purpose of this research was
to examine gender differences in the association between PTSD and alcohol use disorder (AUD)
symptoms. Subjects (n = 158) filled out questionnaires on their experiences with PTSD and AUD.
The results showed a significant correlation between PTSD symptom intensity and AUD
symptoms across both sexes. However, the association between PTSD symptom clusters and AUD
symptoms varied considerably by gender. The highest correlation between AUD symptoms and
re-experiencing symptoms was seen in men, whereas the strongest correlation between AUD
symptoms and hyperarousal was observed in females. These results emphasize the need for
gender-specific screening and treatment of co-occurring PTSD and AUD.
Berenz, (2017) The purpose of this study was to examine if there were any gender differences in
the relationship between PTSD symptoms and alcohol use among people with co-occurring PTSD
and AUD who were receiving residential substance misuse treatment. Participants (n = 130)
24 | P a g e
completed self-report measures for PTSD and AUD symptoms. In both sexes, increased alcohol
use was associated with more severe PTSD symptoms. PTSD symptoms clustered differently in
men and women, although both sexes had a connection to alcohol consumption. Alcohol usage
was more strongly linked to experiencing symptoms again in men, whereas in females it was more
strongly linked to avoiding or numbing sensations. These findings highlight the potential
significance of gender-specific adaptations to treatment for individuals suffering from cooccurring PTSD and AUD.
Wilson, (2011) The focus of this study was on identifying gender differences in PTSD and alcohol
use among survivors of sexual assault. Participants (n = 130) filled out self-report measures for
PTSD and alcohol use. In both sexes, increased alcohol use was associated with more severe PTSD
symptoms. PTSD symptoms clustered differently in men and women, although both sexes had a
connection to alcohol consumption. Alcohol usage was more strongly associated with
hyperarousal symptoms in men, whereas it was more strongly associated with avoidance/numbing
behaviors in females. These findings highlight the need for gender-specific diagnosis and treatment
approaches for survivors of sexual assault who are simultaneously coping with post-traumatic
stress disorder and alcohol use disorders.
Chapman, (2010) This study aimed to examine gender differences in the associations between
PTSD symptom clusters and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) among a population seeking treatment
for such illnesses. Participants (n = 200) completed self-report measures of PTSD symptoms and
AUDs. The results demonstrated that the links between PTSD and AUDs varied by gender. Among
those with AUDs, males were more likely to exhibit hyperarousal symptoms, whereas women
displayed avoidance symptoms. These findings highlight the potential significance of genderspecific adaptations to treatment for those struggling with co-occurring PTSD and AUDs.
Bremner, (1996) The focus of this study was to look at whether or not PTSD counseling was more
effective for male or female veterans. Participants (n = 194) completed self-report assessments for
PTSD and alcohol use. There was a positive association between the severity of PTSD symptoms
and alcohol usage in both sexes. PTSD symptoms clustered differently in men and women,
although both sexes had a connection to alcohol consumption. Among males, alcohol usage was
25 | P a g e
most strongly linked to re-experiencing symptoms, whereas among females, it was most strongly
linked to hyperarousal symptoms. Our findings suggest that gender-specific treatment approaches
for veterans with PTSD and alcohol use disorders are warranted.
Read, (2006) The purpose of this study was to compare male and female college students who
were diagnosed with PTSD and drank alcohol. The subjects (n = 126) self-reported their levels of
PTSD and alcohol use. There was a positive association between the severity of PTSD symptoms
and alcohol usage in both sexes. PTSD symptoms clustered differently in men and women,
although both sexes had a connection to alcohol consumption. Men showed the greatest link
between alcohol usage and having symptoms again, whereas women demonstrated the strongest
link between alcohol use and avoiding symptoms. These findings highlight the potential value of
individualized treatment for college students with PTSD and alcohol use disorders.
Shipherd, (2005) The purpose of this research was to examine how PTSD and alcohol use
symptoms manifest themselves differently among male and female veterans. Among the 645
veterans who participated (47 percent were women), assessments of PTSD, alcohol use, and other
factors were completed. Both sexes revealed a favorable correlation between PTSD and alcohol
use symptoms, however for women the correlation was much larger. In addition, women, as
opposed to males, showed significantly greater levels of PTSD and alcohol use symptoms.
Considering gender disparities in the evaluation and treatment of veterans with comorbid PTSD
and alcohol use symptoms is warranted, according to the results.
Kaysen, (2013) The authors of this research analyzed data from 184 men and women who had
suffered interpersonal violence in order to determine whether or not PTSD was associated with
alcohol use symptoms. Participants filled up questionnaires assessing PTSD, alcohol use, and other
factors. Women also had more severe symptoms of PTSD and alcohol use disorders than males.
More so than males, women showed a larger correlation between PTSD and alcohol use symptoms,
indicating that women with PTSD may be at a higher risk for alcohol dependence. The results
stress the need for gender-sensitive screening and treatment for people with PTSD and alcohol use
disorder symptoms who have suffered interpersonal violence.
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Zlotnick, (2013) The objective of this study was to determine whether trauma survivors in
metropolitan areas showed any gender differences in the correlations between PTSD and alcohol
abuse symptoms. There were 335 male and female participants in the research, and they were all
asked to fill out questionnaires on their experiences with trauma, PTSD, alcohol use, and other
characteristics. PTSD and alcohol use symptoms were shown to be more severe in females than in
males. Furthermore, alcohol usage was more significantly connected with PTSD symptoms in
women than in men. It's important to take these findings into account in both therapeutic practice
and future research since they suggest gender differences in the co-occurrence of PTSD and
alcohol use disorders among individuals exposed to trauma in urban environments.
Zerubavel, (2013) The purpose of this study was to see whether there were any differences in
PTSD as well as alcohol use symptoms between male and female college students. Five hundred
and sixty-nine college students (65% female) were surveyed about their PTSD symptoms, alcohol
usage, and other variables. Symptoms of PTSD and alcohol abuse were more common in females
than males. This suggests that women with PTSD may be at higher risk of alcohol use disorders
even in non-clinical populations, since women demonstrated a larger connection between PTSD
and alcohol use symptoms than men did. These findings emphasize the need of adapting treatment
and prevention programs for college students to take into account gender differences in the
frequency of PTSD and alcohol use disorders.
Nitika, (2011) also study of the article focuses on the crucial expect how young college people
drink alcohol around basic three times a week and further it affects the kind of work they do and
deteriorates their performances further causing anxiety. To help out with his study and understand
the whole agenda more clearly he made use of survey over alcohol motivation and took up a survey
from 120 people to analyze the whole study more precisely. As a result he found out various ways
to not get involved in such things and still live a better lifestyle for these college people.
Norberg, (2009) also believed that though alcohol consumption might have something to do with
the gender even that guys get more involved in drinking alcohol as compared to girls and further
causing them anxiety. The area of study of his research was the college students he studied the
27 | P a g e
various surveys and taken up earlier and understood the statistics of the surveys taking up in
consideration the beck anxiety inventory and also taking up responses from around 127 students.
He also has a result found out that guys are more impulsive, and girls generally are considered to
be more focused in their life rather than being involved in such things because they are not given
allowances from their homes mostly in stop so as a result guys are more aligned in such tasks. And
you also found out various ways in which could help the college students to not get involved in
such activities.
Culkum, (2011) had their study revolve around how alcohol is related in causing anxiety in college
students. His major goal was to analyze the old topic in get a better understanding for the same he
took up his soul way of around 140 people who are mostly students. You also considered the back
end is it inventory. For they found out that drinking alcohol could be responsible for causing the
increase of emotions such as anxiety and depression. The strong emotions such as anger and is it
and procrastination could also be thriving because of its consumption.
Buckner, (2011) tries to analyze the correlation between the Academy performance and alcohol
consumption in the students of the age group of 18 to 25 that is precisely the college going students.
He took into consideration of the beck anxiety inventory To take out various conclusions for his
study. He even interviewed 110 students and took their reviews over the topic. He, later on, found
out that the students who took in more alcohol went through higher psychological distress and
Poor performance in studies.
Buckner, (2012) had an eye over the analogy of how the drinking of youngsters would affect their
social skills. He took up a questionnaire about drinking motivation and collecting responses from
a batch of 112 students so that equal find the viewpoints and factors for his study. He found out
that the students poor more social and possessed more ability of alcohol would further be related
for them to consuming higher amounts of alcohol Which would lead to higher social anxiety.
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CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Aim of the study
To assess the gender differences & to investigate the relationship between posttraumatic stress
disorder symptoms & alcohol use.
3.2 Objectives of the Study

To study the relationship between PTSD symptoms on Alcohol consumption.

To determine gender differences in PTSD symptoms.

To determine gender differences in Alcohol consumption.
3.3 Hypotheses
H1: A significant relationship will be present between PTSD symptoms & Alcohol use amongst
men and women.
H2: A significant difference will be present between PTSD symptoms amongst men and women.
H3: A significant difference will be present between the Alcohol use amongst men & women.
3.4 Variables
Independent Variable→ Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Gender
Dependent Variable→ Alcohol Use
3.5 Participants of the study
The sample consists of 146 individuals and the sampling design used is purposive sampling and
both male and female participants were asked to take initiative. The sample mainly consists of
people in the age group of 18+ years who are adults.
3.6 Data collection instruments
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The data in this particular study has been obtained with the help of the scales named “Alcohol Use
Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT)” and “PTSD Checklist Version DSM-5 (PCL-5)” as well as
a demographic information form.
3.7 Data collection procedure
The data was gathered using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), which
consists of 10 questions, and the PCL-5 (PTSD Checklist for DSM-5), which consists of 20 items.
Questionnaires were being given out through social media and other locations to recruit young
folks from a wide range of backgrounds. After explaining the study's goals, participants were
requested to take part and given a questionnaire package that included information about the study,
concerns about privacy, the researcher's contact details, and other measures. Informed permission
will be obtained from all participants once they have been given a thorough explanation of the
study's goals, per APA guidelines. Participants would be assured that their replies and any personal
data obtained would be held in the strictest confidence. The surveys will be handed out in person.
The participants will be given complete and detailed instructions on how to complete each
questionnaire, and any questions or concerns they may have will be answered.
3.8 Sampling Design
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
A total of 146 participants were taken for the study comprising of males and females.

Inclusion Criteria- The age range will be 18 years and above of Indian Nationality.

Exclusion Criteria- Persons who cannot read and write in English.
3.9 Scoring
Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT)
The AUDIT was developed for the purpose of identifying heavy drinkers who may benefit from
cutting down or quitting. Patients in general hospitals, especially those with disorders linked to
alcohol dependence, people experiencing depression or suicide attempts, other psychiatric patients,
casualty and emergency service patients, primary care patients, the poor, inmates, and those cited
for legal offenses related to drinking: There are four possible answers to each question, and you
may earn a maximum of 40 points if you get all of them right. Then, total up the grades for each
answer. Indicators of potentially dangerous alcohol usage and possibly alcohol dependency
include a total score of 8 or above. A severe alcohol issue was indicated by a score of 16 or above.
PCL-5 (PTSD Checklist for DSM-5)
The PCL-5 measures 20 potential issues that may arise in the wake of a stressful event. The purpose
of the PCL-5 is to measure how much an issue is bothering a person. The sum of the items' scores
provides a symptom severity score from 0 to 80. If a responder gives a particular thing a higher
score, they find it more bothersome.
0 = Not at all
1 = A little bit
2 = Moderately
3 = Quite a bit
4 = Extremely
3.10 Statistical analysis
For this study SPSS software will be used. Pearson correlation test as well as T-test was used to
prove the hypothesis.
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CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
Table 1: Descriptive statistics of each variable
Descriptive Statistics
N
Mean
PTSD
Alcohol Use
146
146
Valid N (listwise)
146
25.8904
3.6781
Std. Deviation
16.41745
4.40522
The sample exhibits moderate to high levels of PTSD symptoms on average, as shown by the mean
score of 25.8904 for the PTSD variable. With a standard deviation of 16.41745, it's clear that some
people in the sample had very little PTSD symptoms, while others reported intense distress.
The average score of 3.6781 for the variable Alcohol Use indicates that the sample as a whole
consumes alcohol at a light to moderate rate. With a standard deviation of 4.40522, it's clear that
there's a wide range of alcohol consumption among the people in the sample, from those who claim
never drinking at all to those who drink heavily.
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Table 2: Group statistics of PTSD
Group Statistics
Gender
PTSD
N
Male
Female
73
73
Mean
26.3014
25.4795
Std. Deviation
16.52413
16.41401
Std. Error
Mean
1.93400
1.92111
Men in this cohort, on average, report moderate to high levels of PTSD symptoms (mean score of
26.3014) on the PTSD scale. There seems to be a large variation in PTSD scores across the male
group (16.52413 standard deviation), with some men reporting no symptoms at all and others
expressing severe distress. The mean for men is probably reflective of the population mean and
shows some stability, with a standard error of the mean of 1.93400.
As can be seen from their mean PTSD score of 25.4795, the women in this group, on average, also
exhibit moderate to high levels of PTSD symptoms. Females in the sample reported varying
degrees of PTSD symptoms, with some having none at all and others experiencing severe distress,
as shown by a standard deviation of 16.41401. With a standard deviation of 1.92111, it's safe to
assume that the female mean score is indicative of the population as a whole. The average male
PTSD score looks to be greater than the average female PTSD score, although this difference is
not statistically significant.
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Table 3: Group statistics of Alcohol use
Group Statistics
Gender
Alcohol Use
N
Male
Female
Mean
73
73
3.9452
3.4110
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
4.71961
4.08192
0.55239
0.47775
Males in the sample had a mean score of 3.9452 on the Alcohol Use scale, suggesting light-tomoderate alcohol use. With a standard deviation of 4.71961, it's clear that there's a wide range of
alcohol consumption among the men in this sample, from hardly none to heavy binge drinking.
Since the mean score for men has a standard deviation of 0.55239, it is safe to assume that it is
reflective of the mean throughout the whole population.
The average female in the group had a score of 3.4110 on the Alcohol Use scale, suggesting lightto-moderate alcohol use. When looking at the female sample, the standard deviation of 4.08192
indicates that there is a wide range of alcohol consumption, from abstinence to heavy binge
drinking. The mean score for women is probably indicative of the population mean and shows
little variation (standard error of the mean = 0.47775).
Based on the group statistics presented, the mean score for alcohol use is slightly higher for males
(M = 3.9452, SD = 4.71961) than females (M = 3.4110, SD = 4.08192), suggesting that males
consume slightly more alcohol on average than females in the sample. However, the difference in
means is relatively small and not statistically significant based on the information provided.
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Table 4: Pearson correlation between PTSD and Alcohol usage.
Correlations
PTSD
PTSD
Pearson Correlation
Alcohol Use
1
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Alcohol Use
.204*
0.014
146
146
Pearson Correlation
.204*
1
Sig. (2-tailed)
0.014
N
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
146
146
H10: No significant relationship will be present between PTSD symptoms & Alcohol use
amongstmen and women.
H11: A significant relationship will be present between PTSD symptoms & Alcohol use amongst
men and women.
The correlation coefficient between PTSD and Alcohol Use is 0.204, indicating a positive and
weak correlation between these two variables. The p-value for the correlation coefficient is 0.014,
which is less than the sig. level of 0.05, implying that the correlation is statistically significant at
the 0.05 level. “Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis
(H11) that there is a significant relationship between PTSD symptoms and alcohol use among
men and women. The findings indicate that individuals with higher levels of PTSD symptoms
are more likely to participate in alcohol use, and vice versa.”
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Table 5: T-test results for gender differences between PTSD symptoms amongst men and
women.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's
Test for
Equality
of
Variances
PTS
D
Equal
varian
ces
assum
ed
Equal
varian
ces not
assum
ed
t-test for Equality of Means
F
Sig.
t
df
0.1
50
0.6
99
0.3
02
144
0.3
02
143.9
94
Significan
ce
On
Tw
eoSid Sid
ed
ed
p
p
0.3
0.7
82
63
0.3
82
0.7
63
95%
Confidence
Interval of
the
Difference
Mean
Differe
nce
Std.
Error
Differe
nce
0.821
2.725
0.82
2.725
Lowe
r
Upp
er
- 6.21
0
4.566
22
- 6.21
4.566 0
22
H20: No significant difference will be present between PTSD symptoms amongst men and women.
H21: A significant difference will be present between PTSD symptoms amongst men and women.
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The t-test shows no statistically significant difference in the mean PTSD symptom score between
the gender (p=0.382), which is over the threshold of significance (p0.05). As a result, we cannot
rule out the possibility that men and women experience PTSD symptoms differently.
“Levene's test for equality of variances yielded a p-value of 0.699, confirming that the assumption
of equal variances was likewise satisfied. The findings suggest that there is no significant
difference in PTSD symptoms between males and females in the sample, and we accept the null
hypothesis (H20) and reject the alternative hypothesis (H21).”
Table 6: T-test results for gender differences between Alcohol use amongst men and women.
Independent Samples Test
Levene's
Test for
Equality
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t-test for Equality of Means
of
Variances
95%
Confidence
Interval of
the
Difference
Significan
ce
Alcohol
Use
Equal
varian
ces
assum
ed
Equal
varian
ces not
assum
ed
F
Sig.
t
df
0.9
02
0.3
44
0.7
32
144
0.7
32
141.0
69
On
eSid
ed
p
0.2
33
Tw
oSid
ed
p
0.4
66
0.2
33
0.4
66
Mean
Differ
ence
Std.
Error
Differe
nce
0.534
Low Upp
er
er
- 1.97
0.730
0.90
7
9
0.534
0.730
0.90
9
1.97
8
H30: No significant difference will be present between the Alcohol use amongst men & women.
H31: A significant difference will be present between the Alcohol use amongst men & women.
“The results show that the p-value for the t-test is 0.233, which is greater than the significance
level of 0.05, indicating that there is no significant difference in the mean alcohol use score
between males and females. Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis (H30) that there is no
significant difference in alcohol use among men and women. The Levene's test for equality of
variances also implies that the assumption of equal variances was met, with a p-value of 0.344.
The findings indicate that there is no significant difference in alcohol use among males and females
in the sample, and we accept the null hypothesis (H30) and reject the alternative hypothesis
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(H31).”
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CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION
To assess the gender differences & to investigate the relationship between posttraumatic stress
disorder symptoms & alcohol use. The sample consists of 146 individuals and the sampling design
used is purposive sampling and both male and female participants were asked to take initiative.
The sample mainly consists of people in the age group of 18+ years who are adults. The data in
this particular study has been obtained with the help of the scales named “Alcohol Use Disorder
Identification Test (AUDIT)” and “PTSD Checklist Version DSM-5 (PCL-5)” as well as a
demographic information form. For this study SPSS software will be used. Pearson correlation test
as well as T-test was used to prove the hypothesis. A mental health illness, post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) may manifest in those who have encountered or seen a terrible incident. Trauma
can take many forms, such as war, sexual assault, natural disasters, serious accidents, or other
life- threatening events.
Nightmares, flashbacks, avoidance of circumstances that bring up memories of the trauma,
hyperarousal or being quickly startled, and unpleasant shifts in mood or cognitive patterns are all
symptoms of PTSD, which may be quite disabling. These symptoms may make it difficult for
people to function normally, whether at work or in their personal lives. The symptoms of (PTSD)
may vary widely from person to person. After experiencing a horrific incident, some individuals
may acquire PTSD instantly, while others may not show symptoms until months or even years
later. Symptoms may also vary greatly in terms of their intensity and how long they last from
person to person.
Changes in behavior and mood are among the effects of alcohol on the central nervous system. It
has the potential to induce a state of calm, reduced inhibition, and euphoria. However, it may also
impair one's cognitive and physical abilities, leading to errors in judgment, trouble operating a
motor vehicle, and even accidents. Excessive alcohol consumption has been linked to a variety of
health problems, including addiction and liver damage. The negative effects of alcohol on society's
health are well recognized. Alcohol use contributes approximately 5.1% of the worldwide burden
of illness and injury, as reported by the World Health Organization. Several diseases and disorders,
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including cancer, liver disease, and cardiovascular disease, are linked to excessive alcohol
consumption, making it a global health crisis.
Several statistical tests were run on the data to evaluate the correlation between PTSD symptoms
and alcohol use, and to identify any variations between the sexes in these areas. First, the average
and standard deviation of PTSD symptoms and alcohol use were recorded as descriptive data.
Alcohol usage was associated with a mean score of 3.68 (SD = 4.41) and PTSD symptoms with a
mean score of 25.89 (SD = 16.42).
Then, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the links between PTSD symptoms
and alcohol use. As can be seen from the data, there is a positive relationship between the two
variables (r=0.204, p=0.014). Thus, the alternative hypothesis (H11) that there is a substantial link
between PTSD symptoms and alcohol consumption among men and women was accepted,
whereas the null hypothesis (H10) that there would be no such relationship was rejected.
Independent samples t-tests were used to look at whether there were any variations in PTSD
symptoms and alcohol usage between the sexes. There was no statistically significant difference
between the sexes in terms of PTSD symptoms (t-test, p=0.382). Thus, it was not possible to reject
the null hypothesis (H20), which states that there would be no significant difference in PTSD
symptoms in men and women.
The t-test results for alcohol use also showed no significant difference between males and females,
with a p-value of 0.233. Therefore, the null hypothesis (H30) that no significant difference will be
present between the alcohol use amongst men and women was not rejected.
Overall, the findings suggest that there is a significant positive correlation between PTSD
symptoms and alcohol use, but no significant gender differences in either variable. However, it's
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important to note that the study only provides a snapshot of the relationship between PTSD
symptoms and alcohol use within a specific sample, and further research is needed to confirm these
findings in a larger population.
Several research have looked at the link between PTSD and alcohol abuse; some of them have
even focused on disparities between the sexes. Alcohol abuse is more common among women
with PTSD than males with PTSD, according to one research (Stewart et al., 2009). A other
research (Chilcoat and Breslau, 1998), however, revealed no difference between the sexes in the
association between PTSD symptoms and alcohol use disorders. A review of 53 research found a
favorable correlation between PTSD and alcohol use; this correlation held true regardless of gender
(Pietrzak et al., 2012). In addition, Kessler et al. (1995) discovered that PTSD and alcohol use
disorders often occur together, while the link between the two is complicated and may vary by
gender. Women, they discovered, were more likely to experience PTSD before developing alcohol
use disorders, while males were more likely to acquire alcohol use disorders before experiencing
PTSD.
Further exploratory analysis and the consideration of possible confounding factors may be of value
in addition to the preceding studies. Future studies should investigate whether or whether other
demographic characteristics, such as age, income, and education level, are linked to PTSD
symptoms and alcohol consumption. Since it is unknown if alcohol use worsens PTSD symptoms
or whether those with PTSD symptoms are more prone to participate in problematic alcohol use,
studying the temporal link between the two may be useful.
Taken together, these findings provide light on why certain men and women have PTSD symptoms
when they drink heavily. Although there was a positive link between PTSD and alcohol use, there
was no significant difference between men and women with regard to either PTSD or alcohol
consumption. These results imply a possible association between PTSD symptoms and alcohol
usage, but that gender plays no major role in this association. Moreover, the studies performed
were correlational, thus they do not prove a cause- a nd - e f fe c t relationship. Longitudinal
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study designs that account for possible confounding factors are necessary for future research to fully
understand the connection between PTSD symptoms and alcohol usage.
CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this investigation looked at how PTSD symptoms and alcohol use symptoms varied
by gender and how the two were connected. The research found a statistically significant
correlation between alcohol use and PTSD indicators. However, there was no statistically
significant difference involving men and women in terms of PTSD symptoms or alcohol use
symptoms. These results are in line with the literature on the subject and highlight the need for
additional study and the development of therapies that target the common incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorders. Clinicians and politicians should be
aware of the correlation between PTSD and alcohol abuse and take the appropriate measures to
treat patients effectively. In conclusion, the current research analyzed the correlation between
PTSD symptoms and alcohol use in both sexes. Gender variations in PTSD and alcoholism
symptoms have been the subject of a number of research. The Journal of Traumatic Stress included
an investigation on the connection between PTSD and alcohol abuse among male and female
veterans. Those with more severe PTSD symptoms were also more likely to report greater levels
of alcohol use, as shown by the findings showing a substantial positive association between PTSD
and alcohol use symptoms. Consistent with prior studies, our findings show a strong positive
connection between PTSD symptoms and alcohol usage. Further supporting the idea that PTSD
and alcohol use are disorders that impact men and women alike, the research found no significant
gender differences in the prevalence of PTSD symptoms or alcohol use. Overall, these results
emphasize the need to treat PTSD and alcohol use concurrently since the two conditions often
occur together and may worsen one other. Although there are many parallels between men and
women, effective therapies should cater to the unique needs of those who are suffering these cooccurring disorders. The complicated relationship between PTSD and alcohol consumption among
men and women calls for further study with bigger samples and longitudinal designs to corroborate
these results. However, the current research contributes important information about the
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connection between PTSD symptoms and alcohol use among men and women, which might guide
the creation of efficient therapies for people with these co-occurring issues.
5.1 Implications & Recommendations
For Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Here are some recommendations for those who are dealing with PTSD:
Seek Professional Help: If you are suffering symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
it is crucial that you get assistance. A psychiatrist or psychologist can provide you the guidance
and tools you need to deal with your mental health issues.
Join a Support Group: If you've encountered a traumatic event, you may find it helpful to join a
support group with others who have been through the same thing. By reflecting on the experiences
of others, we may develop strategies for dealing with adversity.
Practice Self-Care: Eat well, stay active, and get enough of shut-eye to keep yourself in good shape.
To better handle stress and anxiety, try some deep breathing exercises, yoga, or meditation.
Avoid Triggers: You may better control your symptoms by avoiding the things that set them off,
such as certain individuals, locations, or circumstances. You may reduce your anxiety by
practicing coping mechanisms or taking a friend with you if you know you will be exposed to a
trigger.
Educate Yourself: Learning more about PTSD and its symptoms may provide you insight into your
condition and practical methods for dealing with it. Realizing that PTSD can be healed will give
you reason to have faith in your own healing.
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For Alcohol Use
If you decide to partake in alcoholic beverages, do so in a responsible manner and within
established limits. If you want to learn how to consume alcohol safely, consider the following:
Set Limits: Establish and maintain reasonable boundaries. Up to one drink per day is acceptable
for women, and up to two drinks per day is acceptable for males, according to the recommendations
for moderate alcohol consumption.
Eat Before Drinking: Consuming alcohol when full may assist reduce the rate at which it enters
the bloodstream.
Pace Yourself: If you don't want to become drunk too soon, sip carefully.
Stay Hydrated: Staying hydrated when drinking alcohol requires drinking enough of water or other
non-alcoholic drinks.
Avoid Drinking and Driving: In no circumstances should you ever get behind the wheel or ride
with someone who has been drinking. Make sure you have a sober driver lined up in advance, or
plan to utilize a cab or ride-sharing service.
Learn to Stop Knowing: If you start to feel sick or inebriated, you should stop drinking.
Research on the topic of "gender differences and associations between posttraumatic symptoms
and alcohol use" has important future implications for the prevention and treatment of PTSD and
alcohol use disorders.
Healthcare providers may improve diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic symptoms by
learning more about the differences between men and women in this regard. Long-term, this might
improve patient outcomes and save healthcare expenditures.
Gender-specific treatment programs may also need to be created as a result. The results of this
study may be used to develop effective treatments for PTSD and alcohol abuse that cater to the
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specific requirements of men and women. As a result, we may develop more targeted and efficient
therapies to address the unique difficulties experienced by each sex.
Further, this study has implications for public health initiatives to curb the rising rates of PTSD
and alcohol abuse. Public health professionals can better address the root causes of these diseases
and encourage healthier lifestyle choices once they have a better grasp on the interplay between
these two ailments.
5.2 Limitations
Data from participants may have been subject to social desirability bias since they were asked to
report only positive characteristics. People may respond with what they think others want to hear
rather than sharing their genuine thoughts and experiences, which might skew the findings.
Because of potential sample error, the findings may not be generalizable. The results of the
research might be off if the sample population isn't representative of the general population or
other groups of individuals. The study's time constraints may prevent thorough data collection and
analysis, perhaps yielding unreliable findings.
Furthermore, the study only considered a limited number of factors that may impact academic
achievement, such as alcohol use, PTSD and did not consider other potential factors such as
socioeconomic status or cultural background. Future studies may benefit from exploring a broader
range of factors that may impact academic achievement.
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APPENDICES
Consent Form
Greetings everyone!
I, ASTIK BHAN am pursuing M.A. Clinical Psychology from Amity University, Noida. To
conduct research for my dissertation on “Gender differences and association between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and Alcohol Use”, I am conducting the survey using
questionnaires, ‘AUDIT’ for alcohol screening and ‘PCL-5’ for screening severity of PTSD
symptoms. It will take a few minutes of your time. The participant must be of the age group
18 years and above. Your contribution and time are valuable and appreciated. Please read the
questions carefully and respond accordingly. For any information regarding the study, feel
free to contact me at bhanstik@gmail.com.
I AM WILLING TO PARTICIPATE IN THE RESEARCH STUDY
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Questionnaires
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